Are judgments about absolute truth true? A8. Only included in scientific knowledge. The main and decisive criterion of truth is
(based on the materials of the FIPI analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam 2011)
Problems with mastering the material on the topic under consideration were also revealed by the task with a detailed answer C5. 32% of respondents were able to explain the meaning that social scientists put into the concept of “truth” and write sentences containing social scientific information about this concept. Another 37% were only able to compose one sentence.
I propose to complete a series of tasks to analyze two judgments on the topics “Types of knowledge” and “The concept of truth, its criteria.”
1.
A. Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to human interests.
B. Truth is the correspondence of thought to reality.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
2.
Are the following truth statements true? Truth is
A. Objective reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness.
B. The result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
A comment . In order to complete these two tasks, you need to remember what truth is. There are different interpretations of the concept of “truth”.
Truth is:
- correspondence of knowledge to reality;
- what is confirmed by experience;
- some kind of agreement, convention;
- property of self-consistency of knowledge;
- usefulness of the acquired knowledge for practice.
The classic definition is as follows: truth is knowledge that corresponds to its subject and coincides with it. The forms of cognition are not only concepts and judgments, but also ideas, perceptions, sensations, and inferences.
3.
Are the following truth statements true?
A. Truth is relative, because the world is changeable and infinite.
B. Truth is relative, because the possibilities of knowledge are determined by the level of development of science.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
4. Are the judgments correct?
A. Any truth is objective and relative.
B. Absolute truth is practically unattainable.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
5. Are the following statements true? Relative truth is knowledge
A. Not everyone agrees with it.
B. Incomplete, true only under certain conditions.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
A comment . Objective truth is the content of knowledge that does not depend on either man or humanity.
Absolute truth is exhaustive reliable knowledge about nature, man and society; knowledge that can never be refuted.
Relative truth is incomplete, inaccurate knowledge corresponding to a certain level of development of society, which determines the ways of obtaining this knowledge; This is knowledge that depends on certain conditions, place and time of its receipt.
The difference between absolute and relative truths (or absolute and relative in objective truth) is the degree of accuracy and completeness of the reflection of reality. Truth is always specific, it is always associated with a specific place, time and circumstances.
6. Are the following judgments about true and false in knowledge true?
A. All phenomena of reality can be assessed from the point of view of truth or falsity.
B. False knowledge accepted as true is a delusion.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
A comment . Misconception is the content of the subject's knowledge that does not correspond to the reality of the object, but is accepted as truth. Sources of misconceptions: errors in the transition from sensory to rational knowledge, incorrect transfer of other people's experience. A lie is a deliberate distortion of the image of an object.
7. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth true?
A. Practice is a criterion for the truth of our knowledge about the world.
B. Practice is not the only criterion of truth, because there are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
8. Are the following judgments about the criteria for the truth of knowledge true?
A. The criterion for the truth of knowledge is simplicity, clarity and consistency of knowledge.
B. The criterion for the truth of knowledge is the practical orientation of knowledge.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
9. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth correct? Practice is a relative criterion of truth because
A. Not all phenomena can be assessed as true or false.
B. There are phenomena that are inaccessible for practical influence on them.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
A comment . The criteria of truth are what certify the truth and allow us to distinguish it from error. Possible criteria of truth: compliance with the laws of logic; compliance with previously discovered laws of science; compliance with fundamental laws; simplicity, economy of the formula; paradoxical idea; practice. Practice is a holistic organic system of active material activity of people, aimed at transforming reality, carried out in a certain socio-cultural context. Forms of practice: material production (labor, transformation of nature); social action (revolutions, reforms, wars, etc.); scientific experiment. In philosophy, the idea is put forward: the leading criterion of truth is practice.
10. Are the following judgments about cognition true?
A. Knowledge of the world can occur in the process of everyday life.
B. The object of knowledge can be a person.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
11. Are the following judgments about the diversity of forms of human knowledge true?
A. The experience of everyday life is one of the ways to understand the world.
B. Both scientific knowledge and knowledge obtained in everyday life are characterized by theoretical validity of conclusions.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
12. Are the following judgments about the diversity of forms of human knowledge true?
A. The functions of an artistic image in art are similar to the functions of a concept in science.
B. Artistic images are just the result of fiction, they do not reflect reality.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
13. Are the following statements true?
A. Science and religion are forms of knowledge of the world
B. Religion and science form two different types of worldviews for humanity.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
14. Are the following statements true?
A. A feature of social cognition is the influence of the researcher’s position on the assessment of facts.
B. The scientific study of society requires an objective approach to facts.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
15. Are the following judgments about cognition true?
A. The structure of cognition includes goal, means, and result.
B. Cognition requires the presence of an object and a subject of cognition.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
16. Are the following statements true?
A. Concept, judgment, inference create a sensory image of an object.
B. Inference is a logical connection of judgments.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
17. Are the following judgments about the forms of knowledge true?
A. The results of sensory knowledge exist in the form of images.
B. The results of rational cognition are fixed in sign systems and in language.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
1) established facts
2) experimentally based conclusions
3) logical conclusions
4) observation results
A9. Are judgments about false knowledge true? Knowledge is false.
A. Not relevant to the subject of study.
B. Not tested experimentally.
A10. Are the following truth statements true? Truth is
A. Objective reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness.
B. The result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
A11. Are the following statements true?
A. A person’s exploration of himself can be carried out in the process of communication, play, and work.
B. Self-knowledge in certain situations requires special efforts and knowledge.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect.
A12. A person can determine what he really is:
1) only by isolating yourself from communication with other people
2) not being interested in others' opinions about themselves
3) comparing yourself with other people, finding out their opinions about yourself
4) solely based on other people’s opinions of themselves
A13. Are the following statements about self-knowledge correct?
A) To know yourself, you need to observe yourself and analyze your actions.
B) To know yourself, you need to monitor the attitude of others towards you, their assessments of their actions.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
A14. Which of the following refers to pre-scientific knowledge?
1) myths and legends about the creation of the world
2) theory of relativity
3) the law of universal gravitation
4) the law of supply and demand
A15. What do scientists mean by absolute truth?
1) comprehensive, accurate knowledge about the object of study
2) objective knowledge about the object, achieved at a certain stage of cognition
3) knowledge realized only with the help of artistic images
4) knowledge obtained as a result of applying only forms of rational knowledge
A16. Distinctive feature of aesthetic (artistic) knowledge:
1) gaining knowledge through artistic images
2) leads to relative truths
3) uses only forms of sensory knowledge
A17. Are the following judgments about cognitive activity true? Cognitive activity of people:
A) Accompanied by errors, delusions, illusions.
B) Inextricably linked with the work of consciousness, will, memory, beliefs.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect.
A18. Are the following judgments about cognition correct?
A) The structure of rational knowledge includes a concept, judgment, and inference.
B) Rational knowledge precedes sensory knowledge.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
A19. Are the following judgments about cognition correct?
A) Cognition requires the presence of a cognizing subject and a cognizable object.
B) Both an individual and society as a whole can act as a subject of cognition.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
A20. Are the following judgments about cognition correct?
A) the main forms of knowledge are sensory and rational knowledge;
B) rational cognition involves understanding the essence of the cognizable object.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
Part 2
IN 1. Fill in the missing word.
“A special property inherent only to man, which distinguishes him from other living beings, is............., which is defined as the process of reflecting the world in concepts, judgments, theories produced by the human brain.”
Cognition
Knowledge of the world.
1. Rational knowledge, in contrast to sensory,
reflects the shape of an object
creates a visual image of an object
compares essential characteristics of objects
determines the spatial arrangement of objects
2. Which of the following statements is scientific?
Time flows the same everywhere and does not depend on anything
A person's fate depends on the location of the stars in the sky at the time of his birth.
Electrically, current flows through wires the same way water flows through pipes.
There is a hereditary predisposition to certain diseases
Forms of knowledge: sensual and rational, true and false.
1. Rational knowledge, as opposed to sensory,
updates knowledge about the world around us
forms a visual image of an object
carried out in the form of sensation, perception and representation
uses logical reasoning.
2. Write down the word missing in the diagram below.
Answer: ______________________
3. Find the forms of sensory knowledge in the list below and circle the numbers under which they are indicated...
judgment
observation
feeling
perception
4. Are judgments about false knowledge true? Knowledge is false
A. inappropriate to the subject of study
B. not verified experimentally.
only A is correct
only B is correct
both judgments are correct
both judgments are wrong
Truth and its criteria.
1. Are the following statements about truth true?
A. Truth is an objective reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness.
B. Truth is the result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
2. Are the following statements about truth true?
A) The path to absolute truth goes through relative truths
B) Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge.
Only A is correct
Only B is correct
both judgments are correct
both judgments are incorrect.
3. Both absolute and relative truths
always find their confirmation in practice
are objective in nature
give complete, comprehensive knowledge about the subject
may be disproven over time
4. Write down the missing word:
“Undoubted, invariably established knowledge once and for all is called…….
the truth."
Answer:____________
The variety of forms of human knowledge.
1. “The plant owes its green color to chlorophyll.” This statement is an example
worldly knowledge
mythological knowledge
scientific knowledge
parascientific knowledge
2. Individuality is the unique identity of a person, a set of his unique properties.” This statement is an example
artistic image
parascientific knowledge
common sense judgment
scientific knowledge
3. Establish a correspondence between the form of cognition and its feature for each position given in the first column, select a position from the second column.
Write down the selected numbers in the table.
Scientific knowledge.
1. Which method of obtaining knowledge is used primarily at the theoretical level of scientific knowledge?
measuring objects
description of experimental data
hypothesizing
conducting observations
2. Only scientific knowledge includes
established facts
experimentally based conclusions
logical conclusions
observation results
3. It is characteristic of both religious and scientific knowledge that they
are objective in nature
suggest evidence
can be passed on from generation to generation
necessary for a person to function rationally
4. Write down the word missing in the diagram.
Answer: _______________________________
Sciences about man and society.
1. Which of the listed sciences provides answers to the question of what good and evil are.
psychology
aesthetics
sociology
2. Which of the following sciences studies relationships between people related to the organization of production
philosophy
sociology
political science
economy
3. Among the listed sciences, the study of social statuses and social roles deals with
jurisprudence
sociology
political science
4. Which of the following sciences studies power relations in society?
sociology
jurisprudence
Truth 1. Are the following truth statements true? A. Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to human interests. B. Truth is the correspondence of thought to reality. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 2. Are the following truth statements true? Truth is A. An objective reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness. B. The result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 3. Are the following truth statements true? A. Truth is relative, because the world is changeable and infinite. B. Truth is relative, because the possibilities of knowledge are determined by the level of development of science. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 4. Are the judgments correct? A. Any truth is objective and relative. B. Absolute truth is practically unattainable. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 5. Are the following statements true? Relative truth is knowledge A. With which not everyone agrees. B. Incomplete, true only under certain conditions. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 6. Are the following judgments about true and false in knowledge true? A. All phenomena of reality can be assessed from the point of view of truth or falsity. B. False knowledge accepted as true is a delusion. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 7. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth true? A. Practice is a criterion for the truth of our knowledge about the world. B. Practice is not the only criterion of truth, because there are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 8. Are the following judgments about the criteria for the truth of knowledge correct? A. The criterion for the truth of knowledge is simplicity, clarity and consistency of knowledge. B. The criterion for the truth of knowledge is the practical orientation of knowledge. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 9. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth correct? Practice is a relative criterion of truth because A. Not all phenomena can be assessed as true or false. B. There are phenomena that are inaccessible for practical influence on them. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 10. Are the following judgments about cognition true? A. Knowledge of the world can occur in the process of everyday life. B. The object of knowledge can be a person. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 11. Are the following statements true about the diversity of forms of human knowledge? A. The experience of everyday life is one of the ways to understand the world. B. Both scientific knowledge and knowledge obtained in everyday life are characterized by theoretical validity of conclusions. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 12. Are the following statements true about the diversity of forms of human knowledge? A. The functions of an artistic image in art are similar to the functions of a concept in science. B. Artistic images are just the result of fiction; they do not reflect reality. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 13. Are the following statements true? A. Science and religion are forms of knowledge of the world B. Religion and science form two different types of worldviews of humanity. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 14. Are the following statements true? A. A feature of social cognition is the influence of the researcher’s position on the assessment of facts. B. The scientific study of society requires an objective approach to facts. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 15. Are the following judgments about cognition true? A. The structure of cognition includes goal, means, and result. B. Cognition requires the presence of an object and a subject of cognition. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 16. Are the following statements true? A. Concept, judgment, inference create a sensory image of an object. B. Inference is a logical connection of judgments. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 17. Are the following judgments about the forms of knowledge true? A. The results of sensory knowledge exist in the form of images. B. The results of rational cognition are fixed in sign systems and in language. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
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