Every teacher strives to teach the lesson as best and more effectively as possible. To do this, he needs to identify reserves for improving professional knowledge and skills to implement current pedagogical tasks. Among these reserves may be the introduction of new techniques and teaching methods, reliance on collaborative pedagogy.

Today widespread received three learning technologies: modeling or gaming activities,

• communicative dialogue or discussion activity,
• study of sources or research activities.

History lesson in 10th grade

Goals:

1. Summarize students’ knowledge about the Peter the Great era, show the significance of the reforms of Peter I for the development of the Russian state.

2. To develop students’ skills in conducting a discussion, analyzing and drawing general conclusions, and practicing the technology of the CSR method.

3. To arouse students’ interest in national history and historical figures, using their examples to cultivate the best qualities of a citizen of their country, to form an active civic position.

Equipment: Historical map “Russia in the 18th century. European part”, historical literature devoted to the activities of Peter I, handouts, sheets of Whatman paper, markers.

Method: research, discussion with elements of the CSR method (static pairs, dynamic pairs), creative workshop of students.

During the classes

Updating known knowledge(conducted in the form of a discussion using the CSR method).

Motivational lesson intro:

Great Peter was the first Bolshevik
Who planned to rebuild Russia,
Contrary to inclinations and morals,
For hundreds of years to its future distances.
M. Voloshin “Russia”

I. Independent work.

At the beginning of the lesson, the CSR method (static pairs, dynamic pairs) is used to consolidate the studied material. Students are offered 4 cards:

1 card. Which areas of public life at the beginning of the 18th century were least affected by the modernization process? Explain the reasons for this phenomenon.

2 card. What type of personality is formed in the era of Peter I?

3 card. The main reforms of Peter I.

4. Karamzin wrote that Peter I humanized the Russian character, made it universal, but called him “an imitator,” “a monkey and a parrot at the same time.” What did Karamzin mean?

The following routes are discussed:

Each question is given 2 minutes; on command, students exchange questions and answers.

II. Updating students' knowledge.

The beginning of the discussion of the activities of Peter I is carried out using the scheme of absolutism (an interactive whiteboard is used).

III . Discussion.

What significant events occurred in 1721?

Answers:

a) the end of the Northern War;

b) conclusion of the Nystad peace;

c) proclamation empires in Russia.

What is an empire? What form of government existed during this historical period of time?

Answer: An empire is a strong, large state; form of government – ​​absolutism.

Work with the scheme “Absolutism and its features”, each point is analyzed, assessments are given to the reforms of Peter the Great, and at the same time a discussion is held, because Each reform of Peter I is contradictory, has both positive and negative aspects.

The final conclusion is made in the form of a “poster defense.”

Students are divided into 3 groups and are asked to draw and then defend their poster using experiential and illustrative methods.

Tasks.

1. Present the era of Peter I in a certain color scheme.

2. Draw a tree and a flower, which, according to students, are symbols of Peter the Great’s era.

3. Title the poster with a formula (formulas are suggested by the teacher or the students themselves)

List of formulas:

• “Reformer” (N.M. Karamzin)
• “Revolutionary on the Throne” (N.M. Karamzin)
• "Man Among the Barbarians"
• “Superbeast” among “beasts”
• “An extraordinary personality”
• "Destroyer"
• “Creator”
• “Moscow Dragon” (A. Bushkov), etc.

(10-15 minutes are given for the creative workshop, 3 minutes for the defense)

Students come to the following conclusions:

The reforms of Peter I affected almost all spheres of the country’s public life (listed with “-” or “+” signs)

The reforms of Peter I formed a complex personality type:

a) beneficial to the Fatherland

b) receiving a reward for his service

c) feeling like a person with ambition.

The selected formulas of the poster are commented on, and here the teacher draws the students’ attention:

To the epigraph of the lesson. It turns out what Voloshin meant when he called Peter I “the first Bolshevik”;

“For hundreds of years to its future distances” (it was Peter’s reforms that laid the model of Russian society with all its contradictions);

It turns out what Karamzin meant when he wrote that Peter I is “an imitator, a monkey and a parrot at the same time,” “We have become citizens of the world, but have ceased, in some cases, to be citizens of Russia. Peter is to blame” (Peter connected the Russians to world civilization, but imitation of the West led them to apeism, and this, in turn, to savagery).

CONCLUSION.

So, who is Peter I - “Reformer” or “Revolutionary on the Throne”?

Students come to the conclusion that he is a “Reformer” because he understood the need to modernize society and carried it out.

However, he is also a “Revolutionary” because he accelerated the modernization process. At the same time, the modernization methods he used were contradictory, cruel, and in some cases even destructive.

It is imperative to draw students' attention to relevance topic under discussion, because In history lessons we form the personality type of the citizen of today.

16. Reforms of Peter I - a revolution “from above” in Russia.

Reform of public administration of Peter I

Instead of the Boyar Duma, in 1700 the Council of Ministers was created, which met in the Near Chancellery, and in 1711 - the Senate, which by 1719 had become the highest state body. With the creation of provinces, numerous Orders ceased to operate and were replaced by Collegiums, which were subordinate to the Senate. The secret police also operated in the management system - the Preobrazhensky order (in charge of cases of state crimes) and Secret Chancery. Both institutions were administered by the emperor himself.

Administrative reforms of Peter I

Regional (provincial) reform of Peter I

The largest administrative reform of local government was the creation in 1708 of 8 provinces headed by governors, in 1719 their number increased to 11. The second administrative reform divided the provinces into provinces headed by governors, and the provinces into districts (counties) headed with zemstvo commissars.

Urban reform (1699-1720)

To govern the city, the Burmister Chamber was created in Moscow, renamed the Town Hall in November 1699, and magistrates subordinate to the Chief Magistrate in St. Petersburg (1720). Members of the Town Hall and magistrates were elected by election.

Estate reforms

The main goal of the class reform of Peter I was to formalize the rights and responsibilities of each class - the nobility, peasantry and urban population.

Nobility.

Decree on estates (1704), according to which both boyars and nobles received estates and estates.

Decree on Education (1706) - all boyar children are required to receive primary education.

Decree on single inheritance (1714), according to which a nobleman could leave an inheritance to only one of his sons.

Table of Ranks (1722): service to the sovereign was divided into three departments - army, state and court - each of which was divided into 14 ranks. This document allowed a lower-class person to earn his way into the nobility.

Peasantry

Most of the peasants were serfs. Serfs could enroll as soldiers, which freed them from serfdom.

Among the free peasants were:

state-owned, with personal freedom, but limited in the right of movement (i.e., by the will of the monarch, they could be transferred to serfs);

palace ones that belonged personally to the king;

possessional, assigned to manufactories. The owner had no right to sell them.

Urban class

Urban people were divided into “regular” and “irregular”. The regulars were divided into guilds: 1st guild - the richest, 2nd guild - small traders and wealthy artisans. Irregulars, or “mean people,” made up the majority of the urban population.

In 1722, workshops appeared that united masters of the same craft.

Judicial reform of Peter I

The functions of the Supreme Court were carried out by the Senate and the College of Justice. In the provinces there were court appellate courts and provincial courts headed by voivodes. Provincial courts dealt with the cases of peasants (except for monasteries) and townspeople not included in the settlement. Since 1721, court cases of townspeople included in the settlement were conducted by the magistrate. In other cases, cases were decided by the zemstvo or city judge alone.

Church reform of Peter I

Peter I abolished the patriarchate, deprived the church of power, and transferred its funds to the state treasury. Instead of the position of patriarch, the tsar introduced a collegial highest administrative church body - the Holy Synod.

Financial reforms of Peter I

The first stage of Peter I's financial reform boiled down to collecting money for maintaining the army and waging wars. Benefits from the monopoly sale of certain types of goods (vodka, salt, etc.) were added, and indirect taxes were introduced (bath taxes, horse taxes, beard taxes, etc.).

In 1704 it was held currency reform, according to which the kopeck became the main monetary unit. The fiat ruble was abolished.

Tax reform of Peter I consisted of a transition from household taxation to per capita taxation. In this regard, the government included in the tax all categories of the peasant and townspeople, who had previously been exempt from tax.

Thus, during tax reform of Peter I a single cash tax (poll tax) was introduced and the number of taxpayers was increased.

Social reforms of Peter I

Education reform of Peter I

In the period from 1700 to 1721. Many civilian and military schools were opened in Russia. These include the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences; artillery, engineering, medical, mining, garrison, theological schools; digital schools free training children of all ranks; Maritime Academy in St. Petersburg.

Peter I created the Academy of Sciences, under which the first Russian university was established, and with it the first gymnasium. But this system began to operate after the death of Peter.

Reforms of Peter I in culture

Peter I introduced a new alphabet, which facilitated learning to read and write and promoted book printing. The first Russian newspaper Vedomosti began to be published, and in 1703 the first book in Russian with Arabic numerals appeared.

The Tsar developed a plan for the stone construction of St. Petersburg, paying special attention to the beauty of architecture. He invited foreign artists, and also sent talented young people abroad to study “arts”. Peter I laid the foundation for the Hermitage.

Medical reforms of Peter I

The main transformations were the opening of hospitals (1707 - the first Moscow military hospital) and schools attached to them, in which doctors and pharmacists were trained.

In 1700, pharmacies were established at all military hospitals. In 1701, Peter I issued a decree on the opening of eight private pharmacies in Moscow. Since 1704, state-owned pharmacies began to open in many cities of Russia.

To grow, study, and create collections of medicinal plants, apothecary gardens were created, where seeds of foreign flora were imported.

Socio-economic reforms of Peter I

For lifting industrial production and the development of trade relations with foreign countries, Peter I invited foreign specialists, but at the same time encouraged domestic industrialists and traders. Peter I sought to ensure that more goods were exported from Russia than were imported. During his reign, 200 plants and factories operated in Russia.

Reforms of Peter I in the army

Peter I introduced annual recruitment of young Russians (from 15 to 20 years old) and ordered the training of soldiers to begin. In 1716, the Military Regulations were published, outlining the service, rights and responsibilities of the military.

As a result military reform of Peter I a powerful regular army and navy were created.

Peter's reform activities had the support of a wide circle of the nobility, but caused discontent and resistance among the boyars, archers and clergy, because the transformations entailed the loss of their leadership role in public administration. Among the opponents of Peter I's reforms was his son Alexei.

Results of the reforms of Peter I

A regime of absolutism has been established in Russia. During the years of his reign, Peter created a state with more perfect system management, a strong army and navy, a stable economy. There was a centralization of power.

Rapid development of foreign and domestic trade.

The abolition of the patriarchate, the church lost its independence and authority in society.

Tremendous progress has been made in the fields of science and culture. A task of national importance was set - the creation of Russian medical education, and the beginning of Russian surgery was laid.

Features of the reforms of Peter I

The reforms were carried out according to the European model and covered all spheres of activity and life of society.

Lack of reform system.

Reforms were carried out mainly through harsh exploitation and coercion.

Peter, impatient by nature, innovated at a rapid pace.