Conditions for selecting a thermal power plant construction site. Types of power plants and features of their location by region of the Russian Federation
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Diagram No. 1
As diagram No. 1 shows, the majority of power plants in Russia are thermal. The operating principle of thermal stations is based on the sequential conversion of chemical energy of fuel into thermal and electrical energy for consumers. Thermal power plants operate on organic fuel (coal, fuel oil, gas, shale, peat). Among them main role, it should be noted, play powerful (more than 2 million kW) state district power plants - state-owned regional power plants that meet the needs of the economic region, operating in the energy systems. Thermal power plants have both their advantages and disadvantages. Positive compared to other types of power plants are:
Relatively free placement associated with the wide distribution of fuel resources in Russia;
Ability to generate electricity without seasonal fluctuations (unlike state district power plants)
Negative factors include the following:
TPP has a low coefficient useful action, if we consistently evaluate the various stages of energy conversion, we can note that no more than 32% of fuel energy is converted into electrical energy.
Our planet's fuel resources are limited, so we need power plants that do not use fossil fuels. In addition, thermal power plants have extremely adverse effects on the environment. Thermal power plants around the world, including Russia, annually emit 200-250 million tons of ash and about 60 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere; they absorb huge amounts of oxygen.
Thermal power plants also have high costs for extraction, transportation, processing and disposal of fuel waste.
Thus, TPPs have both positive sides their work, and negative ones, which have a great impact on the existence of the entire population of Russia. As for the territorial location of thermal power plants, it should be noted that location factors have a great influence, namely: the raw material factor and the consumer factor. Thermal power plants are built, as a rule, in areas where cheap fuel is produced (low-quality coal) or in areas of significant energy consumption (powered by fuel oil and gas). The main power plants are located near large industrial centers (Kanapovskaya TPP). Thermal power plants also include thermal power plants, which, unlike hydroelectric power plants, produce not only energy, but also steam, hot water. And since these products are often used in chemistry, petrochemistry, timber processing, industry, and agriculture, this gives CHP plants significant advantages. The largest state district power plants in Russia are concentrated in the Center and the Urals. The largest of them are Perm (4800 MW), Reftinskaya (3800 MW), Kostromskaya (3600 MW), Konakovskaya (2000 MW), Iriklinskaya (2000 MW). The largest state district power station in Siberia is Surgutskaya-2 (4800 MW). All main indicators are presented in table No. 1
Table No. 1 GRES with a capacity of more than 2 million kW
| Economic region | Subject of the federation | GRES | Power, million kW | Fuel |
| Northwestern | Leningrad region, Kirishi | Kirishskaya | 2,1 | Fuel oil |
| Central | Kostroma region, village Volgorechensk Ryazan Oblast, village Novomichurinsk Tver region, Konakovo | Kostroma Ryazan Konakovskaya | 3,6 | Fuel oil, gas Coal, fuel oil Fuel oil, gas |
| North Caucasian | Stavropol Territory, village. Solnechnodolsk | Stavropolskaya | 2,4 | Fuel oil, gas |
| Povolzhsky | Republic of Tatarstan, Zainek | Zainskaya | 2,4 | Gas |
| Ural | Sverdlovsk region, village Reftinsky Chelyabinsk region, Troitsk Orenburg region, urban settlement Energetik | Some Refti Troitskaya Iriklinskaya | 3,8 | Coal Coal Fuel oil, gas |
| West Siberian | Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, g, Surgut | Surgutskaya Surgut GRES-2 | 3,1 | Gas |
| East Siberian | Krasnoyarsk region, Nazarovo Krasnoyarsk region, Berezovskoye | Nazarovskaya Berezovskaya | 6,0 | Coal Coal |
| Far Eastern | The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Neryungri | Neryungrinskaya | 2,1 | Coal |
Another important and effective area of the electric power industry is hydropower. This industry is key element ensuring system reliability of the country's Unified Energy System, having more than 90% of the regulatory capacity reserve. Hydroelectric power plants are in second place in terms of the amount of electricity generated. Of all existing types In power plants, hydroelectric power plants are the most maneuverable and, if necessary, can significantly increase production volumes in a matter of minutes, covering peak loads (they have a high efficiency of more than 80%). The main advantage of this type of power plants is that they produce the most cheap electricity, but have a rather high construction cost. It was the hydroelectric power stations that allowed the Soviet government to make a breakthrough in industry in the first decades of Soviet power. Modern hydroelectric power plants can produce up to 7 million. kW of energy, which is two times higher than the indicators of currently operating thermal power plants and nuclear power plants, however, the placement of hydroelectric power stations in the European part of Russia is difficult due to the high cost of land and the impossibility of flooding large areas in this region.
Currently, there are over 200 hydroelectric power stations in Russia. Their total capacity is estimated at 43 million kW. The largest hydroelectric power stations are concentrated in Siberia. These are the Sayanskaya (6,400 MW), Krasnoyarsk (6,000 MW), Bratsk (4,500 MW) and Ust-Ilimsk (4,200 MW) hydroelectric power stations. The largest hydroelectric power stations in the European part of the country were built on the Volga in the form of a so-called cascade. These are the Volzhskaya (2500 MW), Volgogradskaya (2400 MW) and Kuibyshevskaya (2300 MW) hydroelectric power stations. On Far East Several hydroelectric power stations have been built, the largest of which are Bureinskaya (in the future up to 2000 MW) and Zeya hydroelectric complex (1000 MW). The table describes the main cascades of state district power plants in Russia.
Table No. 2. Locations of the main cascades of hydroelectric power stations
| Economic region | Subject of the federation | hydroelectric power station | Power |
| million kW | |||
| East Siberian | The Republic of Khakassia, | ||
| (Angara-Yenisei cascade) | village Maina on the river Yenisei | Sayano-Shushenskaya | 6,4 |
| Krasnoyarsk region, | |||
| Divnogorsk on the river. Yenisei | Krasnoyarsk | 6,0 | |
| Irkutsk region, | |||
| Bratsk on the river Angara | Bratskaya | 4,5 | |
| Irkutsk region, | |||
| Ust-Ilimsk on the river. Angara | Ust-Ilimskaya | 4,3 | |
| Irkutsk region, | |||
| Irkutsk on the river. Angara | Irkutsk | 4,1 | |
| Krasnoyarsk region, | |||
| Boguchany on the river Angara | Boguchanskaya | 4,0 | |
| Povolzhsky | |||
| (Volga-Kama cascade, | |||
| total includes | Volgograd region, | Volzhskaya | |
| 13 hydroelectric power stations | Volgograd on the river. Volga | (Volgograd) | 2,5 |
| 11.5 million kW) | Samara Region, | ||
| Samara on the river Volga | Volzhskaya (Samara) | 2,3 | |
| Saratov region, | |||
| Balakovo on the river Volga | Saratovskaya | 1,4 | |
| Chuvash Republic, | |||
| Novocheboksarsk on the river. Volga | Cheboksary | 1,4 | |
| Republic of Udmurtia, | |||
| Votkinsk on the river. Kama | Botkinskaya | 1,0 |
As is known, a cascade is a group of hydroelectric power stations located in steps along the flow of water for the sequential use of energy. At the same time, in addition to obtaining electricity, problems of supplying the population and producing water, eliminating floods, and improving transport conditions are being solved. But the creation of cascades led to a disruption of the ecological balance. The positive properties of hydroelectric power plants include: - higher maneuverability and reliability of equipment; - high labor productivity; - renewable energy sources; - no costs for production, transportation and disposal of fuel waste; - low cost. Negative properties Hydroelectric power station: - the possibility of flooding settlements, farmland and communications; - negative impact on flora and fauna; - high cost of construction.
As for the territorial location of hydroelectric power stations, it should be noted that the most promising regions of Russia are considered to be Eastern Siberia and the Far East. IN Eastern Siberia 1/3 of Russia's energy resource potential is concentrated. Therefore, in previous years it was planned to build about 40 power plants in the Yenisei basin. The Far Eastern region was also considered promising, since only 3% of the available potential of hydropower resources out of 1/4 available is used here. In the Western zone, new construction was considered on a much smaller scale.
The construction of pumped storage power plants (PSPPs) is promising. Their action is based on the cyclic movement of the same volume of water between two basins (upper and lower), connected by conduits. At night, due to excess electricity generated at constantly operating thermal power plants and hydroelectric power stations, water from the lower basin is pumped into the upper basin through water pipelines operating as pumps. During the hours of daytime peak loads, when there is not enough energy in the network, water from the upper basin is discharged through water pipelines that operate like turbines into the lower basin to generate energy. This is one of the few ways to accumulate electricity, so pumped storage power plants are built in areas of greatest consumption. The Zagorskaya PSPP operates in Russia, with a capacity of 1.2 million kW.
Nuclear energy of the Russian Federation. The next important branch of the Russian electric power industry is considered to be nuclear energy. Also in Soviet period a course was set for the development of nuclear energy. France and Japan, which have long experienced a shortage of organic fuel, have always been examples of the accelerated development of this industry for Russia. The development of nuclear energy in the USSR proceeded at a fairly rapid pace until the Chernobyl disaster, the consequences of which affected 11 regions of the former USSR with a population of over 17 million people. But the development of nuclear energy in Russia is inevitable, and the majority of the population understands this, and the very abandonment of nuclear energy will lead to enormous costs. So, for example, if you stop a nuclear power plant today, you will need an additional 100 million tons standard fuel. At this period of development, there are 10 operating nuclear power plants in Russia, with 30 power units operating.
Table No. 3 Nuclear power plants.
| Economic region | City, subject of the Federation | NPP | Reactor type | Power |
| Northwestern | G. Pinery Leningrad region | Leningradskaya | RBMK | 4 million kW |
| Central Black Earth | Kurchatov, Kursk region | Kursk | RBMK | 4 million kW |
| Povolzhsky | Balakovo, Saratov region | Balakovskaya | VVER | 4 million kW |
| Central | Roslavl Smolensk region | Smolenskaya | RBMK | 3 million kW |
| Central | Udomlya, Tver region | Kalininskaya | VVER | 2 million kW |
| Central Black Earth | Novovoronezh, Voronezh region | Novovoronezhskaya | VVER | 1.8 million kW |
| Northern | Kandalaksha, Murmansk region | Kola | VVER | 1.8 million kW |
| Ural | Zarechny village Sverdlovsk region | Beloyarskaya | BN-600 | 600 MW |
| Far Eastern | Bilibino village, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | Bilibinskaya | EGP-6 | 48 MW |
| North Caucasian | Volgodonsk, Rostov region | Volgodonskaya | VVER | 1 million kW |
Balakovo nuclear power plant.
In 1985-1993 on the bank of the Saratov reservoir. Four power units with modernized VVER-1000 reactors were built in the Volga region. Each of the power units with an electrical capacity of 1000 MW consists of a reactor, four steam generators, one turbine and one turbogenerator. Balakovo NPP is the youngest station with new generation power units.
Kursk nuclear power plant.
The station was built in 1976-1985. in the very center of the European part of the country, 40 km southwest of the city of Kursk on the bank of the river. Sejm. There are four power units in operation with high-power uranographite boiling water reactors (RBMK) with an electrical power of 1000 MW each. Work is being carried out at power units step by step and consistently to improve their safety level.
Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant.
Construction of the nuclear power plant began in 1970 on the shore of the Gulf of Finland southwest of Leningrad in the city of Sosnovy Bor. Since 1981, four power units with RBMK-1000 reactors have been in operation. With the launch of the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, the construction of stations with reactors of this type began. The successful operation of the station's power units is convincing proof of the operability and reliability of nuclear power plants with RBMK reactors. Since 1992, Leningrad NPP has been an independent operating organization performing all tasks to ensure safe operation nuclear power plant power units.
Basic positive properties NPP:
They can be built in any area, regardless of its energy resources;
Nuclear fuel has a high energy content;
Nuclear power plants do not emit emissions into the atmosphere in trouble-free operation;
They do not absorb oxygen.
Negative properties of nuclear power plants:
There are difficulties in the disposal of radioactive waste. To remove them from stations, containers with powerful protection and a cooling system are built. Burial is carried out in the ground at great depths in geologically stable layers;
Catastrophic consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants due to perfect system protection;
Thermal pollution of water bodies used by nuclear power plants.
The most important problem of modern nuclear energy is the controlled thermonuclear fusion. They began to study it seriously at least 40 years ago. And, starting from the mid-70s, the transition to the construction of a semi-industrial plant has already been announced several times. Last time it was said that this could happen by 2000. If this happens, humanity will have a virtually inexhaustible source of energy. But until this happens, attempts are being made, more and more active every year, to use the so-called non-traditional and renewable energy sources. The most important such sources include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal and biomass energy.
Alternative energy. Solar energy. Despite the fact that Russia is still in the sixth ten countries in the world in terms of the degree of use of so-called non-traditional and renewable types of energy, the development of this area has great importance, especially considering the size of the country.
The most traditional source of “non-traditional” energy is considered solar energy. The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is 6.7 times greater than the global potential of fossil fuel resources. Using just 0.5% of this reserve could completely cover the world's energy needs for millennia. To the North The technical potential of solar energy in Russia (2.3 billion tons of conventional fuel per year) is approximately 2 times higher than today's fuel consumption.
The problem of recycling environmentally friendly and, moreover, free solar energy has worried humanity since time immemorial, but only recently has success in this direction made it possible to begin to form a real, developing solar energy market. To date, the main methods of direct utilization of solar energy are its conversion into electrical and thermal energy. Devices that convert solar energy into electrical energy are called photovoltaic or photovoltanic, and devices that convert solar energy into thermal energy are called thermal. There are two main directions in the development of solar energy: solving the global issue of energy supply and creating solar converters designed to perform specific local tasks. These converters, in turn, are also divided into two groups; high temperature and low temperature. In the first type of converters, the sun's rays are concentrated in a small area, the temperature of which rises to 3000°C. Such installations already exist. They are used, for example, for melting metals.
The most numerous part of solar converters operates at much lower temperatures - about 100-200°C. With their help, water is heated, desalted, and raised from wells. Food is prepared in sunny kitchens. Vegetables, fruits and even frozen foods are dried using concentrated solar heat. Solar energy can be stored during the day to heat houses and greenhouses at night. Solar installations require virtually no operating costs, do not require repairs and require costs only for their construction and maintenance. They can work endlessly.
But due to dispersion sun rays earth's surface for the construction of a power station comparable in power to modern nuclear power plants, it would be necessary solar panels with an area of 8 km 2, collecting sunlight. High price stations, necessity large areas and the high proportion of cloudy days in the vast majority of regions of Russia, apparently, will not allow us to talk about a significant contribution of solar energy to the Russian energy sector. Wind energy.
Various types of non-traditional types of energy are at different stages of development. Paradoxically, it is the most volatile and unstable type of energy – wind – that has received the greatest use. Wind energy is developing especially actively – 24% per year. It is now the fastest growing sector of the energy industry in the world.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, interest in propellers and windwheels were not isolated from the general trends of the time - to use the wind wherever possible. Initially, wind turbines were most widespread in agriculture. In Russia, by the beginning of the twentieth century, about 2,500 thousand wind turbines with a total capacity of one million kilowatts were spinning. After 1917, the mills were left without owners and gradually collapsed. True, attempts have been made to use wind energy on a scientific and government basis. In 1931, near Yalta, the largest wind power plant at that time with a capacity of 100 kW was built, and later a design for a 5000 kW unit was developed. But it was not possible to implement it, since the Wind Energy Institute, which dealt with this problem, was closed.
A significant disadvantage of wind energy is its variability over time, but this can be compensated for by the location of wind turbines. If, under conditions of complete autonomy, several dozen large wind turbines are combined, then their average power will be constant. If other energy sources are available, a wind generator can complement existing ones. And finally, you can directly receive from the wind turbine mechanical energy. The principle of operation of all wind turbines is the same: under the pressure of the wind, a wind wheel with blades rotates, transmitting torque through a transmission system to the shaft of the generator that generates electricity, to the water pump. The larger the diameter of the wind wheel, the greater air flow it captures and the more energy the unit produces. The use of wind energy is effective in areas with an average annual wind speed of more than 5 m/s. In Russia, this is the coast of the Arctic Ocean and Primorye. The most promising option is to install wind turbines here to generate electricity for local autonomous consumers. Unfortunately, powerful wind systems have undesirable impacts on the environment. They are unattractive in appearance, occupy large areas, create a lot of noise, and are very dangerous in the event of an accident. In addition, the cost of constructing such systems along the coasts to generate electricity is so high that the energy they produce turns out to be several times more expensive than energy from conventional sources.
In Russia, the gross potential of wind energy is 80 trillion. kW/h per year, and in the North Caucasus - 200 billion kW/h (62 million tons of standard fuel). (I.6) These values are significantly greater than the corresponding values of the technical potential of organic fuel.
Thus, the potential of solar radiation and wind energy is, in principle, sufficient for the energy consumption needs of both the country and the regions. The disadvantages of these types of energy include instability, cyclicality and uneven distribution over the territory; Therefore, the use of solar and wind energy usually requires the accumulation of thermal, electrical or chemical energy. However, it is possible to create a complex of power plants that would supply energy directly to a unified energy system, which would provide huge reserves for continuous energy consumption.
Tidal power plants.
Experiments using tidal energy on the Kola Peninsula (Kislogubskaya TPP) were completed several years ago due to the cessation of funding for the pilot plant. However, the accumulated experience of recycling ebbs and flows has shown that this is not a problem-free enterprise. For the station to operate effectively, a tidal wave height of more than 5 m is required. Unfortunately, almost everywhere the tides are about 2 m high, and only about 30 places on Earth meet these requirements. In Russia this is the White Sea and Gizhiginskaya Bay in the Far East. Tidal stations may be of local importance in the future as they are one of the energy systems that operate without causing major damage to the environment.
Geothermal energy.
The most stable source may be geothermal energy. The gross global potential of geothermal energy in the earth's crust at a depth of up to 10 km is estimated at 18,000 trillion. t conv. fuel, which is 1,700 times more than the world's geological reserves of organic fuel. In Russia, geothermal energy resources in the upper layer of the crust 3 km deep alone amount to 180 trillion. t conv. fuel. Using only about 0.2% of this potential could cover the country's energy needs. The only question is rational, cost-effective and environmentally friendly safe use these resources. It is precisely because these conditions have not yet been met when attempting to create pilot installations in the country for the use of geothermal energy that today we cannot industrially develop such countless energy reserves. Geothermal energy involves the use of thermal waters for heating and hot water supply and a steam-water mixture in the construction of geothermal power plants. The estimated reserves of the steam-water mixture, concentrated mainly in the Kuril-Kamchatka zone, can support the operation of geothermal power plants with a capacity of up to 1000 MW, which exceeds the installed capacity of the Kamchatka and Sakhalin energy systems combined. Currently, the Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant operates in Kamchatka, using underground heat for the production of electricity. It operates automatically and is characterized by low cost of supplied electricity. It is assumed that geothermal energy, like tidal energy, will be of purely local significance and will not play a big role on a global scale. Current experience suggests that no more than 1% of the thermal energy of a geothermal pool can be effectively recovered.
It should be noted that most renewable energy sources in conditions of economic instability in Russia are uncompetitive in comparison with traditional power plants due to the high unit cost of electricity.
Thus, attempts to use non-traditional and renewable energy sources in Russia are experimental and semi-experimental in nature, or at best such sources play the role of local, strictly local energy producers. The latter also applies to the use of wind energy. This is because Russia does not yet experience a shortage of traditional energy sources and its reserves of organic fuel and nuclear fuel are still quite large. However, even today in remote or hard-to-reach areas of Russia, where there is no need to build a large power plant, and often there is no one to service it, “non-traditional” sources of electricity - best solution Problems.
Characteristics of accommodation by territory
System Russian electric power industry characterized by fairly strong regional fragmentation due to current state high voltage transmission lines. Currently, the energy system of the Far Eastern region is not connected to the rest of Russia and operates independently. The connection between the power systems of Siberia and the European part of Russia is also very limited. The power systems of five European regions of Russia (Northwestern, Central, Volga, Ural and North Caucasian) are interconnected, but the transmission capacity here is much less than within the regions themselves. The power systems of these five regions, as well as Siberia and the Far East, are considered in Russia as separate regional unified power systems. They connect 68 of the 77 existing regional power systems within the country. The remaining 9 power systems are completely isolated.
If we talk about the territorial location of thermal power plants, it turns out that thermal power plants are built, as a rule, in areas where cheap fuel is produced (low-quality coal) or in areas of significant energy consumption (powered by fuel oil and gas). The main power plants are located near large industrial centers (Kanapovskaya TPP). The largest state district power plants in Russia are concentrated in the Center and the Urals. Powerful thermal power plants are located, as a rule, in places where fuel is produced. The larger the power plant, the further it can transmit energy. Thermal power plants using local fuels are consumer-oriented and at the same time located at sources of fuel resources.
As for the territorial location of hydroelectric power stations, the most promising regions of Russia are considered to be Eastern Siberia and the Far East. 1/3 of Russia's energy resource potential is concentrated in Eastern Siberia. Therefore, in previous years it was planned to build about 40 power plants in the Yenisei basin. The Far Eastern region was also considered promising, since only 3% of the available potential of hydropower resources out of 1/4 available is used here. In the Western zone, new construction was considered on a much smaller scale. On this moment, the largest hydroelectric power stations include Bratsk on the Angara River, Sayano-Shushenskaya on the Yenisei River, Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei River.
Nuclear power plants benefit from the fact that they can be built in any area, regardless of its energy resources. Thus, the largest nuclear power plants were built in the Saratov region - Balakovo NPP, in the Leningrad region - Leningradskaya, in the Kursk region - Kursk.
Temporal aspect of energy development in Russia.
In my opinion, the development of the energy system as a whole is inextricably linked with the prosperity of the country’s entire economy. Moreover, all ups and downs in the development of the electric power industry depend on the structure and state of the economy in Russia. Thus, electricity production in the Russian Federation was constantly growing until 1990, but in subsequent years it decreased. This was primarily due to the inflation crisis. Since the end of 1991, the task of overcoming this crisis has rightly become a priority in Russia's economic policy programs. But the situation was too advanced, and the measures taken to curb inflation did not have any effect. Obviously, we had to come to terms with high inflation rates in 1993. A realistically achievable goal was a gradual transition to moderate inflation rates in 1994. The Kasandra macroeconomic model showed that production continued to decline in 1993. The volume of gross national product compared to its value in 1987 decreased by more than 40%. (II.8) Only in 1996 could one expect stabilization and then an increase in production. The production crisis is accompanied by a sharp reduction in investment and production potential. This is not so noticeable during the crisis and during the period of economic recovery, but in the future it will become a strong limiting factor in its development. As a result, only after 2000 the Russian economy was almost able to reach a balanced, sustainable course of development.
Thus, the crisis situation in the Russian energy sector after 1990. – this is a consequence of the general economic crisis in the country, loss of controllability and imbalance of the economy.
The main factors of the crisis are:
1. The presence of a large proportion of physically and morally obsolete equipment. About one fifth of production assets in the electric power industry are close to or have exceeded their design service life and require reconstruction or replacement. Equipment upgrades are being carried out at an unacceptably low pace and in a clearly insufficient volume.
2. An increase in the share of physically worn-out assets leads to an increase in accident rates, frequent repairs and a decrease in the reliability of energy supply, which is aggravated by excessive utilization of production capacities and insufficient reserves.
3. Difficulties in supplying equipment to the electrical power industry increased with the collapse of the USSR.
4. The emerging opposition from the public and local authorities to the placement of energy facilities due to their extremely low environmental friendliness and safety.
All these factors certainly influenced the development of the Russian electric power industry in the 90s. Electricity consumption in Russia after the recession of 1990-1998. in 2000-2005 grew steadily and in 2005 reached the level of 1993. At the same time, the peak load in the unified energy system of Russia in the winter of 2006 exceeded the indicators of 1993 and amounted to 153.1 GW. (II,10). Thus, the table data shows the amount of energy produced and consumed from 2001 to 2005.
Table No. 4
In accordance with the main parameters of the forecast balance of the electric power industry and JSC RAO UES of Russia for 2006-2010, energy consumption in Russia by 2010 will increase to 1045 billion kWh compared to 2005 - 939 billion kWh. Accordingly , the annual growth rate of electricity consumption is projected at 2.2%. The average annual rate of increase in winter maximum load is projected at 2.5%. As a result, by 2010 this figure may increase by 18 GW - from 143.5 GW in 2005 to 160 GW in 2010. In case of repetition temperature regime winter of 2005-2006, the additional increase in load by 2010 will be 3.2 GW. Thus, according to JSC RAO UES of Russia estimates, the total demand for installed capacity of power plants in Russia by 2010 will increase by 24.9 GW - to 221.2 GW. At the same time, the increase in the need for reserve power in the period from 2005 to 2010 will be 3 GW, and the need for power plant capacity to ensure export supplies in 2010 will be 5.6 GW, increasing compared to 2005 by 3.4 GW . At the same time, due to the dismantling of equipment, the installed capacity of Russian power plants will decrease over the period 2006-2010. by 4.2 GW, and the overall decrease in the installed capacity of power plants in the centralized power supply zone in 2005-2010. forecast at 5.9 GW - from 210.5 GW to 204.6 GW. A shortage of electrical power in Russia may arise as early as 2008, and it will amount to 1.55 GW, and by 2009 it will increase to 4.7 GW.
Factors for locating electric power industry enterprises, leading factors: raw materials and consumer
Fuel and energy complex is a leading consumer factor
IES (condensing) - focused on sources of raw materials and consumers
NPP – for the consumer (uranium is a cheap raw material)
Hydroelectric power station - orientation towards large rivers (Volga, Yenisei)
Geothermal power plants - for raw materials
Helio ES – solar energy
Wind power plants – presence of wind
Principles for the development of the electric power industry in Russia:
Concentration of electricity production through the construction of large power plants using cheap fuel and hydro energy resources
Combined production of electricity Heat energy.
Widespread development of hydro energy resources, taking into account comprehensive solution tasks.
Development of nuclear energy.
Taking into account environmental requirements when creating electric power facilities
Creation of energy systems that form a unified high-voltage network of the country.
The goals of creating en. systems:
Load redistribution, ensuring the economic regime for the use of electricity. Energy. En. a system is an interdependent combination of different types of power plants operating within a certain territory working on a common load.
There are 70 districts in Russia. Systems, they form regional energy systems (Central, Ural, Siberian)
Thermal power plants (TPP). The main type of power plants in Russia are thermal ones, running on organic fuel (coal, fuel oil, gas, shale, peat). Among them, the main role is played by powerful (more than 2 million kW) state district power plants - state-owned regional power plants that meet the needs of the economic region and operate in the energy systems.
The location of thermal power plants is mainly influenced by fuel and consumer factors. The most powerful thermal power plants are located, as a rule, in places where fuel is produced. Thermal power plants using local fuels (peat, shale, low-calorie and high-ash coals) are consumer-oriented and at the same time located at sources of fuel resources. Power plants that use high-calorie fuel, which is economically profitable to transport, are consumer-oriented. As for thermal power plants operating on fuel oil, they are located mainly in the centers of the oil refining industry.
Large thermal power plants are coal-fired power plants in the Kansk-Achinsk basin, Berezovskaya State District Power Plant-1 and State District Power Plant-2. Surgutskaya GRES-2, Urengoyskaya GRES (operates on gas).
A powerful territorial production complex is being created on the basis of the Kansk-Achinsk basin. The TPK project envisaged the creation of 10 unique super-powerful state district power plants of 6.4 million kW each on an area of about 10 thousand km 2 around Krasnoyarsk. Currently, the number of planned state district power plants has been reduced to 8 (for environmental reasons - emissions into the atmosphere, accumulation of ash in huge quantities).
Hydraulic power plants (HPP). In second place in terms of the amount of electricity generated is hydroelectric power station (in 1991 - 16.5%). Hydroelectric power plants are very effective source energy, since they use renewable resources, are easy to manage (the number of personnel at hydroelectric power stations is 15-20 times less than at state district power plants) and have high efficiency (more than 80%). As a result, the energy produced by hydroelectric power plants is the cheapest.
A huge advantage of hydroelectric power stations is high maneuverability, i.e. the possibility of almost instantaneous automatic start and turning off any required number of units. This makes it possible to use powerful hydroelectric power plants either as the most maneuverable “peaking” power plants, ensuring the stable operation of large energy systems, or during the period of daily peak load of the electrical system, when the available thermal power plant capacities are not enough. Naturally, only powerful hydroelectric power plants can do this.
But the construction of hydroelectric power stations requires a long time and large specific capital investments, leads to losses of flat lands, and damages the fishery industry. The share of hydroelectric power plants in electricity generation is significantly less than their share in installed capacity, which is explained by the fact that their full capacity is realized only in a short period of time, and only in high-water years. Therefore, despite Russia’s provision with hydropower resources, hydropower cannot serve as the basis for electricity generation in the country.
The most powerful hydroelectric power plants were built in Siberia, where hydro resources are developed most efficiently: specific capital investments are 2-3 times lower and the cost of electricity is 4-5 times lower than in the European part of the country.
Hydraulic construction in our country was characterized by the construction of cascades of hydroelectric power stations on rivers. A cascade is a group of hydroelectric power stations located in steps downstream water flow in order to consistently use its energy. At the same time, in addition to obtaining electricity, problems of supplying the population and producing water, eliminating floods, and improving transport conditions are being solved. Unfortunately, the creation of cascades in the country has led to extremely negative consequences: loss of valuable agricultural lands, especially floodplains, disruption of ecological balance.
Hydroelectric power plants can be divided into two main groups; Hydroelectric power stations on large lowland rivers and hydroelectric power stations on mountain rivers. In our country, most hydroelectric power plants were built on lowland rivers. Lowland reservoirs are usually large in area and vary natural conditions over large areas. The sanitary condition of water bodies is deteriorating. Sewage, which was previously carried out by rivers, accumulates in reservoirs; special measures have to be taken to flush river beds and reservoirs. The construction of hydroelectric power stations on lowland rivers is less profitable than on mountain rivers. But sometimes it is necessary to create normal shipping and irrigation.
The largest hydroelectric power stations in the country are part of the Angara-Yenisei cascade: Sayano-Shushenskaya, Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei, Irkutsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk on the Angara, the Boguchanskaya HPP (4 million kW) is under construction.
In the European part of the country, a large cascade of hydroelectric power stations has been created on the Volga: Ivankovskaya, Uglichskaya, Rybinskaya, Gorkovskaya, Cheboksary, Volzhskaya named after. IN AND. Lenin, Saratov, Volzhskaya.
Currently, there are 9 nuclear power plants in Russia with a total capacity of 20.2 million kW. Another 14 nuclear power plants and ACT (nuclear heat supply station) with a total capacity of 17.2 million kW are under design, construction or temporarily mothballed.
Currently, the practice of international examination of projects and operating nuclear power plants has been introduced. As a result of the examination, 2 units of the Voronezh NPP were decommissioned, the Beloyarsk NPP is planned to be decommissioned, the first power unit of the Novovoronezh NPP was shut down, the almost completed Rostov NPP was mothballed, and a number of projects are being reviewed again. It was found that the locations of nuclear power plants were in some cases poorly chosen, and the quality of their construction and equipment did not always meet regulatory requirements.
The principles of siting nuclear power plants were revised. First of all, the following are taken into account: the area’s need for electricity, natural conditions (in particular, a sufficient amount of water), population density, the possibility of ensuring the protection of people from unacceptable radiation exposure in certain emergency situations.
In this case, the likelihood of earthquakes, floods, and the presence of nearby groundwater. NPPs should be located no closer than 25 km from cities with more than 100 thousand inhabitants, for ACT - no closer than 5 km. The total power of the power plant is limited: NPP - 8 million kW, ACT - 2 million kW.
New in nuclear energy is the creation of ATEC and ACT. At the ATPP, as at a conventional CHPP, both electrical and thermal energy, and on ACT ( nuclear power plants heat supply) - thermal only. The Voronezh and Nizhny Novgorod ACTs are under construction. ATPP operates in the village of Bilibino in Chukotka. Leningrad and Beloyarsk nuclear power plants also provide low-grade heat for heating needs. IN Nizhny Novgorod the decision to create ACT caused sharp protests from the population, so an examination was carried out by IAEA specialists, who gave an opinion on high quality project. The advantages of nuclear power plants boil down to the following: they can be built in any area, regardless of its energy resources; nuclear fuel is distinguished by an unusually high energy content (1 kg of the main nuclear fuel - uranium - contains the same amount of energy as 25,000 tons of coal: nuclear power plants do not emit emissions into the atmosphere in conditions of trouble-free operation (unlike thermal power plants), they do not absorb oxygen from air.
The operation of nuclear power plants is accompanied by a number of negative consequences:
1. Existing difficulties in use atomic energy- disposal of radioactive waste. For removal from stations, containers with powerful protection and a cooling system are built. Burial is carried out in the ground at great depths in geologically stable layers.
For placement various types power plants influence various factors. The location of thermal power plants is mainly influenced by fuel and consumer factors. The most powerful thermal power plants are located, as a rule, in places where fuel is produced; the larger the power plant, the further it can transmit electricity. Thermal power plants using local fuels are consumer-oriented and at the same time located at sources of fuel resources. Power plants that use high-calorie fuel, which is economically profitable to transport, are consumer-oriented. Power plants running on fuel oil are located mainly in the centers of the oil refining industry.
Most of the thermal power plants are located in the European part of the country and in the Urals. At the same time, only one tenth of the fuel and energy resources are located in this territory. Until recently, the European part of the country made do with its own fuel. Donbass provided most of the required coal. Now the situation has changed. The production of own coals has decreased, as mining and geological conditions for mining have sharply deteriorated.
The situation with fuel and energy resources in Siberia is different. High-calorie coals occur in Kuzbass. They are mined from depths 3-5 times shallower than in the Donbass, and even open method from the surface. In another rich deposit, the Kamsko-Achinsk deposit, the thickness of the coal seams reaches 100 m, they lie at shallow depths, they are mined by open-pit mining, the cost of production per ton is 5-6 times less than in the mines of the European part.
A powerful fuel and energy complex (KATEK) is being created on the basis of the Kama-Aginsky basin. According to the KATEK project, it was planned to create ten unique super-powerful state district power plants of 6.4 million kW each on an area of about 10 thousand km 2 around Krasnoyarsk. Currently, the number of planned state district power plants has been reduced to eight (for environmental reasons - emissions into the atmosphere, accumulation of ash in huge quantities). Currently, construction of only the first stage of KATEK has begun. In 1989, the first unit of Berezovskaya GRES-1 with a capacity of 800 thousand kW was put into operation and the issue of building GRES-2 and GRES-3 of the same capacity (at a distance of 9 km from one another) has already been resolved.
Large thermal power plants using coal from the Kama-Achinsk basin are Berezovskaya GRES-1 and GRES-2, Surgutskaya GRES-2, Urengoyskaya GRES.
Since hydraulic power plants use the force of falling water to generate electricity, they are, accordingly, focused on hydropower resources. Russia's vast hydropower resources are unevenly distributed. In the Far East and Siberia there are 66% of the total. Therefore, it is natural that the most powerful hydroelectric power stations were built in Siberia, where the development of hydro resources is most efficient: specific capital investments are 2-3 times lower and the cost of electricity is 4-5 times less than in the European part of the country.
Hydraulic construction in our country was characterized by the construction of cascades of hydroelectric power stations on rivers. A cascade is a group of thermal power plants located in steps along the flow of water flow for the consistent use of its energy. At the same time, in addition to obtaining electricity, problems of supplying the population and producing water, eliminating floods, and improving transport conditions are being solved. Unfortunately, the creation of cascades in the country led to extremely negative consequences: loss of valuable agricultural land, disruption of ecological balance.
Hydroelectric power stations can be divided into two main groups: hydroelectric power stations on large lowland rivers and hydroelectric power stations on mountain rivers. In our country, most hydroelectric power plants were built on lowland rivers. Lowland reservoirs are usually large in area and change natural conditions over large areas. The sanitary condition of water bodies is deteriorating: sewage, which was previously carried out by rivers, accumulates in reservoirs, and special measures have to be taken to flush river beds and reservoirs. The construction of hydroelectric power stations on lowland rivers is less profitable than on mountain rivers, but sometimes it is necessary, for example, to create normal navigation and irrigation.
The largest hydroelectric power stations in the country are part of the Angara-Yenisei cascade: Sayano-Shushenskaya, Krasnoyarsk - on the Yenisei, Irkutsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk - on the Angara, Boguchanskaya HPP. In the European part of the country, the largest cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Volga has been created. It includes: Ivankovskaya, Rybinskaya, Uglichskaya, Gorodetskaya, Cheboksary, Volzhskaya (near Samara), Saratovskaya, Volzhskaya (near Volgograd).
Nuclear power plants can be built in any region, regardless of its energy resources: nuclear fuel has a high energy content (1 kg of the main nuclear fuel, uranium, contains the same amount of energy as 2500 tons of coal). Under conditions of trouble-free operation, nuclear power plants do not emit emissions into the atmosphere and are therefore harmless to consumers. Recently, ATPP and AST have been created. at the ATPP, as at a conventional CHPP, both electrical and thermal energy are produced, and at the AST. only thermal. The Voronezh and Gorky ASTs are under construction. ATPP operates in the village of Bilibino in Chukotka. Leningrad and Beloyarsk nuclear power plants also provide low potential heat for heating needs. In Nizhny Novgorod, the decision to create AST caused sharp protests from the population, so an examination was carried out by MATNTE specialists, who came to the conclusion that the project was completed at the highest level.
Each region practically has some type of “non-traditional” energy and in the near future can make a significant contribution to the fuel and energy balance of Russia.
Thermal power engineering is the largest producer of electricity in our country. The main factors of its placement are raw materials and consumer.
The largest thermal power plants are located in the east of the country, for example in Eastern Siberia, where the cheapest coal from the Kansk-Achinsk basin is used as fuel - Berezovskaya, Irsha-Borodinskaya and Nazarovo State District Power Plants; in Western Siberia - Surgutskaya GRES, operating on associated petroleum gas; in the Far East - Neryungrinskaya GRES using South Yakut coal. The consumer factor is most clearly expressed in the location of thermal power plants near large cities and industrial centers. These include Konakovskaya GRES, Ryazan, Kostroma - in the Central region; Zainskaya - in the Volga region; Troitskaya and Reftinskaya - in the Urals. (Appendix 4.)
Many thermal power plants produce, in addition to electricity, steam and hot water - these are combined heat and power plants (CHP). They are located in close proximity to the consumer (20-25 km).
The most important placement factor hydroelectric power stations is the availability of hydropower resources. Hydroelectric power plants produce the cheapest electricity, but their location depends on the characteristics of the territory. The main hydropower potential of the country is located in Eastern Siberia (35%) and the Far East (more than 30%). Therefore, the largest hydroelectric power stations with a capacity of up to 6.4 million kW were built on the Angara and Yenisei - Irkutsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya, Yenisei, etc. In the European part of the country, hydroelectric power stations were built on the Volga and Kama - up to 2.5 million kW: Volgograd, Saratov, Volzhskie, Nizhnekamsk, etc.
Nuclear power. The main factor in locating a nuclear power plant is consumer considerations. Basic industrial production and the population in Russia is concentrated in areas with a lack of fuel resources, but in need of large amounts of electricity. Such regions include almost the entire European part of the country.
The need to develop nuclear energy is also related to high efficiency the raw material used is uranium, 1 kg of which is equivalent to 2.5 thousand tons of high-quality coal. The first nuclear power plant was built in 1954. in Obninsk, Kaluga region. Currently operating Kola (Northern region), Leningrad (North-Western region), Smolensk (Central region), Novovoronezh and Kursk (Central Black Earth region), Balakovo (Volga region), Beloyarsk (Ural), as well as Bilibino nuclear power plant in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Far East), In 2000, the first power unit of the Rostov NPP in the North Caucasus was put into operation.
Electric power industry, like no other industry, influences the formation of the territorial organization of the country's economy. It promotes the location of energy-intensive industries in remote areas that have great prospects for the development of the economy of the country as a whole and its constituent entities.
Development of global energy in the 21st century. involves the active use of renewable sources and environmentally friendly types of energy, including tidal energy. The theoretical energy potential of the tide is estimated by various authors at 2500-4000 GW, which is comparable to the technically possible river energy potential (4000 GW). The implementation of tidal energy is currently planned in 139 sections of the coast of the World Ocean with an expected generation of 2037 TWh/year, which is about 12% of the world's current energy consumption. In Russia, as a result of 70 years of research, the feasibility of constructing seven tidal power plants in the Barents stations in the 20th century was determined. White and Okhotsk seas (Table 1). Table 1. Characteristics of TES of Russia TES Sea, max. tide, mStage, yearPower, GVTKislogubskayaBarentsevo, 3.95 Operates from 19680.04NorthernBarentsevo, 3.87TED, 200612.0MezenskayaWhite 10.3Ma materials for TED, 20068.0 Penzhinskaya (southern section) Okhotskoe, 11.0 Design materials, 1972–199687.9 Penzhinskaya (northern section) Okhotskoe, 13.4 Design materials, 1983–199621.4 Tugurskaya Okhotskoe, 9.0 Feasibility study, 19966.8–7.98 Malaya Mezenskaya BarentsevoOperates since 20070, 1. Today, feasibility studies of six large TPPs have been completed in the world: Severn and Mereey in England, Kobequid and Cumberland in Canada, Mezenskaya and Tugurskaya in Russia. The economic indicators of these thermal power plants are actually not inferior to new hydroelectric power stations. The start dates for the construction of a number of these tidal power plants have been repeatedly mentioned: Mereey in 1994, Severn in 2000, with the launch of the first units in 2006. But none of these tidal power stations is being built yet. The fact is that the long construction time and capital intensity of PES with modern high discount rates (Canada up to 10%, England 8%, Argentina 16%) cannot attract private firms to their construction. The sensitivity of the energy cost to the discount percentage, for example, for the Severn TPP, with an increase from 5 to 10% leads to an increase in the cost of 1 kWh from 7 to 14 pence.
Hydraulic power plants (HPPs) Russia contains 12% of the world's hydropower reserves, and its economic hydropower potential with modern technology development is estimated at 1100 billion kWh. But its distribution throughout the country is extremely uneven. Russia ranks third in the world in terms of electricity production at hydroelectric power stations, behind Canada and the United States.
Hydroelectric power plants are a very efficient source of energy because they use renewable resources, are easy to operate and have a high efficiency of more than 80%. As a result, the energy produced by hydroelectric power plants is the cheapest. The great advantages of hydroelectric power plants include high maneuverability, i.e. the ability to almost instantly automatically start and shut down any required number of units.
In practical work on the location of power plants, the cooperation of hydroelectric power plants with thermal power plants is of great importance. This is because hydropower generation fluctuates greatly throughout the year due to changes in water regime rec. The combination of thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants in one energy system makes it possible to compensate for the lack of energy production at hydroelectric power stations during low-water periods of the year due to electricity generated at thermal power plants
The construction of hydroelectric power stations requires a long period of time and large specific investments, is associated with loss of land on the plains, and damages the fishery industry. A major disadvantage of hydroelectric power plants is the seasonality of their operation, which is inconvenient for industry.
Hydroconstruction in our country was characterized by the construction of cascades of hydroelectric power stations on rivers. In addition to generating hydropower, the cascades solved problems of supplying the population and producing water, eliminating floods, and improving transport conditions. But the creation of cascades also led to negative consequences: loss of valuable agricultural land, disruption of ecological balance.
The largest hydroelectric power stations in the country are part of the Angara-Yenisei cascade: Sayano-Shushskaya, Krasnoyarsk - on the Yenisei; Irkutsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk - on the Angara; Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station is being built. In the European part of the country, a large cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Volga has been created. It includes Ivankovskaya, Uglichskaya, Rybinskaya, Gorodetskaya, Cheboksary, Volzhskaya (near Samara), Saratovskaya, Volzhskaya (near Volgograd).
Hydroelectric power stations can be divided into two main groups: hydroelectric power stations on large lowland rivers and hydroelectric power stations on mountain rivers. In our country, most hydroelectric power plants were built on lowland rivers.
It is less profitable than large ones.
A special type of hydroelectric power station is pumped storage power plants (PSPP), the main purpose of which is to relieve peak loads in networks by generating electricity at the required time. The construction of pumped storage power plants is considered the most economical next to nuclear power plants.
The most promising regions of Russia for the development of the electric power industry are considered to be Eastern Siberia and the Far East. 1/3 of Russia's energy resource potential is concentrated in Eastern Siberia. In the Far East, only 3% of the available potential of hydropower resources is used out of ¼ of the available ones. The most powerful hydroelectric power stations built in Western and Eastern Siberia are undoubtedly needed, and this is the most important key to the development of the Western Siberian, East Siberian, and Ural economic regions)