Genres of folklore and literature. Epic, lyricism and drama in oral folk art and literature. Similarities and differences between folk and literary fairy tales.

Topic: Epic genres of CNT and literary genres

Lesson: CNT Epic Genres and Literary Genres

Hello! Today we will talk about genres. We already know that a genre is the “clothing by which a work is greeted; these are the general signs by which works can be recognized and placed in a row with others that are similar. That is, group The concept of genre is characteristic of each type of art, and naturally, for literature too.

In previous lessons, we became acquainted with such a genre of oral folk art as a fairy tale; we learned that a folk tale has its own genre characteristics.

But can we say that the fairy tale is the only genre of oral folk art? Of course not.

Can we say that “The Scarlet Flower”, “The Traveling Frog”, “The Black Hen, or the Underground Inhabitants”, “The Town in the Snuff Box” are not fairy tales, because they do not belong to oral folk art - they were created by writers? No, these are definitely fairy tales.

It must be said that genres are also grouped - into types of literature)

It turns out that a genre is like brothers from the same mother, and a clan is a combination of several families

There are three kinds of literature: epic, lyric and drama or "theater".

Lyrics unite works where it is important to convey the feelings of an individual person. In a lyrical work, the author always speaks in the first person: “I.” It could be a folk song or a poem written by a poet, for example.

Drama is something created to be performed on stage.

An epic is all works that convey a view of events, thoughts about events from the position of a group of people, a society, a nation. The author always speaks from the point of view of “we”; the reader is interested in following the development of the action. Both works written by someone and folk works can be epic.

Who divided literature into epic, lyric and drama?

Epic (ancient Greek ἔπος - “word”, “narration”) - a heroic story about the past

Lyrics (from the Greek lýga - a musical instrument, to the accompaniment of which poems and songs were performed

Drama (ancient Greek δρᾶμα - act, action)

All these words are of Greek origin. This is no coincidence. For the first time, the types of literature were divided by the Greek thinker - the philosopher Aristotle.

Rice. 1. Sculptural portrait of Aristotle

He lived almost 400 BC, that is, 2 and a half thousand years ago. He is the creator of many independent sciences. In addition, he was the mentor of the great Alexander the Great and inspired him to reach the ends of the earth. Without Aristotle, perhaps there would not have been the breathtaking campaigns of the great Alexander.

Today we will talk in more detail about the genres of the epic.

Yes, of course, because we eagerly follow the development of the plot, we are interested in knowing what will happen next

In a fairy tale invented by a writer, is it important and interesting to follow the twists and turns of the plot? Interesting too. This means that this is also an epic genre. So, a fairy tale is an epic genre, characteristic of both oral folk art and literary, author’s creativity). I wonder which epic genres are characteristic only of oral folk art, which are only of literature, and which overlap? The large genres of oral folk art include: fairy tale, epic, legend, fairy tale...

What genres do the works of different writers belong to? It will probably be easier to start from the names of writers you know. So: What did Hans Christian Andersen write? - fairy tales. And “Silver Hoof” and “Stone Flower” by Bazhov are a fairy tale (history is the border guard between a fairy tale and a story) And what is Nikolai Nosov’s “Patch”? That's right, a story. A short story with few characters and one event. And if it is a fascinating, often adventurous story of one event, it is called a short story. When there are several events and more characters than in the story, it is already a story. “In Timur and His Team” by Arkady Gaidar there is a whole team of boys, and a lot of events happen in their lives. And even more story? When the years of the hero’s life pass before us, can they really fit into a story? No. This is already a novel. Perhaps you have read the novels by Jules Verne “The Children of Captain Grant” or Alexandre Dumas “The Three Musketeers.” Fairy tales can be folk tales, or they can be invented by a writer based on a folk tale or completely independently. Such tales are called literary. The laws for creating such fairy tales are somewhat different from the “rules” of telling folk tales, and we will definitely discuss what this difference is. Today was a very difficult lesson. Theoretical. A very important lesson. In order to better understand a literary work, it is very important to immediately be able to consider, “by clothing,” “what we are dealing with.” And knowledge about the genres of literature will help us with this.

Introduction

There is a huge number of works devoted to the forms of manifestation of folklore consciousness and folklore texts. The linguistic, stylistic, ethnographic features of folklore texts are studied; their compositional structure, including images and motifs; the moral aspect of folklore creativity and, accordingly, the importance of folklore in the education of the younger generation, as well as much more, are analyzed. In this huge stream of literature about folklore, its diversity is striking, ranging from folk wisdom and the art of memory to a special form of social consciousness and a means of reflecting and understanding reality.

Folklore includes works that convey the basic, most important ideas of the people about the main values ​​in life: work, family, love, social duty, homeland. Our children are still being brought up on these works. Knowledge of folklore can give a person knowledge about the Russian people, and ultimately about himself.

Folklore is a synthetic art form. His works often combine elements of various types of art - verbal, musical, choreographic and theatrical. But the basis of any folklore work is always the word. Folklore is very interesting to study as an art of words.

Folklore

The emergence of oral folk art

The history of oral folk art has general patterns that cover the development of all its types. The origins must be sought in the beliefs of the ancient Slavs. Folk art is the historical basis of all world culture, the source of national artistic traditions, and an exponent of national self-awareness. In ancient times, verbal creativity was closely connected with human labor activity. It reflected his religious, mythical, historical ideas, as well as the beginnings of scientific knowledge. Man sought to influence his destiny, the forces of nature through various spells, requests or threats. That is, he tried to come to an agreement with “higher powers” ​​and neutralize hostile forces. To do this, a person needed strict adherence to a number of rules that showed their salvation in the times of their ancestors. However, if these rules are not followed, then chaos will begin in nature, and life will become impossible. The totality of rituals constitutes the only effective guarantee against all kinds of bad influences that inspire fear and fear. The rituals were reproductions of mythological stories and included dancing, singing, and dressing up.

The basis of Russian artistic culture is ancient Slavic mythology. Many ancient peoples created their own mythological pictures of the structure of the Universe, which reflected their belief in numerous gods - the creators and rulers of the world. Explaining the origin of the world as the acts of the gods, ancient man learned to co-create. He himself could not create mountains, rivers, forests and earth, heavenly bodies, which means that such myths reflected the belief in supernatural forces that participated in the creation of the Universe. And the beginning of all things could only be the primary element, for example, the world egg or the will of the gods and their magic word. For example, the Slavic myth about the creation of the world tells:

That it all started with the god Rod. Before the white light was born, the world was shrouded in pitch darkness. In the darkness there was only Rod - the Progenitor of all things. At the beginning, Rod was imprisoned in an egg, but Rod gave birth to Love - Lada, and with the power of Love destroyed the prison. This is how the creation of the world began. The world was filled with Love. At the beginning of the creation of the world, He gave birth to the kingdom of heaven, and under it He created the heavenly things. With a rainbow he cut the umbilical cord, and with a rock he separated the Ocean from the heavenly waters. He erected three vaults in the heavens. Divided Light and Darkness. Then the god Rod gave birth to the Earth, and the Earth plunged into a dark abyss, into the Ocean. Then the Sun came out of His face, the Moon - from His chest, the stars of heaven - from His eyes. Clear dawns appeared from Rod's eyebrows, dark nights - from His thoughts, violent winds - from His breath, rain, snow and hail - from His tears. Rod's voice became thunder and lightning. The heavens and all under heaven were born for Love. Rod is the Father of the gods, He is born of himself and will be born again, He is what was and what is to be, what was born and what will be born.

It was inherent in the mythological consciousness of our ancestors to connect various gods, spirits and heroes with family relations.

The ancient cult of the gods is associated with certain rituals - conditionally symbolic actions, the main meaning of which is communication with the gods. The ancient Slavs performed rituals in temples and sanctuaries - specially equipped places for worshiping the gods. They were usually located on hills, in sacred groves, near sacred springs, etc.

Ancient myths gave rise to and reflected various forms of religious life of people, in which various types of artistic activity of people arose (singing, playing musical instruments, dancing, the basics of fine and theatrical arts).

As noted earlier, folklore originates in ancient times. It originated and arose when the overwhelming majority of humanity did not yet have writing, and if they did, it was the lot of a few - educated shamans, scientists and other geniuses of their time. In a song, riddle, proverb, fairy tale, epic, and other forms of folklore, people first formed their feelings and emotions, captured them in oral work, then passed on their knowledge to others, and thereby preserved their thoughts, experiences, feelings in the minds and heads of their future descendants.

Life in those distant times was not easy for most living people, it remains so and will inevitably always be so. Many have to work hard and routinely, earning themselves only a small living, with difficulty providing a tolerable existence for themselves and their loved ones. And people have long realized that they need to distract themselves, those around them and their colleagues in misfortune from the work they do every day, with something fun that distracts attention from the pressing everyday life and the unbearable conditions of hard work.

Immense oral folk art. It has been created for centuries, there are many varieties of it. Translated from English, “folklore” is “folk meaning, wisdom.” That is, oral folk art is everything that is created by the spiritual culture of the population over the centuries of its historical life.

Features of Russian folklore

If you carefully read the works of Russian folklore, you will notice that it actually reflects a lot: the play of the imagination of the people, the history of the country, laughter, and serious thoughts about human life. Listening to the songs and tales of their ancestors, people thought about many difficult issues of their family, social and work life, thought about how to fight for happiness, improve their lives, what a person should be, what should be ridiculed and condemned.

Varieties of folklore

Varieties of folklore include fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs, riddles, calendar refrains, magnification, sayings - everything that was repeated passed from generation to generation. At the same time, the performers often introduced something of their own into the text they liked, changing individual details, images, expressions, imperceptibly improving and honing the work.

Oral folk art for the most part exists in a poetic (verse) form, since it was this that made it possible to memorize and pass on these works from mouth to mouth for centuries.

Songs

A song is a special verbal and musical genre. It is a small lyrical-narrative or lyrical work that was created specifically for singing. Their types are as follows: lyrical, dance, ritual, historical. Folk songs express the feelings of one person, but at the same time of many people. They reflected love experiences, events of social and family life, reflections on difficult fate. In folk songs, the so-called parallelism technique is often used, when the mood of a given lyrical character is transferred to nature.

Historical songs are dedicated to various famous personalities and events: the conquest of Siberia by Ermak, the uprising of Stepan Razin, the peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev, the battle of Poltava with the Swedes, etc. The narration in historical folk songs about some events is combined with the emotional sound of these works.

Epics

The term "epic" was introduced by I.P. Sakharov in the 19th century. It represents oral folk art in the form of a song of a heroic, epic nature. The epic arose in the 9th century; it was an expression of the historical consciousness of the people of our country. Bogatyrs are the main characters of this type of folklore. They embody the people's ideal of courage, strength, and patriotism. Examples of heroes who were depicted in works of oral folk art: Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets, Mikula Selyaninovich, Alyosha Popovich, as well as the merchant Sadko, the giant Svyatogor, Vasily Buslaev and others. The basis of life, at the same time enriched with some fantastic fiction, constitutes the plot of these works. In them, heroes single-handedly defeat entire hordes of enemies, fight monsters, and instantly overcome vast distances. This oral folk art is very interesting.

Fairy tales

Epics must be distinguished from fairy tales. These works of oral folk art are based on invented events. Fairy tales can be magical (in which fantastic forces are involved), as well as everyday ones, where people are depicted - soldiers, peasants, kings, workers, princesses and princes - in everyday settings. This type of folklore differs from other works in its optimistic plot: in it, good always triumphs over evil, and the latter either suffers defeat or is ridiculed.

Legends

We continue to describe the genres of oral folk art. A legend, unlike a fairy tale, is a folk oral story. Its basis is an incredible event, a fantastic image, a miracle, which is perceived by the listener or storyteller as reliable. There are legends about the origin of peoples, countries, seas, about the sufferings and exploits of fictional or real heroes.

Puzzles

Oral folk art is represented by many riddles. They are an allegorical image of a certain object, usually based on a metaphorical rapprochement with it. The riddles are very small in volume and have a certain rhythmic structure, often emphasized by the presence of rhyme. They are created in order to develop intelligence and ingenuity. The riddles are varied in content and theme. There may be several versions of them about the same phenomenon, animal, object, each of which characterizes it from a certain aspect.

Proverbs and sayings

Genres of oral folk art also include sayings and proverbs. A proverb is a rhythmically organized, short, figurative saying, an aphoristic folk saying. It usually has a two-part structure, which is supported by rhyme, rhythm, alliteration and assonance.

A proverb is a figurative expression that evaluates some phenomenon of life. It, unlike a proverb, is not a whole sentence, but only a part of a statement included in oral folk art.

Proverbs, sayings and riddles are included in the so-called small genres of folklore. What is it? In addition to the above types, these include other oral folk art. The types of small genres are complemented by the following: lullabies, nurseries, nursery rhymes, jokes, game choruses, chants, sentences, riddles. Let's take a closer look at each of them.

Lullabies

Small genres of oral folk art include lullabies. People call them bikes. This name comes from the verb "bait" ("bayat") - "to speak." This word has the following ancient meaning: “to speak, to whisper.” It is no coincidence that lullabies received this name: the oldest of them are directly related to spell poetry. Struggling with sleep, for example, the peasants said: “Dreamushka, get away from me.”

Pestushki and nursery rhymes

Russian oral folk art is also represented by pestushki and nursery rhymes. At their center is the image of a growing child. The name “pestushki” comes from the word “to nurture”, that is, “to follow someone, raise, nurse, carry in one’s arms, educate.” They are short sentences with which in the first months of a baby’s life they comment on his movements.

Imperceptibly, the pestles turn into nursery rhymes - songs that accompany the baby's games with his toes and hands. This oral folk art is very diverse. Examples of nursery rhymes: “Magpie”, “Ladushki”. They often already contain a “lesson”, an instruction. For example, in “Soroka” the white-sided woman fed everyone porridge, except for one lazy person, although he was the smallest one (his little finger corresponds to him).

Jokes

In the first years of children's lives, nannies and mothers sang songs of more complex content to them, not related to play. All of them can be designated by the single term “jokes.” Their content is reminiscent of short fairy tales in verse. For example, about a cockerel - a golden comb, flying to the Kulikovo field for oats; about the rowan hen, which “winnowed peas” and “sowed millet.”

A joke, as a rule, gives a picture of some bright event, or it depicts some rapid action that corresponds to the active nature of the baby. They are characterized by a plot, but the child is not capable of long-term attention, so they are limited to only one episode.

Sentences, calls

We continue to consider oral folk art. Its types are complemented by slogans and sentences. Children on the street very early learn from their peers a variety of calls, which represent an appeal to birds, rain, rainbows, and the sun. Children, on occasion, shout out words in chorus. In addition to nicknames, in a peasant family any child knew the sentences. They are most often pronounced one by one. Sentences - appeal to a mouse, small bugs, a snail. This may be imitation of various bird voices. Verbal sentences and song chants are filled with faith in the powers of water, sky, earth (sometimes beneficial, sometimes destructive). Their utterance introduced adult peasant children to the work and life. Sentences and chants are combined into a special section called “calendar children's folklore”. This term emphasizes the existing connection between them and the time of year, holiday, weather, the whole way of life and the way of life of the village.

Game sentences and refrains

Genres of oral folk art include playful sentences and refrains. They are no less ancient than calls and sentences. They either connect parts of a game or start it. They can also serve as endings and determine the consequences that exist when conditions are violated.

The games are striking in their similarity to serious peasant activities: reaping, hunting, sowing flax. Reproducing these cases in strict sequence with the help of repeated repetition made it possible to instill in the child from an early age respect for customs and the existing order, to teach the rules of behavior accepted in society. The names of the games - "Bear in the Forest", "Wolf and Geese", "Kite", "Wolf and Sheep" - speak of a connection with the life and way of life of the rural population.

Conclusion

Folk epics, fairy tales, legends, and songs contain no less exciting colorful images than in the works of art of classical authors. Original and surprisingly accurate rhymes and sounds, bizarre, beautiful poetic rhythms - like lace are woven into the texts of ditties, nursery rhymes, jokes, riddles. And what vivid poetic comparisons we can find in lyrical songs! All this could only be created by the people - the great master of words.

Project development in 2nd grade

"Folklore"
The projects were worked on by 2nd grade students from Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 40 in Lipetsk. Project manager O.V. Ponomareva. teacher of the highest category
From desire to fulfillment

apply skill.

METHODOLOGICAL PASSPORT OF THE PROJECT

Target:
Forming an idea of ​​the diversity of Russian nationalities; acquaintance with the genres of oral folk art; nurturing a sense of belonging to the life of one’s people and the Motherland, awareness of ethnicity, understanding the feelings of other people and empathy for them.
Tasks:
-defining a common goal and ways to achieve it; -acquaintance with the variety of genres of oral folk art; -expanding ideas about the history of the origin of folklore; -show the importance of folklore in the life of not only the Russian people, but also the nationalities inhabiting Russia; -development of attention to the emotional coloring of the work; -the ability to analyze, construct logical statements, draw conclusions, and correctly construct speech when solving communicative problems; -carrying out mutual control; - teach how to use various sources of information; -continue to develop creative abilities, including them in project activities; -instilling a patriotic feeling for the heritage not only of one’s own people, but also of other peoples of the world.
Project type:
research.

Project type:
-according to the scope of application of the results: social; -by the breadth of content: interdisciplinary and non-subject; -working hours: week; -by the nature of contacts: within the region.
Operating mode:
lesson and extracurricular.
Project organization form:
individual.
Form

products

design

activities:
report, exhibition, individual albums and presentations.
Project protection stages:
1
.
Subject message. 2.Selection of a project schedule by the class according to their content. 3. Presentation. 4. Discussion and evaluation of the results obtained.
Project defense schedule:
1. The concept of “Oral folk art”. 2. Songs. 3. Proverbs and sayings. 4. Fairy tales. 5. Game minute 6. Riddles. Counting books. Tongue Twisters. 7. Effectiveness and assessment of project protection. For a long time, the younger generation learned from the oral folk art of their ancestors. I drew from it knowledge about morality, relationships between people, spirituality. The legacy of generations has survived to this day. Of course, it has undergone many changes, but the essence has not been distorted.
Fundamental question:
-Oral folk art - what is it? Its significance in human life?
Oral folk art is a generalized and systematized experience of previous generations, reflecting the essence of their life. It arose long before people mastered written language. They passed on their creativity to the next generation by word of mouth. This is where the name came from. Oral folk art is otherwise called folklore.
Problematic issues:
-What genres of oral folk art exist? Folklore consists of many genres. Folklore includes folk songs, fairy tales, epics, parables, anecdotes, tongue twisters, riddles, ditties and much more. Oral folk art gives the language brightness and expressiveness. For example, with the help of proverbs and phraseological units, you can tactfully hint to a person about his mistakes, without offending him. People encounter oral folk art every day. To make speech brighter and more expressive, proverbs and sayings are used. Among friends they tell jokes to each other, and children are told bedtime stories. -Who is the author of folklore? Folklore works are anonymous. They do not have a specific author. This is something created by a team of people. Oral folk art reflects their way of life, traditions, customs, morals, and ideas about life. Each nationality has its own folklore, which has its own characteristics and character. -How did oral folk art arise? Folklore arose in very ancient times, when people did not yet have writing. But the work that forced people to think and act gave rise to the first songs and fairy tales. People have long noticed that songs make work easier, make it clearer (it’s easier to row or fell trees with a song). Unable to explain natural phenomena, people believed in the existence of good and evil spirits, which they tried to appease with the help of spells and ritual songs that were performed during plowing, weddings, and funerals. Heroic songs told about the exploits of warriors. They reflected the struggle of man with nature, legends about how man learned to make fire, build housing, and cultivate the land. -How did oral folk art affect the literary activities of famous authors? Oral folk art influenced the activities of many poets, writers and other artists. Thus, some experts believe that some of Charles Perrault’s tales, published in the collection “Tales of My Mother Goose,” are folklore. And the writer simply processed them and presented them to the reader in a new light. That's why they are literary fairy tales. In Russian literature, A.S. folklore was actively used in their work. Pushkin, N.A. Nekrasov, N.V. Gogol, A.N. Tolstoy, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Folk art served as the source for the entire world culture. -What role does folklore play in human life? People encounter oral folk art every day. To make speech brighter and more expressive, proverbs and sayings are used. Among friends they tell jokes to each other, and children are told bedtime stories. The roots of folk art among children are especially strong. They know better than anyone else that
such oral folk art. Children's folklore is the richest: riddles, games, songs, jokes, name-calling, scary stories and much more. Today, old genres of folklore can only be found in villages. But epics, for example, are only in the north. This is due to the fact that people are moving away from their roots. Oral folk art is the best way to reveal your identity. Of course, folklore works have survived to this day, having to a certain extent lost their originality. But the meaning remains the same - to convey to the next generation the traditions and customs of one’s people.
Songs.

-
What is a song? The song is the most popular genre of vocal and instrumental music. The songs are divided into two categories: folk and composer's songs. The main difference between these two types is that in a composer's song we can name the authors of poetic and musical texts. There is no personalized folk song. Its creator is the collective creator – the people. Folk songs have been composed over centuries, they helped peasants in their work, they were sung during rituals, holidays and days of mourning. Initially, songs served to accompany weddings, funerals, the birth of a child, and harvesting. Over time, the purpose of the song has changed. People composed and sang songs when they were happy or sad, when they were working or relaxing. Any person could change the words or melody of a song depending on his desire. The folk song was passed down from generation to generation, carried from city to city by wandering musicians, so it could change several times over a few years. Ordinary peasants could not write down either words or music, so they memorized songs by heart. Folk songs are divided into two groups. They are ritual and non-ritual. Ritual songs accompany certain rituals: wedding songs, songs performed at the birth of a child, songs accompanying agricultural rituals. Non-ritual songs are songs that are sung at parties, during conversations, lullabies. They do not accompany rituals. The main purpose of a folk song is to express various emotions and experiences of the people. The themes of folk songs are very diverse. There are songs about love, about the hard lot of peasants. There is a whole series of songs about recruiting (soldiers' songs). A special place in song folklore is occupied by historical songs, where important historical events are narrated and real historical characters act. TO
Folk songwriting also includes the ditty genre, which appeared relatively recently. The chastushka was formed in rural areas based on a lyrical song a little over 100 years ago. Before this there were no ditties. It’s interesting that the first ditties were performed exclusively by boys. They were, of course, about love. Well, who doesn’t know lullabies? They are familiar to everyone since childhood. From a musical point of view, folk song creativity is characterized by strict canonicity and isolation. There are examples of folk music that are passed down from generation to generation. Folk songs are performed both solo and in choir. The polyphony of each people, the harmony of folk songs is unique.
Proverbs and sayings.

It’s not without reason that the proverbs say:

There is no way to live without them.

They are great helpers

And true friends in life.

Sometimes they instruct us

Wise people give advice.

Sometimes they teach something,

And they protect us from harm.
-What is a proverb? Proverb, a genre of folklore, an aphoristically concise, figurative, grammatically and logically complete saying with an instructive meaning in a rhythmically organized form (“What you sow, so shall you reap”). Proverb, -y, w. A short folk saying with edifying content, a folk aphorism. Folk wisdom is the experience accumulated over hundreds of years of human development. Each people on planet Earth is characterized by certain behavior patterns, communication characteristics, and mentality. Besides everything else, every nation has its own set of proverbs and sayings. It was proverbs and sayings that became the true embodiment of folk wisdom. Thanks to proverbs, you can easily decide what to do in a difficult situation. Guided by proverbs, you can be sure that you are doing the right thing. Proverbs and sayings were invented
for a very long time and have also been time-tested for a long time, so it’s difficult to make a mistake when doing as folk wisdom dictates. The main thing in this matter is to understand what the proverb or saying says. The basis of a proverb or saying is an example of a life situation and sometimes a hint, sometimes a direct indication of the correct decision. Proverbs and sayings have been compiled for many centuries and embody the entire history of the development of the people. . Russian proverbs contain the very essence of the existence of the Russian people, which has developed over the entire history of its existence and development. With a detailed examination of Russian proverbs, one can understand how and how the Russian people live. Why does he act this way and not otherwise? Where did the basic principles and manners of behavior come from and much more. Similar in semantic content to Russian sayings and proverbs and sayings of other peoples of the world. Sayings of the peoples of:  Middle East  Transcaucasia  India and Nepal  Caucasus  China and Mongolia  Volga region and the Urals  Central Asia  Southeast Asia and the Far East National folklore:  English proverbs Kyrgyz proverbs  Abkhaz sayings Chinese proverbs  Arabic proverbs Korean proverbs  Armenian proverbs German proverbs  Assyrian sayings Persian sayings  Vietnamese proverbs Turkish sayings  Georgian proverbs Sumerian proverbs  Ancient Egyptian sayings Japanese proverbs
 Ancient Indian sayings The value of folk
proverbs and sayings
undeniable: "
Proverb
he’s not speaking into the wind.”
Proverb
the proverb calls, the proverb colors the conversation, and in general: the proverb cannot be bypassed, cannot be bypassed, for it expresses the meaning and essence of human life: “Life is measured not in years, but in labor,” “To live life is not to cross a field.”
Proverb
teaches a person from a very early age: “There is no friend more reliable than a mother.” “Whoever doesn’t listen to his mother will get into trouble.” Wise thoughts about work and study, which constitute the main parting words to the younger generation, will never grow old: “Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils.” “Where there is work, there is happiness.” "Learning is light and ignorance is darkness". “Study and work lead to happiness.” "Live and learn". Popular wisdom teaches us to overcome difficulties: “Grieve through grief, but fight with your hands” (i.e., work). “In trouble, don’t give up - overcome difficulties.” A significant part of the proverbs contains advice and wishes: “If you don’t know the ford, don’t go into the water.” “Don’t cut the branch you’re sitting on.” “It’s no problem to make a mistake, but it’s not a problem to correct it.” In a word, if the matter is not resolved, seek advice from
proverb and saying
.
Fairy tales.

“The fairy tale is the great spiritual culture of the people,

which we collect bit by bit,

and through a fairy tale it is revealed

Before us is a thousand-year history of the people"

(Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy
). Absolutely every person, each of us in early childhood, listened to fairy tales. They are most often told now (in the last century) to children. Almost all fairy tales originated a very long time ago (more than a thousand years ago) - this is so long ago that now no one can even find out exactly when. For many centuries, folk tales played the same role in human life as books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, the Internet and other common sources of information do in our time.
Fairy tales are a real everyday encyclopedia of the past, present, and even, possibly, the future. The fairy tale is a lie. Yes, there is a hint in it - a lesson for good fellows. Russian folk tales are very diverse, each tale has its own special content, its own style and the images presented in it. There are fairy tales in which we are talking about animals, there are entertaining magical stories about the amazing adventures of the hero, be it an animal (grouse, rooster, crane, hare, bear, fox, wolf, mouse, many other animals, fictional characters - Baba Yaga, Koschei The Immortal, the Many-Headed Serpent, the Sea King, Morozko, Kolobok... or the fairy-tale prototype is a completely ordinary person: Ivan the Tsarevich, Khavroshechka, Elena the Wise, a soldier, a king, children, parents, husbands and wives) - all the characters, heroes and not list it. There are also short tales about lazy, stupid and stubborn people, telling about everyday life and they are often called everyday tales. Folk tales  Belarusian  Ukrainian  Chinese  Gypsy
 Madagascar  Russian  Moldavian  Japanese The wisest teacher and pedagogue is the people. He created fairy tales that develop imagination, educate and enrich the inner world of a child. A children's fairy tale is presented at an accessible level and language, it is figurative and is perceived much easier than the mentoring tone of dry adult speech.
Game minute.
Fun tests - proverbs: 1. You can’t easily pull out and... a) chewing gum from your hair. b) fish from the pond. c) me from the Internet. 2. Alone in the field... a) doesn’t howl. b) is his own boss. c) not a warrior. 3. Don’t have a hundred rubles, but have... a) a hundred friends.
b) one hundred million. c) good grades. 4.You love to ride, love and... a) tumble. b) carry a sled. c) braid your hair. Make up proverbs: 1. In training, in battle, difficult, easy. 2. No, take care, so, look, so, for a friend, but you found him. 3. One, measure, one, seven, cut, one. 4. Deeds, words, more, less. Complete the proverbs: 1. Don’t wake up a sleeping person... (Bear). 2. They don’t look a gift in the mouth. (To the horse). 3. ... will always find dirt. (Pig). 4. ... is known in trouble. (Friend). Guess the proverbs: 1. Who must whistle for the impossible to come true? (Cancer). 2. Who pays twice? (Stingy). 3. What flies when a forest is cut down? (Slivers). 4. What does a penny do to a ruble? (Takes care). Naughty letters: 1. They carry soda on the offended. (c) 2. Hunger is not a brush. (t) 3. We ourselves have ears. (c) 4. He runs towards the catcher and the door. (h) 5. Spins like a bun in a wheel. (e) 6. Worms are found in still waters. (t) 7. Without moths one cannot eat bread. (c) 8. Cleanliness is a health tax. (h) 9. Two boots - container. (P)
Puzzles.

A riddle is an exercise for the mind.
Riddles appeared a long time ago and have always been a test not only of a person’s knowledge - they required observation, the ability to see their similarities and differences in the most ordinary objects, they required the ability to perceive the world around them figuratively, poetically. - Try to remember the riddles by rhyme. And don't forget to guess them.
- Maybe you will remember a few more riddles and tell them to your friends?

Tongue Twisters.
People in Rus' have always loved tongue twisters. Sometimes people called them pure talkers or tongue twisters. Indeed, sometimes it’s not easy to just pronounce some Russian tongue twisters, but to quickly pronounce a tongue twister several times can break your tongue. That is why, for a long time, “speaking quickly” has been an exciting game that values ​​the ability to deftly, clearly and quickly pronounce difficult-to-combine and difficult-to-pronounce words and sounds. However, sometimes exercises with
Tongue twisters are not a game, but serious activities. With the help of tongue twisters, artists, TV presenters, and radio announcers practice their pronunciation. But, of course, it is important not only for people in these professions to be able to correctly pronounce the sounds of their native language. That is why Russian tongue twisters are still not forgotten and even new ones are being born, on modern topics.
Counting books.
A lot of folk fiction is included in the counting rhymes. Other names for them: counting, counting, recounting, counting, fortune telling. A counting rhyme is a rhymed poem consisting mostly of invented words and consonances. With the help of counting rhymes, roles are divided and the order in the game is established. This little funny poem is often built on onomatopoeia.

This is oral folk art. Its genres are very diverse and specific. These works were invented by representatives of the people and passed on to each other orally. There were singers and storytellers, and anyone could become a co-creator.

What are the features of folklore works?

A special feature of the oral is its ancient origin, because such works were created at a time when there was no written language. Often many people took part in the creation of one work, each adding something of their own when retelling it. This is another feature - variability, because even one narrator or singer could not repeat the works many times without changes.

Every person knows what genres are; almost all of them have survived to this day. Each of them reflects the thoughts and aspirations of the people, their attitude to current events. Ritual folklore occupies a large place in oral folk art. Although this layer of folk culture is almost unknown now.

What genres is folklore divided into?

How is folklore used in raising children?

What genres of oral folk art have long been used by parents in raising a child? In addition to fairy tales and epics, nursery rhymes, jokes and songs accompanied babies from birth. They were used not only to calm and attract the child's attention. These works are the best way to develop children's thinking early.

Until now, all mothers sing folk lullabies to their children, most of them use nursery rhymes and sayings when dressing, bathing and the first games of their babies. Counting rhymes, riddles and tongue twisters are very important for the development of a child’s thinking. Teases, sayings and ditties are common among children.

Currently, many young people do not know what oral folk art is. Its genres, even the most common ones, began to be forgotten. And the task of parents, educators and teachers is to instill in children a love of folklore as an integral component of folk culture.