Bulgakov's work brief summary. Who is M.A. Bulgakov, life and work, short biography. "Running" and "Days of the Turbins"

A concise description of Bulgakov’s life can briefly explain the phenomenon of a brilliant writer who went through all life’s difficulties and trials, while remaining a true humanist. Mikhail Afanasyevich is the author of more than 170 works, including novels, plays, feuilletons, essays, short stories, novellas, and theatrical performances. Dry facts from his life can be found in Wikipedia, textbooks, the writer’s biography is well studied, but only in his work is life realism, decorated with satire and humor, revealed.

To understand what kind of person Mikhail Bulgakov is, you need to understand his origins. The future writer was born on May 15, 1891 in Kyiv in the family of Afanasy Ivanovich and Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakov - a teacher at the Theological Academy, a state councilor and the daughter of an archpriest. A large family, where in addition to Mikhail six more children were growing up, there was enough money for a comfortable existence.

The children were raised by Varvara Mikhailovna, a sophisticated intellectual who instilled in the children a love of art, music, and reading. Even the untimely death of the father of the family did not prevent the future author from graduating from the First Alexander Gymnasium - the cradle of the Kyiv intelligentsia.

In 1909, Bulgakov entered the Faculty of Medicine at Kiev University. In the works “Fatal Eggs” the author’s sympathy for professors Persikov and Filipp Filippovich can be traced for a reason, since Bulgakov was a doctor by profession.

Years of wars and revolutions

According to information about Bulgakov from Wikipedia, in 1913 his personal life improved. The future author married Tatyana Nikolaevna Lappa, the daughter of a leading nobleman.

The newlyweds settled in a rented apartment on Andreevsky Spusk and loved to attend theater plays, premieres, and music concerts. Several times the young man went to Chaliapin’s concerts. An interesting fact in Bulgakov’s work was that the features of Chaliapin’s Mephistopheles were reflected in Woland, the hero of the writer’s last novel.

In 1914, after the outbreak of the First World War, Mikhail went to the front to serve as what he was by training - a doctor. The future author served in the field hospital until the fall of 1916.

Returning from the front, Bulgakov went to the Smolensk province to take the post of head of a rural hospital in Nikolino, Sychevsky district. A year later, the doctor was sent to serve as the head of the infectious diseases and venereology department of a hospital in the city of Vyazma.

According to documents from the archives of the zemstvo government, the young man showed himself to be a good doctor, as evidenced by the facts:

• in the admission log the total number of patients was 15 thousand;
• all surgical operations performed by Bulgakov were successful.

Bulgakov's life and work were influenced by the February Revolution. The writer described this event verbatim like this: “Suddenly, history began menacingly.” After the events of the October Revolution, the doctor was released from military service and was able to return to Kyiv, where he was overwhelmed by the wave of civil war. The authorities were constantly changing, and each one needed the services of a good doctor. So Mikhail Afanasyevich served in the following armies:

1. Hetman Skoropadsky;
2. Leader of the nationalist movement Petliura;
3. In the Red Army;
4. In Denikin's troops.

The events experienced from Bulgakov’s biography were briefly reflected in “The White Guard”, in the stories “Raid” and “On the Night of the 3rd”, in “Days of the Turbins”, in “Run”. To understand the historical situation of those times, it is worth reading these works.

White Guard

Creation

Wikipedia claims that at the end of 1919 or at the beginning of 1920, Bulgakov’s life changed dramatically: he left the ranks of Denikin’s army. The good doctor changed his medical activity, who Bulgakov was in his main profession and education, and began to collaborate as an author in local newspapers. The writer’s first works were included in the collection “Tribute of Admiration” and were published in the spring of 1920 in local newspapers in the North Caucasus.

Interesting! The writer’s sister recalled that Mikhail Bulgakov began writing in his first year at the university - the story was called “The Fiery Serpent.” This work is about a person suffering from alcoholism.

Staying in the Caucasus, authorbegan to defend the latterherlegacyeclassics, entering into controversy withfiguresculturethose times. As a result, he was expelled from the arts department in the fall of 1920. Bulgakov was left without work and without a livelihood. In the spring of 1921, the aspiring writer’s life changed thanks to the successful dramatization of the play “Sons of the Mullah.” The young man had the opportunity to move to Tiflis and then to Batumi.

Moving to Moscow

In the fall of 1921, Bulgakov decided to move to Moscow. Mikhail Afanasyevich worked as secretary of the literary department of the Glavkomitprosvet for two months, then was left without work. Attempts at cooperation in private newspapers were unsuccessful.

The time of unemployment ended in the spring of 1922 - the author began to regularly publish on the pages of Moscow newspapers and magazines.

Chronological table of Bulgakov's works:

1918-1919	rough drafts of the stories “Notes of a Young Doctor”
1919-1920	several stories and feuilletons “Tribute of Admiration”
1921	play "Sons of Mullah"
1922-1924	"The Adventures of Chichikov", "The White Guard"
1923	the story “Diaboliad”, the stories “Notes on Cuffs”
1924	stories “Fatal Eggs”, “Crimson Island”
1925-1928	plays “Days of the Turbins”, “Zoyka’s Apartment”, novel “Heart of a Dog”
1926-1928	play "Running"
1927	story "Crimson Island"
1928-1929	plays “Grand Chancellor Prince of Darkness” (draft version of “The Master and Margarita”), “Cabal of the Saint”, novel “Engineer’s Hoof”, story “To a Secret Friend”
1931	play "Adam and Eve"
1932	play "Crazy Jourdain"
1933	novel "The Life of Monsieur de Molière"
1934	play "Bliss (Engineer Rhine's Dream)"
1935	play "The Last Days (Pushkin)"
1936-1937	libretto of the operas “Theatrical Novel or Notes of a Dead Man”, “Ivan Vasilyevich”, “Minin and Pozharsky”, “Black Sea”
1937-1938	libretto of the opera "Rachel"
1939	play "Batum", libretto of the opera "Don Quixote"
1929-1940	novel "The Master and Margarita"

The crowning achievement of Mikhail Afanasyevich’s work is the brilliant novel “The Master and Margarita.” Written over the course of 10 years, it is a must read, because it contains all the life experience of the writer and conveys his vision of the meaning of life.

Useful video: documentary film A Romance with a Secret

Years of criticism and persecution

Nsince 1914 authorlived through difficult years of life, seen a lot of wars, injustice, cruelty, but always remained a supporter of universal human values, he tried to convey them to people in his work. In the 20s, Bulgakov's position was condemned. The works of Mikhail Afanasyevich were prohibited, were not published and were not staged on the theater stage.

In 1929, the attacks of critics reached their climax. The plays “Days of the Turbins”, “Crimson Island” and the comedy “Zoyka’s Apartment” were withdrawn from the dramatization. The Main Repertoire Committee banned the new play “Molière” in the spring of 1930. Then Mikhail Bulgakov briefly wrote a letter to the government asking him to travel abroad due to the impossibility of existing in his homeland. Soon Stalin called him. So the writer, a doctor by training, was appointed assistant director at the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1932, showings of “Days of the Turbins” were resumed, and the play “Dead Souls” based on Gogol was staged. In 1936, the author moved from the Art Theater to the Bolshoi Theater to the position of librettist.

In 1924, changes occurred in Bulgakov’s personal life - he divorced Tatyana Nikolaevna Lappa and married Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya. And in 1932, he divorced his second wife and entered into a third marriage with Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, who took her husband’s surname. It was her image that became the prototype of Margarita from the novel. Shilovskaya saved the author from loneliness in the last years of his life, and after his death she achieved the publication of the writer’s main works.

Bulgakov made his last attempt to publish his work in 1933 (the play “The Life of Monsieur de Molière”) and failed. Until his death on March 10, 1940, the master was no longer published. Before his death, Bulgakov went blind; doctors diagnosed a hereditary kidney disease, from which Mikhail Afanasyevich’s father died. The final version of the novel “The Master and Margarita” was completed by Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova under the dictation of a writer who had not even seen a draft of his work.

The autobiography is collected in several of his works “To a Secret Friend”, “Notes on Cuffs”, “Notes of a Young Doctor”, in “Molière”, in “The White Guard”. These creations help to look into the inner world of the writer, to see through his eyes the historical situation of that time.

To better understand who Mikhail Afanasyevich is, you should know that having a reputation as a semi-disgraced writer, he wrote to Stalin, asking not for himself, but for others. So, he asked for the arrested son and husband of Anna Akhmatova, for the exiled friend Nikolai Erdman.

Interesting! After meeting Elena Sergeevna in 1929, the author dedicated the unfinished story “To a Secret Friend” to her. The work describes Bulgakov’s years of life in Moscow and work on the novel “The White Guard.” A kind of autobiography for a loved one with whom it was impossible to connect at that time.

Useful video: 10 Facts Mikhail Bulgakov

Conclusion

Who was Bulgakov? A writer who rooted for a person, be it an extraordinary Master or an unremarkable clerk. Mikhail Afanasyevich did not perceive literature with abstract pain and suffering, unrealistic heroes passing by the truth of life. Mysticism in Bulgakov’s works is a literary device that shades reality in a satirical light, showing the negative features of modern life. With his creativity, he showed genuine humanism, which is close to us today.

In August 1919, after the capture of Kyiv by General Denikin, Mikhail Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor in the White Army and sent to the North Caucasus. Here his first publication appeared - a newspaper article entitled "Future Prospects."

Soon he parted with the medical profession and devoted himself entirely to literary work. In 1919-1921, while working in the Vladikavkaz arts department, Bulgakov composed five plays, three of which were staged at the local theater. Their texts have not survived, with the exception of one - “Sons of the Mullah”.

In 1921 he moved to Moscow. Served as secretary of the Main Political and Educational Committee under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR.

In 1921-1926, Bulgakov collaborated with the Moscow editorial office of the Berlin newspaper "Nakanune", publishing essays about the life of Moscow, with the newspapers "Gudok" and "Worker", and the magazines "Medical Worker", "Russia" and "Vozrozhdenie".

In the literary supplement to the newspaper "Nakanune" were published "Notes on Cuffs" (1922-1923), as well as the writer's stories "The Adventures of Chichikov", "The Red Crown", "The Cup of Life" (all - 1922). In 1925-1927, stories from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor” were published in the magazines “Medical Worker” and “Red Panorama”.

The general theme of Bulgakov's works is determined by the author's attitude towards the Soviet regime - the writer did not consider himself its enemy, but assessed reality very critically, believing that with his satirical denunciations he was benefiting the country and the people. Early examples include the stories "The Diaboliad. The Tale of How Twins Killed a Clerk" (1924) and "The Fatal Eggs" (1925), collected in the collection "The Diaboliad" (1925). The story “The Heart of a Dog,” written in 1925, is distinguished by greater skill and a sharper social orientation, which was in “samizdat” for more than 60 years.

The boundary separating the early Bulgakov from the mature one was the novel The White Guard (1925). Bulgakov's departure from the emphatically negative image of the White Guard environment brought upon the writer accusations of trying to justify the White movement.

Later, based on the novel and in collaboration with the Moscow Art Theater, Bulgakov wrote the play “Days of the Turbins” (1926). The famous Moscow Art Theater production of this play (the premiere took place on October 5, 1926) brought Bulgakov wide fame. "Days of the Turbins" enjoyed unprecedented success among the audience, but not among critics, who launched a devastating campaign against the play, which was "apologetic" towards the white movement, and against the "anti-Soviet" author of the play.

During the same period, Bulgakov’s play “Zoyka’s Apartment” (1926) was staged at the Evgeni Vakhtangov Studio Theater, which was banned after the 200th performance. The play "Running" (1928) was banned after the first rehearsals at the Moscow Art Theater.

The play "Crimson Island" (1927), staged at the Moscow Chamber Theater, was banned after the 50th performance.

At the beginning of 1930, his play "The Cabal of the Saint" (1929) was banned and did not reach rehearsals in the theater.

Bulgakov's plays were removed from the theater repertoire; his works were not published. In this situation, the writer was forced to turn to higher authorities and wrote a “Letter to the Government,” asking either to provide him with work and, therefore, a means of subsistence, or to let him go abroad. The letter was followed by a telephone call from Joseph Stalin to Bulgakov (April 18, 1930). Soon Bulgakov got a job as a director of the Moscow Art Theater and thereby solved the problem of physical survival. In March 1931, he was accepted into the cast of the Moscow Art Theater.

While working at the Moscow Art Theater, he wrote a dramatization of “Dead Souls” based on Nikolai Gogol.

In February 1932, the “Turbin Days” at the Moscow Art Theater were resumed.

In the 1930s, one of the main themes in Bulgakov’s work was the theme of the relationship between the artist and the authorities, which he realized using material from different historical eras: the play “Molière”, the biographical story “The Life of Monsieur de Molière”, the play “The Last Days”, the novel “The Master and Margarita."

In 1936, due to disagreements with the management during the rehearsal preparation of Molière, Bulgakov was forced to break with the Moscow Art Theater and go to work at the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR as a librettist.

In recent years, Bulgakov continued to work actively, creating librettos for the operas “The Black Sea” (1937, composer Sergei Pototsky), “Minin and Pozharsky” (1937, composer Boris Asafiev), “Friendship” (1937-1938, composer Vasily Solovyov-Sedoy; remained unfinished), "Rachel" (1939, composer Isaac Dunaevsky), etc.

An attempt to renew cooperation with the Moscow Art Theater by staging the play "Batum" about the young Stalin (1939), created with the theater's active interest in the 60th anniversary of the leader, ended in failure. The play was banned from production and was interpreted by the political elite as the writer’s desire to improve relations with the authorities.

In 1929-1940, Bulgakov’s multifaceted philosophical and fantastic novel “The Master and Margarita” was created - Bulgakov’s last work.

Doctors discovered that the writer had hypertensive nephrosclerosis, an incurable kidney disease. he was seriously ill, almost blind, and his wife made changes to the manuscript under dictation. February 13, 1940 was the last day of work on the novel.

Mikhail Bulgakov died in Moscow. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

During his lifetime, his plays “Adam and Eve”, “Bliss”, “Ivan Vasilyevich” were not released; the last of them was filmed by director Leonid Gaidai in the comedy “Ivan Vasilyevich Changes Profession” (1973). Also, after the death of the writer, a “Theatrical Novel” was published, which was based on “Notes of a Dead Man”.

Before publication, the philosophical and fantastic novel “The Master and Margarita” was known only to a narrow circle of people close to the author; the uncopied manuscript was miraculously preserved. The novel was first published in abridged form in 1966 in the Moscow magazine. The full text in Bulgakov's latest edition was published in Russian in 1989.

The novel became one of the artistic achievements of Russian and world literature of the 20th century and one of the most popular and read books in the writer’s homeland; it was repeatedly filmed and staged on the theater stage.

In the 1980s, Bulgakov became one of the most published authors in the USSR. His works were included in the Collected Works in five volumes (1989-1990).

On March 26, 2007 in Moscow, in an apartment on Bolshaya Sadovaya Street, building 10, where the writer lived in 1921-1924, the government of the capital established the first M.A. Museum in Russia. Bulgakov.

Mikhail Bulgakov was married three times. The writer married his first wife Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982) in 1913. In 1925, he officially married Lyubov Belozerskaya (1895-1987), who had previously been married to journalist Ilya Vasilevsky. In 1932, the writer married Elena Shilovskaya (née Nuremberg, after Neelov’s first husband), the wife of Lieutenant General Yevgeny Shilovsky, whom he met in 1929. From September 1, 1933, Elena Bulgakova (1893-1970) kept a diary, which became one of the important sources of the biography of Mikhail Bulgakov. She preserved the writer’s extensive archive, which she transferred to the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin (now the Russian State Library), as well as the Institute of Russian Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Pushkin House). Bulgakova managed to achieve the publication of “The Theatrical Novel” and “The Master and Margarita”, the re-release of “The White Guard” in its entirety, and the publication of most of the plays.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich (1891-1940), writer, playwright.

Born on May 15, 1891 in Kyiv in a large and friendly family of a professor, teacher at the Kyiv Theological Academy. After graduating from high school, at the age of 16, Bulgakov entered the university at the Faculty of Medicine.

In the spring of 1916, he was released from the university as a “second-class militia warrior” and went to work in one of the Kyiv hospitals. In the summer of the same year, the future writer received his first appointment and in the fall he arrived at a small zemstvo hospital in the Smolensk province, in the village of Nikolskoye. Here he began to write the book “Notes of a Young Doctor” - about a remote Russian province, where malaria powders prescribed for a week are swallowed immediately, births are given under a bush, and mustard plasters are placed on top of a sheepskin coat... While yesterday’s student was turning into an experienced and determined zemstvo doctor, events began in the Russian capital that would determine the fate of the country for many decades. “The present is such that I try to live without noticing it,” Bulgakov wrote to his sister on December 31, 1917.

In 1918 he returned to Kyiv. Waves of Petliurists, White Guards, Bolsheviks, and Hetman P. P. Skoropadsky rolled through the city. At the end of August 1919, the Bolsheviks, leaving Kyiv, shot hundreds of hostages. Bulgakov, who had previously avoided mobilization by hook or by crook, retreated with the Whites. In February 1920, when the evacuation of the Volunteer Army began, he was struck down by typhus. Bulgakov woke up in Vladikavkaz, occupied by the Bolsheviks. The following year he moved to Moscow.

Here, one after another, three satirical stories with fantastic plots appear: “Diaboliad”, “Fatal Eggs” (both 1924), “Heart of a Dog” (1925).

During these years, Bulgakov worked in the editorial office of the newspaper "Gudok" and wrote the novel "The White Guard" - about a broken family, about the past years of the "carefree generation", about the civil war in Ukraine, about the suffering of man on earth. The first part of the novel was published in the Rossiya magazine in 1925, but the magazine was soon closed, and the novel was destined to remain unprinted for almost 40 years.

In 1926, Bulgakov staged The White Guard. “Days of the Turbins” (that’s the name of the play) was staged with great success at the Moscow Art Theater and left the stage only with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, when the scenery of the play was destroyed by bombing.

“Proletarian” playwrights and critics jealously followed the successes of the talented “bourgeois echo” and took all measures to ensure that already staged plays (“Zoyka’s Apartment,” 1926, and “Crimson Island,” 1927) were filmed and the newly written “Running” (1928) and “The Cabal of the Holy One” (1929) did not see the light of the stage. (It was only in 1936 that the play “The Cabal of the Holy One” under the title “Molière” appeared on the stage of the Art Theater.)

Since 1928, Bulgakov worked on the novel “The Master and Margarita,” which posthumously brought him world fame.

He died on March 10, 1940 in Moscow from severe hereditary kidney disease, before reaching the age of 49. Only a few knew how many unpublished manuscripts he had.

was born on May 15, 1891 in Kyiv. The most famous Russian writer who lived in the 20th century. He wrote a large number of works that have been translated into many languages ​​and distributed throughout the world. His works are extremely popular to this day, and all reading lists will definitely recommend at least 2-3 of his works.
The birth of Mikhail Afanasyevich occurred in a prosperous family. Dad Afanasy Ivanovich is an associate professor, and mother Varvara Mikhailovna is a teacher at a girls’ gymnasium. Mikhail was one of seven children of the family. The first educational institution that the future writer graduated from was the First Kiev Gymnasium, upon completion of which the guy entered the medical faculty of the institute. The choice fell on this profession due to the fact that Varvara Mikhailovna’s brothers were doctors and earned good money. One was a high-class expert in Moscow, and the other in the capital of Poland. The study lasted 7 years; due to his kidney failure, he was refused when applying to serve as a military doctor. In this regard, Bulgakov insisted on sending him to the Red Cross hospital.
In 1913, they met and married Tatyana Lappa, and the couple encountered financial shortages at the very time of the celebration, when the newlyweds literally had nothing to wear and had to be content with the existing outfits. At the beginning of the First World War, Mikhail Afanasyevich worked as a doctor for some time.
The year 1917 is famous for the fact that it was at this time that Bulgakov took the first dose of morphine to relieve allergies, which is why taking the drug developed into a real addiction. In 1918, he began practicing as a venereologist in Kyiv. The Civil War forced M. Bulgakov to be a member of the UPR, and then the Russian Armed Forces, where he was a doctor on the side of the White Army.
In 1917, the famous writer first visited Moscow and his uncle, who became the prototype of the professor from his famous story.

In 1923, the man became a member of the All-Russian Union of Writers, and a year later he made acquaintance with Belozerskaya, who a year later became his legal wife.
In 1926, a search was carried out in Bulgakov’s house, during which the manuscripts of “The Heart of a Dog” and a notebook in which he talked about his life and experiences were confiscated from the author. A few years later this diary was returned and stored. In October 1926, the play “Days of the Turbins” was staged at the Moscow Art Theater, which Stalin himself liked. Performances based on the plays of the brilliant playwright were also wonderful in other theaters.
In 1928, Mikhail had the idea of ​​​​creating his own novel, and two years later the works were massively banned from publication.
In 1939, after writing the play "Batum" about the father of nations, she was preparing for release. After some time, Stalin issued a decree banning the production. Joseph Vissarionovich considered such an idea inappropriate.
Around the same time, the writer’s health began to rapidly deteriorate. Since February 1940, people close to the writer did not leave his bed for a minute, and on March 10, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov passed away.

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Mikhail Bulgakov is a Russian writer, playwright, director and actor. His works have become classics of Russian literature.

The novel “The Master and Margarita” brought him worldwide fame, which was repeatedly filmed in many countries.

When Bulgakov was at the peak of his popularity, the Soviet government banned the staging of his plays in theaters, as well as the publication of his works.

Brief biography of Bulgakov

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born on May 3, 1891 in. Besides him, there were six more children in the Bulgakov family: 2 boys and 4 girls.

His father, Afanasy Ivanovich, was a professor at the Kyiv Theological Academy.

Mother, Varvara Mikhailovna, worked for some time as a teacher in a girls’ gymnasium.

Childhood and youth

When children began to be born one after another in the Bulgakov family, the mother had to leave her job and start raising them.

Since Mikhail was the oldest child, he often had to babysit his brothers and sisters. This undoubtedly affected the formation of the personality of the future writer.

Education

When Bulgakov turned 18, he graduated from the First Kyiv Gymnasium. The next educational institution in his biography was Kiev University, where he studied at the Faculty of Medicine.

He wanted to become a doctor largely because this profession paid well.

By the way, in Russian literature before Bulgakov there was an example of an outstanding writer who, being a doctor by training, spent his entire life happily practicing medicine: this is.

Bulgakov in his youth

After receiving his diploma, Bulgakov applied to do military service in the navy as a doctor.

However, he failed to pass the medical examination. As a result, he asked to be sent to the Red Cross to work in a hospital.

At the height of the First World War (1914-1918), he treated soldiers near the front line.

A couple of years later he returned to Kyiv, where he began working as a venereologist.

It is interesting that during this period of his biography he began to use morphine, which helped him get rid of the pain caused by taking the anti-diphtheria drug.

As a result, throughout the rest of his life, Bulgakov will be painfully dependent on this drug.

Creative activity

In the early 20s, Mikhail Afanasyevich came to. There he begins to write various feuilletons, and soon takes up plays.

Later, he became a theater director at the Moscow Art Theater and the Central Theater of Working Youth.

Bulgakov's first work was the poem “The Adventures of Chichikov,” which he wrote at the age of 31. Then several more stories came from his pen.

After this, he wrote the fantastic story “Fatal Eggs,” which was positively received by critics and aroused great interest among readers.

dog's heart

In 1925, Bulgakov published the book “Heart of a Dog,” which masterfully intertwines the ideas of the “Russian Revolution” and the “awakening” of the social consciousness of the proletariat.

According to literary scholars, Bulgakov's story is a political satire, where each character is a prototype of one or another political figure.

Master and Margarita

Having gained recognition and popularity in society, Bulgakov began writing the main novel in his biography, “The Master and Margarita.”

He wrote it for 12 years, until his death. An interesting fact is that the book was published only in the 60s, and even then not in full.

It was published in its final form in 1990, a year before.

It is worth noting that many of Bulgakov’s works were published only after his death, since censorship did not allow them to pass.

The persecution of Bulgakov

By 1930, the writer began to be increasingly harassed by Soviet officials.

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