1.3 Types of knowledge

Bogbaz10, §6, 63-64; Bogprof10, §23.

Classification No. 1 .
Base
1) Myth– (from Greek

:

humanization of all nature (universal personification);

indivisibility, identity of subject and object, object and sign, being and its name);

search for purposeful will (teleologism);

the idea of ​​time was not abstracted, time was perceived through the periodicity and rhythm of human life: birth, growing up, maturity, old age and death of a person, as well as changes in nature;

perception of the world as an arena of struggle between divine and demonic, cosmic and chaotic forces (dualism).

2) Religion(from lat

3) Practical knowledge

4) Folk wisdom, common sense.
Common sense (English
5) Art

.
Imagery And visibility.

Specific, Imagination and fantasy cognizing subject;

!!!

6) Parascience(from Greek
Classification No. 2 :
2) scientific;
3) practical;
4) artistic;

5.1. What place does knowledge occupy on the map of human spirituality?
5.2. Types of knowledge.
5.2.1. Classification No. 1.
5.2.2. Classification No. 2.
5.2.3. Classification No. 3.
5.2.4. Classification No. 4.

5.1 . What place does knowledge occupy on the map of human spirituality??
5.1.1. Knowledge and opinion.
Ancient thought answered the question of what knowledge is by comparing it with opinion. It was believed that opinion is based on feeling, therefore it concerns individual objects and is characterized by variability and relativity. In contrast to opinion, knowledge captures not individual, but general properties, due to which knowledge has a universal character and immutability.
5.1.2. Knowledge and Faith.
Medieval philosophy raised the question of the difference between knowledge and faith. Knowledge was associated with evidence that was necessarily inherent in it. Faith does not require proof, and thus is fundamentally different from knowledge.
5.1.3. In modern times, under the influence of the successes of the natural sciences, knowledge is understood as scientific knowledge. The concepts of knowledge, truth and science were actually identified.
5.1.4. Modern philosophy is gradually abandoning the identification of knowledge and science.
Today, along with science, other types of spiritual activity are also considered as relatively independent methods of knowledge. In addition to science, there are such types of knowledge as ordinary, artistic, mythological, religious, philosophical, occult, paranormal, meditative.
5.2 . Types of knowledge.
Knowledge is not limited to the sphere of science; knowledge in one form or another exists beyond the boundaries of science. The emergence of scientific knowledge did not cancel or abolish or make other forms of knowledge useless.
5.2.1. Classification No. 1.
Base: every form of social consciousness: science, philosophy, mythology, politics, religion, art, etc. correspond to specific forms of knowledge.
1) Myth– (from Greek. mythos - legend, tale) - a story about gods, spirits, deified heroes and ancestors that arose in primitive society. Myths intertwine early elements of religion, philosophy, science and art.
The myths of different peoples have similar and recurring themes and motifs.:
1) myths about the origin of the world, the Universe (cosmogonic myths);

2) eschatological myths;

3) human (anthropogonic myths);

4) about the origin of the sun (solar myths);

5) moons (lunar myths);

6) stars (astral myths);

7) myths about animals;

8) calendar myths;

9) myths about the origin and introduction of cultural goods (making fire, invention of crafts, agriculture);

10) myths about the establishment of certain social institutions, marriage rules, customs and rituals.
Eschatology(from Greek. eschatos - extreme, last and logos - doctrine) - the doctrine of the ultimate destinies of the world and man. There is a distinction between individual eschatology, that is, the doctrine of the afterlife of an individual human soul, and universal eschatology, that is, the doctrine of the purpose of the cosmos and history and their end.
Features of mythological knowledge:
1) humanization of all nature (universal personification);
2) indivisibility, identity of subject and object, object and sign, being and its name);
3) search for purposeful will (teleologism);
4) the idea of ​​time was not abstracted, time was perceived through the periodicity and rhythm of human life: birth, growing up, maturity, old age and death of a person, as well as changes in nature;
5) perception of the world as an arena of struggle between divine and demonic, cosmic and chaotic forces (dualism).
Elements of mythological thinking are preserved in modern mass consciousness (for example, racial and class myths, the cult of leaders, rituals of mass gatherings, etc.).
2) Religion(from lat. religio - piety, shrine, object of worship) - worldview and attitude, as well as corresponding behavior and specific actions (cult), based on the belief in the existence of a god or gods, the supernatural.
3) Practical knowledge– knowledge of how to act during the transformation of the natural and social world, what properties materials and objects have, what is the order of operations in everyday and specialized activities.
4) Folk wisdom, common sense.
Common sense (English. – common sense) – a general sense of truth and justice inherent to one degree or another in every person, acquired with life experience.
Common sense does not rise to the level of scientific and philosophical understanding of reality, but is also opposed to artificial constructs divorced from life.
Common sense is not fundamentally knowledge. Rather, it is a way of selecting knowledge, that general illumination, thanks to which the main and the secondary are distinguished in knowledge and the extremes are outlined.
5) Art– a specific form of social consciousness and human activity, which is a reflection of the surrounding reality in artistic images.
Specificity of art as a form of artistic knowledge.
1) Imagery And visibility.
An artistic image performs the same functions in art as a concept in science: with its help, the process of artistic generalization occurs, highlighting the essential features of cognizable objects.
2) Specific ways to reproduce the surrounding reality, as well as the means by which artistic images are created. In literature, such a means is the word, in painting - color, in music - sound, in sculpture - volumetric-spatial forms.
3) Imagination and fantasy cognizing subject; artistic invention, which is allowed in art, is completely unacceptable, for example, in the process of scientific knowledge.
Unlike the social and human sciences, which study individual aspects of people’s lives, !!! art explores the whole person.
6) Parascience(from Greek. para near, near, at) – pseudo-scientific knowledge.
Unlike common sense, which invariably strives for clarity, unambiguity, and prescription (do this and don’t do that), parascience suffers from the vagueness and mystery of the information with which it operates.
Due to the limited ability of science to answer all questions without exception, there is always some unexplored space into which people strive to penetrate. This space is occupied by parascience, often using information that is not confirmed by experiment, does not fit into accepted theories, or simply contradicts generally accepted and practice-tested scientific knowledge.
Parascience is distinguished by its claim to universality: often found drugs or a treatment method that are far from traditional medicine, supporters of parascience rush to declare a universal remedy for all diseases. Often parascience, claiming exclusivity, resorts to pseudoscientific terminology, difficult to translate and mysterious or meaningless. For example, the statement “A person is born with a spherical biofield” contains more questions than information.

Parascience often demonstrates intolerance towards traditional science, turning not to professionals, but to the masses, the press, etc.
5.2.2. Classification No. 2:
1) everyday knowledge (based on common sense and everyday consciousness, comes down to a statement of facts and their description);
2) scientific;
3) practical;
4) artistic;
5) rational (reflection of reality in logical concepts and categories);
6) irrational (the subject is emotions, passions, experiences, intuition, will, anomalous phenomena that do not fit into the laws of logic and science);
7) personal (depends on the abilities of the subject and the characteristics of his intellectual activity).
Collective knowledge is generally valid, or transpersonal, and presupposes the presence of a necessary and common system of concepts, methods, techniques and rules for constructing knowledge. Personal knowledge, in which a person shows his individuality and creativity, is a necessary and really existing component of knowledge. It emphasizes the obvious fact that science is made by people and that art or cognitive activity cannot be learned from a textbook, it is achieved only through communication with a master.
5.2.3. Classification No. 3.
Base: degree of proximity (distance) to scientific knowledge.
Extrascientific knowledge is not someone’s invention or fiction. It is produced in certain intellectual communities, in accordance with other (different from rationalistic) norms and standards, and has its own sources and means of knowledge. It is obvious that many forms of extra-scientific knowledge are older than knowledge recognized as scientific, for example, astrology is older than astronomy, alchemy is older than chemistry.
Extrascientific knowledge– scattered, unsystematic knowledge that is in conflict with the existing picture of the world.
Forms of extra-scientific knowledge.
1) Pre-scientific knowledge serving as a prototype, a prerequisite basis for scientific knowledge.
Before the emergence of science, people received fairly reliable knowledge by using it in practical activities.
Our ancestors had fairly highly developed cosmological, medical, and ecological ideas, which could be even more adequate and effective in practice than the scientific theories of recent times.
2) Unscientific knowledge is scattered, unsystematic knowledge that is not formalized and not described by laws, and is in conflict with the existing scientific picture of the world.
3) Parascientific knowledge is incompatible with the existing epistemological standard. A broad class of parascientific knowledge includes teachings or thoughts about phenomena, the explanation of which is not convincing from the point of view of scientific criteria.
4) Pseudoscience knowledge consciously exploits speculation and prejudice. Pseudoscience is erroneous knowledge. Being a delusion, it strives to give itself the form of scientific knowledge and claims its status and recognition. Pseudoscience often presents science as the work of outsiders.
Signs of pseudoscience: illiterate pathos, fundamental intolerance to refuting arguments, pretentiousness.
Pseudoscientific knowledge is very sensitive to the topic of the day, sensation. The peculiarity of pseudoscientific knowledge is that it cannot be united by a paradigm and cannot be systematic or universal.
5) Quasi-scientific knowledge is looking for supporters and adherents, relying on methods of violence and coercion. As a rule, it flourishes in conditions of strictly hierarchical science, where criticism of those in power is impossible, where the ideological regime is strictly manifested. In the history of our country, periods of “triumph of quasi-science” are well known: Lysenkoism, defamation of cybernetics, etc.
6) Anti-scientific knowledge is utopian and deliberately distorts ideas about reality. The prefix “anti” draws attention to the fact that the subject and methods of research are opposite to science. It's like an "opposite sign" approach. It is associated with the eternal need to discover a common, easily accessible “cure for all diseases.” Particular interest and craving for anti-science arises during periods of instability.
7) Pseudoscientific knowledge is an intellectual activity that speculates on a set of popular theories, for example, stories about ancient astronauts, about Bigfoot, about the Loch Ness monster.
8) Esotericism(from Old Greek. ἐσωτερικός - internal) - a teaching that claims secrecy, hidden content, intended only for initiates; the sphere of specific views about the deep mystical (non-obvious) essence of the evolution of the world, civilization and man.
5.2.4. Classification No. 4 (according to the degree of generality, theoreticality).
1) Ordinary cognition: fetishism, totemism, magic, animism, omens, games.
Ordinary knowledge includes common sense, signs, edifications, recipes, personal experience, and traditions. Ordinary knowledge, although it records the truth, does so unsystematically and without evidence. Its peculiarity is that it is used by a person almost unconsciously and in its application does not require any preliminary systems of evidence. Sometimes knowledge of everyday experience even skips the stage of articulation and simply and silently guides the actions of the subject.
Another feature of it is its fundamentally unwritten nature.
A game- a type of unproductive activity, the motive of which lies not in its results, but in the process itself. In the history of human society, it has been intertwined with magic, cult behavior, etc.; is closely related to sports, military and other training, and art (especially its performing forms). It is important in the upbringing, training and development of children as a means of psychological preparation for future life situations. Also characteristic of higher animals.
2) Sensory - abstract cognition: myth, art, morality, religion, occult, paranormal, meditative knowledge.
Occultism(from lat. occultus - secret, hidden) - a set of teachings about hidden, supernatural, “anomalous” forces of the cosmos, earthly objects and phenomena, the human body, words, numbers, signs.
Types of occultism: astrology, alchemy, physiognomy, graphology, phrenology, spiritualism, poltergeist, cabalistics.
What seemed mysterious in occult teachings often became the subject of science (as happened with magnetism in the Renaissance, gravity in modern times, earth rays in our time). Occult knowledge contributed to the development of a new worldview, seeking to consider man (microcosm) and the world (macro- and megacosm) in their interaction. Largely thanks to occultism, the “anthropic principle” began to be developed: man began to be considered as the “node of the Universe.”
Astrology(from Greek. astro - star and logos - doctrine) - the doctrine of the influence of celestial bodies on the earthly world and man (his temperament, character, actions and future), which was determined through visible movements on the celestial sphere and the relative position of the luminaries (constellation) at a given moment in time.
Alchemy(from the Arabic al-kimiya, which goes back to the Greek chēméia, from chéō - pour, cast) - a pre-scientific direction in the development of chemistry. Originating in Egypt (3rd-4th centuries AD), it became especially widespread in the West. Europe (11th-14th centuries). The main goal of alchemy is to find the so-called. “philosopher’s stone” for transforming base metals into gold and silver, obtaining an elixir of longevity, a universal solvent, etc. The positive role of alchemy is in the discovery or improvement (in the process of searching for miraculous means of obtaining practical valuable products (mineral and vegetable paints, glass , enamels, metal alloys, acids, alkalis, salts), as well as in the development of some laboratory techniques (distillation, sublimation, etc.).
Physiognomy (Greek. physiognomike, physiognomonike, from physis - nature and gnomonikos - knowledgeable, expert) - 1) the doctrine of the expression of a person’s character in facial features and body shapes.
Graphology(from Greek. graphe - handwriting and logos - doctrine) - the study of handwriting, its study from the point of view of the properties and mental states of the writer reflected in it. Graphology data is used in psychology, medicine and criminology.
Phrenology(from Greek. phren - mind, soul and logos - teaching) - a concept according to which, on the basis of craniometric (skull shape) data, one can judge the mental characteristics of a person.
Craniometry(from Greek. kranion - skull and logos - teaching) - a set of techniques for measuring the skull, designed to study variations in its structure and used in anthropology, as well as in some areas of medicine, for example. in forensic medicine.
Spiritualism(from lat. spiritus - soul, spirit) is a mystical movement associated with the belief in the afterlife existence of the souls of the dead and characterized by a special practice of “communication” with them. Originated in the mid-19th century. in USA.
Poltergeist(from him. poltern - make noise, knock and Geist - spirit) - inexplicable, paranormal phenomena associated with noise and knocking, spontaneous movement (throwing) of objects, spontaneous combustion, etc. A poltergeist (unlike a ghost) is not tied to a place, but to a person .
Kabbalah(ancient Hebrew, literally - tradition) - a mystical movement in Judaism that seeks to comprehend the hidden true meaning of the Torah (Pentateuch in the Old Testament) and other sacred books. Formed in the 13th century. in Spain (Zohar, or Book of Radiance, in Aramaic). The so-called practical Kabbalah (“Kabalism”) is based on the belief that with the help of special rituals, prayers, verbal and letter formulas, numbers, and amulets, a person can participate in divine creation.
Paranormal Cognition(from Greek. para - near, beyond, in spite of) - a type of extra-scientific knowledge that provides certain information about physical phenomena that are currently inexplicable by science and non-standard abilities of the human body to influence other people, which describes, explains and uses phenomena not yet known to official science and not available to legal practice.
Types of Paranormal Cognition:
Psychic perception is a polysemantic term used to refer to many purported esoteric phenomena, such as clairvoyance, telepathy (mental communication) and precognition.
Telepathy(from Greek. tele - into the distance, far away and pathos - feeling) - the transmission of thoughts and feelings over a distance without the mediation of the senses.
Telekinesis(from gree h. tele – into the distance + kinesis – movement, literally: movement at a distance) – a person’s movement of physical objects without the aid of muscular effort. Attempts to explain the phenomenon of telekinesis are being made in parapsychology.
Dowsing(from bio... and lat. loco I place, arrange), dowsing, dousing - a group of parapsychological practices that declare the possibility of detecting hidden objects, usually located underground, such as cavities, water sources, mineral deposits, “geopathogenic zones”, “lines of magical power”, etc. using a rod, a special frame, a pendulum or other devices.
Clairvoyance. far-sightedness– obtaining knowledge about certain events without the use of known senses or logical judgments.
Levitation (lat. levitas - lightness) - a scientifically unexplained phenomenon of free floating of the human body (or any object), noted in various reports about saints, yogis, mediums, etc.; The state of levitation is often experienced in dreams.
Meditative cognition, meditation(from lat. meditatio - mental contemplation, drowsy reflection) is an extremely deep spiritual state, which can be achieved in the following ways.
Firstly, as a result of gradual detachment from external influences, bodily relaxation, suppression of reactive, emotional manifestations with the help of certain physical exercises, dancing, and frequent repetitions of prayers.
This path was prescribed in Indian and Buddhist yoga, in the ancient “philosophy of ecstasy” of the Platonists and Neoplatonists, in the teachings of Muslim Sufis, Jesuits (“exertation”), in the Orthodox “smart work” of the hesychasts. This path is often used today by various religious (Hare Krishnas), philosophical (existentialism), psychoanalytic ("deep psychology" by Carl Jung) movements and even in art ("meditative" style in the visual arts, literature, cinema, music).
Secondly, as a result of drug use, oxygen starvation, isolation.
Thirdly, in a state of clinical death, “life after death.”
3) Extra-scientific theoretical knowledge: social science, philosophy.

The topic is considered complex, since we will study the essence of the internal processes of the brain and We will define the concept of TRUTH, and also highlight TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE. We begin each topic with a definition. So what is cognition? If it is human, then what is it for, what is it aimed at, what is its PURPOSE?

Let us remember what signs characterize human ACTIVITY? This is accordingly, these are signs of COGNITIVE ACTIVITY.

So, let's define it!

How is it characterized, what problems does it solve? The theory of knowledge is called GNOSEOLOGY (from the Greek gnosis - knowledge). Epistemology solves a number of important cognitive problems of order.

So, is the world knowable? If you answer YES, you are a GNOSTIC! If you answer in the negative, meaning the weakness of human senses (it is well known that a dog’s sense of smell is much stronger than a human’s, the vision of birds of prey is many times greater than that of a human), then you are an AGNOSTIC. The Irish philosopher D. Berkeley illustrated this discussion using the example of the dispute between the Greek sages Philonius and Hylas.

Truly, my opinion is that all our opinions are equally vain and unreliable. What we approve of today, we condemn tomorrow... And I don’t think that we could know anything in this life. Our abilities are too limited and too few.

Philonius. How! Are you saying that we cannot know anything, Hylas?

Gilas. There is not a single thing of which we can know its real nature or what it is in itself.

Philonius. Are you saying that I don't really know what fire or water is?

Gilas. You can, of course, know that fire is hot and water is flowing; but this is to know no more than what sensations are produced in your own soul when fire and water come into contact with your senses. As for their internal structure, their true and actual nature, in this respect you are in complete darkness” (D. Berkeley).

Try to determine who is GNOSTIC here and who is AGNOSTIC? Gilas states:

“...Our abilities are too limited, and there are too few of them... There is not a single thing about which we could know its real nature... As for their internal structure, their true and actual nature, in this respect you are in complete darkness... "

He denies the possibility of TRUE knowledge, he is an AGNOSTIC. So, another important key term for our lesson:

TRUTH is the correspondence of our ideas about the cognizable object to its real essence.

Other important questions of theory are resolved depending on the type of WORLDVIEW - and (PRACTICAL). A person with a religious type of worldview will answer the question about the origin of the world, “This is an act of divine creation,” and a person with a scientific type will answer from the point of view of the “Big Bang” theory.

Both people will be right in this case... Right from the point of view of their type of worldview! Here we come to TYPES OF TRUTH. In this case - the truth. Both subjective points of view are equally generally accepted! Agnostics claim the impossibility of achieving complete knowledge about an object or phenomenon. In their opinion, it is impossible to comprehend the essence of things; one can only approach complete, exhaustive knowledge. This means they recognize the possibility of RELATIVE TRUTH. Gnostics, on the contrary, recognize the possibility of obtaining complete knowledge - ABSOLUTE TRUTH. Thus, there are two types of truth - ABSOLUTE TRUTH AND RELATIVE TRUTH.

ABSOLUTE TRUTH is comprehensive knowledge about a subject (phenomenon) that will never be refuted.

RELATIVE TRUTH - ? Think about the wording?

We see that the complexity of the topic is that one type of truth easily passes into another, and then can turn into So, the ideas of medieval people about the structure of the world were for them the ABSOLUTE TRUTH (the Earth is the center of the Universe), were refuted by the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY of Copernicus - Bruno, and today they seem to us to be a ridiculous delusion.

What is the mechanism of human COGNITIVE ACTIVITY? It begins with our senses, which, in contact with a cognizable object, supply information about it to the brain (vision, touch, smell, hearing, taste). This primary information is

Other forms of SENSUAL (EXPERIENTIAL, EMPIRICAL COGNITION) - (an assessment obtained from FEELING and - an image of a perceived object, which our brain, with the help of ABSTRACT THINKING, can reproduce at any moment, without even touching it with the senses.

For what types of SPIRITUAL ACTIVITY is it typical? But it is based on rational logical thinking. But, information is given to her by sensory knowledge, for example.

Science is conceptual knowledge. Accordingly, RATIONAL (mental) cognition begins with
CONCEPTS – definitions of the object being studied.
Concepts are linked in JUDGMENT – a completed thought.
A chain of logical judgments turns into CONCLUSION – final conclusion, which in science takes the form A THEORY that explains a cognizable phenomenon.

Thus, sensory knowledge is a prerequisite

The main ways of cognition that result in specific TYPES are

• RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE – based on faith;
• AESTHETIC – by means of art, based on ideas about beauty;
• SCIENTIFIC – based on theoretical and logical reasoning;
• ORDINARY – based on practical experience and everyday ideas of a person.

Now let’s consolidate the theoretical knowledge we acquired today by solving problems as an example! First, let’s complete task 27 of the test (using the example

We apply our knowledge on the topic “Types of knowledge” and fill in the missing words and phrases in the blanks.

And our answer, which we transfer to the form, is a digital sequence 769854. Now let’s do the difficult written task 25 from the demo version of the Unified State Exam 2016.

Task 25. What meaning do social scientists put into the concept of “relative truth”? Using your social science course knowledge, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the criterion(s) for determining truth, and one sentence revealing the features of this type of truth.

Let's reason! Today we have defined two truths - relative and absolute. This means that relative truth is a type of truth. Now let's remember what distinguishes it, its feature? For example, the result of a certain level of development of science.

Let's define:

“Relative truth is a type of truth that characterizes a certain stage in the development of science.”

In the definition of TRUTH we see that this is knowledge that corresponds to reality. We answer, adapting as much as possible to the wording of the question:

“The criterion for determining truth is compliance with cognizable reality.”

One sentence revealing the features of this (relative) type of truth. What else characterizes RELATIVE TRUTH?

“Relative truth is characterized by subjectivity.”

And our full answer:

“Relative truth is a type of truth that characterizes a certain stage in the development of science.

1. The criterion for determining truth is compliance with cognizable reality. 2. Relative truth is characterized by subjectivity.”

Thus, today we have discussed with you two topics from – Types of knowledge. The concept of truth, its criteria.

Theory of knowledge was first mentioned by Plato in his book The Republic. Then he identified two types of knowledge - sensory and mental, and this theory has been preserved to this day. Cognition - This is the process of acquiring knowledge about the world around us, its patterns and phenomena.

IN structure of cognition two elements:

• subject(“knower” - person, scientific society);
• an object(“knowable” - nature, its phenomena, social phenomena, people, objects, etc.).

Methods of cognition.

Methods of cognition generalized on two levels: empirical level knowledge and theoretical level.

Empirical methods:

1. Observation(studying an object without intervention).
2. Experiment(learning takes place in a controlled environment).
3. Measurement(measurement of the degree of size of an object, or weight, speed, duration, etc.).
4. Comparison(comparison of similarities and differences of objects).

1. Analysis. The mental or practical (manual) process of separating an object or phenomenon into its components, disassembling and inspecting the components.
2. Synthesis. The reverse process is the combination of components into a whole, identifying connections between them.
3. Classification. Decomposition of objects or phenomena into groups according to certain characteristics.
4. Comparison. Detecting differences and similarities in compared elements.
5. Generalization. A less detailed synthesis is a combination of common characteristics without identifying connections. This process is not always separated from synthesis.
6. Specification. The process of extracting the particular from the general, clarifying for better understanding.
7. Abstraction. Consideration of only one side of an object or phenomenon, since the rest are not of interest.
8. Analogy(identification of similar phenomena, similarities), a more advanced method of cognition than comparison, since it includes the search for similar phenomena in a time period.
9. Deduction(movement from the general to the particular, a method of cognition in which a logical conclusion emerges from a whole chain of conclusions) - in life, this type of logic became popular thanks to Arthur Conan Doyle.
10. Induction- movement from facts to the general.
11. Idealization- creation of concepts for phenomena and objects that do not exist in reality, but there are similarities (for example, an ideal fluid in hydrodynamics).
12. Modeling- creating and then studying a model of something (for example, a computer model of the solar system).
13. Formalization- image of an object in the form of signs, symbols (chemical formulas).

Forms of knowledge.

Forms of knowledge(some psychological schools are simply called types of cognition) there are the following:

1. Scientific knowledge. A type of knowledge based on logic, scientific approach, conclusions; also called rational cognition.
2. Creative or artistic knowledge. (It's the same - art). This type of cognition reflects the world around us with the help of artistic images and symbols.
3. Philosophical knowledge. It lies in the desire to explain the surrounding reality, the place that a person occupies in it, and what it should be.
4. Religious knowledge. Religious knowledge is often classified as a type of self-knowledge. The object of study is God and his connection with man, the influence of God on man, as well as the moral principles characteristic of this religion. An interesting paradox of religious knowledge: the subject (man) studies the object (God), which acts as the subject (God) who created the object (man and the whole world in general).
5. Mythological knowledge. Cognition characteristic of primitive cultures. A way of cognition among people who had not yet begun to separate themselves from the world around them, who identified complex phenomena and concepts with gods and higher powers.
6. Self-knowledge. Knowledge of one’s own mental and physical properties, self-awareness. The main methods are introspection, introspection, formation of one’s own personality, comparison of oneself with other people.

To summarize: cognition is a person’s ability to mentally perceive external information, process it and draw conclusions from it. The main goal of knowledge is both to master nature and to improve man himself. In addition, many authors see the goal of knowledge in a person’s desire for

Cognition is the process of a person’s comprehension of new, previously unknown knowledge.
Structure process of cognition:

1. The subject of cognition is an active individual, social group or society as a whole, endowed with consciousness and goal-setting.
2. The object of cognition is what the subject’s cognitive activity is directed towards. Can be animate (a person himself, an animal) and inanimate (natural phenomena); material (a really existing object) or ideal (hypothesis, theory).
3. The result of cognition - knowledge - is a product of the relationship of thought to reality, existing in a logical linguistic form, in the form of concepts, judgments, symbols, signs.

Characteristics of the main types of cognition

The question of the relationship between the sensory and the rational gave rise to two philosophical directions.
Empiricism- the only source of all our knowledge is sensory experience.
Rationalism- our knowledge can be obtained only with the help of the mind, without relying on feelings.
But it is impossible to contrast the sensual and rational in cognition, since the two stages of cognition manifest themselves as a single process. The difference between them is not temporary, but qualitative: the first stage is lower, the second is higher. Knowledge is the unity of sensory and rational knowledge of reality.

Knowledge- the result of knowledge of reality, the content of consciousness.

Types of knowledge:
Misconception- knowledge that does not correspond to a real object, but is accepted as truth. A lie is a deliberate distortion of the image of an object.
Everyday- based on common sense, formed as a result of people’s daily lives, comes down to a statement of facts and their description.
Practical- the basis is the activities of people to realize their needs.
Artistic- built on an image, characterized by emotionality and subjectivity.
Scientific- characterized by a desire for objectivity, consistency, logic, exists in the form of concepts and categories, general principles, laws, theories.
Rational- reflects reality in terms, based on rational thinking.
Irrational- reflects reality in emotions, often based on intuition, does not obey the laws of logic.

Forms of knowledge

Features of social cognition:
- the subject and object of knowledge coincide (society studies itself, the sociologist sees the process from the inside, since he himself is a participant in social relations. Therefore, a personal assessment of social phenomena plays an important role);
- the researcher’s capabilities are limited (it is not always possible to conduct an experiment);
- the complexity and variability of the object of study gives rise to a pluralism of points of view on society.

When studying society, one should use concrete historical approach:
- establish a relationship between the past and the future;
- identifying general patterns, it is necessary to remember the originality and uniqueness of the historical path of peoples, countries, regions;
- study social phenomena in their diversity and interdependence;
- consider current activities as the result of previous ones.

Features of cognition through art:
- emotional coloring;
- carried out using images.
Image- this is a reflection of reality, possessing certain properties of a really existing object, refracted through the inner world of the creator (artist, director, writer).
Canon– a set of applied rules for creating an image. Characterized by the peculiarities of the worldview of the era. (For example, in the period of antiquity, the beauty of the human body and proportionality are glorified; in the Middle Ages, the body is perceived as something sinful, therefore it is depicted flat, covered with clothes).