Foreign policy. Russian Empire at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries
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Working with the map " Russian empire V early XIX century" 1) What was the name of the state at the beginning of the 19th century? 2) Name the border of the Russian Empire. Name the border of the Russian Empire 3) What territories were annexed to Russia at the end of the 18th century? How did these annexations take place? territories 4) Representatives of what religions lived on the territory of the Russian Empire? religions 5) What was it like Administrative division countries? Who and when introduced the division of the country into provinces? administrative division
Estates in Russia are groups of people who had the same rights and responsibilities. Nobility, 1% Orthodox clergy, 1% Merchants, 0.6% Bourgeois, 4% Serfs, 40-45% State peasants, 40-45% Cossacks, 6% House of the tradesman Peasant in the field
Economic development The main industry was agriculture. The peasants were owned by the landowner. Quit and corvee - peasant duties in favor of the landowner. The development of agriculture proceeded in an extensive way. A process of stratification of peasants (capitalists, otkhodniks) is observed. An increase in the number of manufactories and hired workers at the expense of the peasants. The growth of commodity production. monetary relations
The main condition for the existence of the feudal-serf system was the allocation of land to peasants and the dominance of subsistence farming. Consequently, the development of commodity-money relations, otkhodnichestvo, regional specialization, the growth in the number of factories and hired workers destroyed the feudal-serf system and contributed to the development of capitalist relations.
Political system Emperor Collegiums Holy Synod Governing Senate Executive institutions Highest spiritual institution Highest judicial body Autocratic monarchy - a state in which the ruler has unlimited supreme power
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COURSE WORK
THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AT THE TURN OF THE XVIII-XIX CENTURIES
At the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, Emperor Paul I (1796-1801), the son of Catherine the Great, reigned in the Russian Empire, who managed to ascend the throne only at the age of 42
Offended by his mother because she did not want to cede the crown to him, Pavel conducts his policy in such a way that it completely contradicts Catherine’s policy. Firstly, many of Catherine’s nobles fall into disgrace. And the political criminals whom she condemned, on the contrary, are released (for example, Radishchev).
Liberal decrees of Paul
Paul issues several decrees dedicated to the peasant issue: in 1796, peasants receive the right to complain or swear an oath to the emperor; 1797-98 - it is prohibited to sell peasants without land.
Corvee is prohibited on Sundays (and limited to only three days a week). Physical punishment for nobles was also restored, noble meetings and an elected court were prohibited. The officers were subject to revision.
As a result of this decree, uprisings began in twelve provinces, since the nobles did not want to obey it.
In 1798, merchants received the right to buy peasants to work in factories. Employees are now required to start work at 8.00 and finish at 22.00. Restrictions on costume are also introduced - clothing is also regulated by the state. Censorship is being tightened: all private printing houses are closed, traveling abroad is prohibited, even for study.
Military reform of Paul I
In 1797, Paul carried out a military reform, as a result of which the Prussian military uniform and wigs were introduced into the army, and the practice of holding watch parades appeared. In the military sphere, he fully follows the traditions of his father, Emperor Peter III, who idolized the Prussian military system and dreamed of introducing the same in Russia.
Special attention is paid to the fact that Paul abolished Peter's decree that the emperor was free to choose his own heir, and established a clear system of inheritance only through the male line. Paul also restored the system of collegiums.
Foreign policy
Changes are also observed in foreign policy: Paul refuses to participate in the fight against revolutionary France and in November 1798 joins the coalition against Napoleon (since before this Paul joins the Order of Malta, and Napoleon captures Malta). In 1799, Suvorov returned from disgrace and was sent to war in Italy.
However, in 1800, when the British captured Malta, they refused to return to Paul the share due to him under the agreement. Paul leaves the coalition and enters into an alliance with Napoleon.
The nobility did not approve of Paul's policies, and in 1801 he was killed as a result of a conspiracy, the purpose of which was to place his son, the future Emperor Alexander I, on the throne. 1). Territory of Russia.
2). Population of Russia: a). Multinational
b). Multi-religious
V). Class division of the population
G). Class division of the population
3). Political structure Russia in late XVII I- beginning of the 19th century.
III. Kuban at the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries.
The first point of our plan requires working with a map. Pay attention to the question (Slide No. 4 of the Appendix) and use the map (Slide No. 5 of the Appendix) to determine geographical position Russia at the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries. ( Russia is located in Europe And Asia. Border between European and Asian Russia runs through the Ural Mountains.
Russia's land border with Sweden, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Iran, Afghanistan, India, China.
Only sea border- with Japan and the USA.
Land and sea border between Russia and the Ottoman Empire).
Right. Let's move on to characterizing the second point of the plan.
1). The territory of Russia at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries was 18 million km (increased due to the annexation of the Caucasus, Finland, and Bessarabia). (Slide No. 6 of the Appendix)
2). "The population of Russia at the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries."
In my own way national composition Russia's population was very heterogeneous.
A). Multinational- More than 200 peoples and nationalities lived on the territory of Russia.
Let us turn to the map “The Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century”.
Let's determine which peoples lived on the territory of Russia at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries? - (Slide No. 7 of the application)
Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians lived in the south and west of the European part of the country.
In the Baltics - Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Germans.
In the north of European Russia and the Volga region - Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Karelians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Kalmyks...
In Siberia and Far East- Tatars, Yakuts, Evens, Yukaghirs, Buryats, Chukchi, Nanais...
The bulk of the population of Russia were Russians. ( Slide No. 8 Applications )
b). Multi-religious - the peoples of Russia professed almost all the major world religions.
The state religion was Orthodoxy, which was adhered to by Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, and representatives of other nations (a total of 87% of the population). - ( Slide No. 9 Applications )
In the western regions, Catholicism (Lithuanians, Poles) and Protestantism (Latvians, Estonians, Germans) were widespread. - ( Slide No. 10 Appendix)
Turkic-speaking peoples (Tatars, Bashkirs) professed Islam.- ( Slide No. 11 Applications )
Kalmyks and Buryats - Buddhism.- ( Slide No. 12 Applications )
Jews - Judaism.- ( Slide No. 13 Applications)
The peoples of Siberia and the Far North retained pagan beliefs (Mordovians, Mari...) - (Slide No. 14 Appendix)
V). Class division of the population.
Estates are large groups of people with certain rights and responsibilities that are inherited. ( A brief description of the class division of the country will be given by Elizaveta Saiko).
The main classes of the country were:
Nobility - up to 400 thousand people, large landowners.
The nobility, clergy and merchants were a privileged class - they were not subject to corporal punishment, did not pay taxes to the state. - (Slide No. 16, 17, 18 Appendix)
Non-privileged classes:
Philistinism - up to 4% of the population.
The peasantry makes up more than 90% of the population.
Cossacks - 1.5 million people.
The philistinism, peasantry, and Cossacks bore military service and paid taxes to the state. - (Slide No. 19, 20 Appendix)
We will characterize the position of the main strata of society in more detail later, when studying individual topics, but today I suggest you solve several cognitive problems.
Patriotic War 1812 briefly
Announcement: How was Napoleon’s army of 600 thousand people able to defeat the Russian army of 160 thousand people in six months?
Napoleon and his army conquered almost all of Europe. He sought to capture India, England's richest colony. To do this it was necessary to conquer Russia. All the peoples of Russia took part in the Patriotic War.
June 12, 1812 - invasion of Napoleon's army into Russia across the Neman River. 3 Russian armies were at long distance from each other. Tormasov's army, being in Ukraine, could not participate in the war. It turned out that only 2 armies took the blow. But they had to retreat to connect.
August 3rd - connection of armies Bagration And Barclay de Tolly near Smolensk. The enemies lost about 20 thousand, and ours about 6 thousand, but Smolensk had to be abandoned. Even the united armies were 4 times smaller than the enemy!
8 August - Kutuzova appointed commander in chief. An experienced strategist, wounded many times in battles, Suvorov's student was liked by the people.
August, 26th- The Battle of Borodino lasted more than 12 hours. It is considered a general battle. On the approaches to Moscow, the Russians showed massive heroism. The enemy's losses were greater, but our army could not go on the offensive. The numerical superiority of the enemies was still great. Reluctantly, they decided to surrender Moscow in order to save the army.
September October- seat of Napoleon's army in Moscow. His expectations were not met. It was not possible to win. Kutuzov rejected requests for peace. The attempt to escape to the south failed.
October December- expulsion of Napoleon's army from Russia along the destroyed Smolensk road. From 600 thousand enemies there are about 30 thousand left!
December 25, 1812- Emperor Alexander I issued a manifesto on the victory of Russia. But the war had to be continued. Napoleon still had armies in Europe. If they are not defeated, he will attack Russia again. The foreign campaign of the Russian army lasted until victory in 1814.
The Patriotic War of 1812 became nationwide. Every citizen contributed to the victory. Some gave money to create armed units, many took part in the partisan movement, wearing out the enemy with frequent attacks. The owners set fire to their houses so that they would not fall to the enemies. If the people and the army are united, then it is impossible to defeat such a force. To be continued.
2) Nicholas's domestic policyI
Nicholas I ruled in Russia from 1825-1855. He considered his main task to be strengthening the power of the nobles, relying on the army and bureaucracy. The Second Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Office is being created. By order of the Tsar, a systematization of all laws existing in Russia was undertaken. This work was entrusted to M. M. Speransky. In 1832 it was published Complete collection laws of the Russian Empire, a Code was issued in 1833 current laws Russian Empire. In 1826, the III department col1_2 of the chancellery was established, headed by Count A. H. Benckendorff. In addition to the police, a corps of gendarmes was introduced - in fact, political police.
In 1837-1842. a number of reforms were carried out in the field of the peasant question. According to the project of the Minister of State Property P. D. Kiselev, the reform of state peasants was carried out. This category of peasants was given partial self-government, and the procedure for allocating land to peasants and imposing taxes was revised. Schools and hospitals were opened. According to the decree on “obligated peasants” (1842), landowners could give peasants personal freedom, and for the use of land the latter were obliged to fulfill the duties specified in the contract.
Minister of Finance E. F. Kankrin in 1839-1841. carried out financial reform, introducing money circulation silver ruble and establishing a mandatory banknote exchange rate, which strengthened the country’s financial position.
In the 30s. XIX century The industrial revolution begins in Russia, that is, the transition from manual labor to machine labor, from manufacture to factory. The specialization of regions increased, the urban population increased, and transport developed.
The first one was laid in 1837 Railway St. Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo, in 1851 the Nikolaevskaya railway Moscow - St. Petersburg was opened.
The feudal system has turned into a brake economic development. The corvee system of agriculture did not meet the requirements of the time; hired labor was increasingly introduced. The further development of the country required the abolition of serfdom.
Domestic policy of Alexander I Already on the day of his accession to the throne, the young emperor announced that he intended to govern the state according to the principles that his late grandmother had raised in him, Catherine the Great. Both in official papers and in private conversations, he constantly emphasized that he was going to replace personal arbitrariness in all areas state life to strict legality, since he considered the main drawback of the state order in the empire to be the arbitrariness of those in power.
Based on these intentions, from the very beginning of the reign Alexander headed for liberal reforms and the development of fundamental laws. Literally within a month of his reign, he allowed everyone who had been fired by his father to return to service, lifted the ban on the import of many goods, including those that were prohibited by strict censorship - music and books, and also reintroduced elections of the nobility.
Reform of governing bodies.
From the very beginning, the young emperor was surrounded by a group of comrades who, at his request, helped him carry out reforms. These were V.P. Kochubey, P.A. Stroganov, N.N. Novosiltsev, A. Czartoryski. During 1801 - 1803 this so-called “Secret Committee” developed projects for reforms in the state.
It was decided to start with central control. In the spring of 1801, a permanent “Irreplaceable Council” began to operate, whose task was to discuss decisions and government affairs. It included 12 high-ranking dignitaries. Later, in 1810, it was transformed into the State Council, and the structure was also revised: it included General meeting and four departments - military, laws, state economy and civil and spiritual affairs. The head of the State Council was either the emperor himself or one of his members, who was appointed by the will of the monarch. The Council was an advisory body whose task was to centralize legislative procedures, ensure legal norms and avoid contradictions in laws.
In February 1802, the emperor signed a decree that declared the Senate the supreme governing body in Russia, in whose hands administrative, supervisory and judicial power was concentrated. However, the first dignitaries of the empire were not represented in it, and the Senate did not have the opportunity to directly communicate with the supreme power, therefore, even taking into account the expansion of powers, the importance of this body did not increase.
At the beginning of 1802, Alexander I carried out a ministerial reform, according to which the boards were replaced by 8 ministries, which consisted of a minister, his deputy and an office. The minister was in charge of the affairs of his ministry and was personally accountable to the emperor. In order to organize a joint discussion, a Committee of Ministers was established. In 1810 M.M. Speransky prepared a manifesto, according to which all state affairs were divided into 5 main parts, and new departments were proclaimed - the Ministry of Police and the Main Directorate of Spiritual Affairs.
Speransky also prepared a project reformsgovernment controlled, the goal of which was the modernization and Europeanization of management through the introduction of bourgeois norms in order to strengthen the autocracy and preserve the class system, but the highest dignitaries did not support the idea of transformation. At the insistence of the emperor, however, the legislative and executive authorities were reformed.
Education reform.
In 1803, an imperial decree proclaimed new principles of the education system in Russia: classlessness, free lower levels of education, and continuity of educational programs. The education system was under the jurisdiction of the Main Directorate of Schools. During the reign of the emperor, 5 universities were founded, which were then given significant independence. Lyceums - secondary educational institutions - were also created.
Projects for solving the peasant question.
Immediately after ascending the throne, Alexander I announced his intention to stop the distribution of state peasants. During the first nine years of his reign, he issued decrees allowing state peasants to buy land and also prohibiting landowners from exiling serfs to Siberia. In times of famine, the landowner was obliged to supply his peasants with food.
With the deterioration of the economic situation in the state, however, some points of the laws on the peasantry were revised: for example, in 1810-11. More than 10,000 state-owned peasants were sold, and in 1822 the landowners were given back the right to exile peasants to Siberia. At the same time, Arakcheev, Guryev and Mordvinov developed projects for the liberation of peasants, which were never implemented.
Military settlements.
The first experience of introducing such settlements was in 1810 - 12, but this phenomenon became widespread at the end of 1815. The purpose of creating military settlements was to free the population from the need to provide for the army by creating a military-agricultural class that would support and staff itself standing army. Thus, it was intended to maintain the number of troops at wartime levels. The reform was met with hostility by both peasants and Cossacks: they reacted with numerous riots. Military settlements were abolished only in 1857.
Results.
If at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Alexander his power was seen real opportunity to improve the lives of all classes of the empire, then by the middle many were disappointed in him, almost publicly arguing that the ruler simply did not have the courage to follow those liberal principles about which he spoke so much and enthusiastically. Many researchers are inclined to believe that the main reason for the failure of Alexander I’s reforms was not corruption and the people’s tendency toward conservatism, but rather the personal qualities of the sovereign.
Ideological struggle and social movement in Russia in the first half of the 19th century.
Reasons for the rise of the social movement
The main thing is the preservation of the old socio-political system and, first of all, the autocratic system with its police apparatus, the privileged position of the nobility, and the lack of democratic freedoms. An equally significant reason is the unresolved agrarian-peasant issue, which remained central in the social life of the country. To the previous social contradictions (between peasants and landowners) new ones were added, caused by the development of capitalism - between workers and entrepreneurs, the liberal bourgeoisie and the conservative nobility, between the autocracy and the peoples that were part of the Russian Empire. The half-hearted reforms of the 60-70s and fluctuations in government policy (either measures towards liberalization, or increased repression) also intensified the social movement.
A distinctive feature of Russian social life is the second half of the 19th century V. there was political inertia of the broad masses. The peasant unrest that broke out after 1861 quickly faded away, and the labor movement was in its infancy. The people retained tsarist illusions. The bourgeoisie also showed political inertia. This provided the basis for the triumph of militant conservatism and determined an extremely narrow social basis for the activities of revolutionaries.
In the post-reform period, three directions in the social movement finally took shape - conservatives, liberals and radicals. They had different political goals, organizational forms and methods of struggle, spiritual and moral and ethical positions.
DECEMBRISTS The origin of the movement of noble revolutionaries was determined both by internal processes taking place in Russia and by international events in the first quarter of the 19th century. The main reason is the understanding of the best representatives of the nobility that the preservation of serfdom and autocracy is disastrous for the future fate of the country. Secret societies in Russia appeared at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. After the end of the Patriotic War of 1812, secret organizations existed in the form of officer partnerships, circles of young people connected by family and friendly ties. The first political organizations. In February 1816, after the return of most of the Russian army from Europe, a secret society of future Decembrists, the Union of Salvation, arose in St. Petersburg. Since February 1817, it was called the “Society of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland.” It was founded by: P.I. Pestel, A.N. Muravyov, S.P. Trubetskoy. "Union of Salvation" - it contained two main ideas of reconstruction Russian society the abolition of serfdom and the destruction of autocracy. Serfdom was considered a disgrace and the main obstacle to the progressive development of Russia, autocracy as an outdated political system. The document spoke of the need to introduce a constitution that would limit the rights of absolute power. In January 1818, the Union of Welfare was created. Its composition still remained predominantly noble. The organizers and leaders were A.N. and N.M. Muravyov, S.I. and M.I. Muravyov-Apostoly, P.I. Pestel and others. The organization received a fairly clear structure. The general indigenous council was elected governing body- and the Council (Duma), which had executive power. In March 1821, the Southern Society was formed in Ukraine. Its creator and leader was P.I. Pestel, a staunch republican, distinguished by some dictatorial habits. In 1822, the Northern Society was formed in St. Petersburg. Its recognized leaders were N.M. Muravyov, K.F. Ryleev, S.P. Trubetskoy, M.S. Lunin. Both societies “had no other idea how to act together.” These were large political organizations for that time, possessing well-theoretically developed program documents and constitutional projects. The main projects discussed were “Constitution” by N.M. Muravyov and "Russian Truth" P.I. Pestel. The “Constitution” reflected the views of the moderate part of the Decembrists, and “Russkaya Pravda” the radical one. The focus was on the question of the future state structure of Russia. N.M. Muravyov advocated a constitutional monarchy political system, wherein executive branch belonged to the emperor (the hereditary power of the king was preserved for continuity), and the legislative power to parliament (the “People's Assembly”). P.I. Pestel unconditionally spoke out for the republican political system. In his project, the legislative power was vested in a unicameral parliament, and the executive “Sovereign Duma” consisting of five people. Every year one of the members of the “Sovereign Duma” became the president of the republic. P.I. Pestel proclaimed the principle of universal suffrage. In accordance with the ideas of P.I. Pestel, a parliamentary republic with a presidential form of government was to be established in Russia. It was one of the most progressive political projects government structure of that time. In solving the most important agrarian-peasant issue for Russia, P.I. Pestel and N.M. Muravyov unanimously recognized the need for the complete abolition of serfdom and the personal liberation of peasants. Uprising in St. Petersburg. After the death of Tsar Alexander I, an unusual interregnum situation arose in the country. The leaders of the Northern Society decided that the change of emperors created a favorable moment for speaking out. They developed a plan for the uprising and scheduled it for December 14 - the day the Senate took the oath to Nicholas. The conspirators wanted to force the Senate to accept their new program document, “Manifesto to the Russian People,” and instead of swearing allegiance to the emperor, proclaim a transition to constitutional rule. The “Manifesto” formulated the main demands of the Decembrists: the destruction of the previous government, i.e. autocracy; abolition of serfdom and introduction of democratic freedoms. Much attention was paid to improving the situation of soldiers: the abolition of conscription, corporal punishment, and the system of military settlements was proclaimed. Early in the morning of December 14, 1825, the most active members of the Northern Society began agitation among the troops of St. Petersburg. They intended to bring them to Senate Square and thereby influence the senators. At one o'clock in the afternoon, the rebels were joined by the sailors of the guards naval crew and some other parts of the St. Petersburg garrison of about 3 thousand soldiers and sailors, led by Decembrist officers.. It turned out that the Senate had already sworn allegiance to Emperor Nicholas I and the senators went home. There was no one to present the Manifesto to. S.P. Trubetskoy, appointed dictator of the uprising, did not appear on the square. Meanwhile, Nikolai gathered units loyal to him in the square and decisively used them. Artillery grapeshot scattered the ranks of the rebels, who in disorderly flight tried to escape on the ice of the Neva. The uprising in St. Petersburg was crushed. Arrests of society members began. Revolt in the south. Despite the arrests of some leaders of the Southern Society and the news of the defeat of the uprising in St. Petersburg, those who remained free decided to support their comrades. December 29, 1825 S.I. Muravyov-Apostol and M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin rebelled in the Chernigov regiment. Initially, it was doomed to failure. On January 3, 1826, the regiment was surrounded by government troops and shot with grapeshot. The reliance on a conspiracy and a military coup, the weakness of propaganda activities, the insufficient preparedness of society for changes, lack of coordination of actions, and wait-and-see tactics at the time of the uprising are the main reasons for the defeat of the Decembrists. However, their performance became a significant event in Russian history. The Decembrists developed the first revolutionary program and plan for the future structure of the country. For the first time, a practical attempt was made to change the socio-political system of Russia. The ideas and activities of the Decembrists had a significant influence on the further development of social thought.
ZApadism and Slavophilism Slavophiles and Westerners were especially harsh against serfdom. Slavophiles defended historical identity Russia and singled it out as a separate world, opposed to the West due to the peculiarities of Russian history, religiosity, and Russian stereotypes of behavior. Slavophiles considered it the greatest value Orthodox religion, opposed to rationalistic Catholicism. Slavophiles argued that the Russians special treatment to the authorities. The people lived, as it were, in a “contract” with the civil system: we are community members, we have our own life, you are the government, you have your own life. K. Aksakov wrote that the country has an advisory voice, power public opinion However, the right to make final decisions belongs to the monarch. An example of this kind of relationship can be the relationship between the Zemsky Sobor and the Tsar during the period of the Moscow State, which allowed Russia to live in peace without shocks and revolutionary upheavals, such as the Great french revolution. Slavophiles associated the “distortions” in Russian history with the activities of Peter the Great, who “cut a window to Europe,” violated the treaty, the balance in the life of the country, and led it astray from the path outlined by God.
Slavophiles are often classified as political reaction due to the fact that their teaching contains three principles of “official nationality”: Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality. However, it should be noted that the Slavophiles of the older generation interpreted these principles in a unique sense: by Orthodoxy they understood a free community of Christian believers, and they viewed the autocratic state as external form, which enables people to devote themselves to the search for “inner truth.” At the same time, the Slavophiles defended autocracy and did not attach much importance to the cause of political freedom. At the same time they were convinced democrats, supporters of spiritual freedom of the individual. When Alexander II ascended the throne in 1855, K. Aksakov presented him with a “Note on the internal state of Russia.” In the “Note,” Aksakov reproached the government for suppressing moral freedom, which led to the degradation of the nation; he pointed out that extreme measures could only make the idea of political freedom popular among the people and generate a desire to achieve it through revolutionary means. To prevent such a danger, Aksakov advised the tsar to grant freedom of thought and speech, as well as to bring back to life the practice of convening Zemsky Sobors. The ideas of providing the people with civil liberties and the abolition of serfdom occupied an important place in the works of the Slavophiles. It is not surprising, therefore, that censorship often subjected them to persecution and prevented them from freely expressing their thoughts.
Westerners, unlike the Slavophiles, Russian originality was assessed as backwardness. From the point of view of Westerners, Russia, like most other Slavic peoples, was, as it were, outside of history for a long time. They saw the main merit of Peter I in the fact that he accelerated the process of transition from backwardness to civilization. Peter's reforms for Westerners are the beginning of Russia's movement into world history.
At the same time, they understood that Peter's reforms were accompanied by many bloody costs. Herzen saw the origins of most of the most disgusting features of contemporary despotism in the bloody violence that accompanied Peter’s reforms. Westerners emphasized that Russia and Western Europe were going the same way historically, therefore Russia should borrow the experience of Europe. The most important task they saw it as achieving the liberation of the individual and creating a state and society that would ensure this freedom. Westerners considered the “educated minority” to be a force capable of becoming the engine of progress. reform paul politics
Despite all the differences in assessing the prospects for Russia's development, Westerners and Slavophiles had similar positions. Both of them opposed serfdom, for the liberation of peasants with land, for the introduction of political freedoms in the country, and the limitation of autocratic power. They were also united by negative attitude to revolution; they performed for the reformist path solutions to the main social issues of Russia. In the process of preparing the peasant reform of 1861, Slavophiles and Westerners entered into a single camp liberalism. The disputes between Westerners and Slavophiles had great importance for the development of socio-political thought. They were representatives of the liberal-bourgeois ideology that arose among the nobility under the influence of the crisis of the feudal-serf system. Herzen emphasized the commonality that united Westerners and Slavophiles - “a physiological, unaccountable, passionate feeling for the Russian people” (“The Past and Thoughts”).
The liberal ideas of Westerners and Slavophiles took deep roots in Russian society and had a serious influence on subsequent generations of people who were looking for a path to the future for Russia. In disputes about the paths of development of the country, we hear an echo of the dispute between Westerners and Slavophiles on the question of how the special and the universal are correlated in the history of the country, what Russia is - a country destined for the messianic role of the center of Christianity, the third Rome, or a country that represents part of all humanity, part of Europe, following the path of world-historical development.
Alexander's foreign policyI
Its main directions are European and Middle Eastern. The war with France (1805-1807) was fought by Russia as part of the III anti-French coalition (allies Great Britain, Austria, Sweden), which collapsed in 1805, and the IV anti-Napoleonic coalition in alliance with England, Prussia and Sweden. During the war, battles took place at Austerlitz (1805), at Preussisch-Eylau, at Friedland (1807). As a result of the war, the Peace of Tilsit was signed, according to which Russia was forced to join the continental blockade (trade blockade) of England, which did not meet Russia’s economic interests.
The war with Persia (Iran) (1804-1813) ended in the defeat of Persia. According to the Gulistan Peace Treaty, Russia received the lands of Northern Azerbaijan and part of Dagestan.
The war between Russia and Turkey (1806-1812), caused by the Turks closing the Black Sea straits to Russian ships, ended in defeat Ottoman Empire. M.I. Kutuzov forced Turkey to sign the Peace of Bucharest, according to which Russia received the territory of Bessarabia (the eastern part of Moldova).
As a result of the war with Sweden (1808-1809), Russia received the territory of Finland. Alexander I introduced a constitution in Finland, giving it autonomy.
In 1801, Eastern Georgia voluntarily became part of Russia. In 1803, Mingrelia was conquered. In 1804, Imereti, Guria and Ganja became Russian possessions. During the Russian-Iranian War of 1805, Karabakh and Shirvan were conquered. In 1806 Ossetia was voluntarily annexed
Foreign policy of Nicholas I the First
Main directions foreign policy The government of Nicholas I was: the fight against the revolutionary movement in Europe, the desire to seize Middle Eastern markets, the annexation of the Caspian coast to Russia and the solution of the eastern question, which meant dominance in Turkish affairs, the establishment of control in the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits and influence in the Balkans.
Russian-Iranian War 1826-1828 ended with the Peace of Turkmanchay, according to which eastern Armenia joined Russia. Russia also won the war with Turkey in 1828-1829, and according to the Treaty of Adrianople, Anapa, Poti, Akhaltsikhe and Alkhalkalaki went to it. In this situation, Russia's subjugation of the entire Caucasus became possible and inevitable.
The murid movement1 that began in the 30s. led by Imam Shamil, who won a number of victories over Russian troops. In the territories of Dagestan and Chechnya, he created a state system - imamate - with a large army. But already at the end of the 40s. V state system Shamil began to show signs of crisis. Tsarism took advantage of the economic and military weakening of the Imamate. The re-equipped and numerically increased Russian army went on the offensive. In 1859, the remnants of Shamil's army were finally defeated.
The annexation of the Caucasus to Russia was completed in 1864.
The contradictions between Russia and European countries intensified significantly after the signing of the Unkiyar-Isklessi Treaty in 1833 by Turkey and Russia, which established a defensive military alliance with the obligation of mutual military defense.
By the middle of the 19th century. The eastern question occupied a very important place in the foreign policy of European countries. France and England sought military and commercial priority in the Mediterranean; Austria - to the expansion of the territory of the Ottoman Empire; Russia - to the complete defeat of Turkey alone, access to the Mediterranean Sea, closing the entrance to the Black Sea to foreign fleets and increasing influence on the Slavic peoples of the Balkans. All this led to the Crimean War (1853-1856), which began with the crossing of Russian troops across the river. The Prut and the occupation of the territory of Moldavia and Wallachia. In the fall of 1853, the Russian squadron under the command of Admiral P.S. Nakhimova (1802-1855) defeated the Turkish fleet in Sinop Bay. But the European powers did not intend to allow Russia to defeat Turkey. The English and French military squadrons entered the Golden Horn Bay. Russia was now forced to fight against England, France, and the Italian states of Piedmont and Sardinia. Military operations were transferred to Crimea. Russia's main naval base on the Black Sea, Sevastopol, was under siege. After 11 months of defense, Sevastopol fell.
On March 18, 1856, a peace was signed in Paris, according to which Russia ceded part of Bessarabia to Turkey and returned the Kars fortress. Russia was forbidden to have a navy on the Black Sea and to restore Sevastopol as a fortress.
The defeat of Russia showed the deep crisis of the autocratic-serf system, its backwardness from the advanced countries of Europe, urgently dictated the need for radical transformations in all areas of life, brought the country out of a state of political immobility, caused a protest of wide sections of society against the existing order, and led to the growth of peasant uprisings. The autocracy was forced to begin self-improvement and self-regulation on the basis of market relations and the freedom of citizens.
Crimean War 1853-1856 (briefly)
The cause of the Crimean War was the clash of interests of Russia, England, France and Austria in the Middle East and the Balkans. Leading European countries sought to divide Turkish possessions in order to expand spheres of influence and markets. Türkiye sought to take revenge for previous defeats in wars with Russia.
One of the main reasons for the emergence of military confrontation was the problem of revising the legal regime for the passage of the Mediterranean straits of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles by the Russian fleet, fixed in the London Convention of 1840-1841.
The reason for the outbreak of the war was a dispute between the Orthodox and Catholic clergy over the ownership of the “Palestinian shrines” (Bethlehem Church and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher) located on the territory of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1851, the Turkish Sultan, incited by France, ordered the keys to the Bethlehem Temple to be taken away from Orthodox priests and handed over to Catholics. In 1853 Nicholas I put forward an ultimatum with initially impossible demands, thereby ruling out a peaceful resolution of the conflict. Russia, having severed diplomatic relations with Turkey, occupied the Danube principalities, and as a result, Turkey declared war on October 4, 1853.
Fearing the growing influence of Russia in the Balkans, England and France in 1853 entered into a secret agreement on a policy of opposition to Russian interests and began a diplomatic blockade.
First period of the war: October 1853 - March 1854. The Black Sea squadron under the command of Admiral Nakhimov in November 1853 completely destroyed the Turkish fleet in the bay of Sinop, capturing the commander-in-chief. IN ground operation the Russian army achieved significant victories in December 1853 - crossing the Danube and throwing back Turkish troops, she, under the command of General I.F. Paskevich, besieged Silistria. In the Caucasus, Russian troops won big victory near Bashkadylklar, thwarting the Turkish plans to capture Transcaucasia.
England and France, fearing the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, declared war on Russia in March 1854. From March to August 1854, they launched attacks from the sea against Russian ports on the Addan Islands, Odessa, the Solovetsky Monastery, and Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka. Attempts at a naval blockade were unsuccessful.
In September 1854, a 60,000-strong landing force was landed on the Crimean Peninsula with the goal of capturing the main base of the Black Sea Fleet - Sevastopol.
The first battle on the Alma River in September 1854 ended in failure for the Russian troops.
On September 13, 1854, the heroic defense of Sevastopol began, which lasted 11 months. By order of Nakhimov, the Russian sailing fleet, which could not resist the enemy’s steam ships, was scuttled at the entrance to Sevastopol Bay.
The defense was led by admirals V.A. Kornilov, P.S. Nakhimov, V.I. Istomin, who died heroically during the assaults. The defenders of Sevastopol were L.N. Tolstoy and surgeon N.I. Pirogov.
Many participants in these battles gained fame as national heroes: military engineer E.I. Totleben, General S.A. Khrulev, sailors P. Koshka, I. Shevchenko, soldier A. Eliseev.
Russian troops suffered a number of failures in the battles of Inkerman in Yevpatoria and on the Black River. On August 27, after a 22-day bombardment, an assault on Sevastopol was launched, after which Russian troops were forced to leave the city.
On March 18, 1856, the Paris Peace Treaty was signed between Russia, Turkey, France, England, Austria, Prussia and Sardinia. Russia lost its bases and part of its fleet, the Black Sea was declared neutral. Russia lost its influence in the Balkans, and its military power in the Black Sea basin was undermined.
The basis of this defeat was the political miscalculation of Nicholas I, who pushed economically backward, feudal-serf Russia into conflict with strong European powers. This defeat prompted Alexandra II to carry out a number of fundamental reforms.
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Slide 1
8th grade
Russia at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries
lesson-repetition
Slide 2
Why at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. have reforms in all areas of public life become necessary again in the Russian Empire?
Slide 3
Plan
1. The territory of Russia at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. 2.Population. Social system. 3. Economic system. 4.Political system.
Slide 4
Recall:
What territories were ceded to Russia in the 17th-18th centuries?
At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Russia was the largest state in the world.
Slide 5
In the XVII-XVIII centuries. the following were transferred to Russia: - Siberia - the Baltic coast - Azov region, - Left-bank and Right-bank Ukraine - Lithuania, - Belarus, - part of Poland, - Novorossia, - lower Volga, - “ Russian America", - Eastern Georgia.
Map of the European part of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century.
Slide 6
POLITICAL SYSTEM - a system of government.
SOCIAL SYSTEM – the composition of society, the system of relations within society.
ECONOMIC SYSTEM - organization of production and trade in the country
Slide 7
Population.
Over 100 years, the population grew from 15.5 million to 43.7 million people. The population density was extremely uneven: only 3 million people lived beyond the Urals. On the outskirts of the European part, the population density did not exceed 1 person per 1 sq. km.
Russian national costume.
Slide 8
RUSSIA is a multinational state
RUSSIANS
UKRAINIANS
BELARUSIANS
TATARS
BASHKIRS
CHUVASH
MORDVA
MARIE
UDMURTS
KARELIANS
ESTONIANS
LATVIANS
LITHUANians
GERMANS
YAKUTS
EVENS
BURYATS
CHUKCHI
NANAITS
YUKAGIRS
Slide 9
RUSSIA is a multi-religious state - a state whose population professes various religious teachings
All world religions were represented in Russia. The Slavs (87%) of the population professed Orthodoxy. Protestantism was widespread in the Baltic states, Catholicism in the Western regions, Buddhism in the lower reaches of the Volga and Transbaikalia, and Islam among the Turkic-speaking peoples. After the annexation of Poland, the spread of Judaism began. Paganism persisted beyond the Urals.
Slide 10
A characteristic feature of Russian society was the preservation of a branched class system.
a large group of people with rights and responsibilities that are established by custom or law and are inherited.
REMEMBER: what is an estate?
Estate
Slide 11
The main classes of the Russian Empire
Remember: which classes are privileged and which are unprivileged?
Slide 12
Estates at the beginning of the 19th century
NOBILITY (personal, hereditary)
CLERGY (white, black)
MERCHANTS (1st and 2nd guilds)
PEASANTRY
PHILISTINISM
COSSACKS
MERCHANTS (3 guilds)
privileged
unprivileged
Slide 13
Economic system.
“Agriculture is at the same stage of development as it was in the last century.” Feudal serfdom continued to exist. What does it mean?
MAIN INDUSTRY OF THE ECONOMY – AGRICULTURE
Slide 14
1. Development of manufactories, increase in the share of hired labor, the emergence of “capitalist” peasants, growth of the urban population.
2. Feudal orders slowed down the development of the economy (peasants were afraid to invest money in industry)
3.The disinterest of peasants in the results of labor led to an increase in corvee (up to 7 days a week) and quitrent.
4. Stratification of peasants and ruin of their farms.
Facts indicating the crisis of the feudal-serf system:
Slide 15
Political system.
By the beginning of the 19th century. Russia remained an autocratic monarchy. Which state is called an autocratic (absolute) monarchy?
AUTOCRATIC MONARCHY is a state in which the ruler has unlimited supreme power.
Paul I
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Administrative division
Slide 19
LET'S REPEAT!
1.What does it mean: Russia is a multinational state? 2. What does it mean: Russia is a multi-religious state? 3. What classes was the population of Russia divided into? 4. What two groups were the estates divided into? What is the difference between them? 5. Explain the concept of feudal-serf system. 6. What was Russia like politically? 7. Who was the Russian emperor? Prove that he was an autocrat.
Slide 20
Why did reforms in all areas of public life once again become necessary in the Russian Empire at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries?
Slide 21
Homework:
Textbook, pp. 5-6. Learn concepts in a notebook. Additional material: about the childhood and youth of Alexander I.
Slide 22
Who belonged to the privileged class in Russia?
1. Bourgeois 2. Merchants of the third guild 3. Nobles 4. State peasants
Slide 23
Who in Russia belonged to the unprivileged class?
1.priests 2.guards 3.burgers 4.nobles
Slide 24
What did the division of the Russian population into classes mean?
1. About the large population; 2. On the development of capitalist relations; 3. On the preservation of feudal remnants; 4. About the existence of an estate-representative monarchy in the country.
Slide 25
What did the predominance of the peasantry in the population of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century indicate?
1. B agriculture there were no feudal remnants; 2. Russia remained an agricultural country; 3. Was in Russia high level birth rate of the population; 4. The territory was located in an area convenient for agriculture.
Slide 26
What was evidenced by the development in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. manufacturing industry using hired labor?
1. About the dominance of the feudal system; 2. About the beginning of the industrial revolution; 3. About the victory of capitalist relations; 4. On the decomposition of the feudal-serf system.
Changes are also observed in foreign policy: Paul refuses to participate in the fight against revolutionary France and in November 1798 joins the coalition against Napoleon (since before this Paul joins the Order of Malta, and Napoleon captures Malta). In 1799, Suvorov returned from disgrace and was sent to war in Italy.
However, in 1800, when the British captured Malta, they refused to return to Paul the share due to him under the agreement. Paul leaves the coalition and enters into an alliance with Napoleon.
The nobility did not approve of Paul's policies, and in 1801 he was killed as a result of a conspiracy, the purpose of which was to place his son, the future Emperor Alexander I, on the throne. 1). Territory of Russia.
- 2). Population of Russia: a). Multinational
- b). Multi-religious
- V). Class division of the population
- G). Class division of the population
- 3). The political structure of Russia at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century.
III. Kuban at the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries.
The first point of our plan requires working with a map. Pay attention to the question (Slide No. 4 of the Appendix) and using the map (Slide No. 5 of the Appendix) determine the geographical location of Russia at the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries. ( Russia is located in Europe and Asia. The border between European and Asian Russia runs through the Ural Mountains.
Russia's land border with Sweden, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Iran, Afghanistan, India, China.
Only the sea border is with Japan and the USA.
Land and sea border between Russia and the Ottoman Empire).
Right. Let's move on to characterizing the second point of the plan.
- 1). The territory of Russia at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries was 18 million km (increased due to the annexation of the Caucasus, Finland, and Bessarabia). (Slide No. 6 of the Appendix)
- 2). "The population of Russia at the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries."
In terms of its national composition, the population of Russia was very heterogeneous.
A). Multinational- More than 200 peoples and nationalities lived on the territory of Russia.
Let us turn to the map “The Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century”.
Let's determine which peoples lived on the territory of Russia at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries? - (Slide No. 7 of the application)
Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians lived in the south and west of the European part of the country.
In the Baltics - Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Germans.
In the north of European Russia and the Volga region - Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Karelians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Kalmyks...
In Siberia and the Far East - Tatars, Yakuts, Evens, Yukagirs, Buryats, Chukchi, Nanai...
The bulk of the population of Russia were Russians. ( Slide No. 8 Applications )
b). Multi-religious - the peoples of Russia professed almost all the major world religions.
The state religion was Orthodoxy, which was adhered to by Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, and representatives of other nations (a total of 87% of the population). - ( Slide No. 9 Applications )
In the western regions, Catholicism (Lithuanians, Poles) and Protestantism (Latvians, Estonians, Germans) were widespread. - ( Slide No. 10 Appendix)
Turkic-speaking peoples (Tatars, Bashkirs) professed Islam.- ( Slide No. 11 Applications )
Kalmyks and Buryats - Buddhism.- ( Slide No. 12 Applications )
Jews - Judaism.- ( Slide No. 13 Applications)
The peoples of Siberia and the Far North retained pagan beliefs (Mordovians, Mari...)- (Slide No. 14 Appendix)
V). Class division of the population.
Estates are large groups of people with certain rights and responsibilities that are inherited. ( A brief description of the class division of the country will be given by Elizaveta Saiko).
The main classes of the country were:
Nobility - up to 400 thousand people, large landowners.
The nobility, clergy and merchants were a privileged class - they were not subject to corporal punishment, did not pay taxes to the state. - (Slide No. 16, 17, 18 Appendix)
Non-privileged classes:
Philistinism - up to 4% of the population.
The peasantry makes up more than 90% of the population.
Cossacks - 1.5 million people.
The philistinism, peasantry, and Cossacks bore military service and paid taxes to the state. - (Slide No. 19, 20 Appendix)
We will characterize the position of the main strata of society in more detail later, when studying individual topics, but today I suggest you solve several cognitive problems.
?
– creation of a navy; reorganization of the army,
government bodies; expansion to
East;
reform
church
management;
Europeanization of culture.
?
– imitated Peter I; carried out the secularization of the earth;
creation of the State Bank; decree on freedom
external
trade;
"Manifesto
O
liberties
service.
?
–
strengthening
autocracy,
gain
unification of management.
?
– law on succession to the throne; weakening positions
nobility; improving the situation of peasants; gain
censorship.
supporter of liberalism.
army,
organs
state
management;
expansion to the East; reform of church governance;
Europeanization of culture.
Peter III - imitated Peter I; carried out secularization
land; creation of the State Bank; decree on
free foreign trade; "Manifesto on Liberty"
nobility" - received the right not to go out at all
service.
Catherine II - strengthening of autocracy, strengthening
bureaucratic apparatus, centralization of the country and
unification of management.
Paul I – law on succession to the throne; weakening
positions of the nobility; improving the situation of peasants;
increased censorship.
Alexander was brought up at his grandmother's court and was
supporter of liberalism.
Emperor Alexander I: family tree
EmpressCatherine II
(1762 – 1796)
Emperor Peter III
(1761 – 1762)
Emperor Paul I
(1796 – 1801)
Alexander
Empress
Maria Feodorovna
Konstantin
Nikolai
Michael
The most important reform proposals of the Secret Committee:
Amnesty; organ reformstate power, reform
public education; solution
peasant question: resolution
peasants and townspeople to buy
uninhabited lands, "law on free
farmers." Liberalism is a movement that unites
supporters
parliamentary
building,
civil liberties (choice of faith, freedom
words, meetings, associations, etc.) and
freedom of enterprise.
Manifesto - solemn written
appeal of the supreme power to the population.
Amnesty
–
partial
or
complete
exemption from judicial punishment,
produced by the supreme power. Higher authorities
public administration after 1802
The Senate has been transformed into the highest judicial body,
controlled
activity
local
authorities.
Committee of Ministers - discussed general
issues of governing the country, was established
under Alexander.
Ministries are government bodies
management instead of boards. F. Laharpe – liberal, Alexander’s teacher; could
help him develop reforms to abolish
serfdom and the introduction of a constitution.
P. A. Stroganov - friend of Alexander,
proposed the project of the Secret Committee.
exactly
He
N. N. Novosiltsev – member of the Secret Committee,
developed the draft “Charter of the Russian
Empire" - the first constitution of Russia.
A. A. Czartoryski - head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
affairs; could give advice on liberalizing the empire.
V. P. Kochubey - diplomat, statesman;
actively participated in the discussion of peasant
question. September 13, 2018
Emperor Alexander I:
beginning of reign.
Reforms of M. M. Speransky. Plan:
1. Emperor Alexander I.
2. Secret committee.
3. Management reform.
4. Education reform.
5. Policy towards peasants.
6. .D/Z:
Repeat item 2; know the facts and
terms Reform activities of M. M. Speransky
Career of Mikhail Speransky
in 1797 – 1808:
1797 – official of the chancellery
Attorney General of the Senate.
1803 – 1807 - director
one of the departments
Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Mikhail Mikhailovich
Speransky
(1772 – 1839)
from 1807 - Secretary of State
Emperor.
from 1808 – deputy
Minister of Justice.
M. M. Speransky:
Emperor
State Council –
legislative
organ under the emperor
Judicial branch
Legislature
Senate
The State Duma:
The head is the chancellor,
appointed by the emperor
the task of the State Duma is
discussion of bills
Provincial Dumas
Four-stage elections
District Dumas
Parish councils
Executive
power
Ministries 1809 – “Plan for State Transformation”
M. M. Speransky:
It was also supposed to establish a division of society into three
estates:
Nobility
"Average
"Working people":
state":
serfs
(with saving
merchants, townspeople,
peasants,
special rights)
state
house servants,
peasants
workers
Political rights were granted only to the “free” (the first
two) classes.
The third estate received common civil rights(chief among
they included a provision that “no one can be punished without
court verdict") and could, as property accumulated and
capital to move into the second estate.
Only those who possessed movable and
real estate (that is, representatives of the first two 1809 – “Plan for State Transformation”
M. M. Speransky
What are the provisions of the project
reforms of M. M. Speransky you
do you think are the main ones?
Did the projects affect
Speransky basis
feudal-autocratic
building?
Mikhail Mikhailovich
Speransky
(1772 – 1839)
No, they didn't. Only in
Speransky saw the future
the ultimate goal of reforms in
limiting autocratic
Tsar's power and liquidation
serfdom. Reform activities of M. M. Speransky
Alexander I generally approved of Speransky's project. However, his
should have been implemented gradually, without causing shocks
in society. Taking this into account, the king decided to first give the most
"harmless" part of the reform.
January 1, 1810 – formation of the State Council:
- Bills must be discussed in the State Council;
- The State Council evaluates not only the content of bills, but also the
the need for their adoption;
- The State Council “explains” the meaning of laws and takes measures to implement them
execution;
- The State Council reviews the reports of ministries and makes proposals for
distribution of government revenues and expenses.
Thus, a clear procedure for preparing and
adoption of laws. But the decisions of the State Council are not binding
strength for the emperor when approving laws, the State Council is not
legislative, but a legislative body under the emperor. Reform activities of M. M. Speransky
Speransky also in 1811 prepared the draft “Code
Governing Senate."
Based on the idea of separation of powers, he proposed
divide the Senate into the Governing (in charge
local government issues) and Judicial (highest
judicial body that controls all judicial
institutions of the country).
This project was not implemented.
What projects were implemented?
Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky? Organization of state power under the project
M. M. Speransky:
Emperor
State Council –
legislative body
under the emperor
Judicial branch
Legislature
Executive branch
Senate
The State Duma:
Head – Chancellor, appointed
emperor,
The task of the State Duma is to discuss
bills
Ministries
Provincial Dumas
Four-speed
elections
District Dumas
Parish councils
Organization of state power after the reforms of Alexander I by the end of 1810:
EmperorProsecutor General
Chairman
Chairman
Governing
Senate
Committee
ministers
State
advice
Chief Prosecutor
His Holiness
Synod
Ministers
Ministries
The State Council was created. Reform activities of M. M. Speransky
Why was Speransky's project not actually created?
implemented?
Let's turn to the historical source:
P. 21
“The most short-sighted person understood that soon
new orders will come that will turn upside down
the bottom of the entire existing system. This has already been discussed
openly, not yet knowing what the threatening
danger. Rich landowners with serfs
lost their heads at the thought that the constitution would be destroyed
serfdom and that the nobility would have to
to give way forward to the plebeians. Discontent of the highest
class was comprehensive."
(From the memoirs of a trustee of St. Petersburg
educational district of D. P. Runich). Reform activities of M. M. Speransky
High dignitaries, courtiers, nobility
perceived Speransky’s projects with hostility, fearing
that such reforms would undermine the foundations of the state.
Attempts by Alexander I to grant civil rights
the serfs also aroused the indignation of the great
nobility.
Point of view is conservative
opinionated circles of society
expressed
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin
in its
“Note on Ancient and New Russia.”
Nikolai Mikhailovich
Karamzin (1766 – 1826),
historian, writer Reform activities of M. M. Speransky
For these reasons, Alexander I was forced to stop
implementation of reforms: fate was too fresh in memory
father.
The Emperor understood perfectly well that harsh criticism
Speransky is essentially aimed at his own
address. Speransky was even accused of treason for his
sympathy for the order in France, which he supposedly wanted
introduce into Russia to please Napoleon.
The king could no longer hold back the wave of criticism and accepted
decision to resign Speransky. Not the last role here
played the emperor's intention to unite society
on the eve of the approaching war with Napoleon. In March 1812
Mr. Speransky was expelled to Nizhny Novgorod, and then in
Permian.
How should we evaluate Speransky's activities? Historian V. A. Tomsinov about his activities
M. M. Speransky:
“Speransky entered the history of Russia as
great loser. And in fact, none of him
reform plans were not implemented in
to some extent - most of the time
created
them
projects
state
transformations were destined to remain on paper, they
They didn’t even try to implement it in practice. But you can
can we say that he lived fruitlessly? What's in vain
threw your soul and talent into the abyss of politics?
The important thing is that, although Speransky’s projects were not
realized, his reform quests and plans
formed the basis on which later
reform projects were developed. Setting the most important questions:
Briefly describe the situation of the countries Western Europe And
Russia at the beginning of the 19th century in social, economic,
political sphere.
What were the challenges? Russian state at first
19th century? What steps needed to be taken
the Russian government to solve these problems?
Do you think the ruling circles of Russia realized
the need for reforms in the country?
Why could they come to this conclusion?