Slavic alphabet. Old Slavonic alphabet. Old Church Slavonic alphabet - the meaning of letters. Old Slavonic letters

). The name goes back to the name of Cyril (before accepting monasticism - Constantine), an outstanding educator and preacher of Christianity among the Slavs. The question of the time of creation of the Cyrillic alphabet and its chronological relationship with the Glagolitic alphabet cannot be considered finally resolved. Some researchers suggest that the Cyrillic alphabet was created by Cyril and his brother Methodius (“first Slavic teachers”) in the 9th century, earlier than the Glagolitic alphabet. However, most experts believe that the Cyrillic alphabet is younger than the Glagolitic alphabet and that the first Slavic alphabet, which was created by Cyril and Methodius in 863 (or 855), was Glagolitic. The creation of the Cyrillic alphabet dates back to the era of the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon (893-927); it was probably compiled by the students and followers of Cyril and Methodius (Clement of Ohrid?) on the basis of the Greek (Byzantine) solemn uncial letter. The letter composition of the ancient Cyrillic alphabet generally corresponded to the ancient Bulgarian speech.

To convey ancient Bulgarian sounds, the uncial letter was supplemented with a number of letters (for example, Ж, Ш, ъ, ь, Ѫ, Ѧ, etc.). The graphic appearance of Slavic letters is stylized according to the Byzantine model. The Cyrillic alphabet included “extra” uncial letters (doublets: i - і, o - ѡ, letters found only in borrowed words: f, ѳ, etc.). In the Cyrillic alphabet, according to the rules of uncial writing, superscripts were used: aspirations, accents, abbreviations of words with titles and ascenders. Aspiration signs (from the 11th to the 18th centuries) changed functionally and graphically. Cyrillic letters were used in numerical meaning (see table), in this case a title sign was placed above the letter, and two dots or one on its sides.

Written monuments from the era of the creation of the Cyrillic alphabet have not survived. The composition of the letters of the original Cyrillic alphabet is also not entirely clear; perhaps some of them appeared later (for example, the letters of iotized vowels). The Cyrillic alphabet was used by the southern, eastern and, obviously, for some time among the western Slavs; in Rus' it was introduced in the 10th-11th centuries. in connection with Christianization. The Cyrillic alphabet among the eastern and southern Slavs has a long tradition, as evidenced by numerous written monuments. The oldest of them date back to the 10th-11th centuries. Precisely dated ones include ancient Bulgarian inscriptions on stone slabs from the 10th century: Dobrudzhanskaya (943) and Tsar Samuil (993). Handwritten books or fragments of them written on parchment have been preserved since the 11th century. The time and place of creation of the most ancient of them is determined by paleographic and linguistic signs. 11th century or perhaps the end of the 10th century. The book of Savvina (a collection of Gospel readings - aprakos) dates back to the 11th century. include the “Suprasl Manuscript”, “Eninsky Apostle”, etc. The earliest dated and localized East Slavic manuscript is the “Ostromir Gospel” (aprakos, 1056-57). East Slavic manuscripts have survived in greater numbers than South Slavic ones. The oldest business documents on parchment date back to the 12th century, the Old Russian charter of Prince Mstislav (c. 1130), the charter of the Bosnian ban Kulin (1189). Serbian handwritten books have been preserved since the end of the 12th century: “Miroslav’s Gospel” (Aprakos, 1180-90), “Vukanovo Gospel” (Aprakos, ca. 1200). Dated Bulgarian manuscripts date back to the 13th century: “Bologna Psalter” (1230-42), “Tarnovo Gospel” (tetra, 1273).

Cyrillic 11th-14th centuries. was characterized by a special type of writing - a charter with geometrical lettering. From the end of the 13th century. among the southern Slavs and from the mid-14th century. Among the Eastern Slavs, the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet lose their strict geometric appearance, variants of the outline of one letter appear, the number of abbreviated words increases, this type of writing is called semi-ustav. From the end of the 14th century. The charter and semi-charter are being replaced by cursive writing.

In the writing of the Eastern and Southern Slavs, the shape of the Cyrillic letters changed, the composition of the letters and their sound meaning changed. Changes were caused by linguistic processes in living Slavic languages. Thus, in ancient Russian manuscripts of the 12th century. the letters iotated yus and yus large are falling out of use, in their place they write “Ꙗ”, Ѧ or “yu”, “ou”, respectively; the letter yusa small gradually acquires the meaning [’a] with the previous softness or combination ja. In manuscripts of the 13th century. the letters ъ, ь may be omitted, reflecting the mutual exchange of the letters ъ - o and ь - e. In some manuscripts, starting from the 12th century, the letter Ѣ is written in place of the letter “e” (southwestern, or Galician-Volyn sources), in a number of Old Russian manuscripts there is a mutual exchange of the letters ts - ch (Novgorod manuscripts from the 11th century), exchanges s - sh, z - zh (Pskov). In the 14th-15th centuries. manuscripts appear (Central Russian), where it is possible to change the letters ѣ - е and ѣ - и, etc.

In Bulgarian manuscripts from the 12th-13th centuries. Mutual exchange of yuses, large and small, is common; iotized yuses are falling out of use; It is possible to change the letters Ѣ - Ꙗ, ъ - ь. One-dimensional sources appear: either “ъ” or “ь” are used. It is possible to interchange the letters “ъ” and “ус” (large). The letter Ѫ existed in the Bulgarian alphabet until 1945. The letters of iotized vowels in the position after the vowels (moa, dobraa) are gradually falling out of use, and the letters ы - i are often mixed up.

In Serbian manuscripts, at an early stage, the letters of nasal vowels are lost, the letter “ъ” falls out of use, and the letter “ь” is often doubled. From the 14th century It is possible to exchange the letters ъ - ь with the letter “a”. In the 14th-17th centuries. The population of modern Romania used the Cyrillic alphabet and Slavic orthography. On the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet, the modern Bulgarian and Serbian alphabets, the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian alphabets and, through the Russian alphabet, the alphabets of other peoples of the USSR historically developed.

Cyrillic alphabet from the era of the most ancient Slavic manuscripts (late 10th - 11th centuries)

Typeface letters	Letter name	Sound meaning letters	Digital meaning		Typeface letters	Letter name	Sound meaning letters	Digital meaning
	az	[A]	1			dick	[X]	600
	bows	[b]				from (omega)*	[O]	800
	lead	[V]	2			qi	[ts’]	900
	verbs	[G]	3			worm or worm	[h’]	90
	good	[d]	4			sha	[w’]
	is or is**	[e]	5			piece**	[sh’͡t’], [sh’ch’]
	live	[and']
	Ѕ - green*	[d'͡z']	S=6			ѥръ	[ъ]
	earthꙗ	[z]	7			eras	[s]
	Izhei**	[And]	8			ѥрь	[b]
	others like*	[And]	10			There are no	[æ], [ê]
	kako	[To]	20				['u],
	people	[l]	30			and iotized*	['a],
	think	[m]	40			e iotized*	['e],
	ours**	[n]	50			small us*	originally [ę]	900
	he	[O]	70			small us iotized*	originally [ę],
	chambers	[P]	80			jus big*	originally [ǫ]
	rtsi	[R]	100			jus big iotized*	originally [’ǫ],
	word	[With]	200			xi*	[ks]	60
	firmly and firmly	[T]	300			psi*	[ps]	700
	ok**	[y]	400			Fita*	[f]	9
	fuck or fuck	[f]	500			Izhitsa*	[and], [in]	400

• Lavrov P. A., Paleographical review of the Cyrillic letter, P., 1914;
• Lowkotka Ch., Development of writing, trans. from Czech, M., 1950;
• Istrin V. A., 1100 years of the Slavic alphabet, M., 1963 (lit.);
• Shchepkin V.N., Russian paleography, 2nd ed., M., 1967;
• Karsky E. F., Slavic Kirillovsky paleography, 2nd ed., M., 1979;
• A legend about the beginning of Slavic writing. [Commented edition of the text of ancient sources. Introductory article, translation and comments by B. N. Flory], M., 1981;
• Bernstein S. B., Konstantin-Philosof and Methodius, M., 1984;
• Ђhorђiћ Petar, History of Srpske Cyrillic, Beograd, 1971;
• Bogdan Damian P., Paleografia româno-slavă, Buc., 1978.

Az, Buki, Vedi... About the meaning of the ancient Slavic alphabet

Let's look at the first three letters of the alphabet - Az, Buki, Vedi.

Az – “I”. Buki (beeches) – letters, writing. Vedi (vede) – “knew”, perfect past tense from “vediti” – to know, to know.

Combining the acrophonic names of the first three letters of the ABC, we get the following phrase: Az, Buki, Vedi - I know the letters.

All subsequent letters of the ABC are combined into phrases:

A verb is a “word”, and not only spoken, but also written.

Good is “property, acquired wealth.”

Yes (naturally) – 3rd l. units h. from the verb “to be”.

The verb is good: the word is an asset.

Live (instead of the second “and” the letter “yat” was previously written, pronounced live) - imperative mood, plural of “to live” – “to live in work, and not to vegetate.”

Zelo (transmitted the combination dz = voiced ts) - “zealously, with zeal.”

Earth – “planet Earth and its inhabitants, earthlings.”

And - conjunction “and”.

Izhe – “those who, they are the same.”

Kako – “like”, “like”. People are “reasonable beings.”

Live well, earth, and like people: live working hard, earthlings, and as befits people.

Think (written with the letter “yat”, pronounced “think”, just like “live”) - imperative mood, plural. h. from “to think, to comprehend with the mind.”

Nash – “ours” in the usual meaning.

He is “that one” in the meaning of “single, united.”

Chambers (peace) – “the basis (of the universe).” Wed. “to rest” – “to be based on...”.

Think about our peace: comprehend our universe. Rtsy (rtsi) – imperative mood: “speak, utter, read aloud.” Wed. "speech". The word is “transmitting knowledge.” Firmly – “confidently, confidently.”

Rtsy word is firm - bring knowledge with conviction.

Uk is the basis of knowledge, doctrine. Wed. science, teach, skill, custom.

Fert, f(b)rt – “fertilizes”. The alphabet recorded the difference between the sounds “p” and “f”, as well as their voiced counterparts “b” and “v”. In the Middle Ages, southern Europeans who pronounced “f” instead of “p” were called fryags in Rus' precisely because of the peculiarities of their speech: this, for example, distinguished the southern Franks from the northern Prussians, the Thracians from the Persians, etc.

Kher – “divine, given from above.” Wed. German Negg (lord, God), Greek. “hiero-” (divine), English, hero (hero), as well as the Russian name of God – Khors.

Uk fart Her: knowledge is fertilized by the Almighty, knowledge is the gift of God.

Tsy (qi, tsti) – “sharpen, penetrate, delve, dare.”

Worm (worm) – “he who sharpens, penetrates.”

Ш(т)а (Ш, Ш) – “what” in the meaning “to”.

Ъ, ь (еръ/ерь, ъръ) – are variants of one letter, meaning an indefinite short vowel close to e.

The rolling sound “р” is pronounced with the obligatory initial aspiration (initial “ъ”) and echo (final “ъ”). The word “ar”, apparently, meant the existing, eternal, hidden, space-time, inaccessible to the human mind, a light, the Sun. In all likelihood, “Ъръ” is one of the most ancient words of modern civilization, cf. Egyptian Ra - Sun, God.

The word “time” itself contains the same root, since the initial “v” developed precisely from “ъ”. Many native Russian words contain this root, for example: morning - “from the Sun” (root ut-from there, there); evening (century) - “the age of Ra, the expiring time of the Sun.” In the sense of “space, Universe” the Russian “frame” comes from the same root. The word “paradise” means: “many Suns” = “the abode of the gods (God Ra).” The self-name of the gypsies “Rum, Roma” - “free”, “God in me”, “I am the Universe”, hence the Indian Rama. In the sense of “light, luminary, source of light”: the cry “hurray!” means “towards the Sun!”, bright – “like sunlight”, “rainbow”, etc. In the ABC, in all likelihood, the word “Ър(а)” is in genitive case with the meaning of “Existence”.

Yus (yus small) – “light, old Russian jar.” In modern Russian, the root “yas” is preserved, for example, in the word “clear”.

Yat (yati) – “to comprehend, to have.” Wed. withdraw, take, etc.

Tsy, cherve, shta ЪRA yus yati! It stands for: “Dare, sharpen, worm, in order to comprehend the light of existence!”

The combination of the above phrases constitutes the ABC Message:

Az Buki Vede Verb Good Naturally Live Zelo Earth And Like People Think Our On Chambers Rtsy Word Firmly Uk Fart Her Tsy Cherve Shta Yra Yus Yati.

In modern translation it sounds like this:

Option one:

I know letters: writing is a property. Work hard
earthlings, as befits intelligent people - comprehend the universe!
Carry the word with conviction: knowledge is the gift of God!
Dare, delve deeply in order to comprehend the Light of Being!

Another option:

Az Buki Vedi - I know God. Az – the basis, the beginning, I. I – my world begins with me. And now I am the last letter of the alphabet. The basis for everything is knowledge of God and one’s ancestors, that is, one’s parents, one’s roots.

Verb Good - speak, do good. Remember Pushkin: “To burn the hearts of people with a verb.” A verb is both a word and a deed at the same time. I say it means I do it. And I do good.

Good is Life - only good creates life.

You live well on earth. - live from the land, it is our breadwinner.

And as people think, it is our peace. Those. as you people think, so is your world.

The word is firm. Speak your word firmly. Said - done.

I Know God.
I say and do Good.
Good is Life.
Live from the Earth, she is our nurse.
And As We People Think, so is Our World.

Circumcision of memory or why the Russian language is being destroyed:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Gcv-2wDiCY
The fight against the Russian language, as well as against the Rus themselves, has been going on for more than a century. Our irreconcilable enemies know well what they are doing and do not spare green candy wrappers to bribe officials to help them turn us into animals...

We live in the conditions of the 4th World War, which is being waged against people in all possible directions: economic, political, informational, food, alcohol, tobacco, drug war, war in fine arts(avant-garde, underground, “Black Square”), war in music (hard rock, metallica, pop), and finally, the war with the Russian language, which few people know about.

In the conditions of advancing globalism, the attempts of Agasfer (the devil, which is understood as the “world government”, led by priests carrying out their purely theological, religious instructions, hostile to all people on Earth) to zombify people, especially the younger generation, are clearly visible, turning them into people who do not understand , What is good and what is bad. What happens is what Dostoevsky called “obliteration,” i.e. turning people into animals.

All these manipulations with the human consciousness are relatively easy, since we are absolutely illiterate in matters of the impact of electronic means on our psyche mass media(television, computer) and electromagnetic means in general on our brain. The developers of this kind of technology are hidden from people. As for language, or rather, attempts to influence the consciousness of people through language, such thoughts do not occur to our Academy of Sciences and the “Institute of the Russian Language”, although perhaps we are mistaken... A lot has become clear thanks to the work of academicians P.P. . Garyaeva, A.V. Akimova, G.I. Shipova, A.D. Pleshanova and others.

But before moving on to a specific analysis of the features language policy, I would like to emphasize some features of the Russian language that you need to pay attention to. In our book “Secrets of the Russian Alphabet” (M., 2004, 2007) we have already noted that the Russian language is the first language that the first humanity spoke (“And there was one language and one people”).

Evidence of this is that the most ancient written monuments on planet Earth, deciphered by S.S. Grinevich, F. Volansky, P.P. Orinkin and others, written in the Proto-Slavic syllabary (tablets from the town of Vinca in Yugoslavia and from Terteria, Romania), as well as the testimony of the professor of the Delhi University Sanskritologist Durga Prasad Shastri that “the Russian language is more ancient than Sanskrit, and is the oldest dialect of Sanskrit” . But that's not all.

In 2008, interesting information from Israeli scientists appeared on the Internet, which deserves close attention. Scientists from the University of Haifa write: “Schoolchildren who know Russian have a greater chance of achieving success in education than those who do not speak the language of Pushkin and Dostoevsky... Mastering the skills of reading and writing in Russian in the preschool period gives students significant advantages in mastery of knowledge, says Prof. Mila Schwartz, – As studies have shown, schoolchildren who have an understanding of the grammar of the Russian language show more good results in their studies compared to peers who speak only Hebrew or other languages. However, conversational skills alone do not give such a head start.” Mila Schwartz explains this mystery by the exceptional linguistic complexity of the Russian language.

The brilliant Russian scientist A.A. spoke well about the connection between language and thinking. Potebnya (1835-1891): “At present, we can confidently say that the primacy of the peoples of the Indo-European tribe among other tribes of the Earth, which constitutes an undoubted fact, is based on the superiority of the structure of the languages ​​of this tribe and the reason for this superiority cannot be clarified without a proper study of the properties their languages; although it must be admitted that a child who speaks one of the Indo-European languages ​​is, by virtue of this alone, a philosopher in comparison with an adult and smart person another tribe." Here Potebnya speaks generally about European languages.

Israeli scientists went further. Currently, many of them are inclined to believe that Russian is the basis of all Indo-European languages. Evidence of this is discussed in the book by O. F. Miroshnichenko “Slavic Gods of Olympus”, M., 2009.

So, we can state the connection between language and thinking. “The whole logic of thinking came out of language,” wrote the outstanding linguist, honorary academician of St. Petersburg University D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky. “All logical categories were originally given as members of a sentence.”

The second very important aspect of language that needs to be noted, given the connection between language and thinking, is that it is possible to control consciousness through language (which was discovered in the 90s of the 20th century). It is language that controls and directs our consciousness, thinking, and partly the work of the entire organism, i.e. performs management functions over them.

The evidence was given by academician P.P. Garyaev in his work “Wave Genome”, which describes numerous experiments. In some of these experiments, they took completely dead grains of wheat and exposed them to ordinary human speech passed through a microphone and a spectrograph, i.e. converted into electromagnetic waves. Human speech had an absolutely incredible, incomparable effect on plants: 90% of dead wheat grains came to life! At the same time, the result was striking in its stability and repeatability. In another experiment, they took living plant seeds and influenced them in the same way with speech converted into electromagnetic waves and containing obscene language. In this case, all experimental seeds died. Under a microscope, it was clear that their chromosomal strands were broken and their membranes burst, which was adequate to the effects of radioactive irradiation with an intensity of about 40 thousand roentgens per hour!

Thus, it was confirmed that our speech, words and even written texts also have an electromagnetic and torsion nature.

Scientists, having compared the wave characteristics of the DNA of plants and human speech, found that they coincide by 30%, and therefore, it turns out that the DNA of plants (and not only plants) contains the characteristics of human speech. Work with linguists and mathematicians from Moscow State University showed that the structure of human speech, book text and DNA sequence structures, i.e. chromosomes are mathematically close. This proves that the human body can be influenced through the tongue. These facts were discovered relatively recently, and they immediately tried to use them in works aimed at changing the consciousness of a person, regardless of his will.

John Coleman, in his famous book The Committee of 300, states that the Tavikstock Institute human relations, part of the University of Sussex and the Stanford California Research Institute, are developing special texts, words, jokes, anecdotes intended for mass control of people, and above all, youth, by changing their consciousness against their will. Within the depths of these organizations, programs have been developed to zombify people, especially the most vulnerable youth who have not yet developed self-defense skills.

So, according to Coleman, there is a program called “Changing the Face of a Person.” Who should a person turn into? Into the beast? An idiot? Colleman writes that it is necessary to pay attention to the deliberately annoying, provocative language of teenagers, merchandisers, and a number of other groups of people. “Young people have no idea that all these unconventional values ​​they are striving for are being developed by venerable, elderly scientists in think tanks at Stanford University.” For example: “Changing on your favorite coffee is the same as cheating on your beloved man.” What is unearthly bliss? It turns out that it’s just a new chocolate bar!

Young people are taught: “Take everything from life!” (without giving anything in return, note). As a result, our “multiplying” (!!!) youth have “enriched” their vocabulary with such pearls and, unfortunately, concepts as: boyfriend, gay club, body piercing, kivnik, label, don’t care, nishtyak, havalnik, shopping, tattoo , transsexual, outfit, etc. These words and concepts, which did not exist before, poured like an avalanche into unprotected minds and souls, turning them into a repository of immoral, decaying garbage. Wherein lofty concepts vulgarize, belittle, “replace”. For example, in the institute student environment, the exam in the modern Russian language is called “srya”, but he himself! our language (“great and mighty”) is abbreviated “ViM”.

All this is now known, a lot has been written about it, and all these perversions, in principle, could easily be stopped, because... we have a literary language with its strict rules and regulations. But... they don’t want to, and sometimes they even instill and force the opposite, forcibly replacing the original main root word of the Russian language. For example, the fifth estate, television, is enthusiastically engaged in this.

And here we must seek the adoption of a language law that protects our language, as has already been done in many countries, for example, in France. It is necessary to seek the resignation of Shvydkoy, who brazenly declares that the Russian language cannot exist without swearing, that language is an element and, they say, cannot be regulated.

Lie! Blatant lie! We have a literary language developed over thousands of years. We have the largest lexical fund: about 1 million words of the active dictionary. For comparison: Pushkin’s dictionary has 22 thousand words, Lenin’s dictionary – about 30 thousand, Shakespeare’s dictionary – 16 thousand, Cervantes’ dictionary – 18 thousand, great literature that no one else in the world has. Regulating the use of words on television and radio, in theater and literature is not very difficult. And for this it is necessary, among other things, to prohibit by law the Shvydkim from mutilating the Russian language and Russian souls.

Everything is clear with this, and we would like to talk here about another danger threatening the Russian language, about which people and even scientists know nothing and do not suspect anything - about the Alphabet. The fact is that the Alphabet is not just a list of letters that reflect the sounds existing in the language. This is an intranatural code, the electromagnetic matrix of which is 30% common to humans, animals and plants. This has been proven by the works of academicians P.P. Garyaeva (1997), G.I. Shipov and A.E. Akimova. That is, our speech and written texts are of an electromagnetic and torsion nature. The letters of the Russian Alphabet (and the Latin alphabet too, since it originated from the Russian language and they have 17 characters in common) are like physical signs (Pythagoras, for example, said that letters are numbers), having their own geometry and their own mathematical formulas . A letter is the geometry of sound.

As we know, our long-suffering Alphabet has already undergone 2 reforms (under Peter I and in 1918). We are not immune to attempts to reform our Alphabet in the future. So, over the past 8 years (since 2000) there have already been 3 attempts to shorten our Alphabet (proposals were submitted to the Duma). And now the Internet is filled with information about the upcoming reform of the Alphabet. Thus, a certain A. Makeev and his like-minded people declare that they have created a new alphabet, symmetry, that our Alphabet should be reduced to 27 letters, i.e. 6 letters should be removed: e, ya, yu, ё, ъ, ь, and also that reforms in education should begin with the Alphabet.

We remember that the Cyrillic alphabet had 43 letters, with 19 vowels. According to physics (“Encyclopedia of a Young Philologist”), our vowels are energy, while consonants take away energy, especially explosive ones. The more vowels in a language, the more energy the people have. So, as a result of all the reforms of the Alphabet, almost 50% of the vowels were shortened: out of 19, 10 remained, even 9, because the letter E is not printed in the hope that after 2-3 generations it will leave the language, like the long-suffering Yus, which were very important letters (yusy, justice, justify - the same root words). They transmitted nasal sounds, the vibration of which was the highest and reached the highest layers of space.

Why don't they dot the E? Nobody answers this question, and everything continues. And this despite the fact that Stalin is in the midst of Battle of Stalingrad in December 1942, he issued a special decree on the mandatory dotting of the letter E. And in 1956, prof. S.E. Kryuchkov canceled this order during the next spelling reform. Why is dotting the letter E important? The letter E, the seventh letter of the Alphabet, is a very special letter. It is used only under stress and conveys a very strong sound, amplified as if twice. Moreover, the letter E is a symbol of earthly humanity (all letters have symbolic meanings, but that's a separate conversation). As happened quite recently, in 1997, after the epoch-making works of Academician G.I. Shipov and A.E. Akimov, when torsion fields were discovered, any point, line, any pattern on a dress bends linear space and creates a torsion effect (torsion fields are information carriers). And in the Pythagorean system, points represent entire worlds.

So, a whole war has been launched against our Alphabet.

But why?! Why aren't there any alphabet reforms in other countries? The English write “Liverpool” and read “Manchester”. And nothing! The fact is that, as we have already said above, both the letters and sounds of our speech are of an electromagnetic and torsion nature and are associated with the human genetic apparatus (works of P.P. Garyaev) and with the human signal system II. Therefore, cutting off the Alphabet is cutting off the structures of human DNA, it is cutting off the ability of a Russian person to COMPLETELY see, hear and reflect the world, to communicate with the Cosmos. The reduction of the Alphabet leads to a reduction in the mental abilities of the Russian person. This, apparently, is what they are trying to achieve, trying to at least make us equal to the Europeans. But 3/4 of all scientific discoveries in the world were made by immigrants from Eastern Europe.

A Russian person could perceive 43 letters (and sounds too). This is twice as much as a European, who has 24-27 letters in his Alphabet. This is a symphony orchestra compared to a quartet or octet! But Western intelligence agencies need to reduce the mental capacity of the Russians and do it covertly. Who would have thought!

Az is the initial letter of the Slavic alphabet, which denotes the pronoun Ya. However, its root meaning is the word “initially”, “begin” or “beginning”, although in everyday life the Slavs most often used Az in the context of a pronoun. Nevertheless, in some Old Slavonic letters one can find Az, which meant “one”, for example, “I’ll go to Vladimir”. Or "start with the basics" meant "start from the beginning". Thus, the Slavs denoted with the beginning of the alphabet the entire philosophical meaning of existence, where without beginning there is no end, without darkness there is no light, and without good there is no evil. At the same time, the main emphasis in this is placed on the duality of the structure of the world.

Actually, the alphabet itself is built on the principle of duality, where it is conventionally divided into two parts: higher and lower, positive and negative, the part located at the beginning and the part that is at the end. In addition, do not forget that Az has a numerical value, which is expressed by the number 1. Among the ancient Slavs, the number 1 was the beginning of everything beautiful. Today, studying Slavic numerology, we can say that the Slavs, like other peoples, divided all numbers into even and odd. Moreover, odd numbers were the embodiment of everything positive, good and bright. Even numbers, in turn, represented darkness and evil. At the same time, the unit was considered the beginning of all beginnings and was highly revered Slavic tribes. From the point of view of erotic numerology, it is believed that 1 represents the phallic symbol from which procreation begins. This number has several synonyms: 1 is one, 1 is one, 1 is times.

Gods(b), which was later replaced by Buki. This initial letter does not have a numerical value, since there can be many Gods. The image of this initial letter: a set that is superior to a form that prevails over something. There is a concept, and this prevails over it.
BA (remember the exclamation “Bah - all the faces are familiar!” – “superior (b) to the original (a), i.e. above". Therefore, the expression “ba” sounds in an amazing form. The person is surprised: how is this?! Here there is something, and something else appeared on top of what existed in the beginning and on top of it.
BA-BA (coordinate with the same form). Here A influences B, i.e. human (a) to something (b); they were surprised, but at the same time the divine (b) began to influence the human (a), and again the image changed, surprised by something. Namely, by the Divine creation, which surprisingly revealed a new plurality with the addition of a single one. Therefore, Baba: what produced, in addition to what we have, a new, same Divine form of life. And in the opposite direction: abab is the divine source of human multiplication. They say that a woman will grow up and become a “woman” when she gives birth to a successor to the family, i.e. boy. If she gave birth to a girl, she was called a pullet. But these forms also exist in other languages.
BA-B – the divine (multiple) is collected through the divine, and the single source (a) is located between two coordinating systems. “A” in this case is the transition point, the gate. The Assyrians called the city where the gate of God was Babel, Babylon.
Shortened form of writing: B. – "predominant, greater". Example: constellation Ursa Major. But since there is more, it means that there is also something less. Such forms are embedded in our ancestral memory and anyone can understand them, no matter where they live. Because all this comes from a single proto-language. Since a set cannot be specified, the letter “B” has no numerical value.

Lead- an interesting letter of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet, which has a numerical value of 2. This letter has several meanings: to know, to know and to own. Meaning implies intimate knowledge, knowledge as the highest divine gift. If you put Az, Buki and Vedi into one phrase, you will get a phrase that means “I will know!” . Thus, a person who discovers the alphabet he created will subsequently have some kind of knowledge. The numerical load of this letter is no less important. After all, 2 - deuce, two, pair were not just numbers among the Slavs, they took an active part in magical rituals and in general were symbols of the duality of everything earthly and heavenly.

The number 2 among the Slavs meant the unity of heaven and earth, the duality of human nature, good and evil, etc. In a word, the deuce was a symbol of the confrontation between two sides, heavenly and earthly balance. Moreover, it is worth noting that the Slavs considered two to be a devilish number and attributed a lot of negative properties to it, believing that it was two that opened the numerical series of negative numbers that bring death to a person. That is why the birth of twins in Old Slavic families was considered bad sign who brought illness and misfortune to the family. In addition, the Slavs considered it a bad sign for two people to rock a cradle, for two people to dry themselves with the same towel, and generally to perform any action together. Despite such a negative attitude towards the number 2, the Slavs recognized its magical power. For example, many banishing rituals evil spirits were carried out using two identical objects or with the participation of twins.

Verb– a letter whose meaning is the performance of some action or the pronunciation of speech. Synonyms of the letter-word Verb are: verb, speak, conversation, speech, and in some contexts the word verb was used in the meaning of “write”. For example, the phrase “May he give us the verb and the word and the thought and the action” means that “rational speech gives us words, thoughts, and actions”. The verb was always used only in a positive context, and its numerical value was the number 3 - three. Three or triad, as our ancestors often called it, was considered a divine number.

Firstly, the troika is a symbol of spirituality and the unity of the soul with the Holy Trinity.
Secondly, the three/triad was an expression of the unity of heaven, earth and the underworld.
Thirdly, the triad symbolizes the completion of a logical sequence: beginning – middle – end.

Finally, the triad symbolizes the past, present and future.

If you look at most Slavic rituals and magical actions, you will see that they all ended with a three-time repetition of a ritual. The simplest example is triple baptism after prayer.

Good- the fifth letter in the Slavic alphabet, which is a symbol of purity and goodness. The true meaning of this word "goodness, virtue". Moreover, the letter Good contains not only purely human character traits, but also a virtue that all people who love the Heavenly Father must adhere to. By Good, scientists, first of all, see virtue from the point of view of a person’s maintenance of religious canons, which symbolize the Commandments of the Lord. For example, the Old Church Slavonic phrase: “Be diligent in virtue and true living” carries the meaning that a person must observe virtue in real life.

The numerical value of the letter Good is indicated by the number 4, i.e. four. What did the Slavs put into this number? First of all, the four symbolized the four elements: fire, water, earth and air, the four ends of the holy cross, the four cardinal directions and the four corners of the room. Thus, the four was a symbol of stability and even inviolability. Despite the fact that this is an even number, the Slavs did not treat it negatively, because it was it, together with the three, that gave the divine number 7.

One of the most multifaceted words of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet is Yes. This word is denoted by words such as “is”, “sufficiency”, “presence”, “essence”, “being”, “nature”, “nature” and other synonyms that express the meaning of these words. Surely, having heard this letter-word, many of us will immediately remember the phrase from the movie “Ivan Vasilyevich is changing his profession”, which has already become winged: “I am the king!” . With such a clear example, it is easy to understand that the person who said this phrase positions himself as a king, that is, the king is his real essence. The number mystery of the letter Yes is hidden in the number five. Five is one of the most controversial numbers in Slavic numerology. After all, it is both positive and negative number, as, probably, a number that consists of the “divine” triad and the “satanic” two.

If we talk about the positive aspects of five, which is the numerical value of the letter Yes, then, first of all, it should be noted that this number carries great religious potential: in the Holy Scriptures, five is a symbol of grace and mercy. The oil for sacred anointing consisted of 5 parts, which included 5 ingredients, and when performing the “smudging” ritual, 5 different ingredients are also used, such as: incense, stakt, onykh, lebanon and halvan.

Other philosophical thinkers argue that the five is an identification with the five human senses: sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste. There are also negative qualities in the top five, which were found by some researchers of Old Church Slavonic culture. In their opinion, among the ancient Slavs, the number five was a symbol of risk and war. A clear indication of this is the conduct of battles by the Slavs mainly on Fridays. Friday among the Slavs was a symbol of the number five. However, there are some contradictions here, as other numerology researchers believe that the Slavs preferred to conduct battles and battles on Fridays solely because they considered five a lucky number and thanks to this they hoped to win the battle.

live- a letter-word, which is designated today as the letter Z. The meaning of the meaning of these letters is quite simple and clear and is expressed by words such as “living”, “life” and “living”. Put everything in this letter understandable word, which denoted the existence of all life on the planet, as well as the creation of new life. It is explained that life is a great gift that a person possesses, and this gift should be aimed at doing good deeds. If you combine the meaning of the letter Live with the meaning of the previous letters, you will get the phrase: “I will know and say that goodness is inherent in all living things...” The letter Zhivete is not endowed with a numerical characteristic, and this remains another mystery that our ancestors left behind.

Zelo– a letter that is a combination of two sounds [d] and [z]. The main meaning of this letter for the Slavs was the words “strong” and “strong”. The letter-word Zelo itself was used in Old Church Slavonic writings as “zelo”, which meant strongly, firmly, very, very, and it could also often be found in a sentence as “zelny”, i.e. strong, strong or abundant. If we consider this letter in the context of the word “very”, then we can cite as an example the lines of the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who wrote: “Now I must deeply apologize to you for the long silence.”. In this expression "I'm very sorry" can be easily paraphrased into a phrase "very sorry". Although the expression would also be appropriate here "to change a lot".

* the sixth paragraph of the Lord's Prayer speaks of sin;
* the sixth commandment speaks about the most terrible sin of man - murder;
* Cain's line ended with the sixth generation;
* the notorious mythical snake had 6 names;
* the number of the devil is presented in all sources as three sixes “666”.

The list of unpleasant associations associated with the number 6 among the Slavs goes on. However, we can conclude that in some Old Slavonic sources, philosophers also noticed the mystical appeal of the six. So the love that arises between a man and a woman was also associated with the six, which is a combination of two triads.

Earth- the ninth letter of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet, the meaning of which is represented as “land” or “country”. Sometimes in sentences the letter-word Earth was used in such meanings as “edge”, “country”, “people”, “land”, or this word meant the human body. Why is the letter named this way? Everything is very simple! After all, we all live on earth, in our own country, and belong to some nationality. Therefore, the word-letter Earth is a concept behind which the community of people is hidden. Moreover, everything starts small and ends with something big and immense. That is, this letter embodies the following phenomenon: each person is part of a family, each family belongs to a community, and each community collectively represents a people who live in a certain territory called their native land. And these patches of land, which we call our native land, are united into a huge country where there is one God. However, in addition to the deeply philosophical meaning, the letter Earth hides a number. This number 7 is seven, seven, week. What can modern youth know about the number 7? The only thing is that seven brings good luck. However, for the ancient Slavs, seven was a very significant number.

The number seven for the Slavs meant the number of spiritual perfection, upon which God’s seal lay. Moreover, we can see the seven almost everywhere in Everyday life: a week consists of seven days, a musical alphabet of seven notes, etc. Religious books and scriptures also cannot do without mentioning the number seven.

Izhe- a letter whose meaning can be expressed by the words “if”, “if” and “when”. The meaning of these words has not changed to this day, it’s just that in everyday life modern Slavs use synonyms Izhe: if and when. The number 10 corresponds to the same - ten, ten, decade, as we call this number today. Among the Slavs, the number ten is considered the third number, which denotes divine perfection and orderly completeness. If you look at history and various sources, then you will see that the ten has a deep religious and philosophical meaning:

* The 10 commandments are God’s completed code, which reveals to us the basic rules of virtue;
* 10 generations represent the complete cycle of a family or nation;

Kako- a letter-word of the Slavic alphabet, which means “like” or “like”. A simple example of the use of this word “like him” today is simply “like him”. This word expresses the similarity of man with God. After all, God created man in his own image and likeness. The numerical characteristic of this letter corresponds to twenty.

People- a letter of the Slavic alphabet, which speaks for itself about the meaning that is inherent in it. The true meaning of the letter People was used to designate people of any class, gender and gender. From this letter came such expressions as the human race, to live like humans. But, perhaps, the most famous phrase that we still use today is “to go out into the people,” which meant going out into the square for meetings and festivities. Thus, our ancestors worked for a whole week, and on Sunday, which was the only day off, they dressed up and went out to the square to “look at others and show yourself”. The letter-word People corresponds to the number 30 – thirty.

Myslete- a very important letter-word, the true meaning of which means “to think”, “thinking”, “to think”, “to reflect” or, as our ancestors said, “to think with the mind”. For the Slavs, the word “think” did not just mean sitting and thinking about eternity, this word included spiritual communication with God. Myslet is the letter that corresponds to the number 40 - forty. In Slavic thinking, the number 40 had a special meaning, because when the Slavs said “very much,” they meant 40. Apparently, in ancient times this was the highest number. For example, remember the phrase “forty forty”. She says that the Slavs represented the number 40, as we do today, for example, the number 100 is one hundred. If we turn to the Sacred Writings, then it is worth noting that the Slavs considered 40 another divine number, which denotes a certain period of time that passes human soul from the moment of temptation to the moment of punishment. Hence the tradition of commemorating the deceased on the 40th day after death.

Letter-word Our also speaks for itself. It contains two meanings: “our” and “brother”. That is, this word expresses kinship or closeness in spirit. Synonyms for the true meaning of the letter were words such as “own”, “native”, “close” and "belonging to our family". Thus, the ancient Slavs divided all people into two castes: “their own” and “theirs”. Letter-word Our has its own numerical value, which, as you probably already guessed, is 50 - fifty.

The next word in the alphabet is represented by the modern letter O, which in the Old Slavonic alphabet is designated by the word He. The true meaning of this letter is "face". In addition to the fact that He denoted a personal pronoun, it was used to designate a person, person, or person. The number that corresponds to this word is 70 - seventy.

Peace- the letter of the spirituality of the Slavic people. The true meaning of Peace is peace and quiet. Special peace of mind or spiritual harmony was invested in this letter. A person who does good deeds, has pure thoughts and honors the commandments lives in harmony with himself. He doesn't need to pretend to anyone because he is at peace with himself. The number corresponding to the letter Peace is 80 - eighty.

Rtsy is an ancient Slavic letter that we know today as the letter R. Of course, if you ask a simple modern person whether he knows what this word means, you are unlikely to hear an answer. Nevertheless, the letter-word Rtsy was well known to those who held in their hands or saw the first Slavic alphabet on the walls of churches. The true meaning of Rtsa lies in words such as “you will utter”, “you will say”, “you will express” and other words that are close in meaning. For example, the expression "the masters of wisdom" stands for "pronounce words of wisdom» . This word was often used in ancient writings, but today its meaning has lost its significance for modern people. The numerical value of Rtsa is 100 – one hundred.

Word- a letter about which we can say that it is the one that gives the name to all of our speech. Since man came up with the word, surrounding objects have received their own names, and people have ceased to be a faceless mass and have received names. In the Slavic alphabet, the Word has many synonyms: legend, speech, sermon. All these synonyms were often used when composing both official letters and writing scholarly treatises. In colloquial speech this letter is also widely used. The numerical analogue of the letter Word is 200 – two hundred.

The next letter of the alphabet is known to us today as the letter T, but the ancient Slavs knew it as the letter-word Firmly. As you understand, the true meaning of this letter speaks for itself, and it means “solid” or “true”. It was from this letter that the famous expression came “I stand firm on my word”. This means that a person clearly understands what he is saying and asserts the correctness of his thoughts and words. Such firmness is the lot of either very wise people or complete fools. However, the letter Firmly indicated that the person who says something or does something feels right. If we talk about the numerical self-affirmation of the letter Firmly, then it is worth saying that it corresponds to the number 300 - three hundred.

Oak- another letter in the alphabet, which today has been transformed into the letter U. It is, of course, difficult for an ignorant person to understand what this word means, but the Slavs knew it as “law”. Ouk was often used in the meaning of “decree”, “to fasten”, “lawyer”, “to indicate”, “to fasten”, etc. Most often, this letter was used to denote government decrees, laws adopted by officials and was rarely used in a spiritual context.

Completes the galaxy of “higher” letters of the alphabet Firth. This unusual letter-word means nothing more than glory, pinnacle, top. But this concept is not addressed to human glory, which denotes the fame of a person, but gives glory to eternity. Please note that Firth is the logical ending of the "higher" part of the alphabet and represents a conditional ending. But this end gives us food for thought that there is still eternity that we must glorify. The numerical value of Firth is 500 – five hundred.

Having examined the highest part of the alphabet, we can state the fact that it is a secret message to descendants. “Where is this visible?”

- you ask. Now try to read all the letters, knowing their true meaning. If you take several subsequent letters, then edifying phrases are formed:
* Vedi + Verb means “know the teaching”; * Rtsy + Word + Firmly can be understood as a phrase;
"speak the truth" * Firmly + Oak can be interpreted as.

"strengthen the law"

If you look closely at other letters, you can also find the secret writing that our ancestors left behind.

Have you ever wondered why the letters in the alphabet are in this particular order and not in any other? The order of the “highest” part of the Cyrillic letters can be considered from two positions.

Secondly, the Old Church Slavonic alphabet can be considered from the point of view of numbering. That is, each letter also represents a number. Moreover, all letter-numbers are arranged in ascending order. So, the letter A - “az” corresponds to one, B - 2, D - 3, D - 4, E - 5, and so on up to ten. Tens begin with the letter K, which are listed here similarly to units: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 80 and 100.

In addition, many scientists have noticed that the outlines of the letters of the “higher” part of the alphabet are graphically simple, beautiful and convenient. They were perfect for cursive writing, and a person did not experience any difficulties in depicting these letters. And many philosophers see in the numerical arrangement of the alphabet the principle of the triad and spiritual harmony that a person achieves, striving for good, light and truth.

Literal truth, the “lowest” part of the alphabet

Good cannot exist without evil. Therefore, the “lowest” part of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet is the embodiment of everything base and evil that is in man. So, let's get acquainted with the letters of the “lower” part of the alphabet, which do not have a numerical value. By the way, pay attention, there are not many of them, not only 13!

The “lowest” part of the alphabet begins with the letter Sha. The true meaning of this letter can be expressed in words such as “trash”, “nonentity” or “liar”. Often in sentences they were used to indicate the entire baseness of a person who was called shabala, which means a liar and idle talker. Another word derived from the letter Sha is “shabendat,” which means fussing over trifles. And especially vile people were called the word “shaveren”, that is, trash or insignificant person.

A letter very similar to Sha is the following letter Now. What associations do you have when you hear this letter? But our ancestors used this letter when they talked about vanity or mercy, but only one word can be found as a root synonym for the letter Shcha: “mercilessly.” For example, a simple Old Slavonic phrase "betray without mercy". His modern meaning can be expressed in a phrase "they betray mercilessly".

Er. In ancient times, Erami were called thieves, swindlers and rogues. Today we know this letter as Ъ. Er is not endowed with any numerical value, like the other twelve letters of the lower part of the alphabet.

eras- this is a letter that has survived to this day and appears in our alphabet, like Y. As you understand, it also has an unpleasant meaning and means a drunkard, because in ancient times revelers and drunkards who hung around idle were called erigs. In fact, there were people who did not work, but only walked and drank intoxicating drinks. They were in great disfavour among the entire community and were often persecuted with stones.

Er represents b in the modern alphabet, but the meaning of this letter is unknown to many contemporaries. Er had several meanings: “heresy”, “heretic”, “enemy”, “sorcerer” and “renegade”. If this letter meant “renegade,” then the person was called “erik.” In other definitions, a person was called a “heretic.”

Yat is the letter to which the synonym “accept” is most suitable. In Old Church Slavonic texts it was most often used as “imat” and “yatny”. Amazing words, especially for modern people. Although I think that some of the slang words used by our teenagers would not have been understood by the ancient Slavs. “Have” was used in the context of catching or taking. “Yatny” was used in Old Slavonic texts when they talked about something accessible or an easily achievable goal.

Yu [y]- the letter of grief and sadness. Its root meaning is a bitter lot and an unhappy fate. The Slavs called vale a bad fate. From the same letter comes the word holy fool, which means a crazy person. Fools in the alphabet were designated exclusively from a negative point of view, but we should not forget who the holy fools were originally.

[AND I- a letter that has no name, but it contains a deep and terrifying meaning. The true meaning of this letter is several concepts such as "exile", "outcast" or "torture". Both exile and outcast are synonyms for one concept that has deep ancient Russian roots. Behind this word was an unhappy person who had fallen out of the social environment and did not fit into the existing society. It's interesting that in ancient Russian state there was such a thing as a “rogue prince”. Rogue princes are people who lost their inheritance due to the premature death of relatives who did not have time to transfer their possessions to them.

[I]E- another letter of the “lower” part of the alphabet, which does not have a name. The ancient Slavs had completely unpleasant associations with this letter, because it meant “torment” and “suffering”. Often this letter was used in the context of eternal torment experienced by sinners who do not recognize the laws of God and do not keep the 10 commandments.

Two more interesting letters of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet: Yus small and Yus large. They are very similar in form and meaning. Let's look at what their differences are.

Yus small shaped like tied hands. The most interesting thing is that the root meaning of this letter is “bonds”, “shackles”, “chains”, “knots” and words with similar meanings. Often Yus small was used in texts as a symbol of punishment and was denoted by the following words: bonds and knots.

Yus big was a symbol of a dungeon or prison, as a more severe punishment for atrocities committed by a person. It is interesting that the shape of this letter was similar to a dungeon. Most often in ancient Slavic texts you can find this letter in the form of the word uziliche, which meant a prison or prison. The derivatives of these two letters are the letters Iotov yus small and Iotov yus large. The graphic image of Iotov Yus small in Cyrillic is similar to the image of Yus small, however in Glagolitic these two letters have completely different forms. The same can be said about Iotov Yus the Great and Yus the Great. What is the secret of such a striking difference?

After all, the semantic meaning that we know about today is very similar for these letters, and represents logical chain. Let's look at each graphic image of these four letters in the Glagolitic alphabet.

Yus small, denoting bonds or shackles, is depicted in the Glagolitic alphabet in the form of a human body, whose hands and feet seem to be wearing shackles. After Yus the small comes Iotov Yus the small, which means imprisonment, confinement of a person in a dungeon or prison. This letter in the Glagolitic alphabet is depicted as a certain substance similar to a cell. What happens next? And then comes Yus the Great, which is a symbol of the dungeon and is depicted in the Glagolitic alphabet as a crooked figure. Amazingly, after Yus the Great comes Iotov Yus the Great, which means execution, and its graphic image in the Glagolitic alphabet is nothing more than a gallows.

Now let's look separately at the semantic meanings of these four letters and their graphic analogies. Their meaning can be reflected in a simple phrase that indicates a logical sequence: first they put shackles on a person, then they imprison him in prison, and finally the logical conclusion of the punishment is execution. What comes out of this simple example? But it turns out that when creating the “lower” part of the alphabet, they also put a certain hidden meaning into it and ordered all the signs according to a certain logical criterion. If you look at all thirteen letters of the lower row of the alphabet, you will see that they are a conditional edification for the Slavic people. By combining all thirteen letters according to their meaning, we get the following phrase: “Insignificant liars, thieves, swindlers, drunkards and heretics will accept a bitter fate - they will be tortured as outcasts, shackled, thrown into prison and executed!” Thus, the Slavs are given an instruction that all sinners will be punished.

In addition, graphically all the letters of the “lower” part are much more difficult to reproduce than the letters of the first half of the alphabet, and what immediately catches the eye is that many of them do not have a name or numerical identification.

The most interesting thing is that the letters X - Her and W - Omega are in the center of the alphabet and are enclosed in a circle, which, you see, expresses their superiority over the other letters of the alphabet. The right side of these letters is a reflection of the left side, thus emphasizing their polarity. The letter X stands for the Universe, and even its numerical value 600 - six hundred corresponds to the word "space".

Considering the letter W, which corresponds to the number 800 - eight hundred, I would like to focus on the fact that it means the word “faith”. Thus, these two letters circled symbolize faith in God and are an image of the fact that somewhere in the Universe there is a cosmic sphere where the Lord lives, who determined the fate of man from beginning to end.

In addition, the letter Kher was given a special meaning, which can be reflected in the word “cherub” or "ancestor". Slavic words derived from the letter Her have only positive meanings: cherub, heroism, which means heroism, heraldry (respectively, heraldry), etc.

In turn, Omega, on the contrary, had the meaning of finality, end or death. This word has many derivatives, so “offensive” means eccentric, and disgusting means something very bad.

Thus, Her and Omega, enclosed in a circle, were the symbol of this circle. Look at their meanings: beginning and end. But a circle is a line that has neither beginning nor end. However, at the same time, it is both the beginning and the end.

There are two more letters in this “enchanted” circle, which we know in the Old Church Slavonic alphabet as Tsy and Worm. The most interesting thing is that these letters have a dual meaning in the Old Church Slavonic alphabet.

Thus, the positive meaning of Tsy can be expressed in the words church, kingdom, king, Caesar, cycle and in many other words that are synonymous with these meanings. Moreover, the letter Tsy implied both the kingdom of earth and the kingdom of heaven. At the same time, it was used with a negative connotation. For example, “tsits!”

- shut up, stop talking; “tsiryukat” - shouting, shouting and “tsyba”, which meant an unstable, thin-legged person and was considered an insult.

The letter Worm also has both positive and negative traits. From this letter came such words as monk, that is, monk; brow, cup, child, man, etc. All the negativity that could be thrown out with this letter can be expressed in words such as worm - a low-lying, reptile creature, womb - belly, devil - offspring and others. The Proto-Slavic alphabet is the first textbook in the history of modern civilization. A person who has read and understood an elementary message masters not only universal method

storage of information, but also acquires the ability to transfer accumulated knowledge, i.e. becomes a Teacher.

From the editor. To what has been said, it must be added that the basis of the Russian alphabet are two varieties of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet: the Glagolitic alphabet, or trade letter, and the holy Russian images, or small letter. Evidence from ancient tales and chronicles, notes from foreign travelers, and archaeological data suggest that writing existed in Rus' long before the advent of Christianity. Cyril and Methodius apparently created their alphabet on the basis of ancient Slavic writing with the addition of Greek-Byzantine letters for the convenience of translating Christian texts.

Bibliography: 1. K. Titarenko"The Mystery of the Slavic Alphabet"
, 1995 2. A. Zinoviev"Cyrillic cryptography"
, 1998 3. M. Krongauz“Where did Slavic writing come from?”
, magazine “Russian language” 1996, No. 3 4. E. Nemirovsky"In the footsteps of the pioneer"

, M.: Sovremennik, 1983
It is impossible for a person to “invent” this alphabet, even for such supposed saints as Cyril and Methodius. Allegedly - because a holy person will never throw out the key word from the Divine alphabet given to man from above - the word “GOD” and will not replace it with the faceless “BUKI”.
I know the Gods. The verb is good...
AZ (man) KNOWS GOD, BY THE VERB OF GOOD, WHICH IS LIFE (EXISTENCE).
Etc.
In addition, Cyril and Methodius threw out several initial letters from the alphabet, that is, they interfered with God’s creation.
That's why I call them "supposedly saints."
The Old Church Slavonic alphabet is completely imbued with God.
The ABC of Cyril and Methodius is imbued with knowledge. But knowledge without God is dead. This is why the Orthodox Church has been stalled in Rus' for so many centuries - because its foundations are distorted.

Before baptism, the conventionally so-called “Velesovitsa” was used in Rus'. This name was given conventionally, already in the 20th century, by the name of the god Veles. Read more on this topic: Runes of the Book of Veles. Scientists know the fact that in ancient pagan times there was almost 100% literacy in Rus', namely: Numerous excavations (birch bark letters dating from the pre-Christian period) confirm the fact that virtually every city dweller - 1) had the skills of simple arithmetic; 2) knew how to write an everyday message (even if primitive and brief) on birch bark; and 3) by means of the then “mail”, send it to the address. Not only in cities, but also in villages, many children were taught the simplest literacy necessary in everyday life by “witches” (community hierarchs). This fairly high level of literacy among the ancient Slavs was facilitated by the fact that they lived in a communal system that ensured mutual support for everyone; they did not have feudal property stratification, there were no poor. And therefore, any child, regardless of peasant, artisan or princely origin, if desired, had the opportunity to receive " elementary education", which, in fact, can be considered "literacy".
It was with this ancient Russian alphabet that the famous “Veles Book” was written. At the end of the 9th century, the Novgorod Magi rewrote it from more ancient sources, revealing to us the history of the Slavic peoples, which goes back three and a half thousand years: starting from the time when the division of the Indo-European peoples took place. Also see: Truth and fiction of the Book of Veles.

Let's turn to the most famous source - this " Complete collection Russian chronicles." From its pages a glimpse is revealed to us most interesting story how the "Cyrillic alphabet" appeared. Key date: In 860. The Russians on 200 boats make another successful campaign against Constantinople. Byzantium often experienced hardships from the military expeditions of the pagan Slavs, and its leadership decided to promote the rebirth Slavic states to Christian powers in order to facilitate cultural, commercial and international relations. And it was in 860, 128 years before Russia adopted Christianity, that the Byzantine Synod appointed the first head of the Russian church.
In the same year, preachers Constantine the Philosopher (Cyril) and Methodius went to the Russian city of Korsun (Crimea), at that time captured by Khazaria. There they study the Gospel and the Psalter, written in Russian characters (which they themselves mention in subsequent comments to their alphabet).
The fact is that even before the baptism of Rus', starting from the 9th century, small communities of Russians lived in many cities, who by that time had already converted to Christianity: as a rule, they settled separately from the pagans. For example, in Kyiv they lived in the Ugorskoe suburb, where the Church of St. Nicholas, built by them over the grave of Prince Askold, who was the first Russian prince to convert to Christianity. It was the first Russian Christians who translated the Bible into Russian, writing it in the then existing “Velesovitsa”.
Constantine the Philosopher (Cyril) and Methodius, having returned to Byzantium, create their own writing, adapted to facilitate translations from Greek into Russian: for this they add a few more artificial letters, and modernize several letters that were previously in “Velesovitsa” into similar Greek ones. In this way, Newspeak was created, called the “Cyrillic alphabet,” in which biblical texts of the Russian Orthodox Church and other books were later written. Changes in the alphabet occurred quite often in history. different nations, and this is not surprising. The same applies to Russian writing, which has undergone reforms many, many times.
History states unequivocally: Christian preachers Constantine the Philosopher (Cyril) and Methodius did not invent any “first” Russian writing, they only adapted the more ancient alphabet “Velesovitsa” to a standard close to the Greek one. This important detail it is necessary to remember not only out of respect for our history, but also so as not to be “Ivans who do not remember kinship.”

Az - “I”. Buki (beeches) - letters, writing. Vedi (vede) - “knew”, perfect past tense from “vediti” - to know, to know.
Combining the acrophonic names of the first three letters of the ABC, we get the following phrase: Az, Buki, Vedi - I know the letters. All subsequent letters of the ABC are combined into phrases:
A verb is a “word”, and not only spoken, but also written.
Good is “property, acquired wealth.”
Yes (naturally) - 3rd l. units h. from the verb “to be”.
The verb is good: the word is a property.
Live (instead of the second “and” the letter “yat” was previously written, pronounced live) - imperative mood, plural of “to live” - “to live in labor, and not vegetate.”
Zelo (transmitted the combination dz = voiced ts) - “zealously, with zeal.”
Earth - “planet Earth and its inhabitants, earthlings.”
And is the conjunction “and”.
Izhe - “those who, they are the same.”
Kako - “like”, “like”. People are “reasonable beings.”
Live well, earth, and like people: live working hard, earthlings, and as befits people.
Think (written with the letter “yat”, pronounced “think”, just like “live”) - imperative mood, plural from “to think, to comprehend with the mind.”
Nash - “our” in the usual meaning.
He is “that one” in the meaning of “single, united”.
Rest (peace) - “the basis (of the universe).” Compare “to rest” - “to be based on...”.
Think about our peace: comprehend our universe. Rtsy (rtsi) - imperative mood: “speak, utter, read aloud.” Compare “speech”. The word is “transmitting knowledge.” Firmly is “confident, convinced.”
Rtsy word is firm - bring knowledge with conviction.
Uk is the basis of knowledge, doctrine. Wed. science, teach, skill, custom.
Fert, f(ъ)рътъ - “fertilizes.” The alphabet recorded the difference between the sounds “p” and “f”, as well as their voiced counterparts “b” and “v”. In the Middle Ages, South Europeans pronounced “f” instead of “ p,” in Rus' they were called fryags precisely because of the peculiarities of speech: this, for example, distinguished the southern Franks from the northern Prussians, the Thracians from the Persians, etc.
Her - “divine, given from above.” Compare German Negg (lord, God), Greek “hiero-” (divine), English, hero (hero), as well as the Russian name of God - Horse.
Uk fart Her: knowledge is fertilized by the Almighty, knowledge is the gift of God.
Tsy (qi, tsti) - “sharpen, penetrate, delve, dare.”
Worm (worm) - “he who sharpens, penetrates.”
Ш(т)а (Ш, Ш) - “what” in the meaning “to”.
Ъ, ь (еръ/ерь, ъръ) - are variants of one letter, meaning an indefinite short vowel close to e.
The rolling sound “r” is pronounced with the obligatory initial aspiration (initial “ъ”) and echo (final “ъ”). The word “ъръ”, apparently, meant the existing, eternal, hidden, space-time, inaccessible to the human mind, a light , Sun. In all likelihood, “Ъръ” is one of the most ancient words of modern civilization, cf. Egyptian Ra - Sun, God.
The word “time” itself contains the same root, since the initial “v” developed precisely from “ъ”. Many native Russian words contain this root, for example: morning - “from the Sun” (root ut-from there, there); evening (vek-ry) - “the age of Ra, the expiring time of the Sun.” In the sense of “space, Universe”, the Russian “rama” comes from the same root. The word “paradise” means: “many Suns” = “the abode of the gods (God Ra )". The self-name of the gypsies is “rum, roma” - “free”, “God is in me”, “I am the Universe”, hence the Indian Rama. In the sense of “light, luminary, source of light”: the cry “hurray!” means “towards the Sun!”, bright - “like sunlight”, “rainbow”, etc. In the ABC, in all likelihood, the word “Ър(а)” is in the genitive case with the meaning of “Existing”.
Yus (yus small) - “light, old Russian yas.” In modern Russian, the root “yas” is preserved, for example, in the word “clear.”
Yat (yati) - “comprehend, have.” Wed. withdraw, take, etc.
Tsy, cherve, shta ЪRA yus yati! It stands for: “Dare, sharpen, worm, in order to comprehend the light of existence!”
The combination of the above phrases constitutes the ABC Message:
Az Buki Vede Verb Good Naturally Live Zelo Earth And Like People Think Our On Chambers Rtsy Word Firmly Uk Fart Her Tsy Cherve Shta Yra Yus Yati.

In modern translation it sounds like this:
Option one:

I know letters: writing is a property.
Work hard, earthlings, as reasonable people should - comprehend the universe!
Carry the word with conviction: knowledge is a gift of God!
Dare, delve deeply in order to comprehend the Light of Being!

Another option

Az Buki Vedi - I know God. Az is the basis, the beginning, I. I - my world begins with me. And now I am the last letter of the alphabet. The basis for everything is knowledge of God and one’s ancestors, that is, one’s parents, one’s roots.
Verb Good - speak, do good. Remember Pushkin: “To burn the hearts of people with a verb.” A verb is both a word and a deed at the same time. I say it means I do it. And I do good.
Good is Life - only good creates life.
You live well on earth. - live from the land, it is our breadwinner.
And as people think, it is our peace. Those. as you people think, so is your world.
The word is firm. Speak your word firmly. Said - done.

I Know God.
I say and do Good.
Good is Life.
Live from the Earth, she is our nurse.
And As We People Think, so is Our World.

.

Ancient languages ​​are not so much a system of reading, but mainly a system of extracting hidden meaning from these texts. The uninitiated perceive everything written literally, but those who know the “keys”, what is encrypted.
By discovering “new” old knowledge, you become more and more convinced of what colossal destructive work has been done to destroy and distort the basic foundations of our worldview in the field of language, geometry and arithmetic. This left its mark on other sciences, evidence of this is the collapse of the scientific doctrine against God, the dead end and the approaching collapse of technocratic civilization. It is possible to break out of these tenacious bonds of false science and distorted knowledge only by understanding True Knowledge. This Knowledge, without a doubt, belongs to the Slavic Peoples, and their task is to establish it on Earth.
“If you want to kill a people, kill their language!” - A.S. Shishkov
An analysis was carried out to determine the influence of the number of borrowings from foreign dialects when used as part of the native language. It turned out that at Five percent of borrowed language, and with it the unprepared consciousness begins to collapse, the critical mark (irreversible impact) is 34-35 percent. The following options were also tested:

1. Slavic From the age of 3 years, a child learns only his native language in the modern alphabet.
2. Slavic A child from the age of 3 years learns a foreign language along with his own.
3. Slavic Child from the age of 3 to 25 years old studies only native languages ​​in the Slavic Alphabet, and the correct basic system of knowledge.

In the first option, by the age of 25, the development of the child’s consciousness and worldview to some extent corresponds to the accepted (it is unknown by whom) values ​​- consciousness 3-5 percent, subconscious 95-97 percent, synchronous work of the right and left hemispheres of the brain about 5-10 percent . Genetic changes and suppression of ancestral heredity largely depend on the quality of education and culture of the environment; in a modern school, students are taught a completely falsified system of “knowledge”. Only a few can break through to a higher level of spiritual development.
In the second option, by the age of 25 we get a pure “biorobot”. His immune system and ancestral memory are suppressed, the functions of childbirth are disrupted, the foundations of morality are destroyed, mental activity is reduced to flat binary thinking, the imagery and perception of the world does not go beyond the bounds of ugly “dialectical materialism.”
In the third option, by the age of 25, the following happens - the Consciousness/Subconsciousness ratio takes on a value of 34-37 percent (without any additional influence), the synchronicity of the work of the right and left hemispheres of the brain reaches 50 percent, genetic and ancestral memory, immunity, hidden reserves and abilities of the body. From the point of view of modern man, we get a genius personality. This is the real revival of the Slavic potential!
To understand something deeply, you need to master not a combination of letters, not spelling, but a combination of images, a connection in essence: why it is said this way, and this differently, and what is the meaning of this verb. We are always trying to tie an image to specific words and concepts. We need to realize that it is not phonetic representations of what we call “words” that are connected, but images. That these unified images give rise to new unified images, which, in contact with new images, give rise to even newer images. Therefore, each image, connecting with another image, creates a new image, giving rise to more and more new images that unite, responding to the call of your speech, your thought. You call them and they come. You connect them with others, and again, and again... The result is a system of EDUCATION - the calling of an image, education, creation, and not a system of learning through coaching. And when you have learned to formulate, your brain switches to creative thinking, figurative worldview, figurative worldview.
This will be the most correct thing: you need to know the basis in order to understand everything else. And it is not at all by chance that before 1917 initial training knowledge of the basics of the Old Church Slavonic language was mandatory. This is where education began, i.e. the ability to connect and understand the meaning of initial letters and words. And without this skill (key), which gives access to ancient texts, the rest of the training was considered meaningless.
The Russian language was and still remains a language of images of deep meaning, in contrast to European ones, which give a superficial (broad) understanding of the transmitted information.
The very structure of simple words in the Russian language contains fundamental knowledge about everything. And anyone who knows Russian can remember them. Just studying the deep Russian language (images) and open communication with native nature can awaken genetic memory and rid the psyche of numerous “zombie” programs.

A single Proto-language existed on the basis of 4 main
and 2 auxiliary species writing:

1) da’Aryan Thragi. These are Figurative Symbols that combine complex three-dimensional signs that convey multidimensional quantities and diverse Runes. Some of these crypto-hieroglyphic symbols formed the basis for the cryptograms of the Kritomicenaean culture, the hieroglyphic writing of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, Chinese, Korean, Japanese and other types of hieroglyphic writing.
2) x’Aryan Karuna (Union of 256 Runes). Colloquially called priestly writing. Karuna formed the basis of ancient Sanskrit, Devanagari, and was used by the priests of India and Tibet. In a simplified form with fewer Runes, Karuna was used by the Western Slavs and Aryans, who in ancient times inhabited Scandinavia, Iceland (48 Runes), the territory of present-day Germany (19 Runes), France, Scotland (33 Runes), Denmark, Ireland (38 Runes) and others Slavic-Aryan countries.
3) Rasenskie Molvitsy (Imaginative-mirror writing). This writing was called the Etruscan letter, since it was written by the Rasens or Etruscans - the Slavs and Aryans who inhabited Italy in ancient times. This letter formed the basis of the ancient Phoenician alphabet.Subsequently, the ancient Greeks took the Phoenician writing as a basis, emasculated it and passed it off as their own, on the basis of which, later, “Latin” appeared.
4) Svyatorusskie Images (Initial Capital). This letter was the most widespread among all Slavic-Aryan Clans in ancient times. The letter was used for inter-tribal and interstate agreements. Various versions of the abbreviated Initial Letter are known: the Byzantine unicial, the Church Slavonic alphabet, the Old Slovenian (Old Russian) alphabet. This also includes Velesovitsa or the font of the Veles Book, and the font of the Svyatorussian Magi - texts written on tablets from sacred trees: oak, birch, cedar and ash.
The Old Slovenian or Old Russian language formed the basis of many European languages, including English, the words of which were written in the “Latin alphabet”, and in the sound and meaning of the words they were Slavic-Aryan.
5) Glagolitic or Trade Letter, was used for maintaining registers, calculations, execution of transactions and trade agreements. Subsequently, Glagolitic began to be used along with other languages ​​for writing epics, fairy tales, historical events, writing the Holy Books.
6) Slovenian folk writing was the simplest. It was used to transmit short messages. Subsequently it became known as “birch bark writing” or “Characters and Cuts“. This is a letter of constant use. Each Rusich owned this letter and could write a message on a everyday topic to his relative on a piece of birch bark.

The most difficult to study and write are the da-'Aryan Trags, which are used by the Priests-Guardians of Ancient Wisdom to write Haratiyas. Kharatiyas are parchment scrolls with texts written by the T'rags.
The Russians also wrote down Ancient Wisdom on more durable materials, for example, on stones or on sheets of various metals(silver, gold, platinum). The most convenient were Santi - plates of platinum, gold, and silver, on which Runes were extruded, then filled with indelible paint (similar to cinnabar). The plates were sewn together with rings of the named metals into an oak frame, which was framed with red fabric. The primary sources of Vedic Knowledge are kept in the Old Believers Communities of Siberia to the present day.

Sources
CYCLE COGNITION Tatyana FEDOTKINA "The Russian alphabet is more than three thousand years old"
Radosvet http://www.dunmers.com/?p=910

Korolkov’s paintings were used as illustrations for the text.

Cyrillic Type: Languages: Place of Origin: Creator: Period: Origin: Cyrillic Letters Cyrillic

A	B	IN	G	Ґ	D	Ђ
Ѓ	E	(Ѐ)	Yo	Є	AND	Z
Ѕ	AND	(Ѝ)	І	Ї	Y	Ј
TO	L	Љ	M	N	Њ	ABOUT
P	R	WITH	T	Ћ	Ќ	U
Ў	F	X	C	H	Џ	Sh
SCH	Kommersant	Y	b	E	YU	I
Historical letters
(Ҁ)	(Ѹ)	Ѡ	(Ѿ)	(Ѻ)	Ѣ	Ꙗ
Ѥ	ІѢ	Ѧ	Ѫ	Ѩ	Ѭ	Ѯ
Ѱ	Ѳ	Ѵ	(Ѷ)	Eun
Letters of non-Slavic languages
Ӑ	Ӓ	Ә	Ӛ	Ӕ	Ԝ	Ғ
Ӻ	Ӷ	Ҕ	Ԁ	Ԃ	Ӗ	Ҽ
Ҿ	Ӂ	Җ	Ӝ	Ԅ	Ҙ	Ӟ
Ԑ	Ӡ	Ԇ	Ӥ	Ӣ	Ӏ	Ҋ
Қ	Ҟ	Ҡ	Ӄ	Ҝ	Ԟ	Ԛ
Ӆ	Ԓ	Ԡ	Ԉ	Ԕ	Ӎ	Ҥ
Ԣ	Ԋ	Ң	Ӊ	Ӈ	Ӧ	Ө
Ӫ	Ҩ	Ҧ	Ԥ	Ҏ	Ԗ	Ҫ
Ԍ	Ҭ	Ԏ	Ӳ	Ӱ	Ӯ	Ү
Ұ	Ҳ	Ӽ	Ӿ	Һ	Ҵ	Ӵ
Ҷ	Ӌ	Ҹ	Ӹ	Ҍ	Ӭ	Ԙ
Note. The characters in brackets do not have the status of (independent) letters.

Cyrillic
alphabetsSlavic:Non-Slavic:Historical:

Cyrillic- a term that has several meanings:

1. Old Church Slavonic alphabet (Old Bulgarian alphabet): the same as Cyrillic(or Kirillovsky) alphabet: one of two (along with Glagolitic) ancient alphabets for the Old Church Slavonic language;
2. Cyrillic alphabets: a writing system and alphabet for some other language, based on this Old Slavic Cyrillic alphabet (they talk about Russian, Serbian, etc. Cyrillic alphabet; call it “Cyrillic” alphabet» formal unification of several or all national Cyrillic scripts is incorrect);
3. Statutory or semi-statutory font: the font in which church books are traditionally printed (in this sense, the Cyrillic alphabet is contrasted with the civil, or Petrine, font).

Cyrillic-based alphabets include the alphabets of the following Slavic languages:

• Belarusian language (Belarusian alphabet)
• Bulgarian language (Bulgarian alphabet)
• Macedonian language (Macedonian alphabet)
• Rusyn language/dialect (Rusyn alphabet)
• Russian language (Russian alphabet)
• Serbian language (Vukovica)
• Ukrainian language (Ukrainian alphabet)
• Montenegrin language (Montenegrin alphabet)

as well as most of the non-Slavic languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR, some of which previously had other writing systems (on a Latin, Arabic or other basis) and were translated into Cyrillic in the late 1930s. For more details, see the list of languages ​​with Cyrillic-based alphabets.

History of creation and development

See also: The question of the precedence of the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabet

Before the 9th century, there is no information about any widespread and orderly Slavic writing. Among all the facts relating to the origin of Slavic writing, a special place is occupied by the mention in the “Life of Constantine” of “Russian letters”, which Konstantin-Kirill studied during his stay in Korsun-Chersonese before the creation of the Cyrillic alphabet. Associated with this mention are hypotheses about the existence of “Old Russian (more broadly, pre-Cyrillic) writing,” which preceded the common Slavic writing - the prototype of the Glagolitic or Cyrillic alphabet. A direct reference to pre-Cyrillic writing is contained in Chernorizets Khrabra in his Tales of Writing..., (according to V. Ya. Deryagin’s translation): “Before, the Slavs did not have letters, but they read by features and cuts, and they used them to guess, being filthy.”

Around 863, the brothers Constantine (Cyril) the Philosopher and Methodius from Soluni (Thessaloniki), by order of the Byzantine Emperor Michael III, streamlined the writing system for the Slavic language and used a new alphabet to translate Greek religious texts into Slavic:44. For a long time the question remained debatable whether it was the Cyrillic alphabet (and in this case the Glagolitic alphabet is considered a secret script that appeared after the prohibition of the Cyrillic alphabet) or the Glagolitic alphabet - alphabets that differ almost exclusively in style. Currently, the prevailing point of view in science is that the Glagolitic alphabet is primary, and the Cyrillic alphabet is secondary (in the Cyrillic alphabet, Glagolitic letters are replaced by well-known Greek ones). The Glagolitic alphabet was used by the Croats for a long time in a slightly modified form (until the 17th century).

The appearance of the Cyrillic alphabet, based on the Greek statutory (solemn) letter - uncial: 45, is associated with the activities of the Bulgarian school of scribes (after Cyril and Methodius). In particular, in the life of St. Clement of Ohrid directly writes about his creation of Slavic writing after Cyril and Methodius. Thanks to the previous activities of the brothers, the alphabet became widespread in the South Slavic lands, which led in 885 to the prohibition of its use in church services by the Pope, who was struggling with the results of the mission of Constantine-Cyril and Methodius.

In Bulgaria, the holy king Boris converted to Christianity in 860. Bulgaria becomes the center of the spread of Slavic writing. The first Slavic book school was created here - Preslav Book School- Cyril and Methodius originals of liturgical books are copied (Gospel, Psalter, Apostle, church services), new Slavic translations from the Greek language are being made, original works appear in the Old Slavonic language (“About the writing of Chrnoritsa Khrabra”).

The widespread use of Slavic writing, its “golden age,” dates back to the reign of Tsar Simeon the Great (893-927), son of Tsar Boris, in Bulgaria. Later, the Old Church Slavonic language penetrates Serbia, and at the end of the 10th century it becomes the language of the church in Kievan Rus.

The Old Church Slavonic language, being the language of the church in Rus', was influenced by the Old Russian language. It was the Old Slavonic language of the Russian edition, as it included elements of living East Slavic speech.

Initially, the Cyrillic alphabet was used by some of the Southern Slavs, Eastern Slavs, as well as Romanians (see the article “Romanian Cyrillic”); Over time, their alphabets diverged somewhat from each other, although the style of letters and the principles of spelling remained (with the exception of the Western Serbian version, the so-called bosančica) generally the same.

Cyrillic alphabet

Main article: Old Church Slavonic alphabet

The composition of the original Cyrillic alphabet is unknown to us; The “classical” Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic alphabet of 43 letters probably partly contains later letters (ы, оу, iotized). The Cyrillic alphabet entirely includes the Greek alphabet (24 letters), but some purely Greek letters (xi, psi, fita, izhitsa) are not in their original place, but are moved to the end. To these were added 19 letters to represent sounds specific to the Slavic language and absent in Greek. Before the reform of Peter I, there were no lowercase letters in the Cyrillic alphabet; all text was written in capitals:46. Some letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, absent in the Greek alphabet, are close in outline to Glagolitic ones. Ts and Sh are externally similar to some letters of a number of alphabets of that time (Aramaic script, Ethiopic script, Coptic script, Hebrew script, Brahmi) and it is not possible to unambiguously establish the source of the borrowing. B is similar in outline to V, Shch to Sh. The principles of creating digraphs in the Cyrillic alphabet (И from ЪІ, УУ, iotized letters) generally follow the Glagolitic ones.

Cyrillic letters are used to write numbers exactly according to the Greek system. Instead of a pair of completely archaic signs - sampi and stigma - which are not even included in the classical 24-letter Greek alphabet, other Slavic letters are adapted - Ts (900) and S (6); subsequently, the third such sign, koppa, originally used in the Cyrillic alphabet to denote 90, was replaced by the letter Ch. Some letters that are not in the Greek alphabet (for example, B, Zh) do not have a numerical value. This distinguishes the Cyrillic alphabet from the Glagolitic alphabet, where the numerical values ​​did not correspond to the Greek ones and these letters were not skipped.

The letters of the Cyrillic alphabet have their own names, based on various common Slavic names that begin with them, or directly taken from Greek (xi, psi); The etymology of some names is controversial. Judging by the ancient abecedarii, the letters of the Glagolitic alphabet were also called the same way. Here is a list of the main characters of the Cyrillic alphabet:

The Cyrillic alphabet: Novgorod birch bark letter No. 591 (1025-1050) and its drawing. Postage stamp of Ukraine in honor of the Slavic written language - the Cyrillic alphabet. 2005 Letter Inscription-
tion Numeric
value Reading Name

A		1	[A]	az
B			[b]	beeches
IN		2	[V]	lead
G		3	[G]	verb
D		4	[d]	good
HER		5	[e]	There is
AND			[and"]	live
Ѕ		6	[dz"]	very good
Ȥ, W		7	[z]	Earth
AND		8	[And]	like (octal)
І, Ї		10	[And]	and (decimal)
TO		20	[To]	kako
L		30	[l]	People
M		40	[m]	you think
N		50	[n]	our
ABOUT		70	[O]	He
P		80	[P]	peace
R		100	[R]	rtsy
WITH		200	[With]	word
T		300	[T]	firmly
OU, Y		(400)	[y]	uk
F		500	[f]	fert
X		600	[X]	dick
Ѡ		800	[O]	omega
C		900	[ts’]	tsy
H		90	[h’]	worm
Sh			[w’]	sha
SCH			[sh’t’] ([sh’ch’])	now
Kommersant			[ъ]	er
Y			[s]	eras
b			[b]	er
Ѣ			[æ], [ie]	yat
YU			[yy]	Yu
ΙΑ			[ya]	And iotized
Ѥ			[yeah]	E-iotized
Ѧ		(900)	[en]	Small us
Ѫ			[He]	Big Yus
Ѩ			[ian]	small iotized us
Ѭ			[yon]	jus big iotized
Ѯ		60	[ks]	xi
Ѱ		700	[ps]	psi
Ѳ		9	[θ], [f]	fita
Ѵ		400	[and], [in]	Izhitsa

The letter names given in the table correspond to those accepted in Russia for the modern Church Slavonic language.

The reading of letters could vary depending on the dialect. The letters Ж, Ш, Ц in ancient times denoted soft consonants (and not hard ones, as in modern Russian); the letters Ѧ and Ѫ originally denoted nasal vowels.

Many fonts contain obsolete Cyrillic letters; Church books use the Irmologion font designed specifically for them.

Russian Cyrillic. Civil font

Main article: Civil font Main article: Pre-revolutionary spelling

In 1708-1711 Peter I undertook a reform of Russian writing, eliminating superscripts, abolishing several letters and legitimizing another (closer to the Latin fonts of that time) style of the remaining ones - the so-called civil font. Lowercase versions of each letter were introduced; before that, all letters of the alphabet were capitalized:46. Soon the Serbs switched to the civilian script (with appropriate changes), and later the Bulgarians; Romanians, in the 1860s, abandoned the Cyrillic alphabet in favor of Latin writing (interestingly, at one time they used a “transitional” alphabet, which was a mixture of Latin and Cyrillic letters). We still use a civil font with minimal changes in style (the largest is the replacement of the m-shaped letter “t” with its current form).

Over three centuries, the Russian alphabet has undergone a number of reforms. The number of letters generally decreased, with the exception of the letters “e” and “y” (used earlier, but legalized in the 18th century) and the only “author’s” letter - “e”, proposed by Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova. The last major reform of Russian writing was carried out in 1917-1918 ( see Russian spelling reform of 1918), as a result, the modern Russian alphabet appeared, consisting of 33 letters. This alphabet also became the basis of many non-Slavic languages former USSR and Mongolia (for which writing was absent before the 20th century or was based on other types of writing: Arabic, Chinese, Old Mongolian, etc.).

For attempts to abolish the Cyrillic alphabet, see the article “Romanization.”

Modern Cyrillic alphabets of Slavic languages

Belarusian Bulgarian Macedonian Russian Rusyn Serbian Ukrainian Montenegrin

A

B

IN

G

D

E

Yo

AND

Z

І

Y

TO

L

M

N

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

U

Ў

F

X

C

H

Sh

Y

b

E

YU

I

A

B

IN

G

D

E

AND

Z

AND

Y

TO

L

M

N

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

U

F

X

C

H

Sh

SCH

Kommersant

b

YU

I

A

B

IN

G

D

Ѓ

E

AND

Z

Ѕ

AND

Ј

TO

L

Љ

M

N

Њ

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

Ќ

U

F

X

C

H

Џ

Sh

A

B

IN

G

D

E

Yo

AND

Z

AND

Y

TO

L

M

N

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

U

F

X

C

H

Sh

SCH

Kommersant

Y

b

E

YU

I

A

B

IN

G

Ґ

D

E

Є

Yo

AND

Z

AND

І

Ї

Y

TO

L

M

N

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

U

F

X

C

H

Sh

SCH

Kommersant

Y

b

YU

I

A

B

IN

G

D

Ђ

E

AND

Z

AND

Ј

TO

L

Љ

M

N

Њ

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

Ћ

U

F

X

C

H

Џ

Sh

A

B

IN

G

Ґ

D

E

Є

AND

Z

AND

І

Ї

Y

TO

L

M

N

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

U

F

X

C

H

Sh

SCH

b

YU

I

A

B

IN

G

D

Ђ

E

AND

Z

Z

Ѕ

AND

Ј

TO

L

Љ

M

N

Њ

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

Ћ

U

F

X

C

H

Џ

Sh

WITH

Modern Cyrillic alphabets of non-Slavic languages

Kazakh Kyrgyz Moldavian Mongolian Tajik Yakut

A

Ә

B

IN

G

Ғ

D

E

Yo

AND

Z

AND

Y

TO

Қ

L

M

N

Ң

ABOUT

Ө

P

R

WITH

T

U

Ұ

Ү

F

X

Һ

C

H

Sh

SCH

Kommersant

Y

І

b

E

YU

I

A

B

IN

G

D

E

Yo

AND

Z

AND

Y

TO

L

M

N

Ң

ABOUT

Ө

P

R

WITH

T

U

Ү

F

X

C

H

Sh

SCH

Kommersant

Y

b

E

YU

I

A

B

IN

G

D

E

AND

Ӂ

Z

AND

Y

TO

L

M

N

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

U

F

X

C

H

Sh

Y

b

E

YU

I

A

B

IN

G

D

E

Yo

AND

Z

AND

Y

TO

L

M

N

ABOUT

Ө

P

R

WITH

T

U

Ү

F

X

C

H

Sh

SCH

Kommersant

Y

b

E

YU

I

A

B

IN

G

Ғ

D

E

Yo

AND

Z

AND

Y

Ӣ

TO

Қ

L

M

N

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

U

Ӯ

F

X

Ҳ

H

Ҷ

Sh

Kommersant

E

YU

I

A

B

IN

G

Ҕ

Dy

D

E

Yo

AND

Z

AND

Y

TO

L

M

N

Ҥ

Nh

ABOUT

Ө

P

R

WITH

T

Һ

U

Ү

F

X

C

H

Sh

SCH

Kommersant

Y

b

E

YU

I

Old (pre-reform) civil Cyrillic alphabets

Bulgarian until 1945 Russian until 1918 Serbian to mid. XIX century

A

B

IN

G

D

E

AND

Z

AND

Y

(І)

TO

L

M

N

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

U

F

X

C

H

Sh

SCH

Kommersant

(s)

b

Ѣ

YU

I

Ѫ

(Ѭ)

(Ѳ)

A

B

IN

G

D

E

(Yo)

AND

Z

AND

(Y)

І

TO

L

M

N

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

U

F

X

C

H

Sh

SCH

Kommersant

Y

b

Ѣ

E

YU

I

Ѳ

(Ѵ)

A

B

IN

G

D

Ђ

E

AND

Z

AND

Y

І

TO

L

M

N

ABOUT

P

R

WITH

T

Ћ

U

F

X

C

H

Џ

Sh

(SCH)

Kommersant

Y

b

Ѣ

(E)

Є

YU

I

(Ѳ)

(Ѵ)

(Signs that did not officially have the status of letters, as well as letters that fell out of use somewhat earlier than the indicated date, are placed in brackets.)

Distribution in the world

The diagram shows the prevalence of the Cyrillic alphabet in the world. Green is the Cyrillic alphabet as the official alphabet, light green is one of the alphabets. Main article: List of languages ​​with Cyrillic-based alphabets

Official alphabet

Currently, the Cyrillic alphabet is used as the official alphabet in the following countries:

Slavic languages:

Non-Slavic languages:

Used unofficially

The Cyrillic alphabet of non-Slavic languages ​​was replaced by the Latin alphabet in the 1990s, but is still used unofficially as a second alphabet in the following states[ source not specified 325 days]:

Cyrillic encodings

• Alternative encoding (CP866)
• Basic encoding
• Bulgarian encoding
• CP855
• ISO 8859-5
• KOI-8
• DKOI-8
• MacCyrillic
• Windows-1251

Cyrillic in Unicode

Main article: Cyrillic in Unicode

Unicode version 6.0 has four sections for the Cyrillic alphabet:

Name code range (hex) description

There are no accented Russian letters in Unicode, so you have to make them composite by adding the symbol U+0301 (“combining acute accent”) after the stressed vowel (for example, ы́ е́ ю́я́).

For a long time the most problematic was Church Slavonic language, but starting from version 5.1 almost all the necessary symbols are already present.

For a more detailed table, see the article Cyrillic in Unicode.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

400

Ѐ

Yo

Ђ

Ѓ

Є

Ѕ

І

Ї

Ј

Љ

Њ

Ћ

Ќ

Ѝ

Ў

Џ

410

A

B

IN

G

D

E

AND

Z

AND

Y

TO

L

M

N

ABOUT

P

420

R

WITH

T

U

F

X

C

H

Sh

SCH

Kommersant

Y

b

E

YU

I

430

A

b

V

G

d

e

and

h

And

th

To

l

m

n

O

P

440

R

With

T

at

f

X

ts

h

w

sch

ъ

s

b

uh

Yu

I

450

ѐ

e

ђ

ѓ

є

ѕ

і

ї

ј

љ

њ

ћ

ќ

ѝ

ў

џ

460

Ѡ

Ѣ

Ѥ

Ѧ

Ѩ

Ѫ

Ѭ

Ѯ

470

Ѱ

Ѳ

Ѵ

Ѷ

Ѹ

Ѻ

Ѽ

Ѿ

480

Ҁ

҂

҃

҄

҅

҆

҇

҈

҉

Ҋ

Ҍ

Ҏ

490

Ґ

Ғ

Ҕ

Җ

Ҙ

Қ

Ҝ

Ҟ

4A0

Ҡ

Ң

Ҥ

Ҧ

Ҩ

Ҫ

Ҭ

Ү

4B0

Ұ

Ҳ

Ҵ

Ҷ

Ҹ

Һ

Ҽ

Ҿ

4C0

Ӏ

Ӂ

Ӄ

Ӆ

Ӈ

Ӊ

Ӌ

Ӎ

ӏ

4D0

Ӑ

Ӓ

Ӕ

Ӗ

Ә

Ӛ

Ӝ

Ӟ

4E0

Ӡ

Ӣ

Ӥ

Ӧ

Ө

Ӫ

Ӭ

Ӯ

4F0

Ӱ

Ӳ

Ӵ

Ӷ

Ӹ

Ӻ

Ӽ

Ӿ

500

Ԁ

Ԃ

Ԅ

Ԇ

Ԉ

Ԋ

Ԍ

Ԏ

510

Ԑ

Ԓ

Ԕ

Ԗ

Ԙ

Ԛ

Ԝ

Ԟ

520

Ԡ

Ԣ

Ԥ

Ԧ

2DE0

ⷠ

ⷡ

ⷢ

ⷣ

ⷤ

ⷥ

ⷦ

ⷧ

ⷨ

ⷩ

ⷪ

ⷫ

ⷬ

ⷭ

ⷮ

ⷯ

2DF0

ⷰ

ⷱ

ⷲ

ⷳ

ⷴ

ⷵ

ⷶ

ⷷ

ⷸ

ⷹ

ⷺ

ⷻ

ⷼ

ⷽ

ⷾ

ⷿ

A640

Ꙁ

Ꙃ

Ꙅ

Ꙇ

Ꙉ

Ꙋ

Ꙍ

Ꙏ

A650

Ꙑ

Ꙓ

Ꙕ

Ꙗ

Ꙙ

Ꙛ

Ꙝ

Ꙟ

A660

Ꙡ

Ꙣ

Ꙥ

Ꙧ

Ꙩ

Ꙫ

Ꙭ

ꙮ

꙯

A670

꙰

꙱

꙲

꙳

꙼

꙽

꙾

ꙿ

A680

Ꚁ

Ꚃ

Ꚅ

Ꚇ

Ꚉ

Ꚋ

Ꚍ

Ꚏ

A690

Ꚑ

Ꚓ

Ꚕ

Ꚗ

see also

• Old Church Slavonic alphabet
• Saint Clement of Ohrid, disciple of the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius and creator of the Cyrillic alphabet
• Alphabets based on Cyrillic
• Cyrillic fonts and handwritings: charter, semi-ustav, cursive, civil font, civil letter, ligature
• Positions of Cyrillic letters in alphabets
• Samuel's inscription is the oldest of Kirill's monuments
• Translit
• History of Russian writing
• Bulgarian

Notes

1. Skobelkin O. V. Basics of paleography. - Voronezh: VSU Publishing House, 2005.
2. ["Tales about the beginning of Slavic writing", M., "Science", 1981. p. 77]
3. Istrin, Viktor Aleksandrovich: 1100 years of the Slavic alphabet, M., 1988. p.134
4. 1 2 3 4 Ivanova V.F. Modern Russian language. Graphics and spelling. - 2nd ed. - M.: Education, 1976. - 288 p.

Links

• Slavic languages ​​and encodings ()
• Where did Slavic writing come from?
• To the history of the Russian alphabet
• Cyrillic encodings

Technical Note: Due to technical limitations, some browsers may not display the special characters used in this article. Such characters may appear as boxes, question marks, or other nonsense characters depending on your web browser. operating system and a set of installed fonts. Even if your browser is capable of interpreting UTF-8 and you have installed a font that supports a wide range of Unicode, e.g. Code2000, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode or one of the free Unicode fonts - you may need to use a different browser, as browser capabilities in this area often differ. Writings of the world Consonantal writing of Abugida /
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Boyd's Cursive Canadian Syllabary Kharoshthi Meroitic Pitman's Cursive Pollard's Sorang Sompeng Tana Thomas's Cursive Ethiopian

Avestan Agvan Armenian Bassa Buthakukia Vagindra Hungarian runes Glagolitic Gothic Gregg Cursive Greco-Iberian Greek Georgian Gyirokastro Deseret Ancient Permian Ancient Turkic Cyrillic Coptic Latin Mandaean Asia Minor International Phonetic Manchu Nko Oberi-Okaime Ogham Ol-chiki Runes Northern Etruscan Old Nubian Somali Old Mongolian Ancient Libyan (Tifinagh) Fraser Elbasan Etruscan Hangul

Braille Morse code Moon script Optical telegraph Semaphore code International code of signals Prison code

Astec Dunba Mesoamerican Mi'kmaq Mixtec Nsibidi Tokapu

Chinese: Traditional Simplified T'in Kanji Hancha Derivatives from Chinese: Khitan Zhuang Jurchen Logosyllabic: Anatolian And Cuneiform Maya Tangut Logo-consonantal: Egyptian writing (hieroglyphics, hieratic, demotic)

Afaka Vai Geba Old Persian And Katakana Kikakui Cypriot Kpelle Linear B Man'yogana Nyu-shu Hiragana Cherokee Yugtun

Paleo-Spanish Zhuyin

Kipu Knot letter in China

Biblical Vincha Ancient Canaanite Issyk Cypro-Minoan Cretan hieroglyphs Linear A Mixtec Indus Valley Jiahu Fields of burial urns Proto-Elamite Rongo-rongo Voynich manuscript Proto-Sinaiticus Tablet from Dispilio Phaistos disc Elamite linear

Mnemonics Shorthand Carriers: Paper Clay tablets Papyrus Parchment (Palimpsest) Ј , ј (Name: yeah, jota) is a letter of the extended Cyrillic alphabet, the 11th letter of the Serbian and 12th letter of the Macedonian alphabets, also used in Altai, and until 1991 in the Azerbaijani alphabets. Read as [j]; in Altai it means [ɟ] or . The southern Slavs use it both instead of the traditional letter Y and in combinations Yeah, Yes, Yo, ји, Yeah, replacing the letters of iotized vowels that were abolished from the Serbian writing (see the table of Russian transcription of Serbian letters in the article “Serbian Cyrillic alphabet”). The letter was introduced into Serbian writing by Vuk Stefanović (not yet Karadžić). Initially, in his grammar of the vernacular Serbian language of 1814, he used the style Ї, which he later changed to Ј - that is, he used the Latin jot in its German sound meaning, at first leaving two dots above the letter. From the very beginning, the introduction of the “Latin” letter into Slavic writing was severely criticized, but over time, “justifications” were found: the J-shaped outline in cursive writing of the 17th-18th centuries. sometimes had the Cyrillic letter I, which in some cases (at the beginning of words and between vowels) was pronounced exactly like [th]. The letter J of the Serbian model was introduced into the newly created Macedonian alphabet on December 4, 1944, as a result of voting by members of the “philological commission for the establishment of the Macedonian alphabet and the Macedonian literary language” (8 votes for, 3 against). The letter was used in some writing options proposed in the mid-19th century for the Ukrainian language. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were ideas of translating the Russian language into a more phonetic writing system, which also used this letter. Code table Encoding Register Decimal 16-digit code Octal code Binary code Unicode Uppercase 1032 0408 002010 00000100 00001000 Lowercase 1112 0458 002130 00000100 01011000 ISO 8859-5 Uppercase 168 A8 250 10101000 Lowercase 248 F8 370 11111000 KOI-8 (some version) Uppercase 184 B8 270 10111000 Lowercase 168 A8 250 10101000 Windows 1251 Uppercase 163 A3 243 10100011 Lowercase 188 B.C. 274 10111100 In HTML, an uppercase letter can be written as Ј or Ј, and a lowercase letter can be written as ј or ј. Cyrillic alphabet. What are all the letters of the alphabet called in Cyrillic? Cyrillic alphabet from the era of the most ancient Slavic manuscripts (late 10th - 11th centuries). Cyrillic letters have their own names. What do the main characters of the Cyrillic alphabet sound like? The letter "A" is the name of "az"; Archaeometer But the letter “B” is not “gods”, but “BUKI” - there is no need to LIE. But WHY the letters had such strange names, not a single philologist will answer you. He will not answer because the letters are named in the Holy language of the original Bible - in Hebrew. Without knowing this language, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the names of the letters. And the point is that the first letters - up to the letter "People" - show the first verses of the Bible, describing, as it were, the creation of the world. Az - "Then Strong" Buki - “divided, cut” heaven and earth Lead - “and certified” that it is good Vladimir BerShadsky, archaeolinguist U m k a Our path of learning to write began with the much beloved and dear “ABC”, which already with its name opened the door to a captivating world Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic. We all know that “ABC” got its name from the first two letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, but also an interesting fact is that the Cyrillic alphabet had 43 letters, that is, it included the entire Greek alphabet (24 letters) plus another 19 letters. Below is full list names of Cyrillic letters. 88Summertime88 The Cyrillic alphabet appeared in the tenth century. It is named in honor of St. Cyril, who was an envoy from Byzantium. And it was supposedly compiled by Saint Clement of Ohrid. The Cyrillic alphabet that exists now was formed in 1708. At this time, Peter the Great ruled. During the reform of 1917 - 1918, the alphabet was changed, four letters were removed from it. Currently, this alphabet is used in more than fifty countries in Asia and Europe, including Russia. Some letters may be borrowed from the Latin alphabet. This is what the tenth century Cyrillic alphabet looked like: Angelinas A Early-Cyrillic-letter-Azu.svg 1 [a] az B Early Cyrillic letter Buky.svg [b] bu?ki In Early Cyrillic letter Viedi.png 2 [in] ve?di Г Early Cyrillic letter Glagoli.png 3 [g] verb D Early Cyrillic letter Dobro.png 4 [d] good? E, Є Early Cyrillic letter Yesti.png 5 [e] yes Ж Early Cyrillic letter Zhiviete.png [ж"] live? Ѕ Early Cyrillic letter Dzelo.png 6 [дз"] zelo? З Early Cyrillic letter Zemlia.png 7 [з] earth? And Early Cyrillic letter Izhe.png 8 [and] and? (octal) I, Ї Early Cyrillic letter I.png 10 [and] and (decimal) To Early Cyrillic letter Kako.png 20 [k] ka?ko L Early Cyrillic letter Liudiye.png 30 [l] people?di M Early Cyrillic letter Myslite.png 40 [m] think? N Early Cyrillic letter Nashi.png 50 [n] our About Early Cyrillic letter Onu.png 70 [o] he P Early Cyrillic letter Pokoi.png 80 [p] rest? Р Early Cyrillic letter Ritsi.png 100 [р] rtsy From Early Cyrillic letter Slovo.png 200 [s] word? T Early Cyrillic letter Tvrido.png 300 [t] hard Early Cyrillic letter Uku.png (400) [у] ук F Early Cyrillic letter Fritu.png 500 [f] fert Х Early Cyrillic letter Khieru.png 600 [х] kher Early Cyrillic letter Otu.png 800 [about] ome?ga Ts Early Cyrillic letter Tsi.png 900 [ts’] tsi Ch Early Cyrillic letter Chrivi.png 90 [h’] worm Ш Early Cyrillic letter Sha.png [ш’] sha Ш Early Cyrillic letter Shta.png [sh’t’] ([sh’ch’]) sha Ъ Early Cyrillic letter Yeru.png [ъ] ер S Early Cyrillic letter Yery.png [s] era? ь Early Cyrillic letter Yeri.png [ь] ер Early Cyrillic letter Yati.png [?], [is] yat Yu Early Cyrillic letter Yu.png [yu] yu Early Cyrillic letter Ya.png [ya] A iotized Early Cyrillic letter Ye.png [ye] E iotized Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Maliy.png (900) [en] Small Yus Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Bolshiy.png [he] Big Yus Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Maliy Yotirovaniy.png [yen] yus small iotized Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Bolshiy Yotirovaniy.png [yon] yus big iotized Early Cyrillic letter Ksi.png 60 [ks] xi Early Cyrillic letter Psi.png 700 [ps] psi Early Cyrillic letter Fita.png 9 [?], [f] fita? Early Cyrillic letter Izhitsa.png 400 [and], [in] and?zhitsa Milonika Letter A sound [a] az Letter B sound [b] beeches Letter B sound [v] lead Letter G sound [g] verb Letter D sound [d] good The letter E, Є sound [e] is Letter Zh sound [zh "] live Letter Ѕ sound [dz"] green Letter Ꙁ, З sound [з] earth Letter AND sound [and] like that (octal) Letter I, Ї sound [and] and (decimal) Letter K sound [k] kako Letter L sound [l] people Letter M sound [m] in thought Letter N sound [n] our Letter O sound [o] he Letter P sound [p] peace Letter R sound [r] rtsy Letter C sound [s] word Letter T sound [t] firmly Letter OU, Ꙋ sound [у] ук Letter F sound [f] fert Letter X sound [х] хер Letter Ѡ sound [o] omega Letter T sound [ts’] tsi Letter Ch sound [ch’] worm Letter Ш sound [sh’] sha Letter Ш sound [sh’t’] ([sh’ch’]) sha Letter Ъ sound [ъ] er Letter Ꙑ sound [s] erý Letter b sound [b] er Letter Ѣ sound [æ], [ie] yat Letter Yu sound [yu] yu Letter Ꙗ sound [ya] A iotized Letter Ѥ sound [е] Е iotized Letter Ѧ sound [en] yus small Letter Ѫ sound [on] yus big Letter Ѩ sound [yen] yus small iotated Letter Ѭ sound [yon] yus big iotated Letter Ѯ sound [ks] xi Letter Ѱ sound [ps] psi Letter - sound [θ], [f] fita Letter V sound [i], [v] izhitsa Help to Below I have given a table in which all the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet are listed, their numerical value, how they were written, what they were called and how they were read. Please note that although some letters were read strangely (for example, “a” - “az”), they were pronounced in writing approximately the same as in modern Russian: Moreljuba Now we all know the alphabet, which includes thirty-three letters. It is these letters that we begin to study from childhood with the help of a special book called ABC. Previously, the Cyrillic alphabet was studied, containing as many as forty-three letters, and here are all their names: Smiledimasik The Cyrillic alphabet is not very simple. If you look closely, you can see how the letters do not just mean letters, but entire words. For example, the first 2 letters of the Cyrillic alphabet indicate the ABC, some letters you can find in the ancient Greek alphabet, they are very similar. Here is the alphabet itself Master key 111 Indeed, in Cyrillic the letters sound differently, not the way we are used to seeing and pronouncing them, it is also interesting that the Cyrillic alphabet had 43 letters, below is a list of letters and their adjectives, some of which are simply not used today. What is Cyrillic? Alyonk@ Cyrillic (Cyrillic letter) is an alphabet used to write words in the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian languages, as well as many languages ​​of non-Slavic peoples inhabiting Russia and its neighboring states. In the Middle Ages it was also used to write numbers. The Cyrillic alphabet is named after Cyril, the creator of the Glagolitic alphabet - the first Slavic alphabet. The authorship of the Cyrillic alphabet belongs to the missionaries - followers of Cyril and Methodius. The oldest monuments of Cyrillic writing date back to the turn of the 9th-10th centuries: the late 800s or early 900s. Most likely, this letter was invented in Bulgaria; At first it was a Greek alphabet, to the 24 letters of which 19 letters were added to indicate the sounds of the Slavic language that were absent in the Greek language. Since the 10th century, they began to write Cyrillic in Rus'. In Russia and other countries, the Cyrillic alphabet has undergone a number of reforms, the most serious of which were carried out by printers, starting with Ivan Fedorov, and statesmen(for example, Peter I). Reforms most often boiled down to reducing the number of letters and simplifying their style, although there were also counter examples: V late XVIII century N.M. Karamzin proposed introducing the letter “е” into the Russian language, created by adding the umlaut (two dots) characteristic of the German language to the letter “e”. The modern Russian alphabet includes 33 letters remaining after the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of October 10, 1918 "On the introduction of a new spelling." According to this decree, all publications and business documentation were transferred to the new spelling from October 15, 1918. Ririlitsa is a Latin alphabet adapted to Stavian phonetics with Greek. One of the first two alphabet of Old Church Slavonic writing - one of the two oldest Slavic alphabet (43 graphemes). Created at the end of the 9th century. (the second was Glagolitic), which received its name from the name Cyril, adopted by the Byzantine missionary. [link blocked by decision of the project administration] Houseboy Cyrillic is a term that has several meanings: 1) Old Church Slavonic alphabet: the same as the Cyrillic (or Cyrillic) alphabet: one of two (along with Glagolitic) ancient alphabets for the Old Church Slavonic language; 2) Cyrillic alphabets: a writing system and alphabet for some other language, based on this Old Slavic Cyrillic alphabet (they talk about Russian, Serbian, etc. Cyrillic alphabet; calling the formal unification of several or all national Cyrillic alphabet “Cyrillic alphabet” is incorrect); 3) Semi-statutory font: the font in which church books are traditionally printed (in this sense, the Cyrillic alphabet is contrasted with the civil or Peter the Great font).