Hello! The same information can be presented in different ways. For example, the style of regular letters and messages to friends may differ significantly from business documentation.

What are they and how do they differ? Writing styles can be divided into 5 main categories. Today we will look at them in more detail together with clear examples. For ease of navigation through the article I have prepared for you summary.

The 5 listed options can be used in ordinary communication and written presentation of information. Now I’ve thought about it and realized that I often use them unconsciously, just out of habit.

In principle, from the names listed above you can guess the main distinctive features. However, names alone are not always enough to understand how to determine the style of text and speech. Therefore, let’s look at each of them in a little more detail and take a full look. specific examples.

Conversational style

It’s not for nothing that I put it first on the list. It is the most common type of speech for informal communication.

Characteristic differences conversational style:

• emotionality;
• use of slang;
• relatively common use in friendly dialogues.

You can often meet him in correspondence on forums and social networks, and ordinary telephone conversations.

Hello! I have cool news for you! Can you imagine today I went to the lake we were talking about yesterday. Sucks! I left an hour later and stopped at the next one. There's absolutely shine there! The water is clean, warm, and there are not many people. By the way, do you want to go fishing there sometime?

Formal business style

He's quite strict. IN Everyday life occurs frequently. It can be observed in writing various documentation, communicating in business circles on work issues and in other situations.

Characteristic differences between the official business style:

• unambiguity of thought;
• dry presentation;
• consistency;
• lack of slang and obvious expression of emotions.

Its main purpose is to clearly convey to people specific information. Often used for writing texts and in business communication.

According to the practical observations of the author of the blog site, in the period from 2014 to 2016, remote work via the Internet can bring the author additional income in the amount of 18,000 rubles per month. These calculations are relevant for copywriters with a positive professional reputation and the skills to write high-quality texts. The likelihood of beginners reaching this level of income increases significantly after completing vocational training.

Journalistic style

When writing or pronouncing it, there is a common feature with the colloquial style of speech in composing texts - emotionality. Despite the sometimes apparent similarity between them, there are serious differences.

Distinctive features of the journalistic style:

• understandable to a large number of listeners and readers, and not just to specialists in narrow fields of knowledge;
• may contain figurative expressions, emotional shades;
• Some of the main goals are the transmission of understandable information, the formation of a certain attitude towards the object or situation in question.

This type of speaking and writing is great for the media.

I recently did a brief review of one project useful for both adults and students educational institutions. We were talking about literacy in the Russian language and classes with a tutor. In fact, on the project described you can find teachers in other subjects. I will not repeat myself now, but if I wish, I will also provide information on improving literacy in Russian.

This concludes the publication on the styles of presenting oral speech and writing various texts. Now, I think, determining the style of existing texts will not be difficult. I hope the information about classes with tutors was also useful.

By the way, right now you can learn about normal ways to make money on the Internet, which allow you to generate your main or additional income. They are described in previous posts on this blog. For example, you know, those who write texts to order and sell them online.

Subscribe to blog updates and join social communities created specifically for the Workip blog. See you later.

The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, a form of national Russian culture. It includes all the linguistic elements of the Russian ethnic group, including dialects, dialects and jargons. The highest form of manifestation of the Russian language is the Russian literary language, which is characterized by a variety of speech styles used in various spheres of communication.

The concept of functional style

Studying the system of language styles, norms and methods of use literary language depending on the conditions of linguistic communication, depending on the type and genre of writing, on the sphere public life, deals with a special section of linguistics - stylistics.

The functional style of speech is usually understood as a variant of a literary language that has a specific sphere of use and has stylistically significant linguistic means. To correctly understand what speech styles are, you need to know the features of each individual style.

Currently, there are five functional styles in the Russian language. At the same time, there is a distinction between colloquial and book styles: official business, scientific, journalistic and style fiction(artistic style).

Conversational style

Conversational style of speech is a tool for direct communication between native speakers. It serves to transmit information in everyday situations, outside of official settings. With its help, a person can convey his feelings, thoughts and emotions, therefore the conversational style of speech is often accompanied by gestures and facial expressions, which makes speech lively and expressive. The conversational style of speech may contain colloquial and even profanity.

The most common form of using a conversational style of speech is dialogue, because... Usually the colloquial style is used orally. In writing, the conversational style can be observed in personal correspondence or diary entries.

In the colloquial style of speech, many different linguistic means are used. For example, incomplete sentences, modals, repetitions, introductory words, interjections, suffixes of subjective assessment, etc.

Scientific style

It shows quite clearly what a style of speech, a scientific style, is. It serves to spread scientific information and evidence of its truth. It is the language of science and is most often found in scientific research and publications, monographs, articles, and educational literature.

As a rule, the scientific style is expressed in a written monologue form, but oral presentation (message, report) is also possible. The scientific style is characterized by logic, accuracy and generalization. In a scientific style text, nouns, terms, and words with abstract meaning predominate.

Formal business style

The official business style of speech is used to convey information in an official setting in the field of legal, business, official and industrial relations. This style of speech is used when drawing up various kinds of documents (orders, laws, regulations, contracts, etc.). Its distinctive features are:

• accuracy;
• impersonal character;
• standardization;
• due character;
• lack of emotionality.

It becomes obvious that this style of speech involves the use of speech cliches, abbreviations, nomenclature names, and verbal nouns. Typically, formal business style is used only in writing.

Journalistic style

The main task of the journalistic style is to influence the audience through the media. This is the language of political, socio-economic, cultural relations. In addition to communicating information, journalistic style implies the formation of a certain reader’s opinion in relation to what is being communicated.

The journalistic style of speech, an example of which can be found in such genres as a newspaper article, essay, interview, feuilleton, etc., is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary in the text, emotionality, appeal, evaluativeness and logic.

Fiction style

Artistic style is the language of a work of art. His main task is the impact on the thoughts and feelings of the reader through the images created by the author. In an effort to convey to the reader his vision of the picture of the world, the author can use a variety of artistic techniques, which significantly expands the visual possibilities artistic style. In the artistic style of speech in the text, the use of speech templates and stencils is excluded, because Each author tries to find new forms to express his thoughts. Therefore, the artistic style is characterized by an abundance expressive means and techniques (epithets, metaphors, inversions, comparisons, etc.), as well as a variety of genres.

The artistic style belongs to the book class of speech styles, therefore it is based on the Russian literary language. However, to create a credible image, the author can use elements various styles, be it scientific terminology or colloquial vocabulary.

In addition to the emotional impact, a work of art is also intended to have an aesthetic function, which is the main difference between the artistic style and other styles of speech.

So, understanding what a speech style is and the ability to choose the right word depending on the stylistic situation allows native speakers to avoid mistakes in oral and written speech.

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY

SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE

Topic: functional styles of the Russian language.

Completed:

Khlynovskikh A.K.

Group PU 07-05

Checked:

Bogdanova I. V.

Krasnoyarsk 2007

Introduction.

1. What are the styles of the Russian language. Factors influencing its formation and functioning.

2. Features of the scientific style.

3. Features of official business style.

4. Journalistic style and its features.

5. Features of the style of fiction.

6. Features of conversational style.

Conclusion.

Glossary of terms.

Bibliography.

Introduction.

The purpose of this work is to study the functional styles of the Russian language.

The task that I have set for myself is to form a stable idea of ​​the functional styles of the Russian language in general and scientific and official business styles in particular, since they are the basis of communication in production, business, and entrepreneurship.

This work contains seven chapters. The first chapter examines the styles of the Russian language in general, chapters 2 to 6 examine these styles in particular.

An auxiliary function in this work is performed by a dictionary of terms.

What are Russian language styles?

Factors influencing its formation and functioning .

There are quite a few definitions of the concept of style. Styles- peculiar registers of the language that allow you to switch it from one tonality to another. Language style- a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the utterance, taking into account the situation where the utterance occurs. If we compare these definitions, we can highlight the most general provisions: style(from the Greek Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a type of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain sphere of social activity, for which it uses features of text construction specific to a given style and linguistic means of expressing its content. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a certain number of texts and finding common features in them.

Functional styles- these are varieties of book language that are characteristic of various spheres of human activity and have a certain originality in the use of linguistic means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives set and resolved in the process of communication.

The functions of language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, at first the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of language. At this stage, it was characterized by a single function - the function of communication.

But gradually, with the complication of social life, with the natural and logical appearance of writing, business speech develops. After all, it was necessary to conclude agreements with warlike neighbors, regulate* life within the state, establishing legal acts. This is how the official business function of the language develops and business speech is formed. And again, in response to the demands of society, the language finds new resources in itself, is enriched, develops, and forms new variety, new functional style.

The formation and functioning of styles is influenced by various factors. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by conditions associated with the life of society itself, and called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. The following factors are distinguished:

A) sphere of public activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), everyday life (colloquial style).

b ) form of speech: written or oral;

V) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;

G) way of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except colloquial, relate to public communication)

d ) genre of speech(each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - abstract, textbook, report; for official business - certificate, agreement, decree; for journalistic - article, report, oral presentation; for fiction style - novel, story, sonnet) ;

e ) goals of communication, corresponding to the functions of the language. In each style, all functions of language are implemented (communication, message or influence), but one is leading. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.

Based on these factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, conversational, fiction style. However, such a classification is controversial; artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transmission of information, but its transmission through artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious-preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to high style, which are often archaic*.

Using these styles, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, outline laws in precise and strict words, sound in light, charming verses, or reflect the multifaceted life of the people in an epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of language and diverse possibilities for expressing thoughts. So, a language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.

Features of the scientific style.

Scientific style serves the scientific sphere of public activity. The purpose of science is to derive new laws, study and describe natural and social phenomena, teach the basics of knowledge, and develop interest in science. The scientific style uses the written form of speech to a greater extent, because science seeks to record its achievements and pass them on to other generations, and monologue as a type of speech, which corresponds to the linguistic function of communication.

The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the progress of scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of nature and man. In Russia, the scientific style of speech began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, which is associated with the stormy scientific activity Russian Academy Sci. A significant role in its formation belonged to M.V. Lomonosov and his students. The scientific style finally emerged only towards the end of the 19th century.

As a rule, a scientific text is easy to select from a group of texts different styles. First of all, special words that name the basic concepts of this science attract attention - terms (airplane represents aircraft heavier air With motionless wing serving for education lift). But the features of constructing a scientific text are not limited to this. A scientific text requires accuracy and unambiguity, so words in such a text are used only in one meaning. Since science provides us with information about a number of objects and phenomena, the word in a scientific text is used in a generalized sense. When we read in a book birch grows in middle lane Russia, we understand the meaning of the word birch as birch in general, and not separately standing tree. Verbs in such texts play a much smaller role than in other styles; most often they are used as linking verbs. Also, the scientific text is emphasized and logical; this consistency is achieved by repeating words as a means of communication ( Jargon – the language of social and professional groups of people. In addition to professional jargons there is student, youth and other jargons . Thus, in the speech of students one can find such jargon , How…). According to O.D. Mitrofanova, in chemistry texts with a text volume of 150 thousand lexical units, the following words are used the following number of times: water - 1431, solution - 1355, acid - 1182, atom - 1011, ion - 947, etc.

There are three substyles in the scientific style: actually scientific, scientific-educational, popular science.

The formation of these substyles is influenced by who the text is created for (addressee factor), as well as goals and objectives. So the addressee actually scientific substyle is a specialist in this field, scientific and educational – future specialist or student popular science– any person interested in one or another science. Target actually scientific substyle – description of new phenomena in science, putting forward hypotheses*, their proof; scientific and educational– presentation of the fundamentals of science, training; popular science– convey to a person who is not a specialist knowledge from various areas Sciences available means, to interest him. Therefore, while remaining scientific, texts of different substyles differ (for example, in actually scientific the substyle practically does not use emotional words, whereas in popular science there are many more such words).

Features of official business style.

Formal business style serves the legal sphere, i.e. used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law, legislation. It is characterized by precision of formulation (which would eliminate ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation ( submitted for discussion, but not we bring it up for discussion ; there are cases of non-fulfillment of the contract and so on.), high degree standardization, reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relations. The purpose of the official business style is to establish legal relations between the state and citizens, as well as within the state.

Functional styles of the Russian language. Brief characteristics, features

• Content.
• Introduction. 3
• Basis for the classification of functional styles. 3
• On the speech systematicity of functional styles. 4
• Differentiation of functional styles. 5
• Brief characteristics and features of functional styles 6
• Formal business style 6
• Scientific style 7
• Journalistic style 8
• Fiction style 8
• Conversational style 9
• Table of differential features of functional styles 11

Introduction

Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious variety of a literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain sphere of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this sphere and their specific organization.

The concept of style (or syllable) as a special quality of speech originated in ancient poetics and rhetoric (Greek stylos ¾ a stick pointed at one end, which was used to write on wax tablets; the other end of the stick was shaped like a spatula; they used it to level the wax, erasing what was written). The ancients said: “Turn the stylus!”, which literally meant ‘erase what is written’, and figuratively ¾ ‘work on the syllable, think about what is written’. With the development of the science of language, scientists' ideas about what style is have changed. Conflicting opinions on this issue expressed by modern scientists. However, what is common is the recognition of the functional nature of styles, their connection with a certain sphere of speech communication and types of human activity, the understanding of style as a historically established and socially conscious set of methods of use, selection and combination of language units.

Basis for the classification of functional styles.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of use of the language, the subject matter determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of language correlate with types of human activity corresponding to forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish the styles of official speech (book): scientific, officially business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are contrasted with the style of informal speech - colloquially everyday (colloquial), the extralinguistic basis of which is the sphere of everyday relations and communication (everyday life as an area of ​​​​relations between people outside their direct production and socio-political activities).

The areas of application of language significantly influence the topic and content of the statement. Each of them has its own current topics. For example, in the scientific sphere, primarily the problems of scientific knowledge of the world are discussed, in the sphere of everyday relations, everyday issues are discussed. However, in different areas the same topic can be discussed, but the goals are pursued differently, as a result of which statements differ in content. Also V.G. Belinsky noted: “The philosopher speaks in syllogisms, the poet in images, pictures; but they both say the same thing... One proves, the other shows, and both convince, only one with logical arguments, the other with pictures.”

The classification of functional styles is often associated with language functions, understood as specific goals communications. Thus, there is a known classification of styles based on the three functions of language: communication, message and influence. The functions of communication are most consistent with a conversational style, messages ¾ scientific and officially business, impacts ¾ journalistic and literary artistic. However, with such a classification there is no differentiating basis that allows us to distinguish between scientific and officially business, journalistic and literary artistic styles. The functions of language characterize it as a whole and are inherent to one degree or another in any style. In speech reality, these functions intersect and interact with each other; a specific utterance usually performs not one, but several functions. Therefore, the functions of language in classifying styles can only be considered in combination with other factors.

The scope of use of language, the subject matter and purpose of the statement determine the essential features of style, its main style-forming features. For the scientific style ¾ this is a generally abstract nature of the presentation and emphasized logic, for the formal business ¾ it is the prescriptive nature of speech and accuracy that does not allow for discrepancies, for the conversational ¾ it is ease, spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication, etc.

Style-forming factors determine the peculiarities of the functioning of linguistic means in a particular style and their specific organization.

On the speech systematicity of functional styles.

In each style, one can distinguish stylistically colored linguistic units that are used only or predominantly in a given area (this applies primarily to units of the lexical level): in the colloquial style ¾ colloquial and colloquial vocabulary and phraseology, in the scientific ¾ scientific terminology and stable phrases of a terminological nature, in journalistic ¾ social and political vocabulary. However, style should not be understood only as a combination of stylistically marked means, as a result of the summation of units of the same stylistic coloring in the process of language functioning. The same linguistic means (especially units of the phonetic, morphological and syntactic levels) can be used in different fields of activity, uniting all styles into a single language system. In the process of functioning in accordance with the communicative task, a selection of linguistic means and their unique organization occurs, thanks to which these units are interconnected in functional meaning. As a result, a style is created with a diverse composition of linguistic means, but unified in semantic-functional coloring and meaning, and a functional stylistic system characteristic of this style is formed. The extralinguistic basis specific to a particular sphere of application of a language determines the general stylistic coloring of speech, which forms a unique quality of speech perceived as style.

Depending on the goals and objectives of communication, content and speech situation in a functional style, certain linguistic units are activated in a certain semantic meaning. So, for example, terms can be used in any style, but most often they are found in scientific and official business, they are organically included only in the systems of these styles, being their obligatory logical link. They are not included in the systems of colloquial and literary artistic styles; their use here is largely accidental (it is determined by the topic of conversation or the tasks of artistic depiction of scientific or business sphere). When used in this way, terms most often lose their precision; they actually become determinologized.

Each style creates its own intra-style system, the material for this is all units of the literary language, but some have a greater degree of productivity, others less. The functional style, as it were, produces its own redistribution of linguistic means: from the general literary language it selects, first of all, what corresponds to its internal needs and tasks. Thus, the unity of style is created not only and not so much by stylistically marked units, but by the correlation of linguistic means common to all styles, the nature of their selection and combination, and the patterns of functioning of linguistic units in a given sphere of communication.

In specific texts there may be certain deviations from the average norm, from typical features organizing language material in one or another functional style. They are usually due to the fact that some additional (or additional) tasks are added to the main task of communication, i.e. the extralinguistic basis becomes more complicated. For example, there is a need not only to inform about scientific discovery, but also talk about it in a popular form. In this case, the text will use elements borrowed from artistic storytelling and journalism (figurative comparisons, rhetorical questions, question-answer, etc.), conversational intonations and syntactic structures, etc. But all these elements must obey a single goal, due to which a common functional and stylistic coloration is achieved.

Differentiation of functional styles.

Functional styles, as the largest varieties of literary language (macrostyles), are subject to further intra-style differentiation. Each style has substyles (microstyles), which in turn are divided into even more specific varieties. It should be noted that the differentiation of functional styles does not have a single basis, since it is based on additional (in relation to the main) factors specific to each style.

In the official business style, depending on the purpose of the texts, legislative, diplomatic and clerical (administrative clerical) substyles are distinguished. The first includes the language of legislative documents related to the activities government agencies, the second ¾ language of diplomatic documents related to the field of international relations. The clerical sub-style includes, on the one hand, official correspondence between institutions and organizations, and on the other, ¾ private business papers.

The varieties of scientific style are determined by the specifics of various types of scientific communication (the nature of the addressee, the purpose). It has developed its own scientific, scientific educational and popular scientific substyles.

Features of journalistic style are determined by the specifics of the media. Depending on this, one can distinguish newspaper journalistic, radio television journalistic and oratorical substyles.

The stylistic differentiation of artistic style primarily corresponds to three types of literature: lyricism (poetic substyle), epic (prosaic) and drama (dramatic).

In the colloquial style, there are varieties determined by the communication environment: official (colloquially official substyle) and informal (colloquially everyday substyle).

Any substyle, just like a style, is realized in a set of certain types of texts. For example, in the newspaper journalistic genre these are the following types of texts: newsreel, report, interview, essay, feuilleton, article; in the actual scientific ¾ monograph, abstract, report, theses, etc.; in educational science ¾ textbook, study guide, diploma or course work etc., in the clerical substyle ¾ statement, announcement, deed, power of attorney, receipt, characterization, etc. Each of these types of texts can be called a genre. Genre in linguistics is understood as “a genus, a variety of speech, determined by the given conditions of the situation and the purpose of use.”

The specificity of genres, as well as style in general, is determined by extralinguistic factors and is created by the peculiarities of the functioning of linguistic means in specific communication conditions. For example, chronicle information differs significantly from an essay, interview, or report not only in its structure and composition, but also in the nature of the use of linguistic means.

Each text, based on its content, composition, specific selection and organization of linguistic means in it, can be attributed to a specific style, substyle and genre. For example, even such a short statement as I ask you to grant me another vacation contains signs of an official business style, an administrative clerical style, or a statement genre. But each text is individual to one degree or another, it reflects the individual stylistic features of the author, since the choice of linguistic means from a number of possible ones is made by the speaker (or writer) taking into account the characteristics of a particular genre. Various genres of literary and artistic style, as well as most genres of journalism, provide rich opportunities to show individuality. As for chronicle information, the genre of which requires the complete elimination of the author’s “I,” it is devoid of individual stylistic features, just like many genres of official business style, which do not allow for variation.

Thus, the functional style differentiation of speech is not reduced to five main styles; it represents a rather complex picture. Each style is divided into substyles, which in turn distinguish more specific varieties, up to the manifestation individual characteristics author. In addition, it should be borne in mind that in linguistic reality there are no sharp boundaries between functional style varieties; there are many transitional phenomena. Thus, in conjunction with the widespread development of technology and the introduction of scientific achievements into production, genres appeared that combine features of scientific and official business styles (patents, instructional texts explaining how to handle technology, etc.). A newspaper article on a scientific topic combines the features of scientific and journalistic styles, a review of ¾ scientific and business styles, etc. “Styles, being in close interaction, can partially mix and penetrate one another. In individual use, the boundaries of styles can shift even more sharply, and one style can be used in the function of another to achieve one or another goal.” However, most often one of the styles acts as the main one, and against its background elements of other styles appear. Any specific statement is made in accordance with the basic functional stylistic norms of a particular style, which makes it possible to determine whether the statement belongs to a given style, despite the fact that it may contain features that are atypical for this style as a whole.

Brief characteristics and features of functional styles.

Formal business style

Among book styles, the official business style is the most clearly defined. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in government institutions, in court, during business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the sphere of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. Officially, business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style is subject to serious changes under the influence of socio-historical changes in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language due to its stability, traditionality, isolation and standardization.

The authors of the textbook “Culture of Russian Speech” note: “Business style is a set of linguistic means, the function of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations, i.e. relations that arise between state bodies, between or within organizations, between organizations and individuals in the process of their production, economic, and legal activities.” And further: “The breadth of this sphere makes it possible to distinguish at least three substyles (varieties) of business style: 1) actually officially business style (clerical); 2) legal (the language of laws and decrees); 3) diplomatic."

Standardization business speech(primarily the language of mass standard documentation) ¾ one of the most noticeable features of the official business style. The standardization process is developing mainly in two directions: a) the widespread use of ready-made, already established verbal formulas, stencils, stamps (for example, standard syntactic models with denominate prepositions in order, in connection with, in accordance with, etc., which is quite is natural, since it greatly simplifies and facilitates the process of compiling standard texts of business papers), b) in the frequent repetition of the same words, forms, phrases, structures, in the desire for uniformity in the ways of expressing thoughts in similar situations, in the refusal to use expressive means of language .

Other features of the official business style (besides standardization) are accuracy, imperativeness, objectivity and documentation, specificity, formality, and conciseness.

Scientific style

This functional style variety of the literary language serves various branches of science (exact, natural, humanities, etc.), the field of technology and production and is implemented in monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, abstracts, theses, scientific reports, lectures, educational and scientific-technical literature, messages on scientific topics etc.

Here it is necessary to note a number of essential functions that this style variety performs: 1) reflection of reality and storage of knowledge (epistemic function); 2) obtaining new knowledge (cognitive function); 3) transfer of special information (communicative function).

The main form of implementation of the scientific style is written speech, although with the increasing role of science in society, the expansion of scientific contacts, and the development of mass media, the role of the oral form of communication is increasing. Implemented in various genres and forms of presentation, the scientific style is characterized by a number of common extra and intralinguistic features that allow us to speak of a single functional style, which is subject to intra-style differentiation.

The main communicative task of communication in the scientific field is the expression of scientific concepts and conclusions. Thinking in this field of activity is generalized, abstract (abstracted from private, unimportant features), and logical in nature. This determines such specific features of the scientific style as abstraction, generalization, and emphasized logic of presentation.

These extralinguistic features combine into a system all the linguistic means that form the scientific style, and determine secondary, more specific, stylistic features: semantic accuracy (unambiguous expression of thought), informative richness, objectivity of presentation, ugliness, hidden emotionality.

The dominant factor in the organization of linguistic means and scientific style is their generally abstract nature at the lexical and grammatical levels of the language system. Generalization and abstraction give scientific speech a unified functional and stylistic coloring.

The scientific style is characterized by the widespread use of abstract vocabulary, clearly predominant over concrete: evaporation, freezing, pressure, thinking, reflection, radiation, weightlessness, acidity, changeability, etc.

Journalistic style

Journalistic (social journalistic) style is associated with the socio-political sphere of communication. This style is implemented in newspaper and magazine articles on political and other socially significant topics, in oratory speeches at rallies and meetings, on radio, television, etc.

Some researchers consider the journalistic style to be fundamentally heterogeneous; in the opinion of others (their absolute majority), already in this very heterogeneity a specific stylistic unity and integrity can be traced. Common features style with varying degrees of activity are manifested in individual substyles: newspaper journalistic, radio, television journalistic and oratorical. However, the boundaries of these substyles are not clearly defined and are often blurred.

One of the important features of the journalistic style is the combination within its framework of two functions of language - the message function (informative) and the influence function (influencing, or expressive). The speaker uses this style when he needs not only to convey some information (message), but also to produce a certain impact on the addressee (often massive). Moreover, the author, conveying facts, expresses his attitude towards them. This is the reason for the bright, emotionally expressive coloring of the journalistic style, which is not characteristic of either scientific or official business speech. Journalistic style as a whole is subject to one constructive principle¾ alternation of “expression and standards” (V.G. Kostomarov).

Depending on the genre, either expression or standard comes first. If the main purpose of the information being communicated is to excite a certain attitude towards it, then expression comes to the fore (most often this is observed in pamphlets, feuilletons and other genres). In the genres of newspaper articles, newsreels, etc., which strive for maximum information content, standards prevail.

Standards, due to various reasons (unmotivated inclusion in communication zones, prolonged frequency use, etc.) can turn into speech cliches.

Fiction style

The question of the language of fiction and its place in the system of functional styles is resolved ambiguously. The following are given as arguments against distinguishing the style of fiction: 1) the language of fiction is not included in the concept of literary language; 2) it is multi-styled, open-ended, and does not have specific features that would be inherent in the language of fiction as a whole; 3) the language of fiction has a special, aesthetic function, which is expressed in a very specific use of linguistic means.

Of course, the language of fiction and literary language are not identical concepts. The relationship between them is quite complex. The language of fiction most fully and vividly reflects the best qualities of the literary language; it is its model, which is followed in the selection and use of linguistic means. At the same time, the language of fiction in many cases goes beyond the boundaries of the literary language into the realm of the national, national language, using all its stylistic resources, from the “lowest” to the “highest”. It can include linguistic features and even entire fragments of various functional styles (scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial). However, this is not a “mixing” of styles, since the use of linguistic means in fiction is determined by the author’s intention and content of the work, i.e. stylistically motivated. Elements of other styles in a work of art are used for an aesthetic function other than the one they serve in the source style.

One cannot but agree with the opinion of M.N. Kozhina that “extending artistic speech beyond functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of language. If you withdraw artistic speech from among the functional styles, but to consider that literary language exists in a variety of functions, ¾ and this cannot be denied, ¾ then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such when it enters a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language.”

The language of fiction, despite its stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author’s individuality is clearly manifested in it, is still distinguished by a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.

The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphoricality, imagery of linguistic units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, polysemy, and different stylistic layers of vocabulary is observed. “All means, including neutral ones, are intended here to serve the expression of the system of images, the poetic thought of the artist.” The artistic style (compared to other functional styles) has its own laws of word perception. The meaning of a word is largely determined by the author’s target setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art of which this word is an element: firstly, in the context of a given literary work it can acquire artistic ambiguity not recorded in dictionaries, secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is assessed by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic.

Conversational style

Conversational style, as one of the varieties of literary language, serves the sphere of casual communication between people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations in production, in institutions, etc.

The main form of implementation of the conversational style is oral speech, although it can also appear in written form (informal friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, replicas of characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are recorded.

The main extralinguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only in informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message of an official nature), spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of the speech and its recipient directly participate in the conversation, often changing roles; the relationships between them are established in the very act of speech. Such speech cannot be pre-thought out; the direct participation of the addresser and the addressee determines its predominantly dialogical nature, although a monologue is also possible.

A monologue in a conversational style is a form of casual story about any events, something seen, read or heard and is addressed to a specific listener (listeners) with whom the speaker must establish contact. The listener naturally reacts to the story, expressing agreement, disagreement, surprise, indignation, etc. or asking the speaker about something. Therefore, a monologue in spoken speech is not as clearly opposed to dialogue as in written speech.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, and evaluative reaction. So, they wrote to the question! Instead of No, they didn’t write, usually followed by emotionally expressive answers like Where did they write there! or they wrote ¾ straight!; Where did they write!; That's what they wrote!; It's easy to say ¾ wrote! and so on.

A large role in spoken language is played by the environment of verbal communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship between the interlocutors, etc.).

The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most general linguistic features, such as standardity, stereotypical use of linguistic means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, intermittency and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakened syntactic connections between parts of the utterance or their lack of formality , sentence breaks with various kinds of insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotionally expressive coloring, activity of linguistic units with a specific meaning and passivity of units with an abstractly generalized meaning.

Colloquial speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech recorded in dictionaries, reference books, and grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, unlike books, are established by usage (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone. However, native speakers sense them and perceive any unmotivated deviation from them as a mistake.

Table of differential features of functional styles

Styles Conversational BOOK

Official business Scientific Journalistic Literary artistic

Sphere of communication Household Administrative legal Scientific Social political Artistic

Main functions Communication Message Message Informative and expressive Aesthetic

Substyles Conversational everyday, colloquially official Legislative, diplomatic, clerical Proper scientific, scientifically educational, popular scientific Newspaper journalistic, radio television journalistic, oratorical Prose, dramaturgical, poetic

Main genre varieties: Everyday casual conversations, dialogues, private letters, notes Various business documents, resolutions, laws, decrees, etc. Scientific works, reports, lectures, textbooks, reference guides, popular science conversations, etc. Newspaper and magazine articles, essays, speeches on social and political topics; leaflets, proclamations, etc. Prose, poetic and dramatic works

Style-forming features Effortlessness, spontaneity and unpreparedness; emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction; specificity of content Imperativeness (prescriptive, obligatory nature of speech); accuracy that does not allow discrepancies; logicality, formality, dispassion, impersonal nature of speech. Generalized abstract nature of presentation, emphasized logic; semantic accuracy, informative richness, objectivity of presentation, ugliness Alternation of expression and standard Artistic figurative concretization; emotionality, expressiveness, individualization

General linguistic features Standard, stereotypical use of language units; incomplete structural design, intermittency and inconsistency of speech Standardity, the desire for stylistic homogeneity of the text, the ordered nature of the use of linguistic means Generalized abstract nature of lexical and grammatical means; stylistic homogeneity, the ordered nature of the use of linguistic means. The combination of expression and standard. The subordination of the use of linguistic means to figurative thought, aesthetic function, and the artistic intention of the writer.

Lexical features Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, activity of words with a specific meaning and passivity of words with an abstractly generalized meaning; productivity of words with suffixes of subjective assessment, vocabulary with an emotionally expressive connotation Professional terms, words with an official business connotation, the use of words in a nominative meaning, the use of archaisms, compound words, the absence of vocabulary with emotionally expressive markings Scientific terminology, general scientific and book vocabulary, a clear predominance of abstract vocabulary over concrete, the use of commonly used words in a nominative meaning, the absence of emotionally expressive vocabulary Social journalistic vocabulary, the use of words in a figurative meaning with a specific journalistic connotation, the use of expressively colored vocabulary and speech standards Rejection of stereotyped words and expressions, widespread use of vocabulary in a figurative meaning, deliberate clash of different stylistic vocabulary, use of vocabulary with two-dimensional stylistic coloring

Character stable combinations Colloquial and colloquial phrasemes (PU); stable speech standards Combinations of a terminological nature, speech clichés, attributively noun phrases Combinations of a terminological nature, speech clichés Publicistic phraseology, speech standards of phraseological units of a colloquial and bookish nature

Morphological features Grammatical forms with colloquial and colloquial coloring, the predominance of the verb over the noun, the use of single and multiple action verbs, the passivity of verbal nouns, participles and gerunds, the frequency of pronouns, etc. The predominance of the name over the pronoun, the use of verbal nouns with (e)nie and with the prefix of non-denominal prepositions, etc. The clear predominance of the name over the verb, the frequency of nouns with the meaning of attribute, action, state, the frequency of forms genitive case, the use of the singular in a plural sense, verb forms in a timeless sense, etc. The frequency of use of genitive forms, function words, present and past tense forms of verbs, the use of the singular in a plural sense, participles in -omy, etc. The use of forms in which the category of concreteness and the frequency of verbs are manifested; indefinitely finite forms of verbs, neuter nouns, forms plural from abstract and real nouns, etc.

Syntactic features Ellipticity, predominance simple sentences, activity of interrogative and exclamatory constructions, weakened syntactic connections, lack of formality of sentences, breaks with insertions; repetitions; intermittency and inconsistency of speech, the use of inversion, the special role of intonation Complexity of syntax (constructions with a chain of sentences that are relatively complete and independent, nominative sentences with enumeration); the predominance of narrative sentences, the use of passive constructions, constructions with denominate prepositions and verbal nouns, the use of complex sentences with a clearly defined logical connection. The predominance of simple common and complex sentences; widespread use of passive, vaguely personal, impersonal constructions; introductory, plug-in, clarifying constructions, participial and participial phrases etc. Prevalence of expressive syntactic constructions, frequency of constructions with isolated members, parcellation, segmentation, inversion, etc. Use of the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language, widespread use of stylistic figures

Conversational style serves primarily for direct communication with the people around us. It is characterized by ease and unpreparedness of speech. It often uses colloquial words (young instead of newlyweds, start instead of start, now instead of now, etc.), words with a figurative meaning (window - in the meaning of ‘break’). Words in a colloquial style often not only name objects, actions, signs, but also contain their assessment: good fellow, dodgy, careless, smart, clever, cheerful. The syntax of the conversational style is characterized by the use of simple sentences. Incomplete sentences are widely represented in it, since colloquial speech is most often a dialogue.

Scientific style– this is the style of scientific works, articles, textbooks, lectures, reviews. They contain information about various phenomena of the world around us. In the field of vocabulary, the scientific style is characterized primarily by the presence of special vocabulary and terms (declension, conjugation, theorem, bisector, logarithm, etc.). Words are used, as a rule, in their direct meanings, since scientific speech does not allow ambiguity and must be extremely accurate.

Formal business style serves a wide area of ​​legal, administrative, diplomatic relations. Its main purpose is information, message. This style is used when writing various documents, instructions, charters, etc. The words in it are used in direct meaning to avoid their misinterpretation. The vocabulary of this style contains many words and stable combinations assigned specifically to this style: petition, statement, resolution, order, protocol, appeal, sue, initiate a case; We, the undersigned. Frequent in the syntax of this style are impersonal sentences with the meaning of necessity, order (it is necessary to urgently prepare, measures should be taken, etc.).

Journalistic style- this is the style of newspapers, speeches on current socio-political topics. The most common genres of journalism include an editorial, correspondence, essay, speech at a rally, meeting, etc. Works of journalism usually have two tasks: firstly, communication, information about certain social phenomena or acts and, secondly, an open assessment of the issues presented in order to actively influence the listener or reader in order to attract the interlocutor to support the position that the author takes and defends.

The vocabulary of this style contains many words and phraseological units of a socio-political nature: progressive humanity, the struggle for peace, advanced ideas.

Art style used in works of art to paint a picture, depict an object or event, or convey to the reader the author’s emotions. Expressions of artistic style are distinguished by imagery, clarity, and emotionality. Characteristic linguistic means and styles include words with a specific meaning, words in figurative use, emotional-evaluative words, words with the meaning of a characteristic, object or action, words with the meaning of comparison, juxtaposition; verbs of the perfect form with the prefix for-, denoting the beginning of an action, figurative use of forms of tense and moods (Akim will fall in love with this Dunyasha!), emotionally charged sentences: Suddenly something broke through in the still air, the wind blew strongly and with a noise , whistling, whirled across the steppe. Immediately the grass and last year's weeds began to murmur, and dust swirled on the road, ran across the steppe and, carrying straw, dragonflies and feathers with it, rose to the sky in a black spinning column and fogged the sun (A. Chekhov).

The language of fiction represents the most complete expression of the national language. In works of fiction, the artist of words enjoys almost unlimited freedom in choosing linguistic means to create the most convincing, memorable images for an aesthetic impact on the reader. Therefore, the language of fiction is capable of incorporating all the richness of the literary and popular language.

Conversational style used for direct everyday communication in various fields of activity: everyday life, informal professional and others. True, there is one peculiarity: in everyday life, the conversational style has oral and written forms, but in the professional sphere - only oral. Compare: colloquial lexical units - reading room, teacher, spur and neutral ones - reading room, teacher, crib. In professional written speech, colloquial vocabulary is unacceptable.

Colloquial speech– speech is uncodified, it is characterized by unpreparedness, improvisation, specificity, and informality. Conversational style does not always require strict logic and consistency of presentation. But it is characterized by imagery, emotionality of expressions, a subjective-evaluative character, arbitrariness, simplicity, and even a certain familiarity of tone.

The following genres are distinguished in conversational style: friendly conversation, private conversation, note, private letter, personal diary.

In terms of language, colloquial speech is distinguished by an abundance of emotionally charged, expressive vocabulary, so-called condensate words (vecherka - “Evening Moscow”) and doublet words (freezer - evaporator in the refrigerator). It is characterized by appeals, diminutive words, and free word order in sentences. At the same time, sentences that are simpler in construction are more often used than in other styles: incompleteness and incompleteness constitute their feature, which is possible due to the transparency of the speech situation (for example: Where are you going? - To the tenth.; Well, what? - Passed!). They often contain subtext, irony, and humor. Colloquial speech contains many phraseological units, comparisons, proverbs, and sayings. It gravitates towards constant updating and rethinking of linguistic means, the emergence of new forms and meanings.

Academician L.V. Shcherba called colloquial speech “the forge in which verbal innovations are forged.” Colloquial speech enriches book styles with lively, fresh words and phrases. In turn, book speech has a certain effect on spoken speech: it disciplines it, gives it a more standardized character.

One more feature of the conversational style should be noted: for it great importance has knowledge of speech etiquette both in written and oral form. In addition, for oral conversational speech it is very important to take into account the specifics of extra-linguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, tone, environment. This is a general characteristic of the colloquial style.