Requirements for public speaking. General requirements for public speech. Efficiency of oral speech
Rules for preparing a persuasive speech.
1. Use general rules of effective argumentation:
Be emotional;
Address vital facts;
Try to show listeners the real benefits of your proposals or information;
Be distracted in presentation;
Use numbers;
Rely on visibility;
Use humor.
2. The topic of the speech should really be an issue that is currently relevant and is being discussed in society.
3. Duration of the speech - no more than 3 - 5 minutes.
4. Moderate emotionality (listeners should feel it).
5. Touch noble emotions (feelings of anger, hatred, justice, injustice).
6. Address the question of truth - what is true and what is not.
7. Use short phrases.
8. Verbally express and repeat at least three times what is being proven
General requirements for public speaking
2. Drama.
4. Brevity.
5. Dialogue.
6. Conversation.
8. Clarity of the main idea.
9. A decisive end.
1. Decisive start of the speech.
The first phrase of a speech should be thought out, prepared in advance and well learned. You shouldn’t stumble over the first sentence of your speech or wonder where you’re going to start. The audience will immediately consider such a speaker to be insecure and incompetent.
The first phrase should be clear and understandable to the listeners. It must be prepared in advance and well rehearsed, pronounced confidently and expressively.
2. Drama.
This is the tension in the text. Drama is created in a speech when there is a deliberate clash of different points of view by the speaker entering into an argument with any opinion, authority or point of view, when talking about any unusual or tragic events or incidents. As D. Carnegie said: “The world loves to hear about struggle.” Drama must be created in the text at the stage of its preparation.
3. Restrained emotionality.
Emotionality is a mandatory requirement for public speaking, an absolutely necessary element of it. Listeners should feel that you are speaking emotionally, excitedly, that you yourself are not indifferent to what you are saying. The performance should under no circumstances be monotonous.
However, emotionality should be restrained.
One cannot but agree with the famous American expert on teaching rhetoric, P. Soper, who wrote that the listener experiences a feeling of awkwardness at the sight of the speaker’s emotional revelry. Let us recall Gogol’s famous statement about a certain teacher-speaker: “Alexander the Great, of course, is a great man, but why break chairs?” In this regard, it is preferable to present facts that evoke emotions in listeners rather than speak too emotionally.
4. Brevity.
Short speeches are viewed by most audiences as smarter, more correct, and containing true information. Brevity is especially valued by Russian audiences, as reflected in the famous expression: Brief and clear. It is extremely necessary to comply with the allotted regulations and meet the allotted time. You need to learn to speak briefly.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Explaining how to speak in public, Roosevelt gave his son three pieces of advice: be sincere, be brief, sit down.
5. Dialogue.
The speech should be like a dialogue with the audience.
The speaker does not have to talk himself all the time; he must ask the audience questions, listen to its answers, and react to its behavior. Any speech should have the features of a conversation.
Questions can be rhetorical, but they can increase the effectiveness of oral presentation primarily through short dialogues with the audience during the speech itself.
6. Conversation.
The style of presentation should be predominantly conversational, the presentation should be in the nature of a casual conversation.
This is the conversational style of speaking.
P. Soper wrote: “Public speech should have the qualities of a good interview, with some adjustments in voice, manner and topic to suit the situation of the speech.” The same idea was expressed by D. Carnegie: “A good speech is, first of all, a conversational tone and spontaneity, somewhat accentuated. Speak at a charitable trust meeting as if you were speaking to John Henry Smith. After all, the members of the fund are not
nothing but the sum of the John Henry Smiths.” The colloquial nature of an oratory significantly increases confidence in the speaker, and therefore in the content of his speech.
There is no need to use a lot of special, bookish, foreign words, you need to speak more simply - this is also a manifestation of the requirement to be colloquial. You can use (in moderation!) colloquial words, humor, and jokes.
7. Establishing and maintaining contact with the audience.
It goes without saying that this requirement is one of the most important. Establishing contact with the audience means: looking at the audience during a speech, monitoring their reaction, making changes to your speech depending on their reaction, demonstrating affability, friendliness, willingness to answer questions, and conducting a dialogue with the audience. The audience must be divided into sectors and looked at each sector in turn.
8. Clarity of the main idea.
The main idea should be conveyed in words, preferably at least two or three times during the speech. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the audience loves conclusions and expects them from the speaker in a formulated form.
9. A decisive end.
Like the beginning, the end of the speech should be short, clear, understandable, and thought out in advance. The final phrase must be thought out and formulated in advance. It, like the initial phrase, must be rehearsed in order to be pronounced without hesitation, clearly and understandably. The final phrase should be delivered emotionally, somewhat slowly and meaningfully, so that the audience understands it well and at the same time understands that this is the end of your speech.
Different genres of speeches and oratory (lecture, report, presentation, etc.) require different preparation techniques. These rules are called general public speaking requirements. Let's name the main ones:
A decisive start to the performance. The first phrase of a speech should be thought out, prepared in advance and well learned. You shouldn’t stumble over the first sentence of your speech or wonder where you’re going to start.
Dramatic. This is the tension in the text. Drama is created in a speech when there is a deliberate clash of different points of view by the speaker entering into an argument with any opinion, authority or point of view, when talking about any unusual or tragic events or incidents.
Restrained emotionality. Emotionality is a mandatory requirement for public speaking, an absolutely necessary element of it. Listeners should feel that you are speaking emotionally, excitedly, that you yourself are not indifferent to what you are saying. The performance should under no circumstances be monotonous. However, emotionality should be restrained.
Brevity. Short speeches are viewed by most audiences as smarter, more correct, and containing true information. Brevity is especially valued by Russian audiences, as reflected in the famous expression: Brief and clear.
Dialogue. The speech should be like a dialogue with the audience. The speaker does not have to talk himself all the time; he must ask the audience questions, listen to its answers, and react to its behavior. Any speech should have the features of a conversation. Questions may be rhetorical, but they can increase the effectiveness of oral presentation, especially short dialogues with the audience during the speech itself.
Colloquialism. The style of presentation should be predominantly conversational, the presentation should be in the nature of a casual conversation. This is what conversational style is all about.
Establishing and maintaining contact with the audience. Establishing contact with the audience means: looking at the audience during a speech, monitoring its reaction, making changes to your speech depending on the reaction, demonstrating affability, friendliness, willingness to answer questions, and conducting a dialogue with the audience. The audience must be divided into sectors and looked at each sector in turn.
Clarity of the main idea. The main idea should be conveyed in words, preferably at least two or three times during the speech. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the audience loves conclusions and expects them from the speaker in a formulated form.
A decisive end. Like the beginning, the end of the speech should be short, clear, understandable, and thought out in advance. It, like the initial phrase, must be rehearsed in order to be pronounced without hesitation, clearly and understandably. The final phrase should be delivered emotionally, somewhat slowly and meaningfully, so that the audience understands it well and at the same time understands that this is the end of your speech.
Of course, public speaking varies significantly in topic, genre, and depends on who you are speaking to, but it is possible to identify some of the most general requirements for public speaking that must be observed regardless of genre, topic, and audience (although, of course, some what adjustments will still have to be made). The general requirements for public speaking reflect the experience of effective speaking, as well as the expectations of the audience and their wishes for the speaker.
The main requirements for public speaking are the following.
1. Clarity of the main idea, accessibility of presentation.
Paul Soper expressed the following thought: “It’s unclear
usually not the topic, but the presentation.” In most cases this turns out to be the case. In order for the main idea to be understandable, it is necessary, firstly, to have it, that is, you must firmly know what you want to say; secondly, it is necessary to make every effort (using special techniques; which will be discussed below) to make this idea accessible to listeners. As a result of the speech, the audience should be able to respond and formulate in words: what did he, the speaker, want to say?
2. A decisive beginning and a decisive end.
Both the beginning and the end should be short, clear, understandable and well thought out.
3. Brevity.
It is extremely important to comply with the allotted regulations, meet the allotted time and even save it a little. A speaker who finishes 1-2 minutes before the announced time always increases his rating with the audience. Short speeches are viewed by most audiences as smarter, more correct, and containing true information.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt gave his son good advice on this topic. Explaining to him how to speak publicly, F. Roosevelt gave him three pieces of advice: “Be sincere, be brief, sit down.”
4. Conversation.
The speech should look like a frank conversation with the audience, it should be in the nature of a conversation. Paul Soper wrote: “Public speech should have the qualities of a good interview, with some adjustments in voice, manner and topic to suit the situation of the speech” (p. 31). The same idea was expressed by D. Carnegie: “A good speech is, first of all, a conversational tone and spontaneity, somewhat accentuated. Speak at a charitable trust meeting as if you were speaking to John Henry Smith. After all, the members of the fund are nothing more than the sum of the John Henry Smiths.” The colloquial nature of an oratory significantly increases confidence in the speaker, and therefore in the content of his speech.
5. Restrained emotionality.
Emotionality is a mandatory requirement for public speaking, an absolutely necessary element of it. However, emotionality should be restrained, not
must go beyond the limits, and within which it remains pleasant for listeners and has a positive impact on the perception of information. One cannot but agree with P. Soper, who wrote that the listener experiences a feeling of awkwardness at the sight of the emotional revelry of the speaker. Let us remember the famous: “Alexander the Great, of course, is a great man, but why break chairs?” In this regard, it is preferable to turn to facts that cause emotions rather than to the emotions themselves.
6. Expressed need to convey ideas to people.
You not only need to have, What say, but also have a need for it express and communicate about this to others. Listeners should see that all this is being said specifically for them, that they are the ones who are important to the speaker, and the speaker wants them to know what he is telling them. This quality of public speaking can be called “the speaker’s appeal to the audience” - without such appeal, the speech is perceived and assimilated immeasurably worse. Sincerity, the need to speak to a given audience should be visible and felt throughout the entire speech.
7. Establishing contact with the audience.
It goes without saying that this requirement is one of the most important. What does it mean to “make contact”? E. A. Yunina, G. M. Sagach believe that the speaker’s contact with the audience involves: 1) adjusting the speech as it progresses, 2) managing the audience’s behavior, 3) managing one’s own behavior (p. 109). Contact with the audience can be established immediately, but its establishment may require some time and special efforts and techniques. Let us only note that if the speaker complies with the previous six requirements for public speaking, then contact with the audience is usually established.
The next aspect of speech culture is the fulfillment of certain requirements for the language of public speaking, for the speech of the speaker.
What qualities should this speech have?
To answer this question, one should imagine a system of relationships between:
Speech and language
Speech and reality
Speech and the consciousness of the listener
Speech and terms of communication
Consideration of these relationships helps us to isolate and comprehend such basic communicative qualities of speech as correctness, brevity, precision, logic, richness, emotionality (expressiveness) of speech(see diagram 8).
This list can be continued and specified, but basically it is the mentioned qualities that ensure the intelligibility and effectiveness of public speaking.
Correct speech– the first and indispensable requirement. Although the norms of oral speech are not as strict as the requirements for a literary work, the speaker must strive for impeccable correctness of the language of his speech, and for this he must constantly work on himself and improve his speech. N.M. Karamzin wrote: “At six years old you can learn all the main languages, but all your life you need to learn your natural language. We Russians have even more work than others.”
Correct speech presupposes compliance with language norms in grammar, word usage and pronunciation(Scheme 9).
The unity of speech and its mutual intelligibility are ensured precisely by the correctness of speech; without it, other communicative qualities (accuracy, expressiveness, etc.) do not “work.”
The importance of grammatical correctness of speech was emphasized by M.V. Lomonosov: “Oratorio is stupid, poetry is tongue-tied, philosophy is unfounded, history is unpleasant, jurisprudence without grammar is dubious.”
Deviation from the norms of the language not only makes it difficult to understand speech, it undermines confidence in the speaker, distracts listeners from the content of the speech, and negatively affects the effectiveness of the speech.
Disregard for the laws of grammar– leads to sloppiness of speech, disruption of logical connection and consistency of thought (“Our work will strive to minimize shortcomings”).
Violation of lexical norms(errors in word usage, unjustified use of dialect and slang words, destruction of stable phrases etc.), prevents the speaker from achieving the goal of the speech, and sometimes simply creates a comic effect not intended by the content of the speech (“History rests on our shoulders, we must pass it on to subsequent generations who will be taller and more powerful than us”); (“Under difficult conditions they had to restore the devastation”).
Gross errors in pronunciation(“future”, “laboratory”, “theirs”, “more beautiful”, “alphabet”, “cake”, “leisure”) also distract the audience from the essence of the speech and create a negative psychological background.
To avoid these and other mistakes, the speaker must improve his speech and consult grammar reference books and dictionaries more often.
Brevity of speech An important quality of a good performance is its brevity . It assumes that the speaker not only does not abuse the time and patience of the audience, but also knows how to avoid unnecessary repetitions, excessive detail, and verbal garbage. Famous ancient Greek writer and scientist Plutarch believed that “the power of speech lies in the ability to express a lot in a few words.”
To avoid verbosity, it is necessary, first of all, to combat pleonasms(speech redundancy) - when words are interspersed into speech that are unnecessary, superfluous in meaning: “crowd of people” “reconsider”, “mighty hero”, “much has been done in terms of food supply”
Another type of verbosity is tautology, i.e. repetition of the same thing in other words, often with the same root “equal rights”, “I will actually say my personal opinion”, “this is where staff turnover comes from.” A very common mistake is tautological combinations of Russian and foreign words with the same meaning: “prospect for the future”, “traditional canons”, “memorable souvenir”, “vacancy”.
An unjustified abundance of introductory sentences and phrases is a type of verbosity.
Here is one example: “I look at the Question this way: the costs will be great. And if we look deeper into the issue - and you agree that we will do all this, which I have no doubt about - then we will find that the necessary funds do not exist. Moreover, even if the funds were available, which cannot be counted on, as I have already said, it is highly doubtful that the project is worth such expenses.”
In this phrase, filler words make up three-quarters of what is said. It would be much more effective to start with the words “I am convinced” and then simply combine all the underlined words into a short sentence.
Errors are also abuse of definitions(“our sacred and highest duty”), exaggerations (“Absolute and indisputable truth”), divisions (“men, women, children of every city” - instead of “all inhabitants”).
The main reasons for verbosity: clarity of thought, poor preparation, the speaker’s tendency to narcissism and pompous style.
Speech accuracy. The requirement of accuracy and clarity was imposed on public speech already in ancient manuals on rhetoric:
“The virtue of style is clarity; the proof of this is that, since speech is not clear, it does not achieve its goal.”
Precision, speech has always been associated:
· with the ability to think clearly
· knowledge of the subject of the speech
· knowledge of the meanings of words.
If the first two elements are taken for granted, then the third requires some explanation.
To ensure speech accuracy:
The speaker must correctly select a word from a synonymous series in accordance with the style of the statement (“ask” - neutral, “beg” - ironic, “intercede” - official, “beg” - sublime, “beg” - colloquial; “sleep” - neutral, “to rest” is solemn, “to sleep” is colloquial).
He will also have to clearly distinguish between paronyms (“graduate” and “diplomat”, “spectacular” and “effective”, “pride” and “arrogance”, “intolerant” and “intolerable”).
In addition, for a novice speaker, the exact use of foreign, archaic words and terms is of great difficulty.
Speech congestion terminology makes it inaccessible to understanding.
Overuse of archaisms can also significantly complicate perception.
And the soulless, stylistically unjustified use borrowing n turns the language of public speaking into an obscure jargon, where, in the apt expression of linguist P. Filin, the departed “French-Nizhny Novgorod” was replaced by the “American-Rostov slang”, which belittled national dignity.
Very often, the abuse of foreign words is accompanied by elementary ignorance of the meaning of the word, and then phrases like: “The thesis with which the speaker constantly motivated...” are born. “I hypothetically came up with such a plan.” “This is not within my area of expertise...”
Often, native Russian words are used inaccurately, contrary to their meaning: “Most of the speech was devoted to criticism,” “You should be careful during the descent.” “The excavator is armed with a bucket”, “We need supporting literature on this topic”, “He has been working here for a number of years.”
Logic of speech. The logic of speech has a lot in common with accuracy - compliance of the compatibility of parts of a statement with the laws of logic.
· It means that the combination of one word with another must be consistent(a typical mistake is “going deeper”);
· in addition, the condition of logic is correct word order(“I remind parents that children without vouchers are not accepted to all recreation centers”).
· The logicalness of speech also depends on how correctly the connection between individual statements in the text is expressed (“Every person in life has moments that he remembers forever; among them, I remember two days” ) .
Richness of speech. One of the central qualities of speech is its richness, or variety of lexical, phraseological, intonation means of the language. It is directly related to the level of the speaker’s general culture, his erudition, erudition, and experience in public speaking.
Distinguish active and passive vocabulary and phraseological stock of the speaker (active– those words and phraseological units with which we express our own thoughts; passive- all the words that are familiar and understandable to us, which we, however, do not use in our speech).
It is believed that the active stock of a modern cultured person ranges from 4-5 thousand words and phraseological units, the passive one includes about 15 thousand more linguistic units.
What is the richness of speech?
· First of all, in variety synonyms, helping to avoid monotony and give speech a bright emotional coloring.
· Then – in use phraseological units, not only diversifying speech, but also giving it special expressiveness, accuracy, imagery (compare how much more expressive “doted on” than “love”; “headlong” than “quickly”; “from hand to hand”, than "directly"). Phraseologisms also include proverbs, sayings, catchphrases, aphorisms.
Finally, the richness of speech is variety of intonations, which is the most important characteristic of the spoken word and contributes so much to its popularity.
Rich, varied, original speech is opposed to verbal stamp – mechanical repetition of erased, template phrases or entire statements, depriving speech of individuality and expressiveness. They are known to everyone, everyone has heard them many times, and therefore they do not bring new information to the listener, much less hurt his feelings. Behind speech cliches there is, as a rule, lack of thought and feeling of the speaker. Who might be excited, for example, by such stereotypical expressions: “show constant concern”, “take decisive action”, “in the light of today's requirements”, “we need to decide on this issue”, “implement it”?
Even more dangerous type of stamp- these were once original, but now they are completely worn out figurative expressions: “white gold” (black, blue, soft, etc.), “ships of the fields”, “floors of new buildings”, “sea workers”, “keep your finger on the pulse of time”, “clockwork order”, etc.
Type of stamp, increasingly penetrating into live conversational speech - the so-called "clerk"(according to the apt definition of K.I. Chukovsky), the improper use of stencil expressions from business papers.
Signs of clerical disease:
Replacement of a living verb with verbal nouns
Clustering of nouns in the genitive case
Abuse of foreign words.
Depriving oratorical speech of its natural liveliness and expressiveness, depersonalizing it, clerks t at the same time prevents listeners from thinking and understanding what is said. Moreover, cliches of this kind help to give “solidity” to empty, meaningless speeches, creating the appearance of thought and action where there are none. Compare a few phrases:
1. Personnel training will be
be of particular importance Personnel training is very important today.
in light of today's decisions.
2. A team of volunteers did
certain work to provide A detachment of volunteers helped flood victims
floods.
3. I'm not up to date on this. I don't know.
question.
4. There is a complete lack of labor discipline - very weak (low).
exact labor situation
discipline.
Emotionality of speech ( expressiveness). As noted above, oratory combines an impact on both the minds of listeners and their feelings. Emotionality is completely natural and at the same time necessary. the quality of public speech, helping to perceive and assimilate its rational content.
Scientists have found that the emotionality of speech has a positive effect on the mechanisms of thinking, memory, and attention. Sometimes this communicative quality is also called “expressiveness” or “imagery of speech.”
A speech can be emotional and expressive only when the speaker experiences the same feelings that he strives to convey to the audience.
This pattern was formulated MM. Speransky in“Rules of Higher Eloquence”: “The basis of eloquence... is the essence of passion. Strong feeling and vivid imagination are absolutely necessary for the speaker.... The speaker must himself be pierced by passion when he wants to give birth to it in the listener.”
There are special language means, with the help of which the speaker achieves an emotional and figurative impact on listeners: lexical (tropes) and syntactic (figures of speech).
Their classification, application, specific functions are well and thoroughly covered in the literature; Therefore, we will limit ourselves to only a brief listing of them.
The most important lexical means of expressiveness, or trails,) This:
1. EPITHET – figurative definition (“blind love”, “dense ignorance”, “fierce death”, “chilling politeness.”)
2. COMPARISON – comparison of two objects or phenomena with
with the aim of more clearly characterizing one of them through
properties of another (“evil tongues are worse than a pistol”, “red like a cancer”).
3.METAPHOR - transferring the properties of another to one object
an object, the rapprochement of two phenomena by similarity or contrast (“spark of talent”, “golden hands”, “the silence is cut by the hoarse roar of a beep”)
4.METONYMY - replacing one word with another based on the similarity of the concepts they express ("to love Pushkin" i.e. to love Pushkin's poems).
5. SYNECDOCHE (a type of metonymy) - the use of the name of a greater in the meaning of a smaller, a whole in the meaning of a part and vice versa (“all the flags will visit us”, “there is a squirrel in our forests”).
About oratory, -S. 81.85.
2) A dictionary of eloquence terms compiled by A.E. was used.
Mikhnevich (“Oratory art of the lecturer.” - M., 1986,
6. HYPERBOLE – figurative exaggeration (“the wine flowed like a river”, “wait for an eternity”).
7. PERSONIFICATION – animating the inanimate (“the wind is knocking on the window”, “old age is at the threshold”).
Lexical means of expressiveness include
PHRASEOLOGISTS - stable combinations of words with a completely or partially rethought meaning, proverbs, sayings. They help to achieve both emotionality and conciseness of speech in conveying complex ideas, images, and concepts. Winged words and aphorisms are also close to them.
Another group of means pursuing the same goals.- Figures of speech or devices of stylistic syntax.
1. REPEAT – repeated repetition of the same word or phrase in order to highlight and emphasize the essential in speech. Varieties of repetition are anaphora (repetition of the initial words) and epiphora (repetition of the final words).
2. ANTITHESIS - a turn in which, to enhance the expressiveness of speech, opposing concepts are sharply opposed.
3.INVERSION - deliberate violation of the usual word order in
proposal.
4. GRADATION - such an arrangement of words in which each
the subsequent one exceeds the previous one in intensity.
5. RHETORICAL QUESTION - a statement or denial, clothed in the form of a question: it contains the answer in itself and has the goal of activating the attention and interest of listeners.
6. RHETORICAL EXCLAMATION - a particularly emotional statement or denial in order to attract the attention of the audience, to encourage it to share the speaker’s opinion.
Appropriateness of speech. An experienced speaker with a high speech culture makes extensive use of all expressive means of language, but at the same time he observes moderation, since the abuse of tropes and figures of speech makes the speech drawn out, artificial and pompous. Strict subordination of expressive means to the purposes of speech and the communication situation, i.e. the appropriateness of speech is one of the main rules of rhetoric.
To conclude this section, we can formulate some practical tips for those who want to become a good speaker:
To raise the level of speech culture, it is necessary:
Expand your reading range while analyzing styles
literary language;
Listen carefully and often to good speakers and outstanding actors;
Constantly control yourself, fight against errors
language and style in everyday speech;
Practice public speaking more often before
having previously written and carefully edited the text of the speech;
QUESTIONS AND TASKS
1.What are the components of speech culture?
2. What are the differences and advantages of oral speech over written speech?
3. What basic requirements must a public speech meet?
from the point of view of linguistic culture?
4. What is the danger of speech cliches?
5. What should a speaker do to make his speech expressive and intelligible?
6. Do I need to write the text of my speech?
7. Analyze the language of television and radio programs (information
messages) within one to two days. What errors did you notice? Give 1-2 examples of inaccurate word usage, violation of stress norms, and hackneyed expressions.
8. Using the anthology “The Oratory Art of a Lecturer,” find one example for each of the techniques of speech expressiveness.
9. Make a two-minute speech about the need to fight for purity and culture of speech.
10. Do you agree with the statement of K.G. Paustovsky: “Based on the attitude of each person to his language, one can accurately judge not only his cultural level, but also his civic value. True love for one’s country is unthinkable without love for one’s language. A person indifferent to his language is a savage. He harmful in its very essence because his indifference to language is explained by complete indifference to the past, present and future of his people"?
Test questions and assignments
1. Expand the content of the concept of “oratory”. Name the main features of oratory as a social phenomenon.
2. Tell us about the main factors influencing the establishment of contact between the speaker and the audience.
3. Describe the stages of preparing a public speaking speech.
4. What is “speech composition”? Describe the main elements.
5. What methods of presenting material and techniques for attracting attention did you learn about in this chapter?
Different genres, as well as different forms of public speaking (lecture, report, speech, etc.) require different preparation techniques. But in rhetoric there are general rules for preparing a public speech - rules that can and should be applied when preparing almost any speech, in any genre. These rules are called general public speaking requirements. Let's name the main ones: 1. A decisive start to the performance.
2. Drama.
3. Restrained emotionality.
4. Brevity.
5. Dialogue.
6. Conversation.
7. Establishing and maintaining contact with the audience
8. Clarity of the main idea.
9. A decisive end.
1. Decisive start to the speech The first phrase of the speech should be thought out, prepared in advance and well learned. You should not stumble in the very first phrase of your speech or think about where you will start - the audience will immediately consider such a speaker to be insecure and incompetent. The first phrase should be clear and understandable to the listeners. It must be prepared in advance and well rehearsed, pronounced confidently and expressively.
2. Drama is tension in the text. Drama is created in a speech when there is a deliberate collision of different points of view, by the speaker entering into an argument with any opinion, authority or point of view, when talking about any unusual or tragic events or incidents. As Dale Carnegie said, “The world loves to hear about struggle.” Drama must be created in the text at the stage of its preparation.
3. Restrained emotionality Emotionality is a mandatory requirement for public speaking, an absolutely necessary element of it. Listeners should feel that you are speaking emotionally, excitedly, that you yourself are not indifferent to what you are saying. The performance should under no circumstances be monotonous. However, emotionality should be restrained. In this regard, it is preferable to present facts that evoke emotions in listeners rather than speak too emotionally.
4. Brevity Short speeches are viewed by most audiences as smarter, more correct, and containing true information. It is extremely necessary to comply with the allotted regulations, to meet the time allotted to you, this increases the audience’s trust in you.
5. Dialogue The performance should be like a dialogue with the audience. The speaker should not talk himself all the time, he should ask questions of the audience, listen to its answers, and react to the behavior of the audience. Any speech should have the features of a conversation.
6. Conversation The style of speech should be predominantly conversational, the speech should be in the nature of a casual conversation. This is the conversational style of speaking. The colloquial nature of an oratorical performance significantly increases confidence in the speaker, and therefore in the content of his speech. There is no need to use a lot of special, bookish, foreign words, you need to speak more simply - this is also a manifestation of the requirement to be colloquial. You can use (moderately!) reduced words, humor, and jokes.
7. Establishing and maintaining contact with the audience It goes without saying that this requirement is one of the most important. What does it mean to “establish contact with the audience”? This means looking at the audience during a speech, monitoring its reaction, making changes to your speech depending on the audience’s reaction, demonstrating affability, friendliness, willingness to answer questions, and conducting a dialogue with the audience. The audience must be divided into sectors and looked at each sector in turn.
8. Clarity of the main idea The main idea should be formulated in words, preferably at least two or three times during the speech. In the vast majority of cases, the audience loves conclusions and expects conclusions from the speaker in a formulated form.
9. A decisive end Like the beginning, the end of the speech should be short, clear, understandable, and thought out in advance. The final phrase must be thought out in advance and formulated in words. It, like the initial phrase, must be rehearsed in order to be pronounced without hesitation, clearly and understandably. The final phrase should be delivered emotionally, somewhat slowly and meaningfully, so that the audience understands it well and at the same time understands that this is the end of your speech. In public speeches of different genres, some of the above general requirements may manifest themselves to varying degrees: for example, clarity of the main idea is more important in persuasive speeches than in entertaining ones, brevity is more important in informational than in some types of protocol and etiquette speeches, emotionality in protocol and etiquette speeches speeches may be higher than in informational, etc.
42Functions of the ending of a public speech, ending options
The conclusion has two main functions - to recall the main idea and explain what “needs to be done” with it.
The speaker needs to remember both functions of the conclusion.
Ending options
It’s better not to say: “Now I’ll conclude” or “Now I’m moving on to the final part of my lecture”; the ending should be obvious to the listener, without special introductory words. The following ending options can be suggested.
Quote, popular saying, proverb, folk wisdom
This ending is especially well remembered by audiences of average and below average levels of preparedness. For example: “The popular wisdom says correctly - if you endure it, you will fall in love”; “The Russian proverb says it right - patience and work will grind everything down. So everything depends on us."
General conclusion.
The outcome of the speech must be verbally formulated as a conclusion so that it is perceived by the audience precisely as a conclusion, as main thought of the speech: “So,...”. The main conclusion is formulated in full verbal form. At the same time, it should be brief and expressed in simple words; After the output there is no need to add anything or comment anything.
Address to listeners.
You can end your speech by wishing the listeners to have a good weekend or summer vacation, have a good time tonight, etc., congratulate them on the upcoming holidays, etc. In this case, the listeners remember the speaker to a greater extent than the ideas he expresses.
Summative repetition.
The main idea is repeated in expanded verbal form in the form of a thesis or enumeration: firstly, secondly, and thirdly. As listeners, we are mostly lazy, have short memories and are always grateful for a short repetition given in any form.
Illustration.
The main idea is illustrated by an example, analogy, parable, allegory. It must be borne in mind that there is no need to add anything after it, the speech should end there.
Climax
The main idea is expressed at the end of the speech on a high emotional note, for example: “And history will write in bright letters the name of this man above the names of all those who tried to stop him!” Experts note that the climax as an effective ending is not suitable for all types of public speaking, but it usually makes a strong impression on listeners.
Audience Compliment
D. Carnegie gives this example of such an ending: “The great state of Pennsylvania must lead the movement to hasten the advent of a new time!”
Humorous ending.
It could be a joke, an anecdote, a funny story. “If you can, leave the audience laughing,” advised D. Carnegie.
Thanks for your attention
This is the traditional ending. A slight expansion can make it somewhat less traditional - if the speaker not only utters the routine phrase “Thank you for your attention,” but also says a few words that positively characterize today’s audience, its level, interesting questions that were asked, etc., that is, he will say
Compliment from the audience.
For example: “In conclusion, I would like to thank you for your attention, for listening to me so carefully and asking interesting questions. It was a pleasure for me to speak in your audience.” Or: “Thank you for your attention. It was a great pleasure for me to perform in your attentive and friendly audience.” Or: “Thank you for your attention. And I want to thank you separately for the very interesting questions you asked me.”
How not to end a speech
It is not recommended to end with a joke that is not relevant to the point - this causes bewilderment in the audience, and if the audience remains in bewilderment after the speaker leaves, the entire effect of the speech disappears. You should not apologize: “I understand, I didn’t manage to cover everything,” “I see, I tired you a little...”, etc. There is no need to remember anything additional after you have formulated a conclusion - the entire impression of it will be blurred. You cannot cut off your speech without a conclusion and walk away. Under no circumstances should you leave the audience in a mood of hopelessness and hopelessness in connection with the gloomy pictures you have drawn - you must give the listeners some perspective, outline a way out of the situation and express confidence that the worst will not happen. It is necessary to end the speech only on an optimistic note. It is not recommended to end the speech with a phrase like “That’s all I wanted to say” - it is better to end with a phrase related to the content of the speech or gratitude for your attention.
46 The concept of effective communication.
Effective communication be built on: respect for the interlocutor, and on the ability to listen to him, and hear and understand his words. On the ability to sense the psychological mood of the interlocutor. On the ability to correctly identify his needs, aspirations and emotions. The ability to sympathize and express sympathy and support to the interlocutor. Ability to sincerely express feelings. In short, showing sensitivity to your interlocutor. Using affective listening techniques. Ability to apply verbal and non-verbal methods (channels) of influence in practice. Words, or rather the meaning of words and sentences, are transmitted using the verbal channel of communication, and intonation, tone, volume and timbre of the voice, appearance, gestures, facial expressions - using non-verbal, etc. Using these communication channels, the sender sends a message to the recipient.