Construction materials and their use. Main types of building materials. Building a house from timber is easier and faster

Consumables for construction work do not belong to the main raw materials, but are closely related to them. As the name suggests, these include small tools and materials that are consumed or worn out in the process of completing a specific order, i.e. c short term services. Further in the article it is indicated what applies to construction consumables.

Tools and auxiliary materials for manual application of protective, decorative and adhesive coatings

This is first and foremost paint brushes and rollers. Depending on the type of surface being treated and the type of coating applied, they differ in shape and size. For ease of use, these products can be equipped with special telescopic rods, which can extend the handle of the tool up to four meters, which allows you to paint even a very high ceiling.

Using a roller means purchasing a paint cuvette of the appropriate size, which, thanks to its ribbed surface, evenly distributes paint over the entire area of ​​the painting tool and removes excess paint. As a rule, several rollers are purchased for working with coatings. different color and composition, but you can use one handle, changing only the attachments. When working alone painting tool for several days, to prevent drying, both brushes and rollers are soaked in a container of water until the next use or tightly wrapped in cellophane film.

This same series of construction consumables includes one that allows you to seriously reduce time and nerves when beating the perfect edge during application paint coating, and also keep the mating surface clean. They differ only in the width of the overlapped edge and the footage.

Spare parts, abrasive and cutting tools

Each electric tool used in construction or repair requires its own equipment, which is a processing structural element, usually replaceable type. This includes drills, cutting drills, as well as lubricants and much more.

Consumables for construction tools- this is a significant element of costs and the cause of endless disputes between the customer and the contractor. This situation is associated with high degree standardization of such components. With the same functionality, both the price and quality of products can have a serious difference. The choice is not always obvious, but if there is a large volume of work, it is worth giving preference to products from well-established manufacturers.

Classify Consumables construction equipment can be based on the following characteristics:

1. Metalworking. These include drills, borings, metal cutters, cutting and sharpening wheels, grinding materials, hacksaw blades, and lubricants.
2. Woodworking. Cutting blades for jigsaws, wood drills.
3. For processing stone, tiles and concrete. Diamond-coated discs, chisels and impact drills with pobedite tips.

In this entire list, only wood saws and drill-type components (with the exception of impact drills) can be restored by sharpening.

Hardware and fasteners

Depending on the type of work, this group of construction consumables can be even more expensive than the equipment of processing tools. This includes wood and metal screws, nuts, bolts, washers and other hardware, all kinds of screwdriver attachments and any other types of fasteners (ties, rivets, clamps, staples).

Container and packaging

Can be returnable or non-returnable. This is an important element in preserving the presentation of basic materials. This can be paper, polyethylene, barrels, bags, pallets, boxes and other packaging.

Utility equipment and personal protective equipment

Hair and wire brushes, rags, containers for transferring and stirring bulk materials and garbage collection, brooms, office supplies, gloves, glasses, respirators, etc.

All these little things add up to a hefty penny and cannot always be fully taken into account at the stage of drawing up a work estimate. Therefore, to simplify calculations, construction consumables are often allocated 3% of the cost of basic resources and included in the estimate as a general line without deciphering the nomenclature.

To make it easier to navigate the diversity building materials, they are classified according to purpose, based on the operating conditions of the materials in structures or according to technological characteristics, taking into account the type of raw materials from which the material is obtained and the manufacturing method.

Based on their intended purpose, materials can be divided into two groups:

structural and materials special purpose.

Construction materials, used mainly for load-bearing structures, the following are distinguished:

Natural stone materials.

Inorganic binders.

Artificial stones obtained:

monolithification using binders (concrete, reinforced concrete, mortars);

sintering (ceramic materials);

melting (glass).

Metals (steel, cast iron, aluminum, alloys).

Polymers and plastics.

Wood.

Composite (asbestos cement, fiberglass, ...).

Construction Materials special purpose, necessary to protect structures from harmful environmental influences or improve performance properties and create comfort, are as follows:

Thermal insulation.

Acoustic.

Waterproofing, roofing, sealing.

Finishing.

Anti-corrosion.

Fireproof.

Materials for protection against radiation, etc.

Each material has a set of various properties that determine its scope of application and the possibility of combination with other materials.

It is known that the properties of building materials determine the scope of their application. Only with a correct and high-quality assessment of the properties of materials can strong and durable building structures of buildings and structures be obtained.

Property- the ability of a material to react in a certain wayon a separate or most often acting in conjunction with othersexternal or internal factor. The effect of one or another factor is determined both by the composition and structure of the material, and by the operating conditions of the material in the design of buildings and structures.

FACTORS AFFECTING BEHAVIOR

BUILDING MATERIALS IN FIRE CONDITIONS

Operational Factors:

In order for a building or structure to fulfill its purpose and be durable, it is necessary to clearly understand the operating conditions under which each structure manufactured by them will operate. Knowing these conditions, it is possible to establish what properties the material intended for the manufacture of this structure should have.

For example, the main requirement for the materials from which load-bearing structures are made is their ability to resist changes in shape and destruction under loads, as well as, in some cases, low thermal conductivity and sound permeability (for example, for enclosing structures).

Operating factors include:

Scope of application of the material.

Terms of Use.

Fire factors:

Temperature conditions and duration of fire.

Fire-fighting equipment.

Aggressive environment during a fire (toxicity of combustion products that destroys materials).

K category: Construction materials

Classification of building materials

Building materials are divided into natural (natural) and artificial. The first group includes: forest ( round wood, lumber); dense and loose rocks (natural stone, gravel, sand, clay), etc. The second group - artificial materials - includes: binders (cement, lime), artificial stones(brick, blocks); concretes; solutions; metal, heat and waterproofing materials; ceramic tiles; synthetic paints, varnishes and other materials, the production of which involves chemical processing.

Building materials are classified according to their purpose and area of ​​application, for example roofing materials - roofing material, asbestos cement, etc.; wall - brick, blocks; finishing - solutions, paints, varnishes; facing, waterproofing, etc., as well as according to the technological characteristics of their manufacture, for example, ceramic, synthetic, etc. Thermal insulating building materials constitute a special group - they are made from various raw materials and are used in various designs, but they unite common property- small volumetric mass and low thermal conductivity, which determines the constantly increasing volume of their production and wide application in construction.

Construction materials that are mined or manufactured in the area of ​​the facility under construction are usually called local construction materials. These primarily include: sand, gravel, crushed stone, brick, lime, etc. When constructing buildings and structures, it is necessary first of all to use local building materials, which reduces fare, making up a significant portion of the cost of materials.

For building materials manufactured by enterprises, there are State All-Union Standards - GOSTs and technical specifications- THAT. The standards provide basic information about the building material, give its definition, indicate raw materials, areas of application, classification, division into grades and brands, testing methods, transportation and storage conditions. GOST has the force of law, and compliance with it is mandatory for all enterprises producing building materials.

Nomenclature and technical requirements to building materials and parts, their quality, instructions for selection and use depending on the operating conditions of the building or structure being constructed are set out in “ Building codes and rules" - SNiP I-B.2-69, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee in 1962-1969. as amended in 1972. All-Union State Standards (GOSTs) have been developed for each material and product.

For correct application of a particular material in construction, it is necessary to know the physical, including the relationship of materials to the action of water and temperature, and mechanical properties.

Residential, public and industrial buildings are structures designed to accommodate people and various equipment and protect them from exposure environment. All buildings consist of parts that are identical in purpose: – the foundation, which serves as the foundation of the building and transfers the load from the entire building to the ground; – frame - a supporting structure on which the building’s enclosing elements are installed; the frame perceives and redistributes loads and transfers them to the foundation; – enclosing structures that isolate the internal volume of the building from exposure external environment or separating individual parts of the internal volume from each other; enclosing structures include walls, floors and roofs, and in low-rise buildings walls and ceilings often serve as a frame.

Since ancient times, residential and religious buildings have been built from natural materials- stone and wood, and all parts of the building were made from them: foundation, walls, roof. Such versatility of the material had significant shortcomings. The construction of stone buildings was labor intensive; stone walls to maintain normalcy in the building thermal regime had to be made very thick (up to 1 m or more), since natural stone - good guide warmth. To construct the floors and roofs, many columns were installed or heavy stone vaults were made, since the strength of the stone was not enough to cover large spans. Stone buildings, however, had one positive quality - durability. Less labor intensive, but short-lived wooden buildings often destroyed by fires.

With the development of industry, new building materials with different purposes appeared: for roofing - sheet iron, Later - rolled materials and asbestos cement; for load-bearing structures - rolled steel and high-strength concrete; for thermal insulation - fiberboard, mineral wool and etc.

Specialization and industrial production building materials, semi-finished products and products have radically changed the nature of construction. Materials, and then products made from them, began to arrive at construction sites almost ready-made; building structures became lighter and more efficient (for example, they were better protected from heat loss, from exposure to moisture, etc.). At the beginning of the 20th century. factory production has begun building structures (metal trusses, reinforced concrete columns), but only in the 50s, for the first time in the world, our country began to build fully prefabricated buildings from ready-made elements.

Modern industry produces construction materials and products a large number of finished building parts and materials for various purposes, for example: ceramic tiles for floors, for internal lining, facade, carpet mosaic; roofing felt and glassine for roofing, insulation and hydro-isol for waterproofing. To make it easier to navigate this variety of building materials and products, they are classified. The most widespread classifications are based on purpose and technological characteristics.

According to their purpose, materials are divided into the following groups: – structural materials, which perceive and transmit loads in building structures; – thermal insulation, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building structure and thereby ensure the necessary thermal conditions of the room at minimum costs energy; – acoustic (sound-absorbing and sound-proofing) - to reduce the level of “noise pollution” in the room; – waterproofing and roofing - to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from exposure to water or water vapor; – sealing - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures; – finishing - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, thermal insulation and other materials from external influences; – special purpose (for example, fire-resistant or acid-resistant), used in the construction of special structures.

A number of materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be classified into any one group, since they are used both in their pure form and as raw materials for the production of other building materials and products - these are the so-called general-purpose materials. The difficulty of classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be classified into different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as construction material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concrete - thermal insulation materials; extra-heavy concrete - special-purpose materials used for protection against radioactive radiation.

The technological classification is based on the type of raw material from which the material is obtained and the manufacturing method. These two factors largely determine the properties of the material and, accordingly, its scope of application. According to the manufacturing method, a distinction is made between materials produced by sintering (ceramics, cement), melting (glass, metals), monolithification using binders (concrete, mortars) and machining natural raw materials (natural stone, wood materials). For a deeper understanding of the properties of materials, which depend mainly on the type of raw material and the method of its processing, the “Materials Science” course is based on classification according to technological characteristics and only in some cases groups of materials are considered according to their intended purpose.

Construction materials, natural and artificial materials and products used in the construction and repair of buildings and structures. Based on the totality of technological and operational characteristics, building materials are usually divided into the following main groups.

Natural stone materials - rocks subjected to mechanical processing (cladding slabs, wall stones, crushed stone, gravel, rubble stone, etc.). The introduction of advanced methods of extraction and processing of stone (for example, diamond sawing, heat treatment) significantly reduces the complexity of production and the cost of stone materials and expands the scope of their use in construction.

Forest materials and products - Construction materials obtained mainly by mechanical processing of wood (roundwood, lumber and blanks, parquet, plywood, etc.). In modern construction, lumber and blanks are used on a large scale for various joinery products, built-in building equipment, moldings (plinths, handrails, overlays, etc.). Glued-laminated wood products are promising (see Glued-laminated structures).

Ceramic materials and products made from clay-containing raw materials by molding, drying and firing. A wide range, high strength and durability of ceramic building materials determine a variety of areas of their use in construction: as wall materials (brick, ceramic stones) and sanitary products, for external and internal cladding of buildings (ceramic tiles), etc. Ceramic Construction materials also include porous lightweight concrete filler - expanded clay.

Inorganic binders - predominantly powdered materials (cements of various types, gypsum, lime, etc.), which when mixed with water form a plastic dough, which then acquires a stone-like state. One of the most important inorganic binding materials is Portland cement and its varieties.

Concretes and mortars - artificial stone materials with a wide range of physical, mechanical and chemical properties, obtained from a mixture of binder, water and aggregates. The main type of concrete is cement concrete. Along with it, silicate concrete products are used in modern construction. Lightweight concretes used for the manufacture of large-sized prefabricated structures and products are very effective. To increase strength structural elements For bending and tension, a material is used that is a combination of concrete with steel reinforcement - reinforced concrete. Concrete and mortars are used directly on construction sites (monolithic concrete), as well as for the manufacture of building products in the factory ( precast concrete). This same group of Building materials includes asbestos-cement products and structures made from cement paste reinforced with asbestos fiber.

Metals . Rolled steel is mainly used in construction. Steel is used for the manufacture of reinforcement in reinforced concrete, building frames, bridge spans, pipelines, heating devices, as roofing material (roofing steel), etc. Aluminum alloys are becoming widespread as structural and finishing building materials.

Thermal insulation materials - Construction materials used for thermal insulation of enclosing structures of buildings, structures, industrial equipment, pipelines. This group includes a large number of materials of various composition and structure: mineral wool and products made from it, cellular concrete, asbestos materials, foam glass, expanded perlite and vermiculite, fiberboards, reeds, fiberboard, etc. The use of thermal insulation building materials in enclosing structures can significantly reduce the weight of the latter, reduce the overall consumption of materials and reduce energy costs to maintain the required thermal conditions of the building (structure). Some thermal insulation materials are used as acoustic materials.

Glass. It is mainly used for constructing translucent fences. Along with ordinary sheet glass, special-purpose glass (reinforced, tempered, heat-insulating, etc.) and glass products (glass blocks, glass profiles, glass facing tiles, etc.) are produced. The use of glass for exterior decoration of buildings (stemalite, etc.) is promising. According to technological characteristics, glass building materials also include stone casting, glass ceramics and slag glass.

Organic binders and waterproofing materials - bitumens, tars and asphalt concrete, roofing felt, roofing felt and other materials obtained from them; This group of Construction materials also includes polymer binders used to produce polymer concrete. For the needs of prefabricated housing construction, sealing materials are produced in the form of mastics and elastic gaskets (gernit, isol, poroizol, etc.), as well as waterproofing polymer films.

Polymer construction materials - a large group of materials produced on the basis of synthetic polymers. They are distinguished by high mechanical and decorative properties, water and chemical resistance, and manufacturability. Their main areas of application: as materials for flooring (linoleum, relin, polyvinyl chloride tiles, etc.), structural and finishing materials (laminated plastic, fiberglass, particle boards, decorative films, etc.), heat and sound insulating materials (foam , honeycomb plastics), molded construction products.

Varnishes and paints - finishing Construction materials based on organic and inorganic binders, forming a decorative and protective coating on the surface of the structure being painted. Synthetic paints and varnishes and water-based paints based on a polymer binder are becoming widespread.

Metal and hard alloy, composite materials (reinforced concrete)

Non-metallic materials, fibrous, monolithic (insulation materials)

Wood

Natural stone (limestone, sandstone, marble, granite)

Ceramics and silicate materials for masonry

Concrete is a material obtained by mixing binder material, cement, lime, clay with inert additives (sand, gravel, crushed stone)

Glass and translucent materials

Liquids

Ground base

Backfill (crushed stone, sand)

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS- materials used in the construction and repair of buildings and structures. Many of these materials are used not only in construction, but also in the production of various products. Construction materials are varied in their origin or composition of raw materials, purpose, etc. Here is given a brief description of only the basic (most commonly used) materials that are used for home renovation or small individual construction, extensions, reconstructions, etc.
Natural stone materials. Rubble stone (rubble)- limestone, sandstone or others rocks stone in pieces irregular shape; used for laying foundations of buildings, furnaces, etc.; For masonry, bedded (slabbed) stone is more convenient. Cobblestone, in the form of rounded pieces, is used for paving roads, courtyards, etc., for preparing crushed stone (crushing). Sawn stone is a local material made from light (porous) rocks, such as shell rock and tuff.
Bulk (loose) mineral materials- sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag - used as fillers - constituent materials in mortars, concrete (see below), when constructing roads, sidewalks, paths, etc.
Sand - grain size up to 5 mm. For construction work, sufficiently clean sand is required (silt particles or clay should not contain more than 5 - 7%). The degree of contamination of the sand can be checked as follows: pour 1/2 cup of sand, add water to the top and mix; pour the dirty water into another glass; Repeat washing 2 more times. When everything is merged dirty water settles, the total volume of sludge can be used to calculate the percentage of sand contamination. Gravel - pebbles larger than 5 mm, round shape; often contaminated with clay; Such gravel is washed with water before use (for example, in concrete). Crushed stone is crushed small stone of angular shape. Slag is a waste product from the combustion of coal (fuel or boiler slag) or from metallurgical production (blast furnace slag). Before being used in a mixture with binding materials, boiler slag is kept in air for 2 - 3 months so that impurities (sulfur) that destroy binding materials (cement) are removed.
Artificial stone materials. Construction brick: clay (fired) solid and hollow, perforated, silicate; widely used for laying walls, stoves, etc. Hollow and sand-lime brick Do not use for masonry in damp places. The strength of brick (and other artificial stone materials) is indicated by a grade. The stronger the material, the greater the numerical value of its grade. When overloaded, the brick should not be dropped so as not to split it. Should be stored in stacks. Refractory bricks (fireclay, Gzhel) are used in laying furnace fireboxes and when lining pipes. Ceramic blocks hollow (multi-slit) replace several bricks in volume. Concrete blocks- solid and hollow. For the manufacture of blocks, mainly porous lightweight concrete is used - slag concrete, pumice concrete, etc. Soil blocks are a local material, they are used in areas with a dry climate for laying walls; molded from soil with the addition of clay, lime, resin (to increase water resistance), manure, straw, shavings, slag, etc. They harden as a result of natural drying. They are usually made at the construction site. Ceramic tiles for wall cladding, flooring, etc. available with smooth or rough front surface, glazed or uncoated (terracotta). Ceramic tiles are packed in lattice boxes; stored indoors. Tiles are tiles with ribs on the back side, used for lining stoves. Roof tiles can be grooved or flat. Gypsum and gypsum concrete slabs for partitions size 40 cm x 80 cm, thickness 8 and 10 cm. Semicircular grooves are left on their side faces (for filling with mortar during laying). When transporting, the slabs should be laid on edge with the long side in the direction of movement and protected from moisture; Store in dry rooms, stacked on edge. Dry plaster- thin slabs (sheets) of gypsum lined with cardboard on both sides. Sheet dimensions: width 0.6 - 2.0 m. length 1.20 - 3.60 m, thickness 8 - 10 mm. They are used for covering walls and ceilings in dry rooms instead of “wet” plaster (see. ); Store in dry rooms, folded flat, without pads.
Asbestos-cement products. Roofing tiles(slate, asbestos slate, eternit) - flat, pressed; main tile size 40 cm X 40 cm x 0.4 cm; two opposite corners are cut off; Holes are left for nails. Corrugated roofing slabs size (ordinary slabs) 120 cm X 67.8 cm x 0.5 cm. Holes for mounting on the roof are drilled during the roofing process.
Cementing materials used in the manufacture of mortars and concrete (see below). They are divided into mineral (cement, lime, etc.) and organic (bitumen, tar). Mineral binders are divided, in turn, into air binders (air lime, gypsum, clay), which harden only in air, and hydraulic binders (hydraulic lime, cement), which harden in moist air and water.
Air lime- a widely used binding material. They do not distinguish slaked lime(kipelka), obtained by burning limestone, and slaked (fluff), obtained from quicklime by the action of water. To obtain slaked lime, a boiling pot is filled with water (“quenched”) in a pit. lined with boards, or in a box and, stirring, bring to a dough state. When extinguishing, “boiling” occurs, acrid smoke is released, and a heat, which can cause adjacent wooden parts to smolder and even catch fire. Slaked lime is white or gray in color ( best variety- white); should not contain lumps and ash. If the amount of work is small, it is better to purchase slaked lime and dilute it on site with water to a thin dough.
Construction plaster (alabaster)- finely ground powder, white (cream) color, greasy to the touch; good plaster sticks to fingers; when combined with water it hardens quickly; applied as component V plaster solutions(see below), accelerating their hardening.
Clay is used ch. arr. in mortars for masonry and repair of stoves and pipes, for the installation of waterproof (waterproofing) layers, as well as in mortars. Clay is found in nature usually mixed with sand; with an admixture of 15 to 30% sand it is called “skinny”, and up to 15% - “fat”. Oily clay cracks when it dries. Clay mixed with lime particles should not be used in mortars for laying stoves and pipes.
Cement is the strongest binding material. The most common type is Portland cement, a gray or greenish-gray powder.
Gypsum and cement must be stored in rooms, chests or other containers protected from rainwater, snow and ground moisture. Shelf life - no more than 2 - 2.5 months.
Waterproof additives- ceresite, liquid glass- used to make cement mortars waterproof, for example when plastering damp areas. Ceresite is a cream-colored mass similar to sour cream. Should be protected from drying out and freezing. Stir with a wooden stick before use. Liquid glass - thick liquid yellow color. Store in a cool place.
Mortars used for fastening stones in masonry, for plastering walls, ceilings, etc. (see. ), as well as for the manufacture of building parts (slabs, blocks).
Mortar It is prepared by mixing lime paste with sand (in a ratio of 1: 2 - 1: 4 by volume) with the addition of water. The fattier the lime, the more sand you can add to it. An insufficient amount of sand in the solution can cause cracks to appear in it when drying (hardening); Excess sand can reduce the adhesion strength of the solution. A properly prepared solution should slide off the tool easily. For the simplest test of the mortar, several (up to 10) bricks are placed on the mortar one on top of the other (in a column); after 3 days, at least seven bricks must be lifted along with the top brick, otherwise the mortar is fragile.
For cooking lime-gypsum mortar pour water into the mortar box, pour in gypsum, quickly and thoroughly mixing it with water to form a liquid dough (gypsum plant) without lumps; add lime mortar (lime and sand) to the dough and mix everything with a wooden mixer until a homogeneous mass is obtained, but not for long, so that the gypsum does not lose its ability to set (does not “rejuvenate”). You can prepare both parts of the solution in one box. To do this, first prepare a lime mortar, shovel it to the side, make a gypsum mixture in the remaining part and then mix everything together. The amount of water added depends on the fat content lime mortar. For one part of gypsum take about 3 parts of lime mortar (by volume). The lime-gypsum solution must be prepared in small portions, so that it can be used within 5-7 minutes, until it begins to harden. If you want the lime-gypsum solution to not harden (“set”) very quickly, you should add a little bone or flesh glue (2% of the weight of the gypsum) to the water before mixing the gypsum with water.
Cement mortar made up of cement, sand and water; water take no more than 50 - 60% of the weight of cement. Excess water when making a solution reduces its strength. To manually prepare the solution, measured parts of cement and sand (1: 2 - 1: 3) are poured in layers into a box (or onto a board platform - “strike”), mixed thoroughly and only then water is added. The cement mortar prepared with water must be used within 1 hour. To achieve waterproofing cement mortar ceresite is introduced into it or liquid glass(see above). These substances are dissolved in water immediately before preparing the solution (1 part by weight per 8 parts of water).
Mixed cement-lime mortar more convenient to use than cement, as it sets more slowly, is easier to lay, and is cheaper than cement. Composition: lime, cement, sand (1: 1: 4 - 1: 1: 7). Lime dough is mixed with half a portion of sand; the other half of the sand is mixed dry with cement and then both compositions are mixed, and finally water is added; This ensures the homogeneity of the solution.
Concrete- artificial stone material; It is prepared (without firing) from a mixture of cement (or other binder), sand, large stone-like components (crushed stone, gravel) and water. The concrete mixture hardens into stone. Heavy concrete(containing ordinary gravel or crushed stone) is used for load-bearing parts of buildings. Lightweight concrete (for example, with slag filler) is used for walls. When cooking manually concrete mixture First, a measured portion of crushed stone or gravel is poured onto a tightly knit flooring of boards (in the form of an elongated roller), and a mixture of cement and sand is placed on top of it. The components are carefully shoveled (transferred from one place to another) using shovels, forks or rakes; At the same time, the mixture is poured from a watering can with the amount of water pre-designated for mixing.
Wood (forest) materials- logs, lumber, plywood, etc. Raw wood (with a moisture content of more than 25%) should not be used, especially for carpentry, as it easily rots, warps, and cracks. Wood may have flaws - “defects” that arise on growing trees or during storage, in buildings and products. Particularly harmful is damage to wood by fungi that cause rot and destruction of wood. Wood defects that reduce its grade are: cracks, cross-grain (spiral arrangement of fibers, reducing the strength of the boards), curling (wavy arrangement of fibers, making it difficult to process wood), excessive knots (complicating processing, reducing the strength of wood and preventing evenness of color).
Logs are distinguished by purpose and size (length from 4 m and the thickness of the upper end is from 12 to 34 cm). Logs thickness 8 - 11 cm are called podtovarnik.
Lumber (boards, beams, beams) can be unedged (with unsawed side edges) and edged. Depending on the quality of the wood and the purity of processing, timber is divided into 5 grades. Planed blanks for platbands, skirting boards, fillets, handrails, floor boards, cladding boards.
Parquet. The most common parquet is plank (standard), in the form of planks (planks) with grooves and inset tenons, with a groove and a tongue; length of planks 150 - 500 mm, thickness 12 - 20 mm. Also produced panel parquet- shields (size from 0.5 m X 0.5 m up to 1.5 m x 1.5 m) with hardwood boards glued to them, and shield (panel size no more than 0.5 x 0.5 m).
Glued plywood consists of several glued thin sheets wood (“veneer”) of birch, alder, aspen, pine, etc. The thickness of plywood is from 2 mm to 15 mm. The most popular sheet sizes are 1.52 m x 1.52 m. Plywood is available in ordinary and waterproof types. Ordinary plywood is used for various skins inside the building, and waterproof plywood for the exterior sheathing.
Roofing material- shavings, shingles, tiles, shingles.
Wood - fibrous and chipboards are made by pressing under high pressure from wood fibers or shavings. There are thermal insulating and solid ones. Used for cladding partitions, making doors, flooring, furniture production, etc. Length up to 3 m, thickness 3.5 - 10 mm, width 1200 mm.
Rolled bituminous materials used as roofing and waterproofing materials. Roofing felt - waterproof roofing cardboard, impregnated and coated (on one or both sides) with bitumen with mineral dressing; sticks bitumen mastic; used for covering roofs. Sheet width - 750 mm and 1000 mm. Area of ​​one roll - 10 m 2 and 20 m 2. Glassine - roofing cardboard impregnated with petroleum bitumen (without sprinkling); used as an underlying layer under roofing felt; glued with bitumen mastic and nailed. The dimensions are the same as roofing felt. Roofing felt - roofing cardboard impregnated with tar products and sprinkled with sand on both sides; impregnation at high outside temperatures; may soften (faster than in roofing felt). It is glued with tar paper mastic. Used for roofs; non-responsible buildings (sheds, etc.). Sheet width; 750 mm and 1000 mm. Area of ​​one roll 10 m 2 or 15 m 2. Roofing felt - leather differs from roofing felt in the absence of topping. It is used as an underlying layer under roofing felt; glued with mastic and nailed. Sheet width 750 mm and 1000 mm. Area of ​​one roll up to 30 m 2 .
Window glass manufactured in thickness from 2 mm until 6 mm(in 1 mm). Depending on the size and area of ​​the sheets, 9 categories, or “keys”, are distinguished: from an area of ​​less than 0.1 m 2 to 2.5 - 3.2 m 2 in one sheet. The glass should not delaminate, should not cast rainbow colors, and should not have cloudy spots. Glass is packed in boxes; during transportation, boxes with glass should be placed only on their edges; store in a dry place.
Painting materials- paints, dyes (pigments), drying oils, adhesives, etc.
Paints - prepared paint compositions: mixtures coloring matter with other substances. Paints are prepared using water (with lime, glue and other binders), oil (linseed oil), varnish, etc. In accordance with this, paint compositions are called: water-based paints (glue), oil paints, enamel paints, etc. About the preparation of paint compositions see article Painting works. There are dry paints (powders), grated paints (pastes) and ready-made paints (diluted) for painting. Glue is an astringent substance in adhesive paints. Animal (painting and carpentry) glue - tile or crushed (grains), uniform light brown color (no dark spots). For information on preparing glue, see , . Vegetable glue is prepared from starch and flour. Drying oil is a binder and thinner for painting paints. Natural drying oil is a quickly drying vegetable oil, boiled with the addition of a drier (drying accelerator); flax is lighter, hemp is darker. Semi-natural drying oil (for example, oxol) contains vegetable oils (at least 50%); artificial drying oil does not contain vegetable oil or contains it in small quantities. Soap (bar and liquid) is used in the manufacture of putties, primers, etc., and is also used for washing surfaces and for washing brushes. Copper sulfate- a water-soluble substance in the form of a blue stone; used for vitriol washing and for preparing a primer for adhesive painting. Toxic, should not be stored in iron containers. Pumice is a porous stone; used for grinding surfaces prepared for painting.
Sheet roofing steel(iron); sheet sizes 142 cm X 71 cm, weight 4 - 5 kg.
Hardware- nails, screws, bolts, window and door fittings, etc. Nails are distinguished: construction nails (round and square), tar paper, roofing, plaster, finishing, wallpaper. Nail length from 7 mm up to 250 mm. Screws - screws for fastening wooden parts or for screwing metal parts and wooden ones; come with a flat and semicircular head, which has a slot for screwing with a screwdriver; screws with a square or hexagonal head for tightening with a wrench are called capercaillie. For information on window and door devices, see the articles And .

Concise encyclopedia household. - M.: Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. A. F. Akhabadze, A. L. Grekulova. 1976 .

See what "BUILDING MATERIALS" is in other dictionaries:

Building materials - get a valid OBI promotional code on Academician or buy building materials at a discount on sale at OBI

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS- are used for constructing walls, foundations, floors, roofs and other parts of residential and non-residential buildings and structures. Materials are usually divided into natural ones, which are used for construction in the form in which they are found in nature (wood, granite, ... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

"Construction Materials"- monthly scientific tech. and production Minva industry magazine is building. materials of the RSFSR. Published since 1955 in Moscow (until 1957 it was published under the title Construction Materials, Products and Structures). Covers scientific, technical. and economical Problems… … Geological encyclopedia

Construction Materials- This article should be Wikified. Please format it in accordance with the rules for formatting articles... Wikipedia - I Building materials - natural and artificial materials and products used in the construction and repair of buildings and structures. Differences in the purpose and operating conditions of buildings (structures) determine various requirements for... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Construction Materials- a set of natural and artificial materials used in construction and repair. Divided into stone natural building materials; mineral binders (cement, lime, gypsum, etc.) and organic (bitumen, tar,... ... Encyclopedia of technology

Construction Materials- statybinės medžiagos statusas Aprobuotas sritis parama žemės ūkiui apibrėžtis Projekte numatytos statybos reikmėms naudojamos Europos Sąjungos teisės aktais nustatytus saugos reikalavimus atitinkančios (sertifikuotos) naujos medžiagos, kurių… … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS- used in buildings are very diverse, but each must have certain technical properties. For roofing S. m. d. b. as light and waterproof as possible, durable for walls, foundations, low thermal conductivity and non-erosive. Cm.… … Agricultural dictionary-reference book

Special purpose building materials- - include all materials that perform special functions: heat-insulating, corrosion-resistant, acid-resistant, fire-resistant, decorative, etc. [Popov K.N., Kaddo M.B. Construction materials and products. M.: Higher. school , 2001. 367 pp... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials Read more