Complex predicate. Types. Types of predicates in Russian with examples

The concept of a sentence occupies a central place in the syntax of the Russian language. Identifying the subject and predicate helps to distinguish a sentence from other syntactic units. This often causes difficulties, because in Russian predicates are divided into three types: simple verbal predicate, compound verb and compound nominal.

The grammatical basis of a sentence

The secondary members in a sentence rest on a foundation consisting of a subject and a predicate. The predicative basis is the determining factor in the characteristics of a sentence: simple or complex, one-part or two-part.

It is by the presence of a subject and predicate that one judges what a syntactic unit is: a sentence has them, a phrase does not. For example, I'm walking down the street. Is a proposal because has a grammatical basis: I'm coming(subject and predicate respectively). Beautiful table - phrase, because there is no predicative basis.

A sentence does not always have all the grammatical basis. There are often cases when the subject or predicate is highlighted, then the sentence will be called one-part.

When analyzing a sentence, the problem of determining the predicate and its type causes the greatest difficulties.

What is a predicate

The predicate is part of the predicative basis of the sentence and forms a connective with the subject in gender, person and number. Thanks to the predicate, the sentence relates to reality and allows native speakers to communicate with each other. It is the bearer of the grammatical meaning of a syntactic unit: it indicates the reality and time of the narrative. The predicate answers questions regarding the actions of the subject, what it is, what happens to it, who it is and what it is.

There are two ways to determine the type of predicate:

1. Morphological. Predicates are distinguished according to their relevance to one or another part of speech: verbal (expressed by a verb) and nominal (expressed by a noun or adjective). For example, The lights are dimly lit.(predicate are burning verb). We've been friends all our lives(predicate were friends nominal, expressed by a noun with a verb link).
2. Composite. Simple and compound predicates, consisting of one grammatical whole and several words, respectively. For example, Which one of you will betray me?(predicate will betray- simple). I was embittered(predicate was embittered- compound).

These two principles for determining predicates formed the basis of their type:

• Compound verb predicate.
• Compound nominal predicate

Types of predicates: simple and compound

All predicates of the Russian language are divided into simple and compound. This affiliation is determined by the number of words in the predicate. If there is more than one word, then the predicate is compound. The presence or absence of a linking verb in their composition will help to distinguish between a simple and a compound verbal predicate.

The role of the connective is performed by verbs indicating:

• stages of action (beginning, development, continuation);
• duty;
• desirability;
• state

These can also be short adjectives, state category words and the verb to be.

There are two types of compound predicates: nominal and verbal. Both of them contain auxiliary- bunch. The verb predicate includes the infinitive, and the nominal predicate includes the nominal part.

If in a sentence the role of the predicate is played by a verb or its grammatical form, then it will be called a simple verbal predicate.

Simple verbal predicate (SVP): definition of the concept

Consists of a verb in one of three moods: indicative (Inside the house there was emptiness - the predicate reigned), subjunctive (Inside the house there was emptiness - the predicate would reign) or imperative (Let emptiness reign inside the house - let the predicate reign).

As can be seen from the last example, ASG is not always one-word. There are cases when there are several of them, but the words are grammatically related: it can be a verb form (for example, imperative mood or future tense), indivisible stable combination or increasing expression by repeating a word.

Ways of expression

Methods of expressing a simple verbal predicate are divided into two groups: single-word and non-word.

ASG can be consistent with the subject if it takes the form of one of the moods. There are cases when the subject and predicate are not consistent - then the PGS has the form of an infinitive.

One-word ASG

Most often in the Russian language there is a one-word simple verbal predicate. Examples of sentences are presented below:

1. I hear the trampling of horses.(PGS I hear- expressed by a verb in the indicative mood)
2. Daughter, come with me.(PGS let's go to- expressed by the imperative mood of the verb)
3. Not going today means waiting until morning.(PGS wait- expressed by a verb in the initial form)
4. And the glass bam - and on the floor.(PGS bam- expressed by verbal interjection)
5. In the morning there was dew everywhere.(PGS was- expressed by the verb “to be” in the meaning of “presence”)

Ambiguous PGS

Such a predicate causes great difficulty for those who study Russian. A simple verbal predicate, consisting of several lexical units, can be characterized by the fact that the words in it are grammatically related. Sentences with a simple verb predicate that is not single-word:

1. We will argue heatedly about what happened.(PGS we'll argue- expressed by an indicative verb in the future tense)
2. I would go with you, but I need to go somewhere else.(PGS I would go- expressed by a conditional verb)
3. Let everything be your way.(PGS let it be- expressed by an imperative verb)
4. Everyone on the farm worked except Stepan. He, as always, was kicking ass.(PGS - was kicking ass- expressed by phraseological units meaning “lazy”)
5. Let me do this work for you.(PGS let's do it- expressed by a verb with a modal particle)
6. I can't wait for the cold weather to end.(PGS can not wait- expressed by repetition of cognate verbs)

Coordination of the ASG with the subject

Consider sentences with a simple verbal predicate that agrees with the subject:

1. Agreement in numbers: The car is driving along the new highway.(PGS rides- singular) - Cars are driving along the new highway.(PGS are going- plural).
2. Agreement in gender: The tractor was driving.(PGS was driving- masculine) - The car was moving.(PGS was driving- feminine gender).
3. If the subject includes a word that has the meaning of quantity, then the PGS can be expressed in singular or plural: Two clouds float lonely across the sky.(subject two clouds, PGS float used in plural) - Most students did not miss class.(Subject most students, ASG did not miss the use in the singular form).
4. If the subject is in the form of a noun with a quantitative or collective meaning (for example, people, youth, society, majority, minority), PGS can only be used in the singular. Youth build the future.(PGS builds used in singular) - The majority agreed with the director's proposal to improve production.(PGS agreed used in the singular).

There are cases when the ASG does not formally agree with the subject. In such cases it is expressed:

• Infinitive: He dances - and Vera laughs. PGS laugh expressed by a verb in its initial form.
• Verb interjection: I look and there is no bag. PGS lo and behold- an interjection that resembles a verb in form.
• The imperative mood in some forms: If she broke the vase now, things would end badly. PGS break it in the imperative mood.

Highlighting ASG in a sentence

The problem of how to define a simple verbal predicate is related to its possible ambiguity. Unlike a compound PGS, it contains words of the same grammatical form. It is this feature that distinguishes a simple verbal predicate. Example sentences are given below:

I started working last week. - I will work from tomorrow. In the first sentence, a compound verbal predicate containing an auxiliary verb began and infinitive work. The picture in the second sentence is completely different. Here ASG Will work- form of the future tense.

Use of PGS in speech

To give artistic speech dynamics, a simple verbal predicate is used. Examples: The soldiers, stationed around their cannon, were each busy with their own business. Some were writing a letter, some were sitting on a gun carriage, sewing a hook to their overcoat, some were reading a small army newspaper. (V. Kataev)- in this passage, the ASG adds dynamics to the events described.

PGS is used in a conversational style of speech. In the case when it is expressed by an infinitive that does not formally agree with the subject: Senka dances, Varka laughs.(PGS laugh in the infinitive form, colloquial style).

To give speech an expressive flavor, a simple verbal predicate is also used. Examples: I bam - and broke it!(PGS bam indicates a conversational style); Thunder banging into the tree!(PGS fuck-crackers indicates the extreme degree of emotionality of the author).

Definition of predicate

The predicate is the main member of a sentence, which denotes what is said about the subject of speech (the subject of speech in a sentence denotes the subject). The predicate usually agrees with the subject and answers general question: what is said about the subject of speech?(In most cases, more specific questions can be asked about the predicate - what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.) To me will be remembered the melting of snow in this bitter and early spring. (what does it say about snow melting?) . Child coming barefoot along the path, carries strawberries in an open basket (what is the child doing?). Like a golden bird trembling fire in the dark (what happens to the fire?). AND yellowish And red the moon is in the last quarter (what is the moon like?). We are an early taste of nature (what are we?). I'm a fisherman (Who am i?), and the nets were carried out to sea.

(A.A. Tarkovsky) Exercise.

Find the predicates and highlight them. Sir, I am a hat and hat maker. I make the best hats and caps in the world.

Today I worked all night for you, sir, and cried like a child with grief. This is such a tragic, special style. This is an invisibility hat. As soon as you put it on, you will disappear, and the poor master will never know whether it suits you or not. Take it, just don’t try it on in front of me. I can't stand this!(E.L. Schwartz) Answer. Sir, I am engaged in hat and hat business master. I I do the best hats and caps in the world. Today I'm up all night have worked at you, sir, and cried like a child, with grief. It's so tragic, special style. This invisible hat. As soon as you put it on , so, . Child disappear , and the poor master forever won't know whether she is for you or not. Take it , only! Sir, I am a hat and hat maker. I make the best hats and caps in the world.

don't try it on

with me. I this I can't bear it. Lexical and grammatical meaning of the predicate Each predicate has lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical meaning of the predicate is the name of the action (I go to that familiar mountain a hundred times a day I'm coming V.A. Zhukovsky Lexical and grammatical meaning of the predicate), states (Already turns pale day, hiding behind the mountain. ), quality (Like the sun behind the mountain yellowish captivating sunset... Lexical and grammatical meaning of the predicate Silent sad dear Svetlana. ), generic concept (Love. There is sky
gift
V.A.

Zhukovsky

) and etc. The grammatical meaning of the predicate is tense and mood. chirps in his protective raincoat.(A.A. Tarkovsky) – exc. on, present vr. Sergey Sergeich, I I'll go And will wait you in the office.(A.S. Griboyedov) – excised. on, bud. vr. (the first verb is in the form future simple , the second – the future composite; both predicates are simple verbs). My father's house is still in the spring of my days left I. (V.A. Zhukovsky) – excised. on, elapsed time. You, fellow youths, take the horse (A.S. Pushkin) – rev. incl. I never (A.S. Pushkin) – rev. incl. I wouldn't know you,
bitter torment... (A.S. Pushkin) – conditional. incl. A simple verbal predicate can be expressed by a phraseological phrase that contains a verb in some mood. Deceased With went crazy eight times. (A.S. Griboedov)! Hussar Pykhtin visited us; how he was seduced by Tanya, how

crumbled into a little demon

(A.S. Pushkin) Simple verbs also include predicates that do not have a formal indicator of mood, tense and grammatical subordination to the subject. These are predicates, expressed truncated verb forms: push, grab, bam etc. ... Lighter than a shadow Tatyana jump to another entryway, from the porch to the yard... etc. ...(A.S. Pushkin); And you, madam, are just out of bed , with a man! with the young one!(A.S. Griboyedov);...And Prince Guidon from the shore with a sad soul accompanies their long run; lo and behold - a white swan swims on top of the flowing waters.(A.S. Pushkin); I'm hurrying here grab , hit the threshold with his foot and stretched out to his full height. - a white swan swims on top of the flowing waters.(A.S. Griboyedov); But

princess in both hands- caught it. (A.S. Pushkin); laugh infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood: And the queen , and shoulders shake , And wink with your eyes, and snap fingers, and

spin , akimbo, looking proudly in the mirror. (A.S. Pushkin) It happens that in simple verbal predicates, verbal forms of one mood are used in the meaning of another; then additional semantic shades arise. For example, in the sentence She doesn't notice him like he don't worry , though die (A.S. Pushkin) the form of the imperative mood is used in the indicative meaning (cf.).
no matter how he fought ), but with the additional meaning of conditional (cf. no matter how he fights In a sentence...You put your foot in the stirrup and rush around on a greyhound stallion; autumn wind

blow

A compound verbal predicate consists of an auxiliary verb and a verb in the indefinite form (in the infinitive). Basics lexical meaning expressed by a verb in the infinitive, and the auxiliary verb expresses the general grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person, as well as additional meanings.

In a compound verbal predicate, two types of auxiliary verbs can be used:

phase(indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action): start, become, continue, finish, stop, cease, quit. Oh my god! What will start talking Princess Marya Aleksevdatsya, and people can deceive

on the!(A.S. Griboyedov);

I said something - he started laughing. (A.S. Griboyedov);

modal(with the meaning of possibility, desire, etc.): be able, want, wish, prepare, strive, decide, be able to and etc. He's nice knows how to make you laugh everyone. Not with him bold I die uh, you have ask, on you take a look. We, Alexey Stepanych, are with you couldn't say two words. Ranks by people

there are. Ah, Chatsky! Love you are all fools dress up... (A.S. Griboedov) Chichikov, as we have already seen, made up his mind at all don't stand on ceremony... Got it in my head it was for the night make a wish on the cards after prayer...(N.V. Gogol) But why with a rhymer to roam across the world in defiance of the elements and the mind so I want to and at the hour of death of the poet? I have done so little for the future, but I only yearn for the future and I don't want to start at first...(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Modal meaning can be expressed not only by auxiliary verbs, but also by some short adjectives and participles, adverbs (state category words), and nouns: glad, must, ready, obliged, capable, forced, necessary, possible, impossible, master, able, able etc. Molchalin for others himself ready to forget. She didn't give birth, but according to my calculations, must give birth . And you glorify This glad ? After all necessary and depend from others. Not a craftswoman I'm on the shelves. distinguish
(A.S. Griboedov) In this case, the grammatical meaning of mood and tense is expressed by the linking verb be V in the required form , so the predicate consists of 3 words: 1) connective; 2) an auxiliary component expressed by a short adjective or participle, adverb, noun; 3) a verb in an indefinite form (the absence of a copula, as in the examples given above, indicates the present tense of the indicative mood; it would be more correct to say that in such sentences the copula is zero). Entering the hall, Chichikov had for a minute eyes, because the shine from candles, lamps and ladies' dresses was terrible. ...Alcides, closing his eyes and opening his mouth, was ready to cry in the most pathetic way, but feeling that it was easy could have lost dish, brought his mouth back to its previous position and began gnawing a lamb bone with tears. Fetinya, as you can see, was a whip master There are feather beds. The coachman, noticing that one of them was big hunter become on his heels, lashed him with a whip...(N.V. Gogol)
A compound verb predicate can have a complicated form; in this case, in addition to the infinitive of the main verb, the infinitive of the auxiliary verb is used: In my summer shouldn't dare your judgment have. distinguish

Exercises

1. Find compound verb predicates.

How I want to breathe into a poem
This whole world changing shape...

I'm afraid it's too late
I began to dream about happiness.

I won't sleep on New Year's night,
I'll start a new notebook today.

I wrote down a long address on a piece of paper,
I still couldn’t say goodbye and kept the piece of paper in my hand.
Light spread across the paving stones. On eyelashes and on fur,
And wet snow began to fall on the gray gloves.

(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Answer:I want to breathe, I started dreaming, I couldn’t say goodbye, I started falling.

Predicate I will not sleep simple verb, because this is the future compound tense of the verb. Verb I'll start can be taken as a phase auxiliary, but there is no infinitive verb in the sentence, so I'll start– a simple verbal predicate.

2. Find simple and compound verb predicates.

They saw a young nobleman beating a servant with anything. The stranger's entire appearance was remarkable, but the first thing that caught your eye was his huge nose. “What do you allow yourself?” – the philosopher asked sternly and heard in response: “I want to listen to the lectures of the great Gassendi, and this whip is spread out in my way. But, I swear on my nose, I will listen to this smartest man, even if I have to pierce this fool or someone else with a sword!” Gassendi's voice noticeably warmed: “Well, perhaps I can help you. What’s your name, young man?” “Savignon de Cyrano de Bergerac, poet,” the guest answered proudly.

(A.L. Tsukanov) Answer: simple verbs - (saw it, it caught my eye), stable expression allow me, I heard, I spread out, I will listen, I warmed up, they are calling, I answered; compound verbs –

It is important to draw students' attention to the fact that not every combination of a conjugated verb and an infinitive constitutes a compound verbal predicate. In a sentence Here began He to yawn yellowish ordered take yourself to your room(N.V. Gogol) the first predicate is a compound verb (phasic verb in the past tense + main verb in the infinitive), and the second is a simple verb; action indicated in the infinitive take away refers not to the subject, but to some other person, servant or innkeeper, therefore the infinitive take away serves as a complement here. In a sentence He went look at the river flowing through the middle of the city (N.V. Gogol) infinitive of purpose take a look is a circumstance with a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a verb

3.

movements. One young Athenian went to court.

1) He claimed that his decrepit father had lost his mind and was therefore unable to manage the family’s property. The old man did not make excuses - he just read the tragedy that had just ended to the judges. After this, the dispute was immediately resolved in his favor, and his son was recognized as a shameless liar. The tragedy was called "Oedipus at Colonus", and the old man's name was Sophocles.
2) (O. Levinskaya) went to court
3) – simple verb; survived
4) – simple verb; unable to manage

– compound verb;

Compound nominal predicate

didn't - simple verb. Answer: 3.

In a compound nominal predicate there is a verbal connective expressing the grammatical meaning, and a main (nominal) component - words or phrases different parts speeches (most often nouns or adjectives) that contain the lexical meaning of the predicate. The verb is most often used as a connective in a compound nominal predicate be in the form of some kind of inclination. He's in Rome there would be Brutus , in Athens - Pericles, (A.S. Pushkin) – conditional. incl.,In a harsh fate yellowish be stubborn be gloomy poor bent...(N.S. Gumilyov) - command. incl. His voice was a song fire and earth..., (N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. onc., past vr. Destructive will be crushed
knocked over different parts fragments of slabs... (N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. on, bud. vr. Present tense verb usually absent; in other words, the copula is zero:. Not a sinner he is in nothing, you are a hundred times more sinful. Liar He, gambler, thief (A.S. Griboedov) However, there is also a copula in the present tense form of the verb be: Daughter of Hell, Malice There is co-maker countless cruel troubles.. (V.A. Zhukovsky)
Other linking verbs can also be used in a compound nominal predicate: to appear, to remain, to become, to become, to be made, to be considered, to be called, to seem, to appear, to introduce oneself and so on.; they differ in meaning. The estate is ours was called a farm, – Kamenka farm, – main estate ours was considered Zadonskoe, where my father went often and for a long time, and to farm it was small, mongrel small in number.
In total it turned out to be more amazing wax in the city.
Then my childhood life becomes more diverse . (I.A. Bunin)
Made our generals cheerful, loose, well-fed, white. Atrocities are large and serious often are called shiny... The atrocities are small and comic are called shameful... (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) AND Seems at all not difficult, whitening in the emerald thicket, the road I won’t say where.(A.A. Akhmatova)

It can be difficult to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicate and its type if the sentence contains a verb different parts in conjugated form. It is necessary to remind students that this verb can be not only a connective in a compound nominal predicate. If it is used in the meaning of “to have”, “to be”, “to occur”, then it is a simple verbal predicate in the sentence. Yesterday was ball, and tomorrow will went crazy two. was Left gloomy forest, to the right - Yenisei. (N.A. Nekrasov) Here were relatives of those who went to where I was in a hurry
. (N.A. Nekrasov) different parts Verb is not used as an auxiliary in a compound verbal predicate: will fly, we will remember - this is the compound future tense of the verb and, therefore, in a sentence it is a simple verbal predicate. We we will remember and in the cold of Lethea, that the earth cost us ten heavens.

(O.E. Mandelstam)

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is usually – short adjectives and participles House of greenery painted (participle) in the form of a grove. Myself thick (adjective) , its artists skinny

(adjective) (A.S. Griboyedov); – nouns in the nominative or instrumental case Yesterday Deceased venerable chamberlain. (A.S. Griboedov) Marriage to us it will be torture. (A.S. Pushkin) Lace , stone, yellowish be... become a web

(O.E. Mandelstam); full namesadjectives in the nominative or instrumental case – After all crazy your father... (A.S. Griboedov) Am I really real and will death really come? In such moments and the air to me... seems brown (O.E. Mandelstam) I I won't more. young

(S.A. Yesenin); comparative adjectives – superlatives Ah, evil tongues scarier. Well, constant taste in husbands most expensive! (A.S. Griboedov)

In addition, the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by prepositional case forms of the noun – And I'm in front of her V unpaid debt. (A.A. Tarkovsky) Mind with heart out of tune. (A.S. Griboyedov); pronoun – Like all Moscow residents, your father that's how it is... My custom such: signed, off your shoulders.(A.S. Griboedov); adverb – After all, I am a little to her akin. (A.S. Griboyedov); princess in both hands – His joy is in the forests wander for the animals.(V.A. Zhukovsky); phraseological turn – He out of my mind. Dearest! You (A.S. Griboedov)
not at ease. The nominal part can be expressed by a phrase, the main lexical meaning of which is contained not in the main word, but in the dependent word. All old ladies - serves as a complement here. In a sentence people are angry. noticeable person ... My husband - lovely husband ... Ball good thing(A.S. Griboedov)
, bondage is bitter. The nominal part may include conjunctions as if, as if etc., introducing the meaning of comparison into the predicate. Your every verse - like a bowl poison, What's up, and the nets were carried out to sea.

(A.A. Tarkovsky), burned by sin.

Find compound nominal predicates. Favorite hobby Vaska Pechenkina - flying a kite. From this peaceful occupation he made himself a robbery. When his kite is flown, Vaska feels like the only master of the sky, and in front of him our poor snakes are like sparrows in front of a kite. Pechenkin's serpent is powerful and huge.

(A.L. Tsukanov)(K.I. Chukovsky)

launched, launched, feels like a master, like sparrows, powerful and huge. A compound nominal predicate can have a complicated form if the copula is used in the infinitive and is supplemented by a conjugated auxiliary verb, which adds additional meaning to the predicate. Yes a smart man. can't help but be a rogue (A.S. Griboedov) Those who think that only those minnows believe incorrectly can be considered worthy citizens, which, mad with fear, sit in holes and tremble. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) So don't try to be smarter
... (O.E. Mandelstam) There are predicates in which the lexical meaning is expressed not only by the nominal part, but also by a full-valued verb used instead of a connective. Typically it is a verb of movement or state: He will raise a cloud of dust, rustle with paper leaves and will not return at all - or he will come back at all another. (O.E. Mandelstam) In this sentence, it is equally important that it (rhythm or wind) will return (this would be a simple verbal predicate) and that it will become different (compound nominal). And you (A.S. Pushkin) (sat and was sad). In school textbooks, such predicates are called a type of compound nominal predicate.

Exercises

1. Find simple verbal predicates expressed by 1) verb different parts in the required form; 2) phraseological use; 3) compound nominal predicate with a linking verb different parts.

The bear cub was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, a black muzzle, and he lived in a booth in the lyceum courtyard. It belonged to General Zakharzhevsky, manager of the Tsarskoye Selo palace and palace garden. Every morning, lyceum students saw how, when preparing to go around, the general patted the bear cub on the head, and he tried to break free from the chain and follow him.
And then one day, before the eyes of the lyceum students, an event occurred that brought the bear cub into political history Lyceum
General Zakharzhevsky, passing by the booth one day, to his horror, discovered that the booth was empty: the bear cub had broken free from the chain. We started looking, but to no avail: there was no bear cub either in the yard or in the garden. The general lost his head: two steps away was the palace garden... (Yu.N. Tynyanov)

Answer: 1) ...there is neither a bear cub in the yard nor in the garden did not have; two steps away was palace garden; 2) lost his head; 3) was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, a black muzzle….

2. Find 1) compound verbal predicates; 2) compound nominal predicate.

Alexander the Great crossed Persia with his sword, subjugated Egypt to his power, and reached the shores of Indian Ocean. On the vast territory of the state he formed, he established Greek language. On its basis, Latin writing arose in the second century BC. For about a thousand years the Greek language was state language Byzantine Empire.
But in Western Europe Only in the fourteenth century did they begin to study the language of the great thinkers of antiquity. Only then did it become a sign of learning for the enlightened people of his time.

(According to E. Vartanyan)

(A.L. Tsukanov)1) was the official language; became a sign; 2) began to study.

3. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized incorrectly.

He was a thoughtful hare, he looked for a daughter from a widow, a hare, and wanted to get married. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

1) was thorough– compound nominal;
2) looked out went to court
3) wanted to get married- compound verb.

Answer: 1.

4. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized correctly.

He was an old campaigning beast, he knew how to build dens and uproot trees; Consequently, to some extent he knew the art of engineering.

1) was went to court
2) (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) knew how to build
3) – compound verb; uproot
4) knew art– compound nominal.

Answer: 2.

Dash between subject and predicate in a simple sentence

A dash is often placed between the subject and the compound nominal predicate with a zero connective. The presence or absence of a dash is determined by what parts of speech the main members are expressed and what words stand between them in the sentence.
A dash is placed if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in nominative case:Grushnitsky - cadet. Nature is a fool, fate is a turkey , A life is a penny ! My – answer title this book. (M.Yu. Lermontov) Love - saint keeper ily il formidable fighter spiritual purity. Immortality... a quiet, bright shore; our path. - to him aspiration (V.A. Zhukovsky) Oh! My God! Am I really one of those people who target? all life - laughter – (A.S. Griboedov) The predicate can be expressed by a phrase with the main word - a noun in the nominative case: Taman the worst little town
from all the coastal cities of Russia. (M.Yu. Lermontov) There can be words before the predicate this means;(A.S. Griboedov)
a dash is placed before these words: Learning is the plague, learning is the reason that today there are more crazy people, deeds, and opinions than ever before. If the predicate contains a linking verb, the dash is not placed: Providence was secret- to him feedman is yours. gambler, thief Expectation no violent death? this book.
is it already real

disease Not) : A dash is not placed if there is a difference between the subject and the predicate. particle (the most common negative particle is Sin is not a problem word of mouth is not good. (A.S. Griboedov) But bad pun is no consolation for a Russian person... Passions nothing more than ideas

at its first development... (M.Yu. Lermontov); conjunction (comparative or any other): The bazaar is like a field , sown alternately with rye, oats, and buckwheat, (O.E. Mandelstam) At least ours Kabardians or... nothing more than ideas

Chechens: although robbers, naked people, but desperate heads introductory word This Human

, without a doubt, Jonah. If the subject and predicate are expressed as nouns in the nominative case, but the predicate is before the subject, a dash is not placed between them: This valley is a wonderful place! These Asians are terrible beasts!(M.Yu. Lermontov) (in these sentences the words valley And Asians yellowish are subject, and nice place terrible beasts– predicates). In the remark of the heroine of the poem by V.A. Zhukovsky Prince of Kiev is my parent subject parent because she answers the question about herself, not about

Kiev prince Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation one in which the placement of punctuation marks corresponds to the rules.

1. ...And his saber is a real gurda: put the blade to your hand, it will dig into your body...
2. Admit it, however, that Maxim Maksimych is a person worthy of respect?
3. His arrival in the Caucasus is also a consequence of his romantic fanaticism...
4. My soldier’s overcoat is like a seal of rejection.
5. ...Vera's husband, Semyon Vasilyevich G...v, is a distant relative of Princess Ligovskaya.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if one of the main members is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the other by a verb in the indefinite form (or a phrase with the main word - a verb in the indefinite form): to you in the world living is a disaster... Untested joy– by them live, for them breathe. Otrada to us - tears of happiness pour! To be great, to be wise- your definition... - to him Produce effect - their pleasure. His target – become a hero novel. this book.
It is also necessary to put a dash in the case when both main members of the sentence are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: Scientist learn- only spoil.

A dash is usually not placed if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun: I'm pathetic, I'm funny I'm ignorant,I'm a fool. can't help but be a rogue
A dash is placed if both main members are expressed in the nominative case of a cardinal number (or a phrase with a numeral) or one – in the nominative case of a cardinal number, and the other – in the nominative case of a noun: Wheel – one of the most brilliant inventions in the history of mankind. Three times three – nine.

Exercises

1. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation those in which the placement of punctuation marks does not comply with the rules.

1. Alien hordes are food for swords... (V.A. Zhukovsky)
2. O my friend! The mind is the executioner of all joys! (V.A. Zhukovsky)
3. Love – self-oblivion! There is
4. All your disasters are dreams of the imagination... There is
5. Dear friend, don’t you hear that the crackling noise of life is only a distorted response of triumphant harmonies? (V.S. Soloviev)
6. I am a parrot from the Antilles... (N.S. Gumilev)
7. She is not a pale wife, but a crowned goddess. (N.S. Gumilyov)
8. All of us, saints and thieves, from the altar and the prison, we are all funny actors in the theater of the Lord God. (N.S. Gumilev)
9. A star ray is like salt on an ax... (O.E. Mandelstam)

Answer: 2, 5, 6, 8, 9.

2. Find the incorrect statement.

A dash is not placed between the subject and the predicate, expressed nouns in the nominative case, if the predicate is preceded by

1) particle;
2) agreed upon definition;
3) introductory word;
4) linking verb.

Answer: 2.

3. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation, one in which the placement of punctuation marks corresponds to modern rules.

1. Werner is a wonderful person for many reasons.
2. Of two friends, one is always the slave of the other...
3. According to local scientists, this failure is nothing more than an extinct crater...
4. Maybe you don’t know what “opportunity” is?
This is a cover consisting of half a company of infantry and a cannon, with which convoys travel through Kabarda from Vladikavkaz to Yekaterinograd.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

– compound verb;

4. 5. The history of the human soul, even the smallest soul, is perhaps more curious and useful than the history of an entire people, especially when it is a consequence of observations of a mature mind over itself...

Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation one in which the placement of punctuation marks does not correspond to modern rules.
1. But he answered me that the wild Circassian woman should be happy, having such a sweet husband like him, because in their opinion he is still her husband, and that Kazbich is a robber who needed to be punished.
2. One word is a whole story for us...
3. Ideas are organic creations...
4. Is it really possible, I thought, that my only purpose on earth is to destroy other people’s hopes?
5. Mountain rivers, the smallest ones, are dangerous, especially because their bottom is a perfect kaleidoscope...

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

6. I am like a man yawning at a ball who does not go to bed only because his carriage is not yet there.

Answer: 6. It is worth drawing students' attention to the fact that they need to distinguish between sentences with the word This between subject and predicate: Irpen is a memory of people and summer, of freedom, of escape from bondage... It is worth drawing students' attention to the fact that they need to distinguish between sentences with the word(B.L. Pasternak) – and sentences where the pronoun – the subject and the dash are not placed between it and the predicate: This is truly a new miracle, it is spring again, as before.
(B.L. Pasternak) But this calmness is often a sign of great, albeit hidden strength...(M.Yu. Lermontov) Secondly, most formulations include the words as a rule, usually those. Variable punctuation is allowed; the presence or absence of a dash is determined by intonation, the presence or absence of a pause, and the need for logical emphasis. But in exam papers, students and applicants should not deviate from the rules; copyright marks are considered as errors.

Compound predicates- these are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (tense and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (tense and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.

Wed: He started singing(PGS). - He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). - He was sick for two months(SIS).

Compound Verbal Predicate (CVS) consists of two parts:

A) auxiliary part(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part (indefinite form verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning.

SGS = auxiliary verb + infinitive

For example: I started singing; I want to sing ; I'm afraid to sing.

However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:

The auxiliary verb must be lexically incomplete, that is, it alone (without an infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.

Wed: I began- what to do?; I want- what to do?.

If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a minor member of the sentence.

Wed: She sat down (for what purpose?) relax .

The action of the infinitive must relate to the subject (it is a subjective infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence ( object infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.

Wed:
1. I want to sing . I want to sing- compound verbal predicate (want - I, sing will- I ).
2. I asked her to sing. Requested- simple verbal predicate, sing- addition (I asked, she will sing).

Auxiliary verb meanings

Plan for parsing a compound verbal predicate

1. Indicate the type of predicate.
2. Indicate how the main part is expressed (subjective infinitive); what meaning does the auxiliary part have (phase, modal) and what form of the verb is it expressed.

Sample parsing

The old man started chewing again.

Started to chew- compound verb predicate. Main part ( chew) is expressed by a subjective infinitive. Auxiliary part ( set off) has a phase meaning and is expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

The question of a complex predicate in scientific literature turned out to be extremely confusing: a) in educational and reference literature and in special works the complex predicate is distinguished as one of the three main types - along with the simple and compound predicate; b) the concept of a complex predicate has completely different content, its criteria are justifiably contradictory. Shakhmatovskaya system of three types of sentences that differ in the form of the predicate became the basis for subsequent characteristics three types predicates: simple (cf. “single predicates”), composite (cf. “cohesive predicates”) and complex (cf. “divide predicates”), conveying to them the uncertainty and fuzziness of the main criterion [Ibid., 27].

A.M. Peshkovsky “very definitely proposed a system of two types of predicate” [Ibid.].

A complex predicate is a complicated simple or (more often) compound predicate.

The nominal or verbal type of a complex predicate is determined by the last component: if it is an infinitive, the predicate qualifies as a complex verb, if it is a name, then as a complex nominal).

Modal-temporal meanings are expressed by conjugated verb forms (they may not be present in the present tense). The nominal part in the first component (in the compound nominal predicate) of two-part sentences can be expressed by short adjectives: glad, ready, capable, intends, must, etc., and in one-part sentences - by words of the state category with modal meaning(it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible, it is possible and under.) or with an emotional-evaluative meaning: fun, sad, pleasant, etc. The main part of the complex nominal predicate is connected to the first component using the infinitive to be or other verbal forms with the meaning of being, existence (live, exist, etc.).

Types of complex predicate

Complex (three-term, polynomial) is a predicate consisting of three or more parts. Vary following types complex predicates:

• a) verbal (consisting of only verbs and correlative with compound verbal predicates), for example: decided to start treatment, hopes to quit smoking;
• b) nominal (consisting of a predicative adjective, connective and nominal part, correlative with compound nominal predicates), for example: glad to be useful, ready to become a mediator;
• c) mixed (consisting of verbs and names, combining the characteristics of a compound verbal and a compound nominal predicate), for example: he could become a scientist, he is afraid of being funny.

For example: He wanted to appear brave on the fourth bastion (Tolstoy);

And you want to live like a lamb (Goncharov); I don’t even consider myself obligated to feel gratitude to him (Chernyshevsky); I was no longer afraid to be and seem sensitive... (Chekhov) [Ibid].

The general typology of the predicate is characterized in the Russian language by the opposition of a simple and a complex predicate with the division of a complex predicate into a compound nominal and a compound verb. Predicate constructions, which, on the basis of certain characteristics, were considered as forms of a “complex predicate”, also have their place in the outlined system of predicate types.

There is still no Russian language consensus, what is the predicate as the main member of the sentence. Which classification of predicate is preferable: semantic or structural? How to determine clear boundaries of the type of predicate? Whose method of studying predicates in school grammar should be preferred? All this is reflected in the practice of teaching Russian at school and in the quality of preparation of graduates for the Unified State Exam.

In our opinion, the definition of A. G. Rudnev should be chosen as a working definition of the predicate:

• 1. The predicate as the main member of a sentence denotes the attribute of the subject that it possesses, either produces or perceives from the outside, and answers the questions: “who is (or “what is”) the object?”, “what is the object?”, “what does the object? or “what is being done with it?” .
• 2. The predicate as part of a sentence performs three semantic functions: 1) establishes the subject as the bearer of the attribute in the possession in time of one or another attribute inherent in it; 2) denotes the action that the subject performs; 3) denotes an action that the subject perceives from the outside [Ibid].

Regarding the predicate and its structural types, “in our educational and scientific literature there is unimaginable confusion.” No unified classification types of predicate, it is considered in two ways: structural and semantic. There are different views on the identification of structural types of the predicate. Scientific grammar distinguishes three types of predicate: 1) simple; 2) compound and 3) complex.

Linguists recognize that non-conjugated forms of verbal roots of words (such as bam, jump, push, etc.) can be used as a predicate, as a rule, in colloquial speech with a connotation of sudden-instant action perfect form in past.

Combinations with a verbal reference word, which have not yet become phraseological units, but have already lost to varying degrees the “freedom of compatibility”: to conduct a conversation, arrange a reception, give a hand, make an impression, etc., are qualified in scientific grammar in two ways: a) they can be considered as predicate and b) a minor member can be highlighted in them.

Phase and modal verbs in combination with verbs containing an emotional assessment of the action do not have an unambiguous interpretation in the literature and are considered either as predicates or as combinations of predicates with complements.

A controversial issue in linguistic literature is the question of the predicate of a complex compound type. Unlike P. A. Lekant, V. V. Babaytseva, N. S. Valgina, who distinguish verbal, nominal and mixed predicates of a complex type, I. P. Raspopov considers these constructions to be a union of two predicates - main and secondary.

A controversial issue in scientific grammar is the inclusion in the category of a compound nominal predicate of constructions such as lay fainted, returned rejuvenated. In such sentences, two predicative features are expressed simultaneously - active and passive, therefore, the predicate can be qualified as “double” (A. A. Shakhmatov). In another interpretation, these constructions are regarded as a complex predicate or as a combination of a simple verbal predicate in the strict sense of the term, and conjugated verb is not a connective.

All forms of the predicate are divided into two structural types - simple and complex - based on the relationship between real and grammatical meanings. According to the content of the predicative feature, the verb and nominal predicate are contrasted. The verb predicate denotes an active attribute (action), the nominal predicate denotes a passive attribute (quality, property, state, etc.) [Ibid., 136].

In this chapter:

§1. The main parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.

Subject

The subject is the main member of the sentence, independent of other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions of the IP: who? What?

The subject of a sentence is expressed in different ways.

What is the subject expressed by?

The subject can be a word or phrase.

Most often the subject is expressed:

1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: patient, manager, greeter, ice cream, dining room;
3) pronouns: we, no one, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has the meaning:
a) togetherness: husband and wife, duck and ducklings, me and my friend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar appeared in the distance. One of the guests closed the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most students passed the test;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.

Predicate

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is said about the subject, which is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers various questions: what does the object do? what's happening to him? what is he like? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are variations of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.

The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of a sentence: its grammatical meaning.

Grammatical meaning- this is the generalized meaning of a sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:

• reality-irreality,
• time.

Reality-irreality expressed by the mood of the verb.

• Verbs in the indicative mood are characteristic of statements that reflect the real situation: It’s raining, It’s getting light.
• Verbs in the imperative and conditional moods are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! I wish it didn't rain today!

Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by verb forms of present, past and future tense.

Simple and compound predicate

The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple or compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.

Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can be in one of three tenses: present - past - future.

He knows poetry by heart.

indicative mood, present time

He knew the poems by heart.

indicative mood, past time

He will learn poetry by heart.

indicative mood, bud. time

You will learn these verses by heart.

imperative mood

In a circle you would learn poetry by heart.

conditional mood

Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound predicate they are expressed in different words. For example:

Suddenly the baby stopped singing and started laughing.

He stopped singing and started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh call an action, while expressing lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started

Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:

He finished working.

I want to help you.

Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:

1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of an action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, cease;

2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: be able, able, want, want, wish, strive, try; glad, ready, must, obliged, intends.

In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

If the auxiliary word is a short adjective, then it is used with a connective. The connective is the verb to be. Here are relevant examples with the copula in the past tense:

I was so glad to meet you!

In the present tense the word is is not used, it is omitted: the connective is zero, for example:

I'm so glad to meet you!

In the future tense, the connective be is put in the future tense. Example:

I'll be glad to meet you.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.

1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. Yesterday she was beautiful. In the present tense the copula is zero: She is beautiful.

2. Linking verbs become, become, become, appear, be considered, appear, be called, introduce themselves: The house from afar seemed like a dot.

3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie, stand: The mother returned from work tired. The mother sat thoughtful, sad.

In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:

The mother sat thoughtful, sad. Synonymous: The mother was thoughtful, sad.

He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.

With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of meaning are not conveyed. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize different shades of meaning.

Combinations of linking verbs with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also appear along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:

1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,

2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,

3) numeral: Twice two is four.,

4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody will become everything (“International”),

5) participle: The essay turned out to be lost., The daughter was completely cured.,

6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right. The trousers were just right.

The nominal part can contain not only individual words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:

She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.

It is impossible to say: She ran in with a face., She sat with eyes., because the phrases with a cheerful face and with thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Which parts of the sentence are considered the main ones?

   • subject and object
   • definition, circumstance and addition
   • subject and predicate

2. Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: manager, sick, in love?

3. Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?

4. What is the subject in the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the Unified State Exam and pass it successfully.?

   • any
   • any of you

5. What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of a sentence?

   • reality - unreality and time
   • type and time

6. Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?

7. Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate whose lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?

8. I can't help you.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

9. What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always considered serious.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

10. What is the predicate in the sentence: Two by two is four.?

    • simple verb
    • compound verb
    • compound nominal