Compose 10 sentences with separate applications. Offers with separate applications. Offers with separate applications: examples

1. A common application is isolated, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun (usually such an application comes after the word being defined, less often - in front of it), for example: The mother, the lady with gray hair, spoke more (Turgenev); A good-natured old man, a hospital watchman, immediately let him in (L. Tolstoy); The miners, immigrants from the central Russian provinces and Ukraine, settled in the farmsteads of the Cossacks and became related to them (Fadeev).

Constructions in sentences like: The editor-in-chief, who is also the deputy director of the publishing house, spoke about the plans of the publishing house.

2. A single uncommon application, standing after a common noun, is isolated if the defined noun has explanatory words with it, for example: He left the horse, raised his head and saw his correspondent, the deacon (Turgenev); One girl, a Polish woman (Gorky), looked after me.

Less commonly, a non-common application is isolated with a single defined noun in order to strengthen the semantic role of the application, to prevent it from intonationally merging with the defined word, for example: Father, a drunkard, fed herself from an early age (Gorky); And our enemies, fools, think that we are afraid of death (Fadeev).

Note 1. A single application is usually attached to the qualified common noun by means of a hyphen, for example: hero city, oil geologists, teenage girls, winter sorceress, melancholy villain, research engineer, single canoe, cornfield nurse, astronaut pilot, frost -voivode, operator-programmer, deceased father (but: father is an archpriest), noble gentlemen (but: master hetman), bird-song, worker-innovator, plane-bomber, giant slalom, neighbor-musician, old watchman , excellent student, physiologist, French teacher, organic chemist, battle painter.

Note 2. In some cases, a hyphenated spelling is also possible in the presence of an explanatory word (definition), which in meaning can relate either to the entire combination (famous experimenter-inventor, dexterous acrobat-juggler), or only to the word being defined (demobilized super-conscript soldier, original artist- self-taught, my neighbor is a teacher), or only to the application (a female doctor with extensive experience). However, in these cases, double punctuation is possible; Wed: The lecture will be given by a famous chemist professor. - The lecture will be given by a famous professor, chemist; The assignment was given to one philology student. - The assignment was given to one student, a philologist.

A hyphen is also written after a proper name (most often a geographical name, acting as an appendix to a generic name), for example: Moscow River, Lake Baikal, Kazbek Mountain, Astrakhan City (but without a hyphen in reverse word order: Moscow River, Lake Baikal, Mount Kazbek, the city of Astrakhan; expressions such as Mother Rus', Mother Earth have the character of stable combinations). After a person’s own name, a hyphen is placed only if the defined noun and the appendix merge into one complex intonational and semantic whole, for example: Ivan the Tsarevich, Ivanushka the Fool, Anika the Warrior, Dumas the Father, Rockefeller Sr.

The hyphen is not written:

• a) if the preceding one-word application can be equated in meaning to the definition of an adjective, for example: a handsome man (cf.: handsome man), an old father, a giant factory (but when rearranging the words: a giant factory), a poor tailor, a strong horseman, a baby an orphan, a predator wolf, a skilled cook;
• b) if in a combination of two common nouns, the first of them denotes a generic concept, and the second - a specific concept, for example: magnolia flower, baobab tree, boletus mushroom, finch bird, cockatoo parrot, macaque monkey, silver steel, carbon gas, floss threads, fastener “zipper”, tweed fabric, Roquefort cheese, kharcho soup. But if such a combination is a compound scientific term (in which the second part does not serve as an independent species designation), the name of a specialty, etc., then the hyphen is written, for example: brown hare, goshawk, stag beetle, hermit crab , field mouse, cabbage butterfly, therapist, tool maker;
• c) if the defined noun or application itself is written with a hyphen, for example: female surgeons, civil engineer designer, mechanical designer, Volga Mother River; but (in separate terms): rear admiral engineer, captain-lieutenant engineer;
• d) if with the defined noun there are two uncommon applications connected by a conjunction And, for example: students of philology and journalists, conservative and liberal deputies; the same if with two defined nouns there is a common application, for example: students and graduate students of philology;
• e) if the first element of the combination is the words citizen, master, comrade, our brother, your brother (in the meaning “I and those like me”, “you and those like you”), for example: citizen judge, Mr. Envoy, Comrade Secretary, our brother student.

3. The application relating to a proper name is isolated if it comes after the defined noun, for example: My brother Petya, a teacher, sings wonderfully (Chekhov); Sergei Ivanovich, the head of the family, a tall, stooped man who shaved his head, was a good carpenter (Soloukhin).

Before a proper name, the appendix is ​​isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning, for example: A famous intelligence officer, Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man as he was at their first meeting (Kazakevich) (cf.: “although he was a famous intelligence officer” - with a concessional meaning). But: Lieutenant of the tsarist army Vasily Danilovich Dibich made his way from German captivity to his homeland... (Fedin) (without additional circumstantial meaning).

4. The proper name of a person or the name of an animal acts as a separate application if it serves to explain or clarify a common noun (before such an application you can insert the words “and his name”, “namely”, “that is” without changing the meaning), for example : Daria Mikhailovna’s daughter, Natalya Alekseevna, might not have liked her at first glance (Turgenev); At the door, in the sun, with his eyes closed, lay his father’s favorite greyhound dog, Milka (L. Tolstoy); And Ani’s brothers, Petya and Andryusha, high school students, tugged at his [father’s] tailcoat from behind and whispered in confusion... (Chekhov).

Note. In many cases, double punctuation is possible, depending on the presence or absence of an explanatory connotation of meaning and the corresponding intonation when reading. Wed:

• a) Only one Cossack, Maxim Golodukha, escaped from the Tatar hands along the way (Gogol); Elizaveta Alekseevna went to visit her brother, Arkady Alekseevich (she has only one brother; if there were several, then when expressing the same thought, her own name should not be isolated); He reminded my son, Borka (the same reason);
• b) His sister Maria came in; Today my friend Valentin and I are leaving for Moscow; The head of the course, Dima Shilov, reported; Mathematics teacher Ivan Petrovich Belov appeared in the corridor.

5. Union Annex How(with an additional meaning of causality), as well as words, etc., is usually isolated if it is at the beginning or middle of a sentence, for example: Ilyusha sometimes, like a frisky boy, just wants to rush in and redo everything himself (Goncharov); As a high-ranking person, it is not proper for me to ride a horse... (Chekhov); As an old artilleryman, I despise this kind of cold decoration (Sholokhov) (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by); ...A little dark-haired lieutenant named Zhuk led the battalion to the backyards of that street... (Simonov) (pay attention to the intonation of isolation).

Note. Union-joined application How with the meaning “as”, as well as the words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth etc., is not isolated if it is at the end of a sentence, for example: The response received is considered as consent (Azhaev); The reading public has managed to get used to Chekhov as a humorist (Fedin); He got himself a bear cub named Yasha (Paustovsky); We met a German doctor named Schultz (without the intonation of isolation).

6. The application with a personal pronoun is always isolated, for example: Should he, a dwarf, compete with a giant? (Pushkin); A doctrinaire and somewhat pedant, he loved to instruct (Herzen); Tears of humiliation, they were caustic (Fedin); Here it is, the explanation (L. Tolstoy).

In sentences like the last example, double punctuation is possible, depending on the nature of the intonation, the presence or absence of a pause after the 3rd person pronoun (in the demonstrative function) with a preceding particle here (there); compare:

• a) Here they are, a hare’s dreams! (Saltykov-Shchedrin); Here they are, the workers! (Troepolsky);
• b) This is reality (Sukhovo-Kobylin); This is pride (Gorbunov); This is the triumph of virtue and truth (Chekhov).

It is not placed in such sentences when a demonstrative particle with a pronoun follows a noun, for example: Spring is over there, in the yard (B. Polevoy).

7. A separate application can refer to a word missing in a given sentence if the latter is suggested by the context, for example: And as for before lunch, brother, I have a court waiter in mind: so, the dog, he’ll feed you so much that you just won’t get up (Gogol) ; Everything is getting smarter, the devil... (Gorky. The Artamonov Case: Peter about Alexei).

The missing pronoun can be suggested by the personal form of the predicate verb, for example: Never, sinner, do I drink, but on such occasion I will drink (Chekhov).

8. Instead of a comma when separating applications, a dash is used:

• a) if the words “namely” can be inserted before the application without changing the meaning, for example: The new state flag of the Russian Federation has been approved - a three-color cloth with white, blue and red longitudinal stripes;
• b) before a common or single application at the end of a sentence, if independence is emphasized or an explanation of such an application is given, for example: I don’t like this tree too much - aspen (Turgenev); We drove around some old dam, drowned in nettles, and a long-dried pond - a deep ravine, overgrown with weeds taller than a man (Bunin); Nearby there was a closet - a storage room for catalogs (Granin); It was a wonderful April day - the best time in the Arctic... (Gorbatov). Wed. single application after a common proper name: Welcome to the capital of Ukraine - Kyiv!
• c) to highlight on both sides applications that are explanatory in nature (usually in artistic speech), for example: Some kind of unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid network ... (Gogol); Light convulsions - a sign of strong feelings - ran across his wide lips... (Turgenev); The caretaker of the shelter - a retired soldier from Skobelev's times - walked behind the owner (Fedin).

The second dash is omitted:

• 1) if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma is placed after a separate application, for example: Using a special device for breathing a person under water - scuba gear, you can dive to a depth of tens of meters;
• 2) if the application expresses a more specific meaning, and the preceding defined word has a more general meaning, for example: At the meeting of the leaders of the member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, current problems of economic development were considered;
• 3) if in such a construction the application precedes the word being defined, for example: The most deceitful, hypocritical and most influential of all “teachers of life” - the church, preaching “love for your neighbor as yourself,” in the past burned tens of thousands of people at the stake, blessed “religious” wars (Gorky); One of the outsiders of the national championship - the athletes of the Fili club won their third victory in a row (From the newspapers);

  3.a to clarify, if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the sentence, for example: The mistress of the house, her sister - my wife’s friend, two strangers to me, my wife and I, were sitting at the table. The second dash is not placed in these cases; cf.: I began to talk about conditions, about inequality, about people - the victims of life and about people - the rulers of it (Gorky);

  3.b to separate prepositive (standing in front) homogeneous applications from the word being defined, for example: The author of wonderful works for children, a brilliant translator, poet and playwright - Marshak took a prominent place in Russian literature;

  3. in designs like: Mephistopheles - Chaliapin was inimitable. Compare: Ernani - Gorev is as bad as a shoemaker (from a letter from A.P. Chekhov).

Questions regarding separate applications are found quite often in exam tasks for the Unified State Examination and State Examination, and many examinees are unable to answer them correctly. How can you learn to find an application in a sentence and correctly identify it?

What is an application?

An application should be understood as a definition that is expressed using a noun and is consistent with the word being defined. The application can indicate completely different qualities of objects, provide information about profession, nationality, age and many other characteristics of a person or object.

There are stand-alone applications and non-stand-alone applications. The first should be studied more carefully, as for the second, here we can talk about proper names that are combined with common nouns, as well as cases when common nouns are followed by proper names.

Standalone application: example and analysis

Common applications that are expressed by a noun with dependent words and which themselves belong to a common noun can be isolated. Such applications are most often located after the word being defined and very rarely in front of it. For example: “The father, the man with gray sideburns, joked more.”

In this case, the application “man with gray sideburns” refers to a common noun, so it is separated by a comma. The following types of constructions can also stand out: “The engineer spoke, he is also one of the developers of this engine, Igor Sikorsky.”

Single application

An uncommon application can be isolated if it is located behind a common noun, and if this noun has attached to itself a number of additional explanatory words. They appear much less often in speech, so separate applications with examples are much easier to find.

Even more rarely, such an application can be isolated, but this is possible if it is found with a single noun, and is used to enhance the semantic role of another application, without allowing merging with the defined words, for example: “Father, a disabled person, fed and clothed from an early age , and himself."

Applications with hyphens

A separate common application, examples of which can be found in a large number of reference books, can be attached to a common noun using a hyphen: mother-heroine, teenage boys, etc. Sometimes hyphenated writing becomes possible if there is a definition that explains the general essence of the sentence, it may refer to the entire utterance or to just one word.

Hyphenation is possible after proper names (very often this happens when indicating geographical names), for example: Moscow River. There are cases when a hyphen is placed after a proper name; this is possible when the application together with the name is able to form a single semantic core, for example: Ivan Tsarevich.

When should you not use a hyphen when using applications?

There are cases when the application is used without a hyphen, for example, when it is equated in its lexical meaning to. Another principle is also used if, when combining two common nouns, one of them has the meaning of a generic concept, and the other - a specific one (with the exception of terms).

If the appendix or qualified noun itself is written with a hyphen, no additional separation is needed. Next to the defined noun there can be two uncommon clauses at once; in this case they will not be separated either.

Offers with separate applications: examples

Those applications that relate to a proper name can be separated on both sides if they are located after the word being defined. For example: “This morning Kataev, the driver of the first bus, talked about yesterday’s incident.” If the application comes before a proper name and has an additional adverbial lexical meaning, it will also stand out: “Confident, Maxim remained so even in the most difficult situations.”

A separate application, an example of which may look like the proper name of a person or animal, has a place in a sentence if it is explanatory in nature or is used to clarify a common noun: “Masha’s dog, Rosalind, did not like strangers and constantly tried to protect from them your mistress." Quite often, double punctuation is possible here; everything will depend on whether the sentence has an explanatory connotation of meaning or not.

Application + alliances

A stand-alone application, the example sentences with which often baffle inexperienced native speakers, is actually not particularly complex. So, it can be joined using the conjunction “as” and combinations such as “by last name”, “by nickname”, etc. For example: “Katya, as a smart girl, wanted to get an ideal groom.”

If a conjunction has the lexical meaning “as something,” then the phrase that will be attached with the help of it cannot be considered an application, much less separated from all others by commas. Also, applications with the conjunction “how” are not isolated if they characterize an object from only one side. A separate application, an example of which can be found in the sentence “He was never able to get used to her as an actress,” will not be separated by commas.

Application + pronoun

A separate agreed application, examples of which are sometimes difficult to understand, is always distinguished by commas next to the pronoun. In these cases, various separation options are possible. They will directly depend on the intonation with which it was pronounced, as well as on the presence of pauses after pronouns.

The comma may not be placed in those sentences where, together with the pronoun, they are located after the noun, but before the application. Writing in this case is controversial; now the largest linguists studying the issue are trying to come to some kind of consensus.

Complex cases

Even if you know what a standalone application is (the example sentences with it don't scare you), be prepared for the fact that various kinds of exceptions will appear. For example, the application may refer to a word that is not in the sentence at all, but is implied by the context.

Most often this happens when there is no pronoun in the sentence; it is usually suggested either by the personal forms of the predicate, or by other available means. For example: “Bitch, I always don’t drink, but for such an occasion I’ll definitely drink.” Using the form of the verb, you can guess that the pronoun “I” is missing in the sentence.

Dash instead of comma when separating

In some cases, a separate application, example sentences with which you need to study in preparation for the Unified State Exam, may be highlighted in writing not with commas, but with a dash. Most often this happens when any word can be inserted before the application without changing the overall meaning of the sentence.

Also, a dash is placed before the application located at the end of the sentence, provided that the nature of the application is explained with the help of a punctuation mark. A dash may be used for explanatory purposes. For example: “Some boring picture - the creation of a sad artist - covered a hole in the wallpaper.”

A dash is used if the separate application is followed by a comma. For example: “With the help of special diving equipment - scuba gear, anyone can dive into the depths of the ocean and take a closer look at the inhabitants of the seabed.”

A separate application, an example of which looks like this: “Leading experts - heads of departments spoke at the meeting” - in this case expresses the specific meaning of the defined word, which has a more general meaning, from which it is impossible to conclude who exactly is being discussed.

Sentences with separate applications, examples of which may look like this: “The main person of the department, Tatyana Petrovna, said that we will not go anywhere today,” are constructed in such a way that the application is located before the word being defined. The dash in this case plays the role of a tool for isolating the application.

A dash can be used if the application is combined with a homogeneous member of the sentence, clarifying its meaning. For example: “Father, mother, their daughter Katya, two friends, grandchildren met at dinner.” complicated by a separate application, examples of which are very conservative, does not have a second dash.

Also, a dash can be used to separate similar applications located before the word being defined from each other. For example, “The author of hundreds of books, scripts, stories and fables, Alexey Petrovich suddenly decided to change his activities and became interested in skydiving and diving.”

Also, a dash can be used in constructions of the following type: “Pushkin - Bezrukov was magnificent.” In this case, the application is not isolated, but plays the role of a clarifying element with the subject. From the sentence it becomes clear that the role of the famous poet was performed by an equally famous actor.

Conclusion

The stand-alone app, an example of which can help with a difficult exam question, is actually not too difficult to understand. If necessary, any student can use reference materials on the Russian language to make sure that he really understands what an application is and how to correctly highlight it within any structure.

1. Separates common an application expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun (usually such an application comes after the word being defined, less often - in front of it): The old woman, Trishka’s mother, died, but the old people, father and father-in-law, were still alive (S.-Shch); Good-natured old man, hospital guard,immediately let him in(L. T.); Heir to brilliant nobility and crude plebeism, bourgeois combined the most severe shortcomings of both, losing their advantages(Hertz.); Giants of centuries gone by, guardians of the legends of glory, there are Cossack mounds (Surk.).

Designs of the following types are also distinguished: The director of the film spokehe is also the performer of one of the roles, Eldar Ryazanov (Gaz.).

2. A single (uncommon) application is isolated, standing after a common noun, if the word being defined has an explanation:He stopped his horse, raised his head and saw his correspondent, deacon (T.); She looked after me one girl, Polish (M. G.).

With a single noun, the uncommon application is isolated in order to strengthen its semantic role, to prevent it from intonationally merging with the word being defined: Father, drunkard, fed herself from an early age(M.G.); Girl, smart I immediately guessed where the book was hidden.

Notes: 1. A single clause is usually attached to a common noun by means of a hyphen: hero city; mortar guards; teenage girls; winter-sorceress; design engineer; innovative workers; frost-voivode; deceased father(but: father archpriest); gentlemen-gentry (but: pan hetman); bomber aircraft; neighbor-musician; old watchman(but: old watchman); excellent student(But: excellent students...- heterogeneous applications; see § 11, paragraph 2) , biologist; French teacher.

2. It is possible to add a hyphen to an application if there is an explanatory word (definition), which in meaning may refer to:

1) to the whole combination: famous experimenter-inventor; a dexterous acrobat-juggler;

2) only to the word being defined: demobilized missile officer; original self-taught artist; my neighbor is a teacher;

3) only to the application: female doctor with extensive experience.

In these cases, double punctuation is usually possible; compare: The lecture will be given by a famousprofessor-chemist.— The lecture will be given by a famous professor, chemist.

3. A hyphen is written after a proper name (most often a geographical name, which acts as an appendix for a generic name): Moscow River, Ilmen Lake, Kazbek Mountain, Astrakhan City(but with reverse word order: Moscow River, Lake Ilmen, Mount Kazbek, Astrakhan city; expressions like Mother Rus', Mother Earth have the character of stable combinations).

After a person’s own name, a hyphen is placed only if the defined noun and the appendix are merged into one complex intonation-semantic whole: Ivan the Tsarevich, Ivanushka the Fool, Anika the Warrior, Dumas the Father, Rockefeller Sr.(but: Cato the Elder is the nickname of a historical figure, Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger, or Uticus- translation of the nickname from Latin).

4. The hyphen is not written:

1) if the preceding one-word application can be equated in meaning to an adjective definition: handsome man(cf.: handsome man), old father, giant plant(but: giant plant) , a poor shoemaker, a strong horseman, a little orphan, a predatory wolf, a skilled cook.

It should be noted, however, that the noun application may differ in meaning from the adjective attribute; yes, in a sentence Tatyana, at the behest of the lady, was married to a drunken shoemaker(T.) combination drunkard shoemaker(constant sign) not the same as drunk shoemaker(temporary sign);

2) if in a combination of two common nouns the first denotes a generic concept, and the second - a specific concept: chrysanthemum flower, eucalyptus tree, boletus mushroom, finch bird, cockatoo parrot, macaque monkey, silver paint, carbon gas, floss threads, nylon fabric, montpensier lollipops, kharcho soup.

But if such a combination forms a complex scientific term (the second part does not always serve as an independent specific designation), the name of a specialty, etc., then the hyphen is written: brown hare, lyre bird, goshawk, stag beetle, rhinoceros beetle, swimming beetle, mantis crab, hermit crab, vole mouse, cabbage butterfly, therapist, tool maker, teacher mathematician, organic chemist, landscape artist, Dominican monk;

3) if the defined noun or application is itself written with a hyphen: female doctors, surgeons, civil engineer, designer, boiler fitter, mechanical designer, Volga Mother River, hero fighter pilot.

But in some terms there are two hyphens: captain-lieutenant engineer, rear admiral engineer;

4) if with the defined noun there are two uncommon applications connected by a conjunction and: students of philology and journalists; Conservative and Liberal MPs; the same if two qualified nouns have a common application: students and graduate students of philology.

In terminological combinations, the so-called hanging hyphen is used in these cases: agronomists and cotton growers(i.e. agronomists-cotton growers and cotton growers; application is the second component of a compound noun, a hyphen is written after the first component); mechanical engineer, metallurgist, electrician(common component is the first part of the addition, the hyphen is written before the second part);

5) if the first element of the combination is words citizen, sir, our brother, your brother, comrade(in the meanings ‘I and those like me’, ‘you and those like you’): citizen judge, Mr. Envoy, our brother student.

5. The application after it is separated proper name:The coachman brought in the suitcase Selifan, a short man in a sheepskin coat, and footman Petrushka, a guy of about thirty in a second-hand frock coat(G.); Sergey Nikanorych, bartender, poured five glasses of tea(Ch.); A rootless man Markusha, janitor, sitting on the floor, whittling sticks and slats for bird cages(M.G.).

The application preceding the proper name is isolated only if it has an additional circumstantial meaning: Stubborn in everything, Ilya Matveevich remained stubborn in his studies(Koch.) - cf.: Being stubborn in everything...(with causal meaning); Famous scout Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man as he was when they first met(Kaz.) - cf.: Although he was a famous intelligence officer...(with a concessional meaning).

But without additional adverbial meaning: Lieutenant of the Tsar's army Vasily Danilovich Dibich made his way from German captivity to his homeland(Fed.).

6. The proper name of a person or the name of an animal acts as a separate application if it explains or clarifies a common noun (before such an application you can insert the words without changing the meaningnamely, that is, and his name is): Daughter Daria Mikhailovna,Natalya Alekseevna,I might not like it at first glance(T.); My father, Klim Torsuev, a famous soap maker, was a man of difficult character(J. G.); And Ani’s brothers, Petya and Andryusha, schoolchildren, pulled their father's tailcoat from behind(Ch.); Fourth son still just a boy Vasya (Paust.); At the door, in the sun, his beloved greyhound lay with his eyes closed. Father's dog, Milka (L.T.) [see. § 23, paragraph 1].

Note. In many cases, double punctuation is possible, depending on the presence/absence of an explanatory connotation of meaning and the corresponding intonation when reading. Wed:

Only one Cossack Maxim Golodukha,escaped from the Tatar hands on the way(G.); Elizaveta Alekseevna went to visit to my brother Arkady Alekseevich; He reminded my son, Borka (there is only one brother, one son; if there were several, then when expressing the same thought one’s own name should not be isolated);

Her sister Maria came in; Today my friend Seryozha and I we are leaving for the south; Speaker group leader Kolya Petrov; On the way we met the chief engineer Zhukov.

7. A separate application can be joined by the union like (with an additional meaning of causality), as well as by the words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth etc. (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed): Ilyusha sometimes, like a frisky boy,I just want to rush in and redo everything myself(Gonch.); Like an old artilleryman,I despise this kind of cold decoration(Sh.); Leontyev got carried away by this thought, butlike a careful personI haven't told anyone about it yet(Paust.); This student named Mikhalevich,enthusiast and poet, sincerely fell in love with Lavretsky(T.); ...Little dark one lieutenant, named Zhuk, led the battalion to the backyards of that street(Sim.); Ermolai had a cop dog, nicknamed Valetka(T.); Master, originally a Yaik Cossack,seemed to be a man of about sixty(P.).

But (without the intonation of isolation): He got himself a bear cub named Yasha (Paust.); A doctor was invited by surname Medvedev.

Note. If the conjunction as has the meaning ‘in quality’, then the turnover it joins is not isolated: The answer received is being considered as consent (Azh.) [see. § 42, paragraph 4].

The application with the conjunction as, which characterizes the subject from any one side, is not isolated either: The reading public has managed to get used to Chekhov as a humorist (Fed.).

8. The application is always isolated with a personal pronoun: Should he, the dwarf, compete with a giant?(P.); A doctrinaire and somewhat pedantic, He loved to instruct(Hertz.); To me , as a high-ranking person,it is not proper to ride a horse-drawn horse(Ch.); Just yesterday the fugitives; They today they became exiles(Fed.); Here it is, the explanation (L.T.).

Depending on the nature of the intonation, the presence/absence of a pause after the 3rd person pronoun (in the demonstrative function) with the preceding particle, double punctuation is possible; compare:

Here they are, a hare's dreams! (S.‑Sh.); Here they are, the workers! (Triple);

Here she is reality(S.-K); This is pride (Humpback); Here it is triumph of virtue and truth(Ch.).

When following a demonstrative particle with a pronoun, a comma is not placed after the noun: Spring is here, in the yard (Pol.).

9. The application that relates to missing word in a given sentence, if this word is suggested by the context:You hold him, hold him, otherwise he will leave, anathema (Ch.; meaning burbot); "The madman is buried."- “Ah-ah! He’s also outlived his time, my dear” (Fed.); That's how it should be. Next time, let him not be fiscal, canalya (Kupr.). The missing pronoun can be suggested by the personal form of the predicate verb: Never, sinner, I don’t drink, but if something like this happens I’ll drink(Ch.). [Cm. also § 18, paragraph 7.]

10. When separating applications, a dash is used instead of a comma:

1) if you can insert words before the application, namely (without changing the meaning): In the far corner there was a yellow light spot - fire of Serafima's apartment(J. G.); She sketched ancient lamps with coat of arms of the city of Olbia - an eagle soaring over dolphins(Paust.); On Nechaev's dry face, with a soft boyish forehead, remained footprints burns - two whitenon-tanning spots(N. Chuk.);

2) before a common or single application at the end of a sentence, if the independence of the application is emphasized or an explanation is given: I don't like it too much tree - aspen (T.); In the corner of the living room stood a pot-bellied the Bureau on the most ridiculous four legs— perfect bear(G.); My path went past Berdskaya settlements - refuge of Pugachevsky(P.); We drove around some old dam, drowned in nettles, and a long-dried pond - deep ravine overgrown with weeds(Boon.); In the storage sheds gaped in two rows wide round pits - wooden vats dug deep into the ground(M.G.); His bike helped him out - the only wealth accumulated in the last three years of work(Fel); Only lived at the lighthouse watchman - old deaf Swede(Paust.); It was a wonderful April day - best time in the Arctic(Hump.); The first thing she did was go to the loan office and pawn ring with turquoise - your only treasure(Ch.); Martian soil contains hydrogen peroxide is a poison for living things; Each Olympics not only names champions, but also nominates athletes heroes - right-wing world sports(Gas.);

3) to highlight (on both sides) an application that is explanatory in nature: Somewhat unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains— covering the fields and fields with a liquid network(G.); Mild cramps - a sign of strong feeling— ran across his wide lips(T.); Night caretaker - retired soldier from Skobelev's times— followed the owner(Fed.); Memory of Avicenna - outstanding scientist-encyclopedist, fighter for reason and progress— road for all mankind(Gas.); They caught fish with nonsense - small seine— yes with trap-tops; Got it depth gauge - weight on a long string— and measured the depth; He is disabled - continued to work and help others.

Note. One dash (first or second) is omitted:

1) if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma is placed after a separate application: If he had involved his device - scales, then I would understand the source of the error; Using a special device for human breathing under water- scuba gear, you can dive to depths of tens of meters; Among the actors of Sergei Eisenstein's traveling troupe were young men , who later became famous film directors,— Grigory Alexandrov, Ivan Pyryev,as well as actor Maxim Shtraukh(Gas.);

2) if the application expresses a specific meaning, and the preceding defined word has a general or figurative meaning: On meeting of foreign ministers countries - members of the Organization of American StatesCuban Foreign Minister spoke(Gas.); The first swallows have arrived here - our athletes to participate in sailing races; Higher reward French Institute of Oceanography for outstanding oceanographic work— Medal in memory of Albert I Prince of Monacoawarded to the prominent scientist L. A. Zenkevich(Gas.);

3) if the application comes before the word being defined: One of the outsiders of the national championship- athletes Fili club won their third victory in a row(Gas.); Herald of the forests - cuckoo notified everyone about the event;

4) for clarity, if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the proposal: Magnolias were bred in the greenhouse, camellias - flowers of Japan, orchids and cyclamens; The mistress of the house and her were sitting at the table. sister - my wife's friendtwo strangers to me, my wife and I; I started talking about conditions, about inequality, about people - victims of life and about people - its rulers (M. G.).

However, if a double interpretation of the phrase is possible, a second dash is added: The designer worked on the project, engineer - communications specialist- and a radio operator (in the absence of the second dash, it turns out that the engineer was also a radio operator);

5) when separating homogeneous applications preceding the defined word from the defined word: Our greatest poet, the founder of the Russian literary language, the largest representative of national literature— Pushkin rightfully occupies one of the first places in the history of cultural development of Russia(when reading, a pause is made after homogeneous applications);

6) if the application explains another application: All of us, educators - teachers - and parents - must take into account age characteristics when communicating with children;

7) if the application refers to two or more preceding nouns and, when reading, is separated from them by a pause: The delegation arrived poets, prose writers and playwrights - Muscovites (in the absence of a pause, the dash can be omitted; see above, paragraph 4);

8) if the application is widely distributed and has commas inside it: Comprehensive study of Georgian folk architecture - multifaceted art, formed under the influence of unique natural conditions, bearing the stamp of various eras and economic formations with their social contradictions,— will help to identify the best, progressive features of folk art(Gas) [cf. above, paragraph 10];

9) in designs like: Ernani - Gorev bad as a shoemaker(Ch.); Chatsky - Kachalovwas inimitable.