The theme of freedom in Russian literature. The theme of freedom and its reflection in one of the works of Russian literature. General characteristics and problems of existentialism
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The theme of freedom and its reflection in one of the works of Russian literature
Maxim Gorky entered Russian literature as a writer who experienced life from its dark and unsightly sides. At the age of twenty, he saw the world in such diversity that his bright faith in man, in his spiritual nobility, in his power of possibility seems incredible. The young writer was inherent in the desire for ideals. He acutely felt the growing dissatisfaction with the way of life in society.
M. Gorky's early works are steeped in romanticism. In them, the writer appears to us as a romantic. He stands alone with the world, approaches reality from the position of his ideal. The romantic world of the heroes is opposed to the real one.
The landscape plays a big role. It reflects the mental state of the heroes: “...the darkness of the autumn night that surrounded us shuddered and, timidly moving away, revealed for a moment a boundless steppe on the left, an endless sea on the right...”. We see that the spiritual world of the heroes is in conflict with reality. One of the main characters of the story, Makar, believes that “a person is a slave as soon as he is born.” Let's try to prove or disprove this.
Gorky's heroes are gifted freedom-lovers. Without hiding the dark sides of the lives of his heroes, the author poeticized many of them. These are strong-willed, beautiful and proud people who have “the sun in their blood.”
Loiko Zobar is a young gypsy. For him, the highest value is freedom, frankness and kindness: “He loved only horses and nothing else, and even then not for long - he would ride and sell, and whoever wants the money, take it. He didn’t have what he cherished - you need his heart, he himself would tear it out of his chest and give it to you, if only it would make you feel good.” Radda is so proud that her love for Loiko cannot break her: “I have never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you.” And I also love freedom! Will, Loiko, I love more than you.” These heroes are characterized by the pathos of freedom. The insoluble contradiction between Radda and Loiko - love and pride, according to Makar Chudra, can only be resolved by death. And the heroes themselves refuse love, happiness and prefer to die in the name of will and absolute freedom.
Makar Chudra, being at the center of the story, gets the opportunity for self-realization. He believes that pride and love are incompatible. Love makes you humble and submit to your loved one. Makar, speaking about a person who, from his point of view, is not free, will say: “Does he know his will? Is the expanse of the steppe clear? Does the sound of the sea wave make his heart happy? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, and that’s it!” In his opinion, a person born a slave is not capable of accomplishing a feat. This idea echoes the statement of the Snake from “Song of the Falcon.” He said: “He who is born to crawl cannot fly.” But on the other hand, we see that Makar admires Loiko and Radda. He believes that this is how a real person worthy of imitation should perceive life, and that only in such a position in life can one preserve one’s own freedom.
Reading the story, we see the author's interest. He, telling us about Radd and Loiko Zobar, tried to explore their weaknesses and strengths. And the author’s attitude towards them is admiration for their beauty and strength. The end of the story, where the writer sees how “the nights swirled smoothly and silently in the darkness, and the handsome Loiko could not catch up with the proud Radda,” reveals his position.
In this story, Gorky, using the example of Loiko Zobar and Radda, proves that man is not a slave. They die, refusing love and happiness. Radda and Loiko sacrifice their lives for freedom. It was this idea that Gorky expressed through the mouth of Makar Chudra, who prefaces his story about Loiko and Radda with the following words: “Well, falcon, do you want to tell me a true story? And you remember it and, as you remember, you will be a free bird throughout your life.” Gorky strives with his work to excite and inspire the reader, so that he, like his heroes, feels like a “free bird.” Pride makes the slave free, the weak strong. The heroes of the story “Makar Chudra” Loiko and Radda prefer death to unfree life, because they themselves are proud and free. In the story, Gorky performed a hymn to a wonderful and strong man. He put forward a new measure of a person’s value: his will to fight, activity, and ability to rebuild his life.
Bibliography
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Research "The Theme of Freedom in Russian Literature" (the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Bulgakov are considered)
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Introduction Purpose Objectives Hypothesis Progress of the research Etymology Lexicology Words of foreign authors From modern foreign literature Survey results Works of Russian writers about freedom and their assessment Poem by the author of the research work Conclusion Information sources Contents
Russian literature is incredibly rich. Rich in talents and their creations. Through literary works of various types and genres, the great ancestors pass on their experience to us and educate us through time. Often prose and poems are devoted to the theme of freedom. Surely most readers ask themselves: “Why is the author focusing on this?” So I asked myself this question and decided to direct all my hard work and perseverance to give a clear answer to it. Introduction
Establishing the meaning of the theme of human freedom in the works of Russian poets and writers. Target
Study the meaning of the concept of “freedom” Find statements of great people about freedom Conduct a survey among teenagers Find out which Russian writers touched on the topic of freedom in their works Evaluate books devoted to the named problem Draw a conclusion Objectives
Is the theme of freedom really reflected in the works of great writers and is still one of the main problems in literature? Hypothesis
Finding out the etymological and lexical meaning of the word “freedom” Searching for catchphrases dedicated to the theme of freedom Surveying students Working on your own poem dedicated to this topic Progress of the research
According to the inspector of public schools of the Oryol province G. A. Milovidov, this word comes “... from the ancient and little-known noun svoba, which, according to Czech interpreters of 1202, served as the name of one of the pagan goddesses,” in connection with which he concluded: “ Thus, the concept of “freedom” is based not on any specific impression or sensation, but on a higher, mystical principle, a preferential right inherent in the deity.” Modern secular views on the etymology of this word, however, do not imply anything divine or mystical. The Old Russian word freedom clearly correlates with the Old Indian svapati (one’s own master: “svo” - one’s own and “poti” - master). Etymology
FREEDOM - one's own will, space, the opportunity to act in one's own way; absence of constraint, bondage, slavery, subordination to someone else's will. Freedom is a comparative concept; it can relate to a private, limited scope, related to a certain matter, or to different degrees of this scope, and finally to complete, unbridled arbitrariness or self-will. IN AND. Dahl "Explanatory Dictionary" Lexicology
This is freedom: to feel what your heart strives for, no matter what others say. Paulo Coelho Freedom is not a poster you read on a street corner. This is living power that you feel in yourself and around you. F. Lamennais Freedom is a conscious necessity. F. Engels When you escape persecution, every day is a whole life for you. Every minute of freedom is a separate story with a happy ending. G.D. Roberts "Shantaram" Great - about freedom
To find out how the topic of freedom in literature is perceived by readers, a survey was conducted among students. “Why do you think Russian poets and writers attached special importance to human freedom in their works?” Previously, times were very difficult and strict. One person's freedom depended on another, and complete freedom was a dream. Therefore, she received a lot of attention. Ekaterina, 14 years old Survey
I believe that each of us will have our own opinion on this. All people are limited by invisible boundaries beyond which we cannot go. In general terms, freedom is something unknown and unfamiliar to us. Only birds soaring in the sky, not limiting themselves in anything, can know what freedom really is. Every person needs freedom, and if he does not receive it, thoughts begin to “burn” him, after which the soul dies, leaving no traces behind. Danil, 14 years old In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the work of writers mainly reflected the life of society. During this period there were many revolutions and mostly a dictatorial system in the state, which in itself did not imply either freedom of speech or freedom of man as such, which was often reflected in the works of writers. Kirill, 19 years old
PRISONER I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon. A young eagle raised in captivity, My sad comrade, flapping his wing, pecks at bloody food under the window, pecks, and throws, and looks out the window, As if he had the same idea with me. He calls me with his gaze and his cry And wants to say: “Let's fly away! We are free birds; it's time, brother, it's time! To where the mountain turns white behind a cloud, To where the sea edges turn blue, To where only the wind walks... yes me!..." A.S. Pushkin A. S. Pushkin (1799-1837) 1799, Moscow, Russian Empire Died: February 10, 1837
In the poem “The Prisoner,” the eagle personifies nature and calls on the lyrical hero to fly away with him. By this, A.S. Pushkin shows that the call of nature is the call of freedom, it is as necessary for any living creature as food, water, warmth, and safety. Man is born free and strives for independence.
M.Yu. Lermontov M.Yu. Lermontov (1814-1841) Mtsyri Do you want to know what I did when I was free? I lived - and my life, without these three blissful days, would have been sadder and gloomier than your powerless old age. A long time ago I decided to look at the distant fields, to find out whether the earth is beautiful, to find out whether we are born into this world for freedom or prison. And at the hour of the night, the terrible hour, When the thunderstorm frightened you, When, crowded at the altar, You lay prostrate on the ground, I ran away. Oh, I, like a brother, would be glad to embrace the storm! I watched the clouds with my eyes, I caught the lightning with my hand... Tell me, what among these walls could you give me in return for That short but living friendship, Between a stormy heart and a thunderstorm?..
Mtsyri declares: “... and my life, without these three blissful days, would be sadder and gloomier than your powerless old age.” Lermontov wants to convey to readers that not a single sweet taste can replace the taste of freedom. Life cannot be called such if you have never been free.
M. A. Bulgakov M. A. Bulgakov (1891-1940) A morphine addict has one happiness that no one can take away from him - the ability to spend life in complete solitude. And loneliness is important, significant thoughts, it is contemplation, calmness, wisdom... “Morphine” How can a person manage if he is not only deprived of the opportunity to draw up any plan for at least a ridiculously short period of time, well, years, let’s say , in a thousand, but cannot even vouch for his own tomorrow? Woland, "The Master and Margarita"
According to Bulgakov, freedom is the highest human value, a great reward for the difficulties and hardships that one or another character has endured in life. Even a morphine addict is free: he is able to “spend his life in complete solitude.” Under the influence of morphine, the hero’s desire to be free still did not die. Woland says that even if a person is free, throughout his entire life he has no control over his circumstances. Therefore, they are the ones who limit our ability to do things our own way.
I am free and you are free: We can do what we want. If you want, we’ll immediately jump into the water, If you want, we’ll fly into the sky. Do you want to know what joy means? Do you want to know what pain means? First, put some sweetness in your mouth, then sprinkle salt on the wound. If you want, we’ll drown in the pool, If you want, we’ll fall asleep in the poppies, If you’re afraid we’ll lose our honor, we’ll forget ourselves in an ordinary sleep. When we get bored with freedom, We will sit down together and attach (Let freedom no longer torment us) powerful chains of responsibility to each other. About freedom What if the desire appears To fight the darkness of the oncoming storms, So that the legends of the Forest, the thunderstorm and the azure shores are written about us.
Working on a project is not just an exciting activity where I can express myself, generalize previously acquired knowledge and learn to present information. These are, first of all, discoveries, clarifications in unclear and exciting issues, as well as enormous experience. Through my research work, I realized the true meaning of freedom and why this topic plays an important role in Russian literature. In modern works, the role of human independence still does not fade into the background. Conclusion
G.D.Roberts “Shantaram” V.I.Dal “Explanatory Dictionary” https://ru.wikipedia.org http://citaty.info/ https://www.livelib.ru/ Information sources
This selection of poems about freedom includes works that are familiar to absolutely every schoolchild. This means that not a single eleventh-grader taking the Unified State Exam in literature will have any difficulties with citing. So you can not only select works of art that touch on the philosophical problem of freedom as an example, but also analyze them, arguing with quotes from the text.
I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon.
Young eagle raised in captivity
The lyrical hero of Pushkin's poem is imprisoned and has no opportunity to get out. But, despite this, his soul and thoughts are free, because from birth a person is free to choose his own path, he is an independent person. The author likens the hero to an eagle, calling both “free birds.”
The theme of the poem is the internal freedom of the individual, which no one can limit, even by “hiding” him from the outside world. The main thing, according to the poet, is to preserve the independence of convictions; it is this that makes a person inaccessible even to physical threats.
Marina Tsvetaeva, “Who is created from stone...”
Through every heart, through every network
My self-will will break through
Marina Tsvetaeva’s poem is a kind of manifesto; it proclaims the rules of life by which the lyrical heroine lives. She is willful and does not recognize anything that could in any way limit her freedom. She despises those who are “made of stone,” that is, people who set their own boundaries. The main thing for her is a feeling of mental freedom, the knowledge that she can do whatever she wants, not only in the physical, material plane, but also, first of all, in the spiritual. No prohibitions or prejudices can stop her; she calls herself “mortal sea foam,” which symbolizes absolute independence and limitlessness.
Nikolai Nekrasov, “Freedom”
Since childhood, I have not been intimidated by anyone, I am free,
Choose the job you're suited for
Nekrasov's poem is dedicated to perhaps one of the most important events of the 19th century - the abolition of serfdom (1861). The work is solemn in nature, the lyrical hero rejoices at the sight of a child born in his free time. After all, now he can choose his life path himself, he is not obliged to follow any rules, he is free from the bonds of serfdom and now he will build his own destiny - this is what the author finds most important in the life of every person. Despite the fact that in the middle of the poem the poet mentions that “in place of the networks of serfs, people came up with many others,” he is still confident that society has finally taken the true path, and soon all people will be able to call themselves truly free, which means happy.
Fedor Tyutchev, “Silentium”
Just know how to live within yourself -
There is a whole world in your soulThe lyrical hero in Tyutchev’s poem finds freedom not in the outside, not in the environment, but in himself. He calls us to silence, because inside each of us there is a separate world in which true happiness can be found. In order not to lose this harmony and independence, you need to hide your feelings, not allow others to destroy peace of mind and, thereby, limit freedom. In addition, people who like to talk about their experiences become constrained by public opinion and the very fact of its necessity in their personal lives. Tyutchev warns us against this dependence.
Mikhail Lermontov, “Three Palms”
When the fog rushed to the west,
The caravan made its regular journey;
And then sad on barren soil
All that was visible was gray and cold ashes;
And the sun burned the dry remains,
And then the wind blew them away into the steppe.Lermontov's poem "Three Palms" is an Eastern tale about three palm trees that prayed for someone to see them, but when God heard their request and sent strangers to them, they mercilessly cut them down. The work prompts the reader to think that a person can only be free when alone. Any society limits the individual, does not give him freedom of choice, opinion, and action. Only in solitude can you remain honest with yourself and gain the desired will to choose and decide for yourself what is best, and not look for the truth in gossip and squabbles.
Interesting? Save it on your wall!
Maxim Gorky entered Russian literature as a writer who learned from his own experience life from the dark and unsightly
Side. At the age of twenty, he saw the world in such diversity that his bright faith in man, in
His spiritual nobility, in his strength of possibility. The young writer was inherent in the desire for ideals. He's sharp
I felt growing dissatisfaction with the way of life in society.
M. Gorky's early works are steeped in romanticism. In them, the writer appears to us as a romantic. He performs alone
The landscape plays a big role. It reflects the mental state of the heroes: “... the darkness of the autumn night that surrounded us shuddered and,
Shyly moving away, it revealed for a moment a boundless steppe on the left, an endless sea on the right...” We see that spiritual
The world of heroes is in conflict with reality. One of the main characters of the story, Makar, believes that “a man is a slave - like
Just born.” Let's try to prove or disprove this.
Gorky's heroes are gifted freedom-lovers. Without hiding the dark sides of the lives of his heroes, the author poeticized many of them.
None. These are strong-willed, beautiful and proud people who have “the sun in their blood.”
Loiko Zobar is a young gypsy. For him, the highest value is freedom, frankness and kindness: “He loved only
Horses and nothing else, and even then not for long - he will ride and sell them, and whoever wants the money, take it. He didn't have what he wanted
“You need his heart, he himself would tear it out of his chest and give it to you, if only it would make you feel good.” Radda
So proud that she cannot be broken by her love for Loiko: “I have never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you.” And I
I love freedom! Will, Loiko, I love more than you.” These heroes are characterized by the pathos of freedom. Unsolvable
The contradiction between Radda and Loiko - love and pride, according to Makar Chudra, can only be resolved by death. AND
The heroes themselves refuse love, happiness and prefer to die in the name of will and absolute freedom.
Makar Chudra, being at the center of the story, gets the opportunity for self-realization. He believes that pride and love
Incompatible. Love makes you humble and submit to your loved one. Makar, speaking about a person, from his point of view,
Unfree, he will say: “Does his will know? Is the expanse of the steppe clear? Does the sound of the sea wave make his heart happy? He is a slave - how
Just born, and that’s it!” In his opinion, a person born a slave is not capable of accomplishing a feat. This thought
Echoes the statement of the Snake from “Song of the Falcon”. He said: “He who is born to crawl cannot fly.” But on the other hand
On the other hand, we see that Makar admires Loiko and Radda. He believes that this is how a real person should perceive life
A person worthy of emulation, and that only in such a position in life can one preserve one’s own freedom.
Reading the story, we see the author's interest. He, telling us about Radda and Loiko Zobar, tried to explore them
Weaknesses and strengths. And the author’s attitude towards them is admiration for their beauty and strength. The end of the story, where the writer
He sees how “the nights swirled smoothly and silently in the darkness, and the handsome Loiko could not keep up with the proud Radda,”
Shows his position.
In this story, Gorky, using the example of Loiko Zobar and Radda, proves that man is not a slave. They die refusing
Love, happiness. Radda and Loiko sacrifice their lives for freedom. It was this idea that Gorky expressed through the mouth of Makar Chudra,
Who prefaces his story about Loiko and Rudd with the following words: “Well, falcon, do you want to tell me a true story? And you remember her
And, as you remember, you will be a free bird throughout your life.” Gorky strives with his work to excite and inspire
The reader, so that he, like his heroes, feels like a “free bird”. Pride makes the slave free, the weak -
Strong. The heroes of the story “Makar Chudra” Loiko and Radda prefer death to unfree life, because they themselves are proud and
Free. In the story, Gorky performed a hymn to a wonderful and strong man. He put forward a new measure of value
Man: his will to fight, activity, ability to rebuild life
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The theme of freedom and its reflection in one of the works of Russian literature.
Freedom. What do we mean by this word? It has a different meaning for everyone,
But I see two sides of “freedom”. The first is physical freedom: you are independent in your movements. The second is
spiritual independence, freedom of thought. This theme is often found in Russian literature, but I especially liked the fact that
as Mikhail Bulgakov introduced it to readers in the novel “The Master and Margarita.” The author personally encountered the theme of freedom in
of his life, namely: his work “The Master and Margarita” came under censorship and Bulgakov, in despair, burned it.
Only a few years later, at the insistence of his wife, he restored it from memory. This novel is largely autobiographical:
Bulgakov is a Master, his wife is Margarita. The main character in the book first burns his work, and then
restores. Now, I would like to touch more deeply on the theme of freedom in the work.
In the novel I saw the dependence of society, since it is completely subordinated to the communist system, they are chasing
labor records and socialist ideas, while forgetting about spiritual values. Master as a free person
, does not find its place here. His novel was not published due to the fault of mediocre critics. Literary activity in
Moscow has acquired a communist bias, it doesn’t matter here whether you have talent or not, the main thing is to please the country’s leadership,
which in my opinion is wrong. I was convinced of this after the repentance of Ivan Bezdomny, who realized that he had written terrible
poems. There is no place for true talent in Moscow, so the Master destroys the novel about Pontius Pilate and Yeshua Ha-Nozri and
goes to the Stravinsky clinic.
The Master's book also addresses the theme of freedom. .I saw that the prisoner Yeshua was a prototype of Jesus Christ
, is independent in spirit, because he thinks not about himself, but about all of humanity. Procurator Pontius Pilate, on the contrary: a slave
his power and Caesar. He is afraid of losing his position, although he is not indifferent to the preacher’s fate and wants to help him.
Here, it seems to me, Bulgakov wanted to show us that spiritual independence is the main thing at all times.
In the book, the author sends Woland to check how people have changed since the times of Yershalaim. We see that Muscovites are not deprived
eternal human vices: greed. envy and betrayal. This manifests itself especially well during a session of black
of magic,
after which many end up in the Stravinsky clinic. In her example, I noticed such a feature associated with freedom
.People, although they are in a “psychiatric hospital,” become more free, as they evaluate their lives from the outside. There they are
on which they do not depend and are purified spiritually. The opposite is true for Moscow residents.
Well, what about their judges: Woland and his retinue. At first glance it seemed to me that friendship reigned in their company and
mischief, but only in the end do you realize that this is not so. Bassoon, Behemoth, Azazello and Gella are Woland’s slaves, they redeem
guilt for crimes committed during life. Their cheerfulness is just a mask, they are all sad personalities, although they help
The Master and Margarita will reunite.
By the way, about the relationship between the main characters. It seems to me. they are unequal.
Margarita is a slave to her love, unlike the Master. She does everything to meet him again: to become
a witch, goes to the devil's ball, follows her beloved to the other world.
In general, the novel is very interesting for its plot and the skill of the author; it is not for nothing that Bulgakov worked on it for twelve
years. But despite its fantastic nature, this work touches on many philosophical topics about which you can
It takes a long time to talk, but for me the main thing here is the theme of freedom. it will exist in all ages as it showed us
Bulgakov. And for me personally, freedom is independence physically, materially and most importantly, spiritually. After all, without
in it, people would “break down” and die, writers would stop creating great works for us, many
historical events and humanity would stop its path in search of perfection, Do you agree with me?