Are judgments about absolute truth true? Truth, true and false. Criteria of truth. A15. What do scientists mean by absolute truth?

Training tasks. COGNITION

Part 1 (A)

[A] 1, Presentation is

1) sensory reflection in the form of an image of objects or phenomena, retained in consciousness (memory) after the end of the direct impact on the senses

2) reflection of individual properties and qualities of objects in the surrounding world that directly affect the senses

3) reflection of objects and their properties, directly

affecting the senses in the form of a holistic image

4) form (type) of thought, which reflects the general and essential features of cognizable objects and phenomena

The statement: “A product has value” is an example

1) presentation

2) concepts

3) judgments

4) inferences

Are the following judgments about the forms of sensory and rational knowledge true?

A. Sensation, perception, concept are forms of sensory knowledge.

B. Representation, judgment, inference are forms of rational knowledge.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

What does the word “flower” represent in the statement: “Here flowers grow”?

1)perception

2) presentation

3) concept

4) judgment

The subject of cognition is

1) world mind

2) person

3) nature

4) any live quality

Are the following judgments about cognition correct?

A. Cognition is a basic human need.

B. Cognition is always creative.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

The criterion(s) of truth is(are)

1) compliance with the prevailing teaching in society

2) practice

3) management opinion

4) all of the above

8. Definition:“The sensory image of the external characteristics of objects and processes of the material world that directly affect the sense organs” refers to the concept

1) hypothesis

2) presentation

3) perception 4) sensation

Are the following judgments about the stages of knowledge correct?

A. The difference between sensory and rational knowledge is temporary: first, a person perceives external qualities, properties of things, objects, and then tries to penetrate into the essence of the object or phenomenon. B. Sensory and rational knowledge are interconnected and inseparable.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Cognitive activity, as opposed to labor

1) assumes the correspondence of goals and means

2) process-oriented, not result-oriented

3) carried out individually

Both sensory and rational cognition

1) forms ideas and knowledge about the subject

2) begins with a feeling

3) gives a visual image of the object

4) uses logical reasoning

Are the following judgments about the process of cognition correct?

A. In the process of cognition, a person’s emotions and feelings play an important role.

B. In the process of cognition, human intuition has a certain significance.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Are the following statements about social cognition correct?

A. In social cognition, its subject and object coincide.

B. Experimentation is actively used in social cognition.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

What judgment is based on the image?

1) scientific

2) practical

3) artistic

4) everyday

Are the following statements about absolute truth true?

A. None of the absolute truths can become relative.

B. Some of the absolute truths may become relative.

1) only A is correct

3) both judgments are correct

2) only B is correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Are the following judgments about the truth of knowledge true?

A. The truth of any knowledge has its limits, therefore it contains moments of both absolute and relative truth.

B. All our knowledge is only relatively true, there is no absolute truth in it.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Definition: “The process of obtaining objective, true knowledge” refers to the concept

1) everyday knowledge

2) scientific knowledge

3) artistic knowledge

4) practical knowledge

The statement: "This house is bigger than all the others" is an example

Hypotheses

2) inferences

3) judgments

4) concepts

Are the following truth statements true?

A. Absolute truth is knowledge with which everyone agrees, since it is something that is obvious and cannot be imagined otherwise.

B. Relative truth is knowledge sufficient for a person to successfully conduct his affairs.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

The forms of scientific knowledge include

1) hypothesis

3) problem

4) all of the above

Which of the following examples relates to everyday knowledge?

1) wisdom: “The morning is wiser than the evening”

2) the myth of Prometheus

3) theory of natural selection

4) observation: when moving away, the size of an object decreases

(based on the materials of the FIPI analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam 2011)

Problems with mastering the material on the topic under consideration were also revealed by the task with a detailed answer C5. 32% of respondents were able to explain the meaning that social scientists put into the concept of “truth” and write sentences containing social scientific information about this concept. Another 37% were only able to compose one sentence.

I propose to complete a series of tasks to analyze two judgments on the topics “Types of knowledge” and “The concept of truth, its criteria.”

1.
A. Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to human interests.
B. Truth is the correspondence of thought to reality.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

2. Are the following truth statements true? Truth is
A. Objective reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness.
B. The result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

A comment . In order to complete these two tasks, you need to remember what truth is. There are different interpretations of the concept of “truth”.

Truth is:
- correspondence of knowledge to reality;
- what is confirmed by experience;
- some kind of agreement, convention;
- property of self-consistency of knowledge;
- usefulness of the acquired knowledge for practice.

The classic definition is as follows: truth is knowledge that corresponds to its subject and coincides with it. The forms of cognition are not only concepts and judgments, but also ideas, perceptions, sensations, and inferences.

3. Are the following truth statements true?
A. Truth is relative, because the world is changeable and infinite.
B. Truth is relative, because the possibilities of knowledge are determined by the level of development of science.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

4. Are the judgments correct?
A. Any truth is objective and relative.
B. Absolute truth is practically unattainable.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

5. Are the following statements true? Relative truth is knowledge
A. Not everyone agrees with it.
B. Incomplete, true only under certain conditions.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

A comment . Objective truth is the content of knowledge that does not depend on either man or humanity.

Absolute truth is exhaustive reliable knowledge about nature, man and society; knowledge that can never be refuted.

Relative truth is incomplete, inaccurate knowledge corresponding to a certain level of development of society, which determines the ways of obtaining this knowledge; This is knowledge that depends on certain conditions, place and time of its receipt.

The difference between absolute and relative truths (or absolute and relative in objective truth) is the degree of accuracy and completeness of the reflection of reality. Truth is always specific, it is always associated with a specific place, time and circumstances.

6. Are the following judgments about true and false in knowledge true?
A. All phenomena of reality can be assessed from the point of view of truth or falsity.
B. False knowledge accepted as true is a delusion.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

A comment . Misconception is the content of the subject's knowledge that does not correspond to the reality of the object, but is accepted as truth. Sources of misconceptions: errors in the transition from sensory to rational knowledge, incorrect transfer of other people's experience. A lie is a deliberate distortion of the image of an object.

7. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth true?
A. Practice is a criterion for the truth of our knowledge about the world.
B. Practice is not the only criterion of truth, because there are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

8. Are the following judgments about the criteria for the truth of knowledge true?
A. The criterion for the truth of knowledge is simplicity, clarity and consistency of knowledge.
B. The criterion for the truth of knowledge is the practical orientation of knowledge.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

9. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth correct? Practice is a relative criterion of truth because
A. Not all phenomena can be assessed as true or false.
B. There are phenomena that are inaccessible for practical influence on them.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

A comment . The criteria of truth are what certify the truth and allow us to distinguish it from error. Possible criteria of truth: compliance with the laws of logic; compliance with previously discovered laws of science; compliance with fundamental laws; simplicity, economy of the formula; paradoxical idea; practice. Practice is a holistic organic system of active material activity of people, aimed at transforming reality, carried out in a certain socio-cultural context. Forms of practice: material production (labor, transformation of nature); social action (revolutions, reforms, wars, etc.); scientific experiment. In philosophy, the idea is put forward: the leading criterion of truth is practice.

10. Are the following judgments about cognition true?
A. Knowledge of the world can occur in the process of everyday life.
B. The object of knowledge can be a person.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

11. Are the following judgments about the diversity of forms of human knowledge true?
A. The experience of everyday life is one of the ways to understand the world.
B. Both scientific knowledge and knowledge obtained in everyday life are characterized by theoretical validity of conclusions.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

12. Are the following judgments about the diversity of forms of human knowledge true?
A. The functions of an artistic image in art are similar to the functions of a concept in science.
B. Artistic images are just the result of fiction, they do not reflect reality.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

13. Are the following statements true?
A. Science and religion are forms of knowledge of the world
B. Religion and science form two different types of worldviews for humanity.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

14. Are the following statements true?
A. A feature of social cognition is the influence of the researcher’s position on the assessment of facts.
B. The scientific study of society requires an objective approach to facts.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

15. Are the following judgments about cognition true?
A. The structure of cognition includes goal, means, and result.
B. Cognition requires the presence of an object and a subject of cognition.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

16. Are the following statements true?
A. Concept, judgment, inference create a sensory image of an object.
B. Inference is a logical connection of judgments.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

17. Are the following judgments about the forms of knowledge true?
A. The results of sensory knowledge exist in the form of images.
B. The results of rational cognition are fixed in sign systems and in language.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

15. Both absolute and relative truths:

1) always find their confirmation in practice; 3) provide complete, comprehensive knowledge about the subject;

2) are objective in nature; 4) can be refuted over time.

16. True knowledge as opposed to false:

1) is obtained in the course of cognitive activity; 3) abstracts from secondary features;

2) corresponds to the very object of knowledge; 4) presented in scientific language.

17. Are the following statements about false knowledge true?

Knowledge is false

A. not relevant to the subject of study.

B. not verified experimentally.

18. Are the following truth statements true?

A. The path to absolute truth goes through relative truths.

B. Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge.

1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.

19. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth correct?

Practice is a relative criterion of truth, because

A. not all phenomena can be assessed as true or false.

B. there are phenomena that are not accessible to practical influence on them.

1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct;

4) both judgments are incorrect.

20. Write down the word that is missing in the following phrase:

“Undoubted, unchangeable, once and for all established knowledge, a kind of pattern to which human knowledge strives, is usually called ___________ truth.”

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

As is known, objective truth is the content of knowledge that does not depend on either man or humanity; this is an adequate reflection by the subject of the surrounding world. The general characteristic of truth is applicable to any form of knowledge - both natural science and social reflection. However, while noting the commonality, one should also see the specificity of the manifestation of truth in the reflection of social phenomena. It is necessary to take into account the characteristics of both the object and the subject of cognition, and their relationships...

There is only one objective truth in the social sciences, as in natural sciences. It cannot be otherwise if we strictly adhere to the criterion of scientificity in social cognition. But it is also obvious that the process of comprehending objective truth is as difficult as it is endless. The development of social knowledge proceeds through the struggle of opposing views, concepts and theories, through their systematic revision. The only objective criterion of truth is practice...

At the same time, one must always keep in mind that the criterion of truth is not a single experience, not a one-time act of verification, but social practice in its historical dimension.

However, practice is a relative criterion of social truth in the sense that it indicates the truth of knowledge only for certain historical conditions. The criterion of practice is so “definite” as to distinguish objective knowledge from subjective opinions and idealistic delusions in order to stimulate the creative development of social cognition, and at the same time so “indefinite” as to allow human knowledge to turn into an “absolute”.

(A.M. Korshunov, V.V. Mantatov)

21. What two definitions of objective truth are given by the authors?

22. What two features of practice as a criterion of truth in the social sciences are mentioned in the text?

23. Characterize, based on your knowledge of the course, the features of the object, subject and results of social cognition.

24. Give three examples that support any three of the authors' statements (of your choice). In each case, write a statement first and then a corresponding example.

Scientific knowledge

25. Only scientific knowledge includes:

1) established facts; 3) logical conclusions;

2) experimentally based conclusions; 4) observation results.

26. What is an example of scientific knowledge?

1) twice two is four; 3) time for business - an hour for fun;

27. Which of the following statements is scientific?

1) time flows everywhere the same and does not depend on anything;

2) a person’s fate depends on the location of the stars in the sky at the moment of his birth;

3) electric current flows through wires in the same way as water through pipes;

4) there is a hereditary predisposition to certain diseases.

28. What method of acquiring knowledge is used? mainly at the theoretical level of scientific knowledge?

1) measuring objects; 3) putting forward a hypothesis;

2) description of experimental data; 4) conducting observations.

29. The famous navigator Magellan was looking for the shortest route to India. He used a map that showed the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. However, Magellan did not find the strait in the place marked on the map. Then he, having studied the descriptions left by his predecessors, suggested that this strait should be further south. He explored every bay, every bay - and discovered a strait (later named after him) between the mainland and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.

What methods of scientific knowledge did Magellan use? List three methods.

30. Name any three features of scientific knowledge and illustrate each of them with an example.

31. Use three examples to reveal the methods of obtaining knowledge inherent in science.

Read the text and complete tasks 32-35.

Empirical knowledge.

The complexity of the structure of cognitive activity is also due to the fact that at present the layer of empirical knowledge, where sensory forms of reflection, instrumental-practical means of cognition and abstract-logical means of analysis interact in a single process, is also more complex than it was previously thought.<…>

For a long time, science was dominated by the empirical tradition (developed by both materialists and idealists), which assumed that the source of scientific knowledge is only sensory data<…>Even now we have to prove that empirical knowledge is not purely sensory, but involves the use of various rational methods of research<…>

At the initial stage of empirical knowledge, the researcher, relying on existing knowledge and theoretical ideas, conducts experiments and records the results of individual observations. However, the scattered data obtained at this stage of the study are not in themselves facts of science. They may contain errors associated with deviations in the functioning of human senses, incorrect instrument readings, incorrect experiments, incorrect interpretation, etc. In other words, the initial data (which in the past were perceived as facts) may contain some random, erroneous elements and subjective layers. In order for them to receive the meaning of scientific facts, they must be cleared of this kind of elements, highlighting what characterizes the objective phenomenon itself<…>the results of experiments are checked and rechecked, missing information is collected, and additional experiments are carried out. The initial data obtained as a result of a whole series of experiments and observations are subjected to<…>generalization, classification, typologization, establishment of empirical dependencies and regularities, statistical processing, subject to explanation and interpretation. With the help of these means it is possible to describe the phenomena of reality as objectively as possible and to express them in the form of factual knowledge.

(A.N. Elsukov)

32. What three components are represented, according to the author, in empirical knowledge?

33. What abstract logical means, in the author’s opinion, make it possible to describe the phenomena of reality as objectively as possible and to express them in the form of factual knowledge? Name any five remedies.

35. The author points out that for a long time the empirical tradition dominated in science. Write down what they call philosophers who hold a different position, and indicate any two features of their approach to solving the question of knowing the world.

1) established facts

2) experimentally based conclusions

3) logical conclusions

4) observation results

A9. Are judgments about false knowledge true? Knowledge is false.

A. Not relevant to the subject of study.

B. Not tested experimentally.

A10. Are the following truth statements true? Truth is

A. Objective reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness.

B. The result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

A11. Are the following statements true?

A. A person’s exploration of himself can be carried out in the process of communication, play, and work.

B. Self-knowledge in certain situations requires special efforts and knowledge.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect.

A12. A person can determine what he really is:

1) only by isolating yourself from communication with other people

2) not being interested in others' opinions about themselves

3) comparing yourself with other people, finding out their opinions about yourself

4) solely based on other people’s opinions of themselves

A13. Are the following statements about self-knowledge true?

A) To know yourself, you need to observe yourself and analyze your actions.

B) To know yourself, you need to monitor the attitude of others towards you, their assessments of their actions.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

A14. Which of the following refers to pre-scientific knowledge?

1) myths and legends about the creation of the world

2) theory of relativity

3) the law of universal gravitation

4) the law of supply and demand

A15. What do scientists mean by absolute truth?

1) comprehensive, accurate knowledge about the object of study

2) objective knowledge about the object, achieved at a certain stage of cognition

3) knowledge realized only with the help of artistic images

4) knowledge obtained as a result of applying only forms of rational knowledge

A16. Distinctive feature of aesthetic (artistic) knowledge:

1) gaining knowledge through artistic images

2) leads to relative truths

3) uses only forms of sensory knowledge

A17. Are the following judgments about cognitive activity true? Cognitive activity of people:

A) Accompanied by errors, delusions, illusions.

B) Inextricably linked with the work of consciousness, will, memory, beliefs.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect.

A18. Are the following judgments about cognition correct?

A) The structure of rational knowledge includes a concept, judgment, and inference.

B) Rational knowledge precedes sensory knowledge.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

A19. Are the following judgments about cognition correct?

A) Cognition requires the presence of a cognizing subject and a cognizable object.

B) Both an individual and society as a whole can act as a subject of cognition.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

A20. Are the following judgments about cognition correct?

A) the main forms of knowledge are sensory and rational knowledge;

B) rational cognition involves understanding the essence of the cognizable object.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

Part 2

IN 1. Fill in the missing word.

“A special property inherent only to man, which distinguishes him from other living beings, is............., which is defined as the process of reflecting the world in concepts, judgments, theories produced by the human brain.”

1. 
   A. Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to human interests.
   B. Truth is the correspondence of thought to reality.

   1) only A is true;
   2) only B is true;
   3) both judgments are correct;
   4) both judgments are incorrect.

   2. Are the following truth statements true? Truth is
   A. Objective reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness.
   B. The result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.

   1) only A is true;
   2) only B is true;
   3) both A and B are true;
   4) both judgments are incorrect.

3. Are the following truth statements true?
A. Truth is relative, because the world is changeable and infinite.
B. Truth is relative, because the possibilities of knowledge are determined by the level of development of science.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

4. Are the judgments correct?
A. Any truth is objective and relative.
B. Absolute truth is practically unattainable.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

5. Are the following statements true? Relative truth is knowledge
A. Not everyone agrees with it.
B. Incomplete, true only under certain conditions.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

6. Are the following judgments about true and false in knowledge true?
A. All phenomena of reality can be assessed from the point of view of truth or falsity.
B. False knowledge accepted as true is a delusion.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

7. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth true?
A. Practice is a criterion for the truth of our knowledge about the world.
B. Practice is not the only criterion of truth, because there are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

8. Are the following judgments about the criteria for the truth of knowledge true?
A. The criterion for the truth of knowledge is simplicity, clarity and consistency of knowledge.
B. The criterion for the truth of knowledge is the practical orientation of knowledge.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

9. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth true? Practice is a relative criterion of truth, because
A. Not all phenomena can be assessed as true or false.
B. There are phenomena that are inaccessible for practical influence on them.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

10. Are the following judgments about cognition true?
A. Knowledge of the world can occur in the process of everyday life.
B. The object of knowledge can be a person.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

11. Are the following judgments about the diversity of forms of human knowledge true?
A. The experience of everyday life is one of the ways to understand the world.
B. Both scientific knowledge and knowledge obtained in everyday life are characterized by theoretical validity of conclusions.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

12. Are the following judgments about the diversity of forms of human knowledge true?
A. The functions of an artistic image in art are similar to the functions of a concept in science.
B. Artistic images are just the result of fiction; they do not reflect reality.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

13. Are the following statements true?
A. Science and religion are forms of knowledge of the world
B. Religion and science form two different types of worldviews for humanity.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

14. Are the following statements true?
A. A feature of social cognition is the influence of the researcher’s position on the assessment of facts.
B. The scientific study of society requires an objective approach to facts.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

15. Are the following judgments about cognition true?
A. The structure of cognition includes goal, means, and result.
B. Cognition requires the presence of an object and a subject of cognition.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

16. Are the following statements true?
A. Concept, judgment, inference create a sensory image of an object.
B. Inference is a logical connection of judgments.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

17. Are the following judgments about the forms of knowledge true?
A. The results of sensory knowledge exist in the form of images.
B. The results of rational cognition are fixed in sign systems and in language.

1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.

A1. Unlike other types of cognition, in the processscientific knowledgedefinitely happens

1) reflection of external signs of a cognizable object

2) theoretical generalization of observational results

3) formulation of possible answers to emerging questions

4) making assumptions based on experience

A2. High school students teach younger students to play computer games. The object of this activity is

1) gaming skills of younger schoolchildren

2) high school students conducting classes

3) computers used for training

4) computer games

A2. Complete, exhaustive, accurate knowledge about the object of study is called

1) criterion of truth

2) objective truth

3) relative truth

4) absolute truth

A2. Thinking in images is an essential component of cognition

1) artistic

2) scientific

3) mythological

4) everyday

A2. Reliance on objective facts when arguing conclusions is a mandatory component of cognition

1) artistic 3) mythological

2) scientific 4) everyday

A2. Among the sciences about man and society, individual social institutions, processes, social groups and communities are the subject of study

1) economics 3) political science

2) sociology 4) jurisprudence

A2. Logical thinking is the basis of cognition

1) scientific 3) religious

2) everyday 4) artistic

AT 6. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.

Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“People who are not themselves involved in science quite often believe that _________ (A) always give absolutely reliable statements. These people believe that scientists make their _________(B) on the basis of indisputable _________(C) and impeccable reasoning and, therefore, confidently step forward, and the possibility of __________(D) or __________(D) back is excluded. However, the state of modern science, as well as the __________(E) sciences of the past, proves that this is not the case at all.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

1) facts 6) contacts

2) error 7) return

3) psyche 8) personality

4) conclusions 9) history

5) science

The table below shows the letters that indicate missing words. Write down the number of your chosen answer in the table under each letter.

Answer: 541279

AT 7. Find in the list the features that distinguish scientific knowledge from other types of knowledge of the world. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) theoretical basis

2) experimental verification

4) use of special concepts

5) difficulty of learning

Answer: 1 2 4

2010

It is clear to scientific common sense (which I accept) that only an infinitesimal part of the universe is known, that countless centuries have passed during which there has been no knowledge at all, and that perhaps countless centuries will again come during which there will be no knowledge. From the cosmic and causal point of view, knowledge is an inessential feature of the universe; science that forgot to mention his available, would suffer from an impersonal point of view a very trivial imperfection. In describing the world, subjectivity is a vice...

But when we ask not about “what is the world in which we live”, but about “how we come to understand the world,” subjectivity turns out to be completely legitimate.

Each person's knowledge depends mainly on his own individual experience: he knows what he has seen and heard, what he has read and what has been reported to him, and what he has been able to infer from these data.

Since the time of Protagoras, the thesis has been known that the data of experience are personal and private. This thesis was denied because it was believed, as Protagoras himself believed, that if accepted, it would necessarily lead to the conclusion that all knowledge is private and individual. As for me, I accept the thesis, but deny the conclusion... Scientific knowledge strives to become absolutely impersonal and tries to assert what is discovered by the collective mind of humanity...

The collective knows both more and less than the individual: it knows, as a collective, all the contents of the encyclopedia and all the contributions to the works of scientific institutions, but it does not know those close to the heart and intimate things that make up the flavor and the very fabric of individual life. When a person says: “I can never convey the horror I felt when I saw Buchenwald” or: “No words can express my joy when I saw the sea again after many years of imprisonment,” he is saying something that is true in the strictest and most precise sense of the word: he possesses through his experience a knowledge that those whose experience was different do not possess...

The development of our knowledge, if it is successful, is similar to the approach of a traveler to a mountain through the fog: at first he distinguishes only large features, even if they do not have well-defined contours, but gradually he sees more and more details, and the outlines become sharper.

(Bertrand Russell)

	Points
The correct answer should indicate the following manifestations of limited cognition: 1) only an infinitesimal part of the universe is known; 2) there was (and perhaps there will be) a time when knowledge did not exist (will not exist).
Two manifestations are indicated.
One manifestation is indicated.
Wrong answer.
Maximum score

2010. 302

(other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	Points
The correct answer must contain the following: 1) on the one hand, subjectivity is a flaw in answering the question “what is the world”; 2) on the other hand, when answering the question “how do we come to understand the world,” subjectivity turns out to be completely legitimate.
Two sides of subjectivity are indicated.
One side of subjectivity is indicated.
Wrong answer.
Maximum score

2010. 302.

C3. How does the author assess the possibilities of collective cognition in comparison with individual ones? Using social science and historical knowledge, media materials, give one example of each of these forms of knowledge.

(other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	Points
The correct answer must contain the following items: “The collective knows both more and less than the individual: it knows, as a collective, all the contents of the encyclopedia and all the contributions to the works of scientific institutions, but it does not know those close to the heart and intimate things that make up the flavor and the very fabric of individual life "; 2) an example of collective cognition, for example, the development of a current topic by a large scientific team (measures for protecting nuclear reactors, etc.) 3) an example of individual cognition, for example, the discovery by a scientist of a scientific law (Mendeleev’s periodic law).
OR An example of one of the forms of cognition is given.
Wrong answer.
Maximum score

2010. 302.

Based on the knowledge of the course, name any two other ways (paths) of understanding the world.

(other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	Points
2) confirmation-position of the text (“Every person’s knowledge mainly depends on his own individual experience”); 3) listing other ways of understanding the world, for example:
Folk wisdom as a generalization of the experience of everyday life; Art as a specific way of knowledge; Scientific knowledge of the world.
The answer contains three of the above elements.
The answer reflects any one element from the above.
Wrong answer.
Maximum score

C5. What meaning do social scientists put into the concept"scientific knowledge"?Drawing on knowledge from your social studies course, write two sentences containing information about scientific knowledge.

104. 2010.

C7. In art, artistic invention is allowed, the introduction from the artist himself of something that does not exist in this form, did not exist and, perhaps, will not exist in reality. Why, despite this, is art considered one of the forms (ways) of understanding the objective world?

Based on social science knowledge, indicate two features of this form of cognition.

Response Elements and Assessment Directions (other wording is allowed that does not distort the meaning)	Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) the answer to a question, for example: art is given the ability to capture and express phenomena that cannot be reflected and understood in any other way; 2) two features of art as a form of knowledge, for example:
A figurative representation of the world and man in the world; Reliance on the singular, individual, unique; The conditional nature of the created works. The answer may be given in other formulations. Other features of art may be mentioned.
The answer is given and two features are named.
The answer is given and one feature is named. OR The answer is not given, two features are named.
The answer is given, the features are not named. OR One feature is named.
Wrong answer.
Maximum score

C6. Name any three forms of knowledge of the world and illustrate each of them with an example.

(other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	Points
The answer may name and illustrate, for example, the following forms of cognition: 1) scientific knowledge, or science (Einstein’s theory of relativity); 2) artistic knowledge, or art (information about historical subjects conveyed through literature, music, etc.; for example, in the opera “Prince Igor”, the novel “War and Peace”); 3) everyday knowledge, or the experience of everyday life (a child’s observation of falling objects, pouring water, etc.). Other forms and examples may be given.
Three forms are named and illustrated.
Two or three forms are named and two forms are illustrated. OR Two forms are named and illustrated, the third is not named, but is understandable in the context of the example given.
One to three forms are named, one form is illustrated. OR One form is named and illustrated with an example, one or two other forms are not named, but are understandable in the context of one or two examples given. OR Only three forms are named. OR Only three examples are given.
Only one or two examples are given. OR Only one or two forms are named. OR The answer is incorrect.
Maximum score