Declension of the verb haber in Spanish. Use of the verb haber in Spanish. Haber as an auxiliary verb

Los verbos estar, haber, encontrarse

In Lesson 10, we introduced you to the verb ESTAR, which indicated the location of a person or object.

Today we will talk about two more Spanish verbs that can be used to talk about the location or presence of something or someone.

Verb haber

translated as ´ to be available, to be available´. In this meaning it is used in a single form - hay.

En la mesa hay un libro. - There is a book on the table.
En la mesa hay libros. - There are books on the table.
En la mesa hay unos libros. — There are several books on the table.

Please note that in phrases like this:

• in the first place, as a rule, there will be a circumstance of place, that is, a word or words that answer the question Where. The construction of the phrase will be as follows:

where - there is - what;

• before a plural noun the article is either not used at all, or we use the indefinite article uno, which rather acts as an indefinite pronoun and is translated by the word some;
• if we are talking about any single object, then it is necessary to use the indefinite article un, una.

Remember: after the word hay The definite article is never used.

I know from experience that at the initial stage students often confuse verbs haber y estar. It's actually simple.

Word hay used when we mention something for the first time, or do not know whether it is available or not:

¿Dónde hay una farmacia? – En la calle Arenales.

Using the same verb estar we ask about the location of a pharmacy, which we know is somewhere nearby:

What about farmacia? – En la calle Arenales.
Where is the pharmacy? - On Arenales Street.

Despite the fact that we translate phrases into Russian exactly the same, in Spanish they convey different information. In the first sentence we ask if the pharmacy is even available. And – attention – we use the indefinite article.

In the second phrase, we are sure that there is a pharmacy, but we don’t know the exact address. And, since here we are asking about a specific pharmacy, it is logical to use the definite article.

If the question begins with a question word How many, then it uses the word hay:

¿Cuántos libros hay en la mesa? – En la mesa hay cinco libros.
How many books are on the table? – There are 5 books on the table.

Verb encontrarse – to be

Learn how to conjugate this verb. Pay attention to forms 1, 2, 3 and 6. Using the language of grammar, one should say - pay attention to the conjugation forms of the singular, as well as the third person plural. But, firstly, it takes a long time; secondly, it’s boring; and thirdly, this is the first, but not the last time that we will encounter such a change in verb forms, so it will be much easier to name the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 6.

Notes on the table:

• Vowel O the initial form of the verb in the named forms changes to ue.
• Typically, we will use the third person singular and plural forms:

La catedral se encuentra en la Plaza Mayor de la ciudad.
The cathedral is located on the main square of the city.

Por el lado izquierdo se encuentran las ruinas de la fortaleza antigua.
On the left side are the ruins of the old fortress.

• Although this is not typical, you can hear in a conversation:

¿Dónde te encuentras?
Where are you?

The most common synonymous question is:
What do you think?
Where are you?

Lesson assignments

1. (flor – flower) ¿Cuántas flores hay en este parque?
2. (mujer – flower) ¿Cuántas mujeres hay en este parque?
3. (niña – flower) ¿Cuántas niñas hay en este parque?
4. (abuelo – flower) ¿Cuántos abuelos hay en este parque?
5. (árbol – flower) ¿Cuántos árboles hay en este parque?
6. (lago – flower) ¿Cuántos lagos hay en este parque?
7. (perro – flower) ¿Cuántos perros hay en este parque?

1. ¿Cuántas universidades…………..en tu ciudad?
2. ¿Dónde………….. el consultorio dental de Elena?
3. ¿Dónde………….. la panadería de Don Alfredo?
4. ¿Dónde………….. los chicos?
5. ¿Dónde………….. mis lentes?
6. ¿Dónde…………..un restaurante?
7. ¿Tienes telefono? – Sí, ………….. en mi cartera.
8. ¿Y tú mamá? – ………….. en el mercado.
9. Al lado de mi casa…………..un circo.
10. El museo Hermitage ………….. en San Petersburgo.
11. En el parque ………….. muchos niños.
12. En este refrigerador no ………….. nada.
13. En mi ciudad………….. mucho carros.
14. En mi facultad………….. muchos extranjeros.
15. Jorge, ¿dónde ………….. mi libro?
16. La oficina de correos………….. cerca de aquí.
17. Las flores………….. sobre la mesa.
18. Los niños…………..en la playa.
19. Mira, allí ………….. un cajero para sacar dinero.
20. No………….. agua caliente para ducharnos.

1. ¿Dónde se encuentra la capital de tu país?
2. ¿Dónde se encuentra el palacio del Gobierno?
3. ¿Dónde está la Plaza Mayor de tu ciudad?
4. What do you think?
5. ¿Hay un hospital cerca de tu casa?
6. ¿Dónde hay una buena discoteca?
7. ¿Dónde está tu casa?
8. What do you think is the paradero del autobús?
9. ¿Dónde se encuentran los museos más importantes de tu ciudad?
10. ¿Qué monumentos históricos hay en tu ciudad?

Task 4. Continue the list of questions. Imagine that you want to find out from your new friend what is available in his city and where it is located.

Task 1. Look at the picture and answer the questions.

1. Hay muchas flowers.
2. Hay dos mujeres.
3. Hay dos niñas.
4. Hay tres abuelos.
5. Hay cinco árboles.
6. Hay un lago.
7. Hay un perro.

Task 2. Complete the phrases with the verbs hay, está, están. Translate the phrases.

1. están
2. están
3. están
4. están

Task 3. Translate questions about your country and your city. Answer them.

1. Where is the capital of your country? Moscú, la capital de mi país está en la parte europea de Rusia.
2. Where is the Government Palace located? El palacio de Gobierno está en la Plaza Roja.
3. Where is the main square of the city? La Plaza Roja está en el centro de la ciudad.
4. Where are the pharmacies? Las farmacias están en la calle La Paz.
5. Is there any hospital near your home? Sí, hay un hospital cerca de mi casa.
6. Where is a good disco? La buena discoteca está en el centro de la ciudad.
7. Where is your home? Mi casa está en un barrio nuevo.
8. Where is the bus stop? El paradero del autobús está a dos cuadras de mi casa.
9. Where are the most important museums in your city? Los museos más importantes están en el centro de la ciudad.
10. What historical monuments are there in your city? Hay muchos monumentos históricos en mi ciudad.

The verb haber is special in Spanish. It has almost completely lost its lexical meaning and is most often used as a main auxiliary verb. Its distinctive characteristic is its use in impersonal forms, with the help of which one can translate the Russian verb be (is). In addition, it is necessary to create some frequently used grammatical structures.

It is also an irregular verb, meaning it is conjugated differently than most Spanish verbs. So you just have to remember its forms. The plurality of meanings and the irregularity of conjugation are the main difficulties in its study.

The table shows the conjugation of haber in Presente:

This form is almost never used independently in sentences.

haber acts as an auxiliary verb to form a complex tense. In this case haber is used according to the person performing the action and a conjugated verb is added to it:

For example:

He comprendido todo (I already understand everything)

Ya hemos hablado de esto (We already talked about this)

Ha de hablar con la familia (he needs to talk to his family)

The past imperfect (Pretérito imperfecto) is formed by adding the endings -ía, -ías, etc., without changing the stem of the verb:

había, habías, había – singular;

Quiso preguntar si podía ir con ellos pero el padre ya había permitdo. “He wanted to ask to go with them, but dad already allowed it.”

habíamos, habíais, habían – in the plural.

Derivations of the verb haber in Pretérito perfecto simple (past indefinite) change the root vowel a and e to u: h a ber, he etc. –h u be, hu bimos:

For example:

Hubiste de bailar con Margo (You should have danced with Margo).

Hubo de traducir este artículo (He should have translated this article).

In the future tense, another change occurs, namely the loss of the vowel e, which was present at the end of the infinitive: hab e r – habr é, habr emos etc.:

habré, habrás, habrá – time in units. number,

habremos, habréis, habrán – plural. number.

For example: Los problemas habrán resoluto resol al final de mes. – The problems will be resolved by the end of the month.

The same changes occur in the conditional:

habría, habrías, habría – units. number,

habríamos, habríais, habrían– plural number.

For example:

Habrías de leer todo el libro (You would have to read the whole book)

Habría de explicar todo (I should have explained everything)

The following table deals with the subjunctive mood or Subjuntivo. The verb haber is conjugated in the present, past imperfect (Pretérito imperfecto) and future tense:

For example: Haya trabajado todo el día pero no tengo instrumentos - I would work all day, but I don’t have any tools.

Additional examples with the verb haber in the subjunctive mood in Preterito Imperfecto y Futuro:

Preterito Imperfecto:

Nunca hubiera pensado que estabas enferma tan serio. “I would never have thought that you were so seriously ill.”

Si hubieras aparecido, yo no hubiera hecho ese trabajo. “If you had shown up, I wouldn’t have to do this job.”

Futuro:

Si Pedro no hubiere terminado su trabajo en tiempo, tendía muchas problemas. If Pedro doesn’t finish his work on time, he will have a lot of problems.

Si hubieren dicho la verdad esto habria decidido(decidiría) su destino. “If they tell the truth, it will seal his fate.”

Here are 3 more important verb forms to remember:

• verb infinitive: haber
• participle: habitendo
• participle: habido

The verb haber forms the form compound infinitive in Spanish - Infinitivo Perfecto (Compuesto). It consists of the infinitive haber and the participle of the semantic verb. Denotes an action that precedes an action expressed by the personal form of the semantic verb, for example:

Estoy contento de haber visto esta película. - I'm glad I watched this film.

There is also another complex construction with the verb haber in Spanish - past tense gerund. It is rarely used in colloquial speech; most often it can be found in fiction or official business correspondence. Denotes an additional action in the past and is formed using a gerund from the verb haber - habiendo and a participle, for example:

El no terminó los estudios en la Universidad, había estudiado sólo tres anos. – He did not finish his studies at the university, studying for only three years.

Haber as an auxiliary verb

In this part of the lesson we will continue to study the conjugation of the verb haber. However, if the 3 tables above give its forms in simple tenses, now we will look at its use as an auxiliary verb.

Complex verb tenses are formed as follows: the participle of the semantic verb is added to the corresponding simple forms (this can also be the participle of the verb itself haber).

To form complex future and conditional tenses, the participle is added to their simple forms, respectively, for example:

Compound forms of Subjuntivo:

Forms hubiera – hubiese, hubiéramos – hubiésemos etc. interchangeable, just like in the past imperfect tense.

And here are the compound forms: the infinitive haber habido and the gerund habiendo habido.

Here are some examples of using the verb haber as an auxiliary:

Cuando llegué, tú ya te habías ido.- When I arrived, you had already left (left).

He visto tu hermana en la tienda.– I saw your sister in the store (recently, just now).

Si lo hubiera/hubiese sabido, te habría advertido.“If I had known about this, I would have warned you.”

The verb haber in impersonal sentences

The verb haber is often used in impersonal sentences. In this case it is translated as exists, stands, lies, is located(about the subject).

In the present tense it has a special form hay (3rd person singular). It is used in impersonal phrases in impersonal phrases and denotes the presence of something. When it is used in a sentence, the adverbial adverbial place usually comes first, then the form hay itself, and finally the noun, for example:

En el salon hay una mesa.

- There is a table in the living room.

In such sentences, the noun-object is used with an indefinite article (una mesa), and in the plural, as a rule, without an article. A synonym for this impersonal phrase is the forms está, están. Está is used when answering a question Where?

and indicates the location of the item, for example:

¿Dónde está la toalla? – Where (is) the towel?

La toalla está en la maleta. - The towel is in the suitcase. Hay is used when we want to know

What

is located in some place:¿Qué hay en la cama?

- What (lies, is) on the bed?

En el frigorífico hay mucha comida.- There is a lot of food in the refrigerator.

Impersonal forms of the verb haber in the past tense:

hubo, hubo habido, había, ha habido, había habido

- was.

And in the future: habrá, habrá habido – there will be.

Here are some examples of such impersonal constructions in various tense forms:

hay una persona (muchas personas); hubo una huelga (varias huelgas); habrá algún acuerdo (algunos acuerdos). As you can see, here the verb is used only in the singular, that is, it cannot be said.

han muchas personas haber

or

hubieron varias huelgas

Constructions using a verb

¿ haber que + infinitive Meaning: to be necessary, useful, appropriate.

Since this is an impersonal construction, it is conjugated in all tenses only in the 3rd person singular. numbers: Habrá que esperar mucho?

– (We, she, I, etc., depending on the situation) will have to wait a long time?“He lost his passport and had to go to the embassy.

Another phrase that is advisable to remember, since it is used quite often: hay que.

Examples: Hay que devolver este libro a la biblioteca.

- We must (should, must) return this book to the library.

No hay que precipitarse.

- There is no need to rush. Here are some additional uses of this construction:

No hay por qué tener miedo (preocuparse).– There is no need to be afraid (worry). No hay un español que no coma

jamon.

– There is not a single Spaniard who does not eat jamon.

haber de + infinitive

Meaning: to be obligated, appropriate, necessary. This phrase is used in all persons and numbers and is almost identical in meaning to the expression tener que + infinitive.

Tengo que hacerlo. - I must do it.

He's de hacerlo . - I need (I must) do this. Los alumnos

han de respetar a su maestro.– Students must respect their teacher.

Habéis de llegar a trabajo a las 9.

– You must come to work at 9 o’clock.

Hube de entregar el informe al jefe.I had to give a report to the boss.

habérselas con (alguien) Meaning: to deal with someone, to fight (with circumstances).

No quiero habérmelas con él.

“I don’t want to get involved with him.” Of course, this article does not list all the subtleties and variations of the use of the verb haber. There are many more features of its use. However, once you master the conjugation forms and basic phrases with it, you will understand the Spanish language much easier. The form HAY comes from the verb haber (to have). Of course, people who know English cannot fail to notice the relationship between the Spanish verb haber and the English verb to have (also have). However, apart from spelling, translation and auxiliary function (just like to have, haber is formed in new tenses in Spanish), these verbs have nothing else in common. Those. Unlike the verb to haveе, which can be conjugated in different tenses and have a semantic load, haber cannot boast of this at all. The only forms that have some semblance of meaning left are the present tense form HAY and the third person singular forms. h. in all other tenses, which are usually translated as “ there is, there is, lies, hangs, stands", in general, they introduce a certain object into context, talk about it
So, let's find out what features of the use of this form exist using the example of the present tense (studied at level A1).
I apologize in advance for such a sheet about a seemingly simple form, but I tried to synthesize all the answers to the questions and errors that my students discovered when studying and subsequently using this form.
I also hope that someday this post will be updated with examples of using hay in other tenses.

Case 1: HAY in declarative sentences

First What we must learn when using HAY in such sentences is word order. Verb, i.e. our form hay comes before the noun that we introduce into the context. Only this way and no other way!
→ Hay + noun (there is, there is, there is, there is, there is something hanging)
Second: this object may be accompanied by a) the indefinite article (un, una, unos, unas) or its omission; b) numeral; c) the words poco/a/os/as, bastante/s, mucho/a/os/as, demasiado/a/os/as; d) indefinite pronouns (algún/alguno/a/os/as, algo, alguien). Never do not invite the definite article or possessive pronoun to the light!
A:
→ Hay una mesa. (There is a table.)
→ Hay un armario. (There is a closet.)

Omitting the article is necessary when talking about an uncountable subject:
→ Hay leche. (There is milk.)

Using a noun in plural. h. accompanied by unspecified the article will have the connotation that there are not very many of these items - a couple, several:
→ Hay unos chicos. (There are several guys.)
→ Hay unas ideas. (There are several ideas.)
This case is very similar to the use with indefinite pronouns (see paragraph D).

But when omitting the article from a noun. in plural h. this will already be some kind of generalization:
→ Hay teatros, bares, restaurantes. (There are theaters, bars, restaurants.)

B:
Hay tres libros. (There are three books.)

IN:
Hay muchos problemas relevantes.
Hay bastantes supermercados.

Uncountable nouns, of course, will go in the singular in this case, but do not forget about gender agreement:
Hay mucha pobreza. (Lots of poverty.)

G:
→ Hay algunas cositas que tenemos que discutir. (There are some questions/multiple issues that we need to discuss.)

Third: of course, we can easily extend the resulting sentences, adding color to them with the help of additional information, say, about the location of this object, in this way we kill two birds with one stone: we introduce the listener to the existence of a certain object and immediately explain to him where this object is search.

En mi habitación hay una cama, cerca de la cama hay una mesilla de noche, debajo de la ventana hay un sofá muy cómodo con muchos cojines.
Please pay special attention that we are orienting our listener relative to known objects: en mi habitación (my listener knows that I have a room), cerca de la cama (he has already heard about the bed, for him it is already a familiar object), debajo de la ventana (of course, I have a window in my room!), i.e. our nouns that talk about location always come with a definite article or a possessive pronoun. Judge for yourself, how can it be like this: in some hitherto unknown room there is a bed? It’s unlikely, although maybe that’s how you decided to start the first chapter of your novel? I immediately remember a horror story from childhood: “In one black, very black city there is a black, very black house...”

Fourth: in negative declarative sentences, the word order remains the same, but the indefinite article is completely omitted, variants with mucho/demasiado/etc. are also possible, and ningún(o), nadie, nada are used as indefinite pronouns.
→ Aquí no hay nadie. (Nobody's here.)
→ En esta ciudad no hay mucha vida nocturna. (This city doesn't have much of a nightlife scene.)
→ En el bolso no hay ningún monedero. (There is no wallet in the bag.)
And of course, the almost clichéd expression:
No hay (ningún) problema. (No problem.)

Case 2: HAY in interrogative sentences

The case of negative sentences is a kind of quintessence of the previously described models: a noun can be accompanied by e) indefinite pronouns (most often these are alguien/algo/etc.); g) adjectives like mucho/a/os/as; h) the indefinite article.

D:
→ ¿Hay alguien por ahí? (Is anyone there?)
→ ¿En su hotel hay piscina? (Does your hotel have a swimming pool?)

AND:
→ ¿En el aula hay mucha gente? (Are there many people in the audience?)

Z:
→ Perdona, ¿sabes si hay un banco por aquí cerca? (Sorry, do you know if there is a bank nearby?)
Here it is worth discussing the difference between this question and the question using estar: when using the latter, you know for sure that the bank is somewhere here, you are simply lost and cannot figure out where to go. In this case, the desired noun is formalized with a definite article:
→ Perdona, why not?

Analogues of the question “how are you”:
→ ¿Qué hay?
→ ¿Qué hay de nuevo?
→ ¿Qué hay de tu vida?

And questions about how many objects exist in total?
¿Cuántas personas hay en tu clase? (How many people are in your class (total)?)

A few words for those who know English

Probably, many who speak English at a basic level could not help but notice the similarity between the verb haber in this form and the constructions there’s/there’re. I think you can easily find exactly similar patterns of use of articles/pronouns/intensifiers when using these constructions in English. Although, of course, it is impossible not to notice the obvious advantage of the Spanish analogue - the lack of agreement on the number.