Warm plaster. Theory and practice of application. Warm plaster: material characteristics Thermal insulating plaster based on gypsum

When putting on a fur coat in winter, we don’t forget about a sweater or vest. Something similar happens to our houses when, instead of the usual finishing, thermal insulating plaster is used, which makes the house cooler in hot weather and warmer in cold weather.

What is thermal insulation plaster

New building materials that perform a specific task are also being developed in the field of building decoration. The main purpose of using heat-insulating plaster is to ensure thermal conductivity of no more than 0.175 W/m-K with a bulk density of up to 500 kg/m³. If this condition is not met, the material does not insulate heat sufficiently. Ideally, a plaster coating that retains heat should be an analogue of classic facade insulation, that is, it should be sufficiently strong, durable, and fireproof. The developers were able to solve the problem by replacing fillers that conduct heat well with components that have low thermal conductivity. That is, sand and stone chips in gypsum or cement compositions were replaced:

• expanded vermiculite;
• foam glass;
• sawdust;
• straw cutting;
• perlite, etc.

The result was different kinds warm plasters that meet the specified requirements, which differ according to the area of ​​use:

• warm plaster for interior work;
• heat-insulating facade (for external use).

In addition, the compositions were modified, giving additional properties, as a result, heat and sound insulating plaster appeared. This type of finish serves as both an acoustic and thermal barrier.

Thermal insulating compounds are used both for rough work (leveling) and for finishing.

Another class of components are modifiers. They are added to increase the lifespan, increase the elasticity of the solution, and prevent drying cracks. Manufacturers use proprietary plasticizers when creating mixtures. When making the composition with your own hands, detergents or PVA glue, ready-made modifiers available in construction stores, microfiber.

Advantages and disadvantages of warm plasters

In order to reduce heat loss, various materials are used in construction: mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, etc. They are laid on the walls outside.

Compared with such home protection, warm compounds have the following advantages:

• simple application that a beginner can handle;
• the material is highly plastic, it can be sealed hard to reach places structures;
• no surface leveling required;
• no special fastening is needed; surface wetting is practiced to improve adhesion;
• the use of mesh reinforcement not over the entire area, but at corners and to repair cracks;
• a high adhesion rate allows the composition to be applied even to a metal base;
• the material is microporous, which makes it breathable and helps dry the walls;
• fire safety of most compositions;
• additional winnings – good sound insulation insulated room;
• resistance to biological damage;
• the coating is frost-resistant, not afraid of temperature fluctuations;
• environmental friendliness;
• use of waste for the production of plaster composition (reducing the polluting load on nature);
• does not crack from vibrations and does not change under the influence of UV rays;
• thin-layer application provides additional insulation when using mineral wool and other insulation materials.

Warm compositions have their disadvantages:

• compositions are more expensive than insulation materials (taking into account cheaper work and reduced costs for related materials, for example a mesh, the cost is comparable);
• the increased dead weight of the coating with the additional load from absorbed water requires a strong foundation;
• necessary protective covering, since porosity promotes rapid absorption of moisture (compositions with foam glass and expanded polystyrene do not have this disadvantage);
• compositions with organic components (sawdust, straw) are limited in use (only indoors);
• The insulation layer is thick, so it takes a long time to dry;
• some fillers are flammable (polystyrene).

Calculation of the thickness of the layer of warm plaster

To make such a calculation, use SNiP 02/23/2003.

Thermal conductivity of plaster is the ability of a material to conduct heat. If the room temperature is higher than the street temperature, then when the heating is turned off, the heat “leaves” outside through the walls (35%) and other structures. The intensity of heat loss depends on the area, thermal conductivity of the wall material, the difference between street and home temperatures, and other parameters. To quantitatively express the thermal conductivity of plaster coatings, λ is used - the thermal conductivity coefficient of the plaster (how much it can conduct thermal radiation through an area of ​​1 m2, a layer 1 m thick with a difference of 1 ° C). For example, for plaster compositions the value of the coefficient λ in descending order (W/(m*°C)) is as follows:

• cement with sand – 0.93;
• cement-lime with sand – 0.87;
• lime with sand – 0.81;
• clay with sand – 0.69;
• gypsum – 0.35;
• clay with sawdust – 0.29;
• gypsum with perlite – 0.23;
• cement with perlite – 0.3.

The coefficient λ =1 means that the heat loss will be 1 W for a wall thickness of 1 m. If this figure is not 1 m, but 20 cm, then the heat loss will be 1: 0.2 = 5 W. If the temperature difference is not 1°C, but 6°C, then the losses will be higher: 5 x 6 = 30 W.

To determine the thermal resistance, use the formula R = d/λ, where λ (taken from the table), d is the thickness of the material.

For example, thermal resistance (R) for a foam concrete wall with a thickness of d = 51 cm

R=0.51/0.3=1.7 (m2*°K)/W.

From the table for external walls, take the standard value of their heat transfer resistance for the desired region. For example, for Moscow it is equal to 3.28 (m2*K)/W, which means that the calculated resistance of foam concrete in Moscow for the wall of a house is not enough. And for Sochi (1.79) too.

With thickness d

R=d/ λ or d=R* λ

Using this formula we calculate d = Ra* λ = 1.58 * 0.23 = 0.363 m or 363 mm. We are not satisfied with a plaster coating of such thickness, so using insulation would be optimal.

For Sochi d= (1.79-1.7)*0.23 = 0.021 m or 21 mm. IN in this case For the Sochi region, the thermal conductivity of plaster (gypsum-perlite) is quite sufficient.

Areas of application of warm plaster

Facade walls are not the only place where warm plaster is used for exterior work. It is used to insulate plinths, floors and ceilings, seal cracks, and insulate sewer risers, as well as water supply risers. In addition, it is used as insulation for garages and other auxiliary buildings.

The following varieties are produced according to application:

• finishing compositions
• for rough finishing.

Types of heat-insulating mixtures for plastering

Thermal insulation compositions are classified by the type of binder: gypsum, cement, etc., as well as by the type of insulating filler.

Straw based

The material used for a long time is insulating plaster made of clay with straw grain. Straw in clay coating acts as reinforcement and creates voids.

As a result, the plaster coating can be thicker without delamination or cracking. It is applied as a rough layer on the wall over shingles by hand. The coating is breathable, absorbing excess moisture from the air and returning it when the room is dry. Before application, the walls are moistened or sprayed with clay mash. The main disadvantage is the long drying time. The main plus is favorable microclimate, cheap.

Sawdust based plaster

Sawdust has long been used for home insulation. They covered the rubble and ceilings. They were added to clay and lime mixtures for coating walls. Sawdust retains heat better than wooden beam, since the thermal conductivity coefficient of sawdust is 0.06 – 0.07 W/(m2 °C), and wood – 0.18. In terms of heat retention, sawdust is much closer to polystyrene foam.

Compositions with sawdust can have different mineral base– clay, gypsum (Armenian plaster: 3 parts of gypsum, 1 part of sawdust), cement and lime. The main application is indoors. Before mixing the composition, sawdust is sifted through a sieve with a cell diameter of 5 mm.

Polystyrene as filler

A type of polystyrene foam - expanded polystyrene - is used for various purposes, for example, as a filler for anti-stress toys, upholstered furniture, and sleeping pillows. The material is ultra-light (up to 98% air), does not absorb water, and is not food for microorganisms. It is used in cement screeds for floor insulation (1:4:4 - cement/polystyrene granules/sand), and also as a heat-insulating leveling layer (1:3) laid under the screed.

Plaster mixtures with polystyrene are used for work on facades and indoors. They are produced on the basis of cement or cement with lime. Although they do not burn, they can release toxic substances when ignited.

Plaster mixture with the addition of foam glass

Small glass balls (up to 2 mm), which contain air bubbles that are not afraid of water, are perfect for use as a filler for warm plasters for facades. Such compositions are easy to install, retain heat well, and do not get wet.

Mixtures based on perlite, vermiculite and expanded clay

When volcanic lava frozen on the ground comes into contact with water, obsidian hydroxide is formed - porous round granules similar to pearls. Due to this, the hydroxide received the name pearlite. The granules have high porosity, which reaches 40%, and are capable of absorbing water 4 times more than their own weight (hygroscopicity is a disadvantage of such mixtures). For plaster composition (external and internal use), expanded perlite is more often used.

The mineral group of hydromicas contains vermiculite, consisting of small exfoliated scales of brown-golden color. When heated, vermiculite swells and fills with air. Used in lightweight concrete compositions and warm plaster mixtures. Has antiseptic properties. Perlite and vermiculite absorb odors and water well, so they need finishing plastering.

Expanded clay granules (crumbs) are produced by firing some low-melting types of clay. When fired, light granules that conduct little heat are formed. different sizes. For warm facade plaster granules up to 5 mm in diameter are used.

Basic rules for applying warm plaster

To make a truly heat-insulating plaster screen, you need to follow certain rules:

1. It is important to properly prepare the base.
2. To mix the dry mixture (SS), take the amount of water according to the instructions.
3. In a large container, mix the entire volume contained in the package with water, so it is guaranteed that each portion will contain the required proportion of components.
4. The SS is poured into the poured water, being careful not to create dust. The mixture is stirred for 5 minutes with a mixer at low speed (areas close to the sides and bottom are treated). Then give the solution 5 minutes to “ripen” and stir for another 2 – 3 minutes.
5. Work quickly, trying to use up all the solution before the end of its life. A solution that has begun to set for application to the wall is unsuitable.
6. Work is carried out at temperatures above +5°C, below +30°C. Drafts, direct exposure sun rays and rain are not allowed. At facade works make a canopy.
7. Before plastering, turn off the power to sockets and switches.
8. Use safety glasses to protect your eyes.
9. Used beacons are removed after applying the solution. You cannot leave them in the wall, as they serve as cold bridges.
10. The use of primers is necessary to ensure adhesion sufficient to hold powerful plaster coating on the wall.
11. The insulating layer should be no thicker than 25 mm. If greater thickness is required, apply several layers intermittently to dry. The surface of the overlapping layers is not smoothed for better adhesion.

Making warm plaster with your own hands

Commercially available CCs are not cheap. There is an alternative. Craftsmen prefer to create warm plaster solutions with their own hands. All components can be purchased for almost nothing. Clay or lime can be used as a natural plasticizer. Liquid soap is also suitable, which is added at the rate of 2 - 3 spoons per 20 liters of mixture. You can purchase a hydrophobizing agent in the store (use according to the instructions).

We offer you several recipes for thermal insulation compositions.

Recipe 1. Mixture for facades:

• 1 part – cement from M400;
• 1 part – foamed polystyrene 1 – 3 mm;
• 3 parts perlite;
• 50 g – polypropylene fiber;
• plasticizer (add according to instructions).

Mix the dry ingredients and add enough water so that the solution has a paste-like consistency and does not run off the trowel.

Recipe 2. Indoor mixture:

• 1 part - white cement M400;
• 4 parts – filler (vermiculite or perlite);
• 50 g/bucket of cement - PVA glue or factory plasticizer (adhere to the proportion recommended by the manufacturer);
• water.

Recipe 3. Thermal insulation from perlite-sand mixture:

• 1 volume part of cement;
• 1 part sand;
• 4 parts perlite.

Recipe 4. Warm composition with sawdust and paper (for premises and facades):

• 1 part – cement;
• 2 parts – paper pulp, soaked into porridge;
• 3 parts – sawdust;
• water.

Recipe 5. Lime-sawdust composition:

• 1 part sawdust;
• 10 – 15 parts of dry slaked lime;
• Water.

Lime is a strong biocidal agent that is not attacked by rodents, mold and mildew. Quicklime cannot be used with sawdust, as mixing produces a lot of heat. The solution has a short lifespan, so it needs to be produced quickly. The dry ingredients are mixed, then cement or other binder is added (if desired). Water is added last.

Recipe 6. Clay with sawdust and straw (for walls):

• 1 hour – clay;
• 2h. – sawdust (or sawdust with straw).

For ceilings and floors the proportion is 1:10. The solution has no shelf life, as water is simply added if necessary.

Video about preparing and applying warm plaster

Preparatory work

First of all, the wall must be properly prepared. The surface is cleaned of old peeling coating, dust-free and coated with primer. They also neutralize oil stains, remove old wallpaper and paint layers. Disinfect areas of mold and rot. Repair cracks and potholes. On wooden surfaces shingles are nailed or a mesh is attached. Beacons are installed along the plumb line.

Do-it-yourself technology for applying warm plaster

Finish coating

1. The wall is moistened with a spray bottle.
2. The mortar is applied in a layer of up to 1 cm with a trowel or spatula, pressing the mortar mass against the wall to increase adhesion. This primary layer is not smoothed over. If the coating thickness is large, a recessed reinforcing mesh is applied to this layer.
3. The second and subsequent main layers (primer) are applied up to 2.5 cm thick. They are leveled (without trying to make them smooth) using a grater.
4. When the total thickness of the coating reaches 4 cm, a second reinforcing mesh is applied. The edges of the mesh sheets are overlapped with an overlap of 10 cm.
5. When the entire volume between the beacons is filled, the surface of the top layer is leveled by the rule.
6. After the top layer has set, the beacons are removed and the remaining grooves are filled with solution.
7. After completely dry solutions, a finishing finish is applied over the rough coating.

Mixture consumption

As a rule, the manufacturer on the packaging reports the average consumption of a centimeter layer of the composition per 1 m2. The mixture consumption is calculated based on the planned thickness of the plaster coating. Standard volumes correspond the following indicators consumption:

• for 1 m2 with a layer of 2.5 cm you will need 10 - 14 kg;
• for the same square 5 cm thick it will take 18 – 25 kg.

Work on the reinforcing layer

The reinforcing plaster layer is intended for internal strengthening of a thick coating, applying it to the facade insulation, at the joints of layers with different shrinkage characteristics, as well as in the case of plastering a building before its shrinkage is complete. For example, a reinforcing layer is made where part of the wall is made of gas silicate blocks, and part of it is made of brick. This section of the plaster coating must be reinforced. It is carried out using a plastic or fiberglass mesh, which has sufficient strength and is not afraid of the internal alkaline environment of the insulating plaster coating. Reinforcement work is carried out inside the solution. A layer of the mixture is applied to the ceilings and walls, then the mesh is laid out and recessed. On the facade walls on top of the insulation, the reinforcement work is slightly different. First, the solution is applied in strokes, then the mesh is attached, and then plastered. They work with spatulas and polishers. When the layer has dried, apply the next one on top of it in the usual way.

Manufacturers and prices

The list of companies and the thermal insulation mixtures they produce is long. Popular ones:

• Umka UB-21 (Ecotermogroup company) – warm plaster made of lime, cement, sand and foam glass for northern regions, in need of finishing. With reinforcement, up to 10 cm is applied. Other insulating mixtures are UB-212, UF-2.

• Cement Knauf Grűnband is made with expanded polystyrene. The permissible layer is up to 30 mm.
• Unis Teplon has a gypsum-perlite composition that does not require finishing.
• Au Benputz Perlit based on Portland cement with perlite filler. You can't do without finishing.
• The Teplolux DeLuxe cement mixture retains heat using foam glass. It is also not final.
• Thermo Um is universal - used for facades and rooms. The mixture is hygroscopic.

Prices vary. On average, the price of 1 kg of dry mixture ranges from 11 to 21 rubles.

As practice shows, for the main areas of our country, heat-insulating plaster is not yet a panacea. However, its use allows not only to reduce heat loss, but also to reduce the noise level in the premises. For southern regions she - great option insulation of houses.

Thermal insulation plaster contains cement-sand mixture and fillers that provide thermal insulation. This building material has recently appeared on the domestic market. It is mainly used to create additional thermal insulation. The main advantages of the mixture: ease of use, strength, and the ability to be applied to different surfaces.

Compared to other materials, it has low thermal conductivity. The basis ordinary plaster- sand. Thermal insulation contains components that reduce its density and ensure the proper level of thermal insulation. The building material is based on binding components, the most common of which are gypsum, cement and lime.

The mixture is used for various purposes. Warm plaster for outdoor use has a special composition: it contains added components that improve hygroscopicity. Gypsum and lime options are used for interior work. IN universal remedy contains cement. Compositions of this type can be used both for external and interior decoration. Thermal insulating plaster for interior work, as well as a universal composition, are available in the form of powders. Before use they are diluted with water. Some builders prepare the bulk mixture themselves. However, it is recommended to purchase it from a reliable manufacturer.

Insulation is ensured due to the content of large additives in the product (they can be porous) and special fillers, which are most often used sand, sawdust and glass.

Thermal insulating plaster includes water-repellent additives that release air. Antiseptic elements and plasticizers act as additional components. They are needed so that the mixture retains its properties.

Tests have shown: if the mixture is applied in a layer of 6 cm, thermal insulation will be provided as from two layers of brick. If winter is frosty, you should pay attention to this product. The mixture is applied to materials that allow cold to pass through. It can be used to seal gaps left after installing tiles.

Advantages and disadvantages

Warm plaster has a number of advantages:

Like any building material, the mixture has some disadvantages:

Filling options

Various elements are used in the composition of building materials.

Preparing the mixture

The mixture purchased at the store must be diluted with water according to the instructions. It is not recommended to use the entire composition at one time, as in this case it will not be possible to obtain the correct consistency. Mix the mixture thoroughly and leave for 4 minutes. During this time she will “ripen”. Experienced craftsmen prepare warm plaster in this way: take 4 kg of vermiculite and mix with 1 kg of cement powder. The solution should be thick. After cooking, it is kept for 15 minutes.

The principle of applying building materials

First of all, you need to clean the surface, then prepare a solution of the correct consistency. The mixture is applied to a moistened surface, so it adheres better. The walls are plastered according to the lighthouses. As such they use fixed metal profiles. To check evenness use building level. If the composition is applied in a thick layer, a reinforcing mesh must be used.

A handful of mixture is placed on a spatula, rubbed into the wall from top to bottom, then the surface is leveled. The composition retains plasticity for 2 hours, during which time unevenness can be corrected. Next, you need to remove the beacons, and use the same composition to grout the cracks. To level the surface, you can use a special grater. If several layers are required, the time interval between them should be 4 hours. The surface becomes dry after 2 days. After 48 hours, finishing is carried out.

Popular manufacturing companies

Mixture trademark“Umka” is universal. It is used to decorate walls outside and inside. Umka interacts with brick, concrete, and clay surfaces. The composition is applied manually or using a machine. The material contains basalt fiber. Some builders practice applying a layer of 10 cm.

The Knauf mixture is in demand because it contains expanded polystyrene and substances that provide protection against water. The maximum layer should be 2.5 cm.

The composition of the Mishka trademark contains foam glass filler. The advantage of the component is that it provides waterproof and fire resistance.

The Houncliffe mixture is used as an additional layer of insulation. It contains components own production. "Houncliffe" is resistant to fire and moisture. When using this plaster, it is not necessary to apply a protective layer.

Construction and renovation of a house involves leveling walls and reducing heat loss. For this purpose, dry mixtures and insulating materials are used. All this can be found in one warm plaster. This is exactly what will be discussed in this article.

What does it represent?

Plaster compositions are a mixture of binding elements, fillers, plasticizers, performance-improving additives and sand purified from impurities with different fractions. Most warm plaster is presented in dry form, which should be diluted with water before use.

Compound

The building material differs from other analogues in specific fillers. It is they who give the result properties similar to heat-insulating materials.

In particular, the main additives are:

• vermiculite;
• wood fibers or sawdust;
• modified clay;
• powdered pumice;
• polystyrene foam in granules.

Except functional features The listed elements give the coating a different structure.

Some options are used as finishing decor. Others cover paint and varnish materials after preliminary priming and complete drying of the surface.

Advantages and disadvantages

The main task of plaster is to level the base. Material according to its own physical characteristics different from most of the products offered.

Lightweight and practical finish

Among them, the positive ones include:

• high degree of adhesion to mineral and wood substrates, which do not need to be pre-leveled;
• if the maximum permissible layer is observed, the use of reinforcing material is not required;
• the breathable composition of the coating does not allow heat and cold, noise and dust to pass through;
• the composition mainly includes natural raw materials;
• comfortable use;
• frost resistance and resistance to changes in weather conditions;
• light weight, which does not allow “cellulite” deposits to form under the weight of the solution;
• forms a coating close to monolithic;
• With the exception of the filler in the form of polystyrene, the constituent substances are non-flammable materials.

In addition, warm plaster is considered unattractive to rodents and microbiological organisms. This eliminates the use of various types of antiseptic compounds that can cause an allergic reaction.

A bunch of positive points and advantages over analogues do not exclude the presence of disadvantages. These include:

• as a rule, the maximum value of the applied layer does not exceed 20 mm;
• if plaster is used as an alternative to other heat insulators, then the layer must be at least 5 cm, which affects the foundation due to the total load;
• depending on the composition, the material is able to absorb moisture, so when choosing, you should take this indicator into account;
• When applying the solution again, be sure to use a reinforcing mesh.

It is believed that such a warm plaster, but it should not be considered a composition that fully replaces insulation. The material has, among others, a similar property, but it is not the only one.

Application area

The gypsum binder composition is used only indoors. Lime and cement based warm plaster is used to finish the facade of a house, including its decoration.

Upon closer examination, the solution is used in the following cases:

1. Filling cracks, crevices and voids.
2. Sealing joints between floors.
3. Formation of openings for windows and doors.
4. Insulation: walls and building structure as a whole; water supply risers; sewer system.

The material also copes with leveling the base. But due to cost, it makes sense to give preference to analogues with an acceptable single-layer application exceeding 2 cm.

Types and features

Gypsum heat-insulating plaster has minimal resistance to variable humidity. Therefore, it is used only inside dry rooms. Cement is often used as a base, since it copes with changes in operating conditions much better. For façade elements, exactly these compositions are used.

Plaster with thermal insulation additives for external use differs in fillers, which affect the characteristic properties of the mixture:

1. Organic ones are represented by expanded polystyrene with a fraction of 1-1.5 mm, which is not very durable. Added to cement and lime compounds. The versatility of warm plaster is limited by its flammability. It is recommended to treat the coating with materials as a finishing decoration.
2. Minerals make up for the deficiencies of organic matter. These include: quartz glass is hydro-resistant, does not allow heat to pass through and does not shrink; porous raw materials of volcanic origin : mica vermiculite is not afraid of anything except water; Obsidian perlite needs protection from moisture.
3. Sawdust is inferior for a long time drying, but are excellent for processing brick and wood. Among these fillers are used: sawdust, paper.

The latter mixtures usually have cement or clay as a base. Manufacturers recommend using such mixtures for interior work. This is due to the fact that the presence of wind is not allowed during the drying process.

Mineral fillers also include pumice and expanded clay. These materials are inferior to analogues in all respects, therefore they are used extremely rarely.

Top manufacturers

If we consider the building material from the point of view of manufacturers, then the most famous brand is a German company Knauf. This brand has established itself among the first in the post-Soviet space.

Materials are different high quality. All tasks assigned to the material are carried out in accordance with the specified parameters. The main condition is compliance with the rules for using and preparing plaster.

Domestic analogues also cope with the main tasks, to one degree or another. For example:

1. Houncliffe contains acrylic and glass. Can be applied to any porous substrate. It has low thermal conductivity, is vapor permeable, and does not accumulate moisture. It is environmentally friendly. The material is relatively new, so it is almost impossible to purchase a fake.
2. Termoum can be used to treat any base inside and with outside premises. The plaster contains 99% mineral elements, which indicates its environmental friendliness and non-flammability. Pores in the coating occupy 55% of the volume. This allows moisture to not linger in the base. Hydrophobicity allows the product to be used as a moisture barrier for walls.
3. Varmmix is different high adhesion to any substrate without the use of primers. Unlike previous version can be used for thermal insulation of the façade of a building.

Warm plaster Umka is suitable for indoor work. It is characterized by high strength and moisture resistance. It does an excellent job of insulating walls from noise and cold outside.

Thermal insulating plaster Knauf Grünband

German warm plaster for the facade Grünband can be applied to any base. The application method can be either manual or machine. The latter allows you to speed up the processing process.

The tasks that Grünband copes with:

• waterproofing of facades and rooms with high humidity;
• strengthening the base surface;
• preventing the appearance of cracks during shrinkage of the building or from mechanical impact from the outside;
• decorative design of the base, which only needs to be painted.

The fraction of components does not exceed 1.5 mm. This suggests that the coating differs in coating density and comfort relative to the application of the solution.

How to make warm plaster with your own hands

The modern market is presented with everything necessary to make your own plaster, including warm plaster. The mixture is usually based on cement and purified sand.

To impart heat-insulating properties to the plaster, perlite or vermiculite is added to the composition in a ratio of 4 to 1 relative to cement. PVA construction adhesive can be used as a plasticizer in quantities of up to 60 grams per 10 liters of plaster. It is important to mix all the elements thoroughly, leave for about 20 minutes and repeat shaking.

DIY application technology

Warm plaster is used more often for exterior work. Activities for plastering walls outside are carried out in warm weather. It is advisable that there is no wind. This way the result will be of better quality. If beacons are used, then after the coating has hardened they should be removed and the voids should be filled with warm plaster.

Preparatory work

The base requires standard preparation before plastering. To do this you need to eliminate:

• old coating in the form of plaster and paint;
• protruding reinforcement elements;
• available material for wall insulation;
• excess adhesive mortar between the blocks from which the building is constructed.

It is advisable to fill all the recesses first. Some manufacturers claim that priming is not required. Most experts disagree with this.

Necessary tool

To prepare the plaster you will need a container and a mixer. You can purchase a special attachment for a drill or hammer drill. To work with the solution you will need spatulas (facade and auxiliary) and a rule.

Devices and tools

When using beacons, plaster is applied by machine or manually. Then the mixture is leveled with a trapezoid-shaped cloth. The surplus is further used.

Reinforcement

When applying the solution in a single layer, no additional reinforcement is required. However, there is often a need for a coating in excess of 20 mm. In this case, use a mesh with cells up to 5x5 mm. It will not allow the coating to crack.

The reinforcement process looks like this:

• the first layer of plaster is applied;
• after 100-120 minutes it is attached plaster mesh using a notched spatula;
• the next layer of solution is applied after 1.5-2 days.

Reinforcement

Each stage, with the exception of reinforcement, is carried out after the base or fresh coating has completely dried. Priming is taken into account in this case.

Calculation of the amount of material

Before covering the plaster, be sure to take into account the fact that the solution has a limited action time. As a rule, it is equal to 4 hours.

Layer thickness calculation

For sound insulation, a layer of warm plaster 5 mm thick is sufficient. For thermal insulation, 50 mm is considered optimal. For leveling, the layer is calculated depending on the differences that will need to be eliminated. If they exceed 5 cm, then it is recommended to first use analogues without heat-insulating fillers.

Mixture consumption

If the plaster layer is 20 mm, then you will need about 12 kg of dry mixture per 1 square meter. meter. With a two-layer coating, 2 times more material will be required.

Application

Application rules warm material are actually the same as those of other analogues. The differences lie in the reinforcement and drying time of the coating. In particular, the latter is about 3 hours. Thermal insulating plaster gains maximum strength within a month.

Applying the mixture

To give smoothness, the hardened surface is moistened with water and treated with a grater. Possible deficiencies can be corrected within 2 hours.

Let's sum it up

Warm plaster is used as a leveling building material similar to conventional analogues. The mixtures are also used for treating facades and walls indoors with any humidity. Characteristic feature This plaster has a heat-insulating property, along with which the coating does not allow noise to pass through.

The affordable cost of warm plaster and a wide range of applications have a clear advantage over analogues. Besides, T You can make warm plaster with your own hands.

To insulate walls from the inside without losing the usable area of ​​the room, it is optimal to use warm plaster. It is effective for both external and internal work. In cases where it is necessary to insulate a wall in an apartment, this method is ideal.

Types of plaster compositions

The composition of traditional plaster includes:

• Binder (cement, gypsum);
• Fine filler (sand);
• Water.

For thermal insulation of internal walls, a classic solution can be used, but it will have to be applied in a thick layer of up to 10 cm. To obtain more effective result sand filler is partially or completely replaced with components that can better retain heat:

• Shredded foam;
• Vermiculite (granular material obtained by firing hydrated mica);
• Perlite (mineral of volcanic origin).

A layer of plaster with these fillers at the same thickness will give a greater effect than using a traditional mortar, and by reducing the layer, you can get the optimal heat transfer effect of the wall.

Ready-made plaster compositions for internal thermal insulation are produced mainly on perlite. It has a relatively low bulk density - 200...400 kg/m3. It is slightly less for vermiculite - about 100 kg/m3. Perlite is used more often due to its low cost.

Both cement and gypsum can be used as a binder for insulating walls with warm plaster from the inside. In the first case, the wall will be stronger, but will require more careful cladding, since the cement is gray, you will have to heavily cover the color, for example, gypsum putty. Gypsum is suitable only for interior work; it itself has low thermal conductivity, which further enhances the thermal insulation effect.

Advantages and disadvantages of warm plasters

The advantages, of course, include:

• Low thermal conductivity;
• Sufficient layer strength;
• Small application thickness (no more than 5 cm);
• No reinforcement required during application.

The main disadvantage of the coating that needs to be taken into account is the high hygroscopicity of mineral heat-insulating plasters. Gypsum, perlite and vermiculite are porous materials that can absorb significant amounts of water. Basic recommendations on this matter:

• In wet rooms (bathrooms, showers), enhanced waterproofing of the wall is required. Moisture-resistant putties and ceramic cladding are suitable for this.
• In corridors, kitchens and rooms it is enough to maintain normal humidity no more than 60%. For additional protection use primer deep penetration under wallpaper or decorative plasters.

Slaked lime will also help reduce the hygroscopicity of the composition. It does not affect the thermal conductivity of the layer in any way, but it noticeably reduces moisture absorption and improves the plasticity of the solution.

How to make warm plaster with your own hands

The cost of ready-made mixtures is high; it is much cheaper to make the preparation yourself. This way you can save a lot, especially if you need to insulate all the walls in a house or apartment. An additional bonus of large volumes of work is high (total) material consumption, i.e. It is unlikely that you will be left with half a bag of unnecessary cement if you immediately calculate everything correctly and buy the required number of components.

What you will need:

• Cement grade M150-M200. This one is inexpensive - about 150-250 rubles per 50 kg bag;
• Perlite (M75-M100) costs about 100 rubles per 50 kg;
• Vermiculite will cost more - about 450-500 rubles per 50 kg;
• Slaked lime- approximately 120 rubles for 20 kg;
• Washed construction sand - 100 rubles per 50 kg;
• Water - from the tap according to the meter.

Cooking technology:

1. The first step is to take the required amount of water. It should be at room temperature.
2. Dry ingredients can be mixed in advance.
3. The dry mixture is added to the water in portions; each input must be thoroughly mixed with a construction mixer or drill with the same attachment. A whisk can be purchased at any hardware and construction store.

How to make warm plaster yourself: recipes

Components should be purchased based on the selected composition.

• 1) Simple composition: cement, sand and perlite are taken in a ratio of 1:1:4, the mixture is mixed the right amount water until the working consistency of thick sour cream.
• 2) For a large volume of work, you can prepare a solution from 190 kg of cement, 1 m3 of perlite or vermiculite, 270 liters of water. The volume should be divided into equal parts before mixing, since the finished solution sets within 2-3 hours.
• 3) A solution with a plasticizer is prepared from 1 part cement, 4 parts perlite, 0.9 parts water; 1 m3 of perlite will require 4-5 liters of PVA glue, which acts as a plasticizer. PVA should be diluted in water, which will be used to mix the mixture.
• 4) Sand-perlite mortar is prepared from 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, 3 parts perlite. The amount of glue should be 1/100 of the amount of cement, i.e. for 100 kg of binder 1 kg of glue. The mixture is mixed with water until it works.
• 5) Cement and perlite in a ratio of 1:4 are mixed with water and PVA in an amount of glue of 1% by weight of the binder.
• 6) Cement-lime mortar with insulating granules is prepared in the proportions: lime - 1 part, cement - 1 part, perlite sand - up to 5 parts. This plaster is perfect for wet rooms.

Solutions based on gypsum binder are prepared in a similar way without the use of glue.

PVA glue can be replaced with liquid soap, dishwashing detergent or specialized superplasticizers, which are sold in construction stores. The latter should be used according to the instructions.

Warm plaster based on perlite is low in cost; this filler can be replaced with more expensive vermiculite, then the weight of the layer will be lighter, and the effectiveness of the coating will noticeably improve. Cheap polystyrene foam in granules can also replace perlite, but the thermal conductivity of the plaster will not increase. The only caveat is that polystyrene can evaporate harmful substances with significant heating, therefore it is rarely used for residential premises. This does not mean that it is prohibited for use; on the contrary, for cool rooms and walls where there is no heating from the sun, this filler will be a good ingredient.

Review of popular warm mixtures

If collecting the components yourself confuses you, you can always purchase a ready-made mixture in the store. It is important here not to run into fake and low-quality material. To avoid such troubles, carefully read the information on the packaging; it always indicates the characteristics of the composition, method and place of application.

To make your choice easier, here are the 5 most popular dry mixes for preparing warm plaster.

Technology of insulating walls with warm plaster from the inside

Wall insulation with inside premises for standard scheme as follows:

• 1) The surface is cleaned of old finishing;
• 2) A primer is applied with a deep penetration compound;
• 3) The first layer of plaster is applied. If a thick coating is to be applied, the first layer should be thin, it is recommended to spray: the solution is brought to liquid state(like liquid sour cream), drops are applied to the surface of the wall with a brush or brush. After they have dried, you can begin plastering;
• 4) The main layer is applied different methods. A thin coating does not require the installation of a mesh; it is applied with a wide spatula or building rule. You should immediately make the surface level. If the layer is thick, it is advisable to stretch the mesh and secure it to the wall with dowels, even if the plaster manufacturer does not say so. Reinforcement is necessary for mortar layers from 50 mm.
• 5) If you use gypsum plaster and apply it well, subsequent puttying will not be required. When working with cement composition after 1-2 hours, if there are significant unevenness or teals, you can take a brush, moisten it in water and slightly blur the unevenness. Don’t be afraid to rub the wall - the cement has already set and only the surface will become wet if it is not leveled enough. Then puttying should be done.

This algorithm is valid in cases where repairs are carried out for the purpose of insulation in a finished building with an insulated facade. If the house is just being built, it is necessary to provide sufficient wall thickness or high-quality insulation from the outside, since the interior alone cannot protect the room from heat loss.

It was necessary to slightly change the composition of the usual one, and completely new material- warm plaster. Manufacturers attribute to him unique qualities and claim that the material can be used as a standalone. So what is this true or just another tricky one marketing ploy? How to choose the right warm plaster for the facade and interior work, how to apply it, and in what cases can the material really be used as a full-fledged heat insulator?

No. 1. Composition of warm plaster

Warm plaster was named thanks to its low thermal conductivity compared to conventional plaster compositions. Similar results were achieved by replacing conventional ones with special heat-insulating additives.

Warm plaster contains the following components::

Usually the material is supplied in the form of a dry mixture, and before application it is enough to dilute it with water. Craftsmen prepare warm plaster on their own, but the composition “works” in any case according to one principle: heat-insulating additives, together with air bubbles, create a powerful barrier to the cold. Tests show that a layer of warm plaster of 5 cm is equivalent in thermal insulation to a wall of two.

The thermal conductivity coefficient of the material is about 0.063 W/m* 0 C. This indicator is somewhat worse than that of extruded polystyrene foam and even, which introduces some features into its use. In regions with cold winters, warm plaster cannot be used as independent thermal insulation - it is usually applied as additional layer insulation and plays a vital role in eliminating the “cold bridges” that arise during the installation of tile and roll insulation. In areas with mild winters warm plaster can even be used as the only thermal insulation material, but a lot depends on the thickness and material of the walls. In the future, we will check all this in calculations.

No. 2. Advantages and disadvantages of warm plaster

Warm plaster has become widespread due to its significant benefits:

Now about shortcomings:

No. 3. Types of warm plaster fillers

The properties and scope of use of warm plaster are greatly influenced by the type of filler. The following materials can be used:

• sawdust. The composition of sawdust warm plaster, except directly sawdust, also includes clay, paper and cement. The use of such “gentle” and sensitive negative factors The external environment of the components does not allow the use of the composition for insulating the facade, but such warm plaster is excellent for interior work, especially since it can even be applied to a wooden base. Internal thermal insulation will improve efficiency;
• crushed perlite obtained from obsidian, which, when treated at high temperatures, swells with the formation of a mass of air bubbles inside, which increases thermal insulation properties material. The only negative is increased hygroscopicity, so this plaster needs reliable waterproofing;
• expanded vermiculite are obtained from mica, the material can withstand a wide range of temperatures, has antiseptic properties, is lightweight, absolutely resistant to fire, can be used for exterior and interior decoration, but just like perlite, it is afraid of moisture, and therefore requires enhanced protection;
  
• balls from foam glass obtained from foamed quartz sand. This is the most preferred material for filling warm plaster, as it is not afraid of moisture, fire, has good thermal insulation qualities, can be used for facade and interior work, and does not shrink;
• In addition to vermiculite, perlite and foam glass, they are also used as mineral fillers expanded clay chips and pumice powder. These materials cannot boast of high moisture resistance and are inferior to their analogues in many other qualities, therefore they are used infrequently;
• expanded polystyrene used in warm plasters together with cement, lime and some other additives. These are relatively inexpensive compositions for universal use, but due to the flammability of polystyrene foam, they are not used so often. In addition, the surface of the plaster is too soft and therefore requires mandatory finishing.
  

No. 4. Calculation of the thickness of the layer of warm plaster

To determine whether warm plaster can be used as an independent insulation material, you will have to perform a simple calculation, taking into account the region where the house is located, the thickness and material of the walls:

• calculation begins with determining the value normalized heat transfer resistance of the external walls of the house. This is a tabular value, predetermined by regulatory documents (for Russia - SNiP 02/23/2003). For Moscow, according to the table, this value is 3.28 m 2 * 0 C/W, for Krasnodar – 2.44 m 2 * 0 C/W;
• define heat transfer resistance of house walls, for which we need to divide the wall thickness by the thermal conductivity coefficient of the material. Let's do the calculation for two houses. One is located in Moscow and is built from, the wall thickness is 0.5 m, the thermal conductivity coefficient from the table is 0.58 W/m 0 C, so the heat transfer resistance is 0.86 m 2 * 0 C/W. The second house is located in Krasnodar and is built from D600, wall thickness is 0.4 m, thermal conductivity coefficient from the table is 0.22 W/m 0 C, heat transfer resistance is 1.82 m 2 * 0 C/W;
• calculation additional insulation . For a house in Moscow this is (3.28-0.86) = 2.42 W/m 0 C. For a house in Krasnodar (2.44-1.82) = 0.62 W/m 0 C;
• calculation layer of warm plaster, its thermal conductivity coefficient is 0.063 W/m* 0 C (maybe a little more - depends on the composition and manufacturer). For a house in Moscow 0.063 * 2.42 = 0.15 m, for a house in Krasnodar 0.063 * 0.62 = 0.04 m. Since it is better not to apply warm plaster in a layer thicker than 5 cm, and it has a decent weight, then for a Moscow house it is better to look for another insulation option, and warm plaster can be used in addition. For a house in Krasnodar, warm plaster can be used as an independent insulation material.

A more accurate calculation can be made if we take into account the heat transfer resistance of all finishing materials. wall materials, and also take into account the number and size of windows and a lot of other parameters. It’s easier to do this in special construction calculators, but you can understand whether warm plaster is worth considering as an independent insulation material from the above calculation.

Despite the manufacturer’s assurances and calculations proving the effectiveness of warm plaster, it is not very often used as the main insulation in residential buildings. It is usually used in dachas to eliminate cold bridges, to treat window and doorways. It is better to use insulation on the outside, but if this is not possible, it can also be applied inside so that it complements the external thermal insulation.

No. 5. Manufacturers of warm plaster

You can save money and make warm plaster with your own hands. The most versatile and inexpensive solution is obtained using perlite or vermiculite. It is necessary to mix 4 parts of vermiculite or perlite and 1 part of dry cement. The thoroughly mixed mixture is diluted with a solution of water and a plasticizer. The latter can be purchased at the store, or can be replaced with PVA glue at the rate of 50-60 g of glue per 10 liters of plaster. The mixture is diluted with a water-adhesive composition and constantly stirred for homogeneity. The solution should have a thick consistency. After preparation, it is allowed to sit for 15-20 minutes, and you can begin applying the plaster.

No. 7. Applying warm plaster

The process of applying warm plaster is simple and can be easily done with your own hands:

• getting ready required amount solution;
• the wall is cleaned for better adhesion, but many builders simply moisten the surface with plain water;
• It is better to carry out plastering on beacons, although some neglect this rule. They are used as beacons aluminum profile, which is fixed with putty, the use of prepared plaster is allowed. The evenness of the exposed beacons is checked by the building level;
  
• modern ready-made compositions of warm plasters make it possible to do without additional mesh reinforcement, but when applying a thick layer of insulation and at corners, the use of mesh is desirable;
• The process of applying warm plaster is not original and is identical. The solution is placed on the trowel with a spatula, after which it is applied to the wall by rubbing movements from bottom to top between the beacons. The surface is leveled by the rule;
  
• within 2 hours after application, the solution remains plastic, so flaws can be easily corrected. During this period, the beacons are removed and the cracks are rubbed with the same solution. If desired, the surface can be treated with a decorative spatula or structural roller for achievement interesting effect. If necessary Smooth surface, then after the plaster has dried, it is necessary to apply a thin leveling layer and smooth it with a plastic trowel;
  
• the thickness of one layer should not be more than 2 cm, otherwise the plaster will begin to fall off. If it is necessary to apply it in several layers, then after installing the first one you must wait at least 4 hours. The surface dries completely after 48 hours, then you can begin its final finishing. If you need to treat a large area of ​​the wall, then it is better to use a machine method of applying plaster.

Warm plaster today is used for exterior and interior applications, for insulating facades and ceilings, as well as for sealing cracks and cracks, and for treating window slopes. At proper preparation, application and calculation, the composition fully meets expectations.