Accounting for current account transactions. Current account What are current accounts in accounting

Most of the payments that an accountant faces are made non-cash, i.e. through the bank. Each organization carries out settlements with suppliers (sellers) of materials, fixed assets, with buyers of products or consumers of services, which are most often made through a current account.

The organization's current accounts receive proceeds from sales of products, work, services, advance payments, bank loans, and money from the cash register. Through the current account, taxes are paid and settlements are made with state social insurance and security authorities, bank loans and other borrowed funds are received and returned.

Payments to suppliers, taxes, transfers to state extra-budgetary social insurance and security funds are made from the current account, cash is issued for wages, travel, business and entertainment expenses, etc.

The main operations that an accountant usually faces when registering cash flows in a current account are receiving cash from the bank, depositing cash into the bank and issuing payment orders for the transfer of money.

To withdraw cash from your current account, you must first obtain from the bank checkbook. The accountant fills out a cash check addressed to the employee who will receive money from the bank for this check (usually this is the organization's cashier). The purpose of the amount is indicated on the back of the check. The check is signed by the head of the organization, cut off from the checkbook and given to the employee to receive money, and its counterfoil, where this transaction is also recorded, remains in the checkbook.

Cash received from the current account to the cash desk is spent strictly for its intended purpose. The purposes for which the money was received are indicated on the reverse side of the cash receipt. The unspent balance must be returned to the bank.

The organization deposits into a bank account the money received at the cash desk as a contribution to the authorized capital, proceeds from the sale of products paid by the buyer in cash, etc. When depositing cash, the bike is filled advertisement for cash payment.

To transfer money from a current or other bank account, you must fill out the primary document - payment order. This is an order to the bank to transfer the required amount to the supplier (seller) when purchasing materials or other property, to financial authorities when paying taxes, etc. The accountant prepares a payment order in several copies (from 3 to 5 depending on the requirements of the bank in which the current account is opened). After the bank has completed the transaction, one of the copies of the payment order with the bank’s stamp is returned to the client.

The accountant must monitor the movement of funds in the current account. He regularly receives from his operator Bank statements, which contain information about the status of the current account, and primary documents confirming the movement of funds. The accountant organizes the storage of bank statements so that continuity of information is maintained. Each subsequent bank statement must have a link to the previous one. In addition, the opening balance of the subsequent statement must match the ending balance of the previous one. Each transaction reflected in a bank statement must be confirmed by a primary document attached to it.

No corrections, erasures or blots are allowed in bank statements. Primary documents attached to bank statements must bear the bank's stamp.

All payment orders prepared by the accountant for the transfer of funds are recorded in the payment order registration book.

The accountant must monitor the legality of transactions: monitor their compliance with the statutory documents, contracts concluded by the organization, know the types and amounts of mandatory payments to the budget and to state extra-budgetary funds.

Synthetic accounting of the availability and movement of funds in the organization’s current accounts opened with credit institutions is maintained on account 51 “Current accounts”. This is an active balance sheet account; its balance at the beginning of the reporting period must correspond to the balance sheet data in the financial statements. The debit of account 51 reflects the receipt of money into the current account, and the credit reflects its write-off (transfer).

In table 8.2 shows typical business transactions for accounting for funds in a current account.

Table 8.2

An enterprise has the right to open settlement and other accounts in any bank to store available funds and carry out all types of settlement, credit and cash transactions. Enterprises that have separate non-self-supporting divisions (shops, warehouses, branches, etc.) outside their location, at the request of the owner of the main account, settlement sub-accounts can be opened to credit revenue and make payments at the location of these divisions.

To open a current account, an organization must submit the following documents to the bank institution:

– application for opening an account of the established form;

– notarized copies of the organization’s charter, constituent agreement and registration certificate;

– a certificate from the tax authority confirming the organization’s registration as a taxpayer;

– copies of documents on registration as payers in the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and the Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund;

– a card with sample signatures of the manager, deputy manager and chief accountant with an imprint of the organization’s seal in the prescribed form, certified by a notary.

If the organization does not have the position of chief accountant, only the head of the organization signs the card. In government organizations, the signatures of the manager and chief accountant can be certified by higher-level organizations.

If the established organization temporarily lacks a seal, the head of the bank allows, within the period necessary for the production of the seal, documents to be submitted to the bank without a seal impression.

Foreign legal entities (non-residents) can open ruble accounts only at the location of their representative offices and branches in the manner established by special instructions.

The bank enters into a service agreement with the company and assigns a current account number where available funds are concentrated and almost all payments are made.

After opening a current account, in order to obtain a permanent certificate of registration, the company must deposit half of the authorized capital into the current account and submit a corresponding certificate from the bank to the district administration.

From the current account, the bank pays the obligations, expenses and instructions of the organization carried out through non-cash payments, and also issues funds for wages and current business needs. The bank carries out transactions for crediting amounts to or debiting from a current account on the basis of written orders from the owners of the current account (cash checks, announcements for cash deposits, payment orders) or with their consent (payment of payment claims of suppliers and contractors). The exception is payments collected in an indisputable manner by decision of the State Arbitration Court, People's Court, tax or financial authorities. In an indisputable manner, payments not made on time to the state budget, extra-budgetary funds, social funds, for customs procedures, payments under executive and equivalent documents are written off from the organization’s accounts. Bills of energy and heat supply and water supply and sewerage organizations are paid without acceptance.

If there are insufficient funds in the account, funds are written off from the account in the sequence determined by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Article 8.55):

– according to executive documents providing for the transfer or issuance of funds from the account to satisfy claims for compensation for harm caused to life and health, as well as claims for alimony;

– according to executive documents providing for the transfer or issuance of funds for settlements for the payment of severance pay and wages of persons working under an employment contract, including under a contract, for the payment of remuneration under an author's agreement;

– according to payment documents providing for payments to the budget and extra-budgetary funds;

– according to executive documents providing for the satisfaction of other monetary claims;

– for other payment documents in calendar order.

Debiting funds from the account for claims related to one queue is carried out in the calendar order of receipt of documents.

The bank accepts and issues money and non-cash transfers using documents of a special form. The main documents for cash payments are:

– a cash check submitted to the bank to withdraw the amount of cash indicated in it from the company’s current account;

– announcement for cash deposit – is presented to the bank when cash is deposited into the current account.

Non-cash payments are processed, as noted, as follows: payment order; payment request-order; settlement check.

Payment documents (payment orders, payment requests-orders, settlement checks) must comply with established requirements and contain:

– name of the settlement document;

– number of the settlement document;

– date of issue of the settlement document (day and year are indicated in numbers, month – in words);

– payer details – payer’s name, his bank account number, name and number of the payer’s bank;

– details of the recipient of funds – his name, his bank account number, the name and number of the recipient’s bank;

– purpose of payment (not indicated on the receipt);

– payment amount in numbers and words;

– signatures and seal imprint on the first copy of the payment document on the first copy of the order.

Payment orders are issued using technical means in one go using a carbon copy or by reproducing the originals in the required number of copies. Checks are written by hand using ink or ballpoint pen.

Payment documents are accepted by the bank for execution regardless of the amount specified in them.

To organize non-cash payments, the following conditions are met:

– the bank stores the company’s funds in its account, credits amounts received to these accounts, executes orders for their transfer and withdrawal from accounts, as well as for carrying out other banking operations provided for by banking rules and agreement;

– funds from the company’s account are debited by order of the account owner;

– all payments from the enterprise’s account are made in the order determined by the head of the enterprise, unless otherwise provided by law;

– the forms of settlements between the payer and the recipient of funds are determined by the agreement;

– mutual claims regarding settlements between the payer and the recipient of funds are considered by the parties in the prescribed manner without the participation of banking institutions;

– claims against the bank related to the performance of banking operations are sent by the enterprise to the bank that committed the violations;

– filing a complaint and filing a claim does not suspend operations on the account;

– for untimely (later the next day after receipt of the relevant document) or incorrect debiting of funds from the owner’s account, as well as for untimely or incorrect crediting of amounts due to the owner, the enterprise has the right to require the bank to pay a fine in its favor in the amount of 0.5% of the late credited (written off) amount for each day of delay, unless otherwise agreed in the agreement between the bank and the account holder.

Within the time period established by the bank (most often, daily), the enterprise receives from the bank an extract from the current account, which is a list of all transactions made on the enterprise’s current account during the reporting period. The bank provides the company with primary documents in accordance with which funds are credited or debited. The bank statement replaces the analytical accounting register and serves as the basis for accounting records.

The company’s funds stored in the current account are accounted for in the active synthetic account 51 “Current Account”. The debit of this account records the receipt of funds in the current account, and the credit records the decrease in funds in the current account. The basis for entries in the current account are bank statements with supporting documents attached to them.

In addition to accounts 50 and 51, the new Chart of Accounts provides for the use of account 55 “Special accounts in banks.” It takes into account the availability and movement of funds in domestic and foreign currencies held in letters of credit, check books, other payment documents (except bills) in current, special and special accounts, as well as the movement of targeted financing funds in the part that is subject to separate storage .

Subaccounts can be opened for account 55: 55-1 “Letters of Credit”, 55-2 “Checkbooks”, etc.

The procedure for settlements using the letter of credit form of payment is regulated by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The crediting of funds to letters of credit is reflected in the debit of subaccount 55-1 and the credit of accounts 51 “Current account”, 52 “Currency account”, 90 “Short-term bank loans”, etc. As letters of credit are used, they are written off from the credit of subaccount 55-1 to the debit account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” or other similar accounts. Unused funds in letters of credit are returned to the organization for restoration of the account from which they were previously transferred, and written off from the credit of account 55 to the debit of accounts 51, 52, 90 or other accounts. Analytical accounting in subaccount 55-1 is maintained for each issued letter of credit.

Subaccount 55-2 “Checkbooks” takes into account the movement of funds in checkbooks. The procedure for making settlements with checks is regulated by the bank; issued check books are reflected in the debit of subaccount 55-2 and the credit of accounts 51, 52, 90 and other similar accounts. When using checkbooks, the corresponding amounts are written off from account 55 to the debit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” or other similar accounts (according to bank statements). Amounts for checks issued, but not paid by the bank (not presented for payment), remain in subaccount 55-2. The amounts for the remaining unused checks and those returned to the bank are written off from the credit of subaccount 55-2 to the debit of accounts 51, 52, 90 or other accounts. Analytical accounting for subaccount 55-2 is maintained for each checkbook received.

The subaccounts of account 55 take into account the movement of targeted financing funds separately stored in the bank: funds received for the maintenance of special institutions from parents and other sources; funds to finance capital investments; funds accumulated by the organization and spent by it from a separate account; subsidies from government agencies, etc.

Branches and structural divisions that are part of the organization and allocated to an independent balance sheet, which have opened current accounts in local bank institutions to carry out current expenses, reflect the movement of these funds in a separate sub-account to account 55.

The presence and movement of funds in foreign currencies is taken into account separately on account 55. Analytical accounting for this account should provide data on the availability and movement of funds in letters of credit, check books, etc. in the country and abroad.

Since, while preserving the funds of the enterprise, the bank is a debtor of the enterprise, account 51 “Current Account” in the accounting of the enterprise is active, balances and credits to the current account are recorded as a debit to this account, write-offs are recorded as a credit. For the bank, the enterprise is a creditor, therefore, on the personal account and, accordingly, on the copy from it - an extract from the current account, the receipt of funds is recorded as a credit, and the expenditure - as a debit. When processing statements, you need to remember this feature and carefully transfer entries from the debit of the statement to the credit of account 51, and from the credit of the statement to the debit of account 51.

When processing the statement, the account numbers corresponding to a particular transaction with account 51 are entered in its fields, and the serial number in accordance with the statement is indicated on the primary documents.

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Current account - in accounting, all movements of financial assets through it are reflected in account 51. Let's see why the company needs this current account and how non-cash business transactions are registered in accounting in this article.

What is this current account?

The predominant part of settlements between legal entities is carried out in non-cash transactions - by transferring financial funds from the account of one counterparty to the account of its counterparty in transactions. The intermediary function in such transfers is performed by the bank.

In order for non-cash financial transfers to become possible, a company needs to open a current account with a bank. The bank client will be able to use this account both to save available funds and to conduct settlement transactions, including withdrawing cash from the account (in cases established by law).

IMPORTANT! At the moment, there is no law that obliges individual entrepreneurs to have a current account. Only companies have such an obligation. Although entrepreneurs who do not have a current account, in practice may encounter problems when concluding agreements with counterparties.

The bank assigns a specific number to each settlement account, and a personal account to each client to record the movement of funds. Non-cash payment within a current account is made by the bank strictly with the consent of the client - the owner of this current account. And only in some cases can finances be written off forcibly.

Consider the table of the movement of funds in the current account:

Synthetic accounting of business transactions carried out using a current account in accounting is kept on account “51” “Current account (Order of the Ministry of Finance). This account belongs to active accounts: its debit reflects the balance of available financial assets of the business entity, as well as financial receipts, and the credit records all write-offs.

Basic transactions for the current account

We have combined the more popular transactions for account “51” in this table below.

Current account transactions and primary documents

Non-cash bank transfers are made on the basis of special forms. These include payment orders and demands.

A payment order is an administrative document of the account owner, obliging the bank to transfer a certain financial amount to the recipient's account opened with this or another bank.

With the help of payment orders, orders for funds transfers are issued:

• for goods supplied, services provided, work performed;
• in payment of tax contributions to the budget and extra-budgetary funds;
• to repay loans and pay interest on them;
• for processing other non-cash expenditure transactions.

The purpose of the payment request is somewhat different. It assumes that it is an administrative document not of the payer of funds (exactly as in the case of a payment order), but of their recipient and contains a requirement to transfer one or another amount from the debtor’s account to the creditor’s account. At the same time, settlements with payment requests may require prior acceptance by the payer, or they may be made without it.

Characteristic

On the territory of Russia, accounting of transactions on current accounts is organized by “51” account “Current accounts”:

• Debit is the point at which financial receipts are reflected.
• Credit is the point where the processes of writing off finances are reflected.

IMPORTANT! THE AVAILABILITY OF SEVERAL CURRENT ACCOUNTS REQUIRES THE ORGANIZATION TO KEEP ACCEPTABLE ACCOUNTS.

Characteristics of accounting for transactions on the account:

• All transactions on the current account are reflected in the database of statements of financial and credit firms, as well as in the documents attached to them.
• After receiving the statement, the accountant checks the balance of funds on the account at the end of the day of the previous statement and compares the data with the information received in the current document. The specialist also checks the compliance and completeness of the data provided in relation to the primary documents.
• If inconsistencies are found in the verification procedure, they are reflected in the subaccount.
• The company is given 10 days to protest the controversial issues. The starting point for this period is the day the statement is submitted.
• Accounting for transactions on accounts and subsequent reflection of transactions on accounts is carried out on the day when the statements were received.

How transactions are reflected in accounting accounts

Accounting for transactions on a current account involves monitoring the following operations (debit/credit):

• The amount of funds that, after depositing through the cash register, arrived on the account. D/C - 51-50.
• Making advances and payments for services (goods) from clients (buyers). D/C - 51-62.
• Obtaining bank loans for a short period of time. D/C - 51-66 (67).
• Receipt from the founders of contributions sent to replenish the authorized capital of the company. D/C - 51-75.
• Transfer of funds for insurance compensation received from insurers. D/C - 51-76.
• Lending funds to other companies. D/C - 58-51.
• Transfer of certain amounts to the state budget (tax payments, fees, extra-budgetary funds). D/K - 68 (69)-51.
• Payment of money on existing loans (short-term and long-term). D/K - 66 (67)-51.
• Carrying out payments to suppliers for goods and materials, and also carrying out a range of works (providing services). D/C - 60-51.

The company has opened account 51 “Current Account”, which is intended to summarize information on the availability and flow of funds in the currency of the Russian Federation on the organization’s current accounts opened with credit institutions.

The debit of account 51 “Current account” reflects the receipt of funds to the organization’s current account. The credit of account 51 “Current account” reflects the debiting of funds from the organization’s current account. Amounts erroneously credited or debited to the organization's current account and discovered when checking statements of a credit institution are reflected in account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” (sub-account “Settlements for claims”).

Funds are credited to the current account:

from the sale of products, provision of services, performance of work;

Funds from the current account are spent:

for remuneration of employees of the organization;

for the acquisition of fixed assets and intangible assets;

to fulfill obligations to financial organizations;

to pay debts to suppliers;

for other purposes.

Operations related to the issuance of cash are carried out on the current account; with cash contributions from organizations; with non-cash payments.

Cash is issued using cash checks. The organization delivers cash to the bank based on an announcement for cash deposit.

Non-cash payments are formalized by different documents depending on the non-cash forms of payment used: payment requests-orders, payment orders, applications for letters of credit and registers of accounts, settlement checks.

In the bank, all transactions for the receipt and expenditure of funds are recorded on the basis of the above documents in the organization’s personal account, which is maintained in duplicate. The second copy is an extract from the current account.

The statement is periodically transferred to the company that owns the account or, using the Client Bank program, it is updated daily via the Internet and the client receives statements every day. When processing bank statements in an organization, it should be borne in mind that the current account for the bank is a passive account, therefore the receipt of funds and the balance are reflected in the bank on the credit of the account, and the expense - on the debit. Thus, bank statements with documents attached to them are the basis for entries on the current account in the organization.

Transactions on the current account are reflected in accounting on the basis of the credit institution's statements on the current account and the monetary settlement documents attached to them. Analytical accounting for account 51 “Current account” is maintained for each current account.

Account 51 “Current account” corresponds with the accounts:

To open a current account, the organization submits the following documents to the bank:

1. Application for opening an account;

2. Temporary certificate of registration of the organization with subsequent replacement with a permanent one);

3. Laced and numbered copies of the constituent documents of the enterprise certified by a notary or a registering authority;

4. Certificate of registration with the tax office, the Pension Fund, the Health Insurance Fund;

5. Two copies of bank cards with sample signatures and seal imprint, certified by a notary or a higher organization. The right of the first signature belongs to the head and persons authorized by him, the right of the second signature belongs to the chief accountant and persons authorized by him; signatures are recorded only in the presence of a notary; One copy is kept in the operational department of the bank, where all non-cash payments of this organization are processed, and the second copy is kept by the bank teller who issues cash.

The company does not have a foreign currency account.

Account 51 “Current account” is used by organizations and individual entrepreneurs to display transactions on mutual settlements with counterparties - individuals and legal entities in the currency of the Russian Federation using company current accounts opened in credit institutions.

51 accounts in accounting is the collection of information about non-cash payments with counterparties - individuals and legal entities through bank accounts. The following basic operations are displayed here:

1. Receipt of funds - payments from buyers and customers for goods provided or services provided;
2. Depositing trading proceeds in excess of established cash limits;
3. Payment to suppliers for raw materials, materials, goods
4. Payroll calculations
5. Calculations with budgets (transfer of contributions, taxes, penalties), etc.

Attention! Account 51 displays information about settlements only in the currency of the Russian Federation.

Account 51 in accounting is active, that is, the debit shows non-cash receipts of funds (payments from customers, deposits of revenue, returns from suppliers) in correspondence with the corresponding accounts (62, 50, etc.), and the credit shows the expenditure of funds ( bank commissions, payments to suppliers, repayment of loans and borrowings, payment of taxes, etc.)

Analytical monitoring

According to current legislation, legal entities have the right to open any number of accounts necessary to carry out their activities, both in Russian and foreign currency. Data on the opening are automatically transmitted to the Federal Tax Service inspection where the company is registered.

Analysis of incoming and outgoing non-cash funds is carried out in the context of each individual current account opened by the organization.

In order to verify the correctness of mutual settlements and filling in information in the company’s accounting records, an extract is requested from the credit institution (through the Bank-client system or in person through the branch operator). The statement displays all performed transactions and payment documents for them. Balances at the beginning and end of the period, as well as all turnover in accounting, must be identical to information from the bank.

Attention! Credit institutions set their own additional tariffs for servicing the company, the amounts are debited automatically on the first or last day of the month depending on the bank’s policy - these amounts are displayed in accounting as expenses for banking services in correspondence with account 91.02.

Normative base

Using the account 51 to display transactions on mutual settlements with counterparties by non-cash means through credit institutions is carried out in accordance with the current Chart of Accounts, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94.

Common business transactions and postings for them

1. Transfer of funds to suppliers - payment for equipment, materials, goods, etc.