Download drawings for the construction of paths in the park. Construction of garden paths. Important points when planning the installation of paths
Roads, paths, trails, platforms are some of the most important planning elements of a facility landscape architecture. Analysis of design solutions and field surveys of garden and park areas show that the road network and sites occupy from 10...15 and, in some cases, up to 20% of the entire area of the facility, and the relative length of roads is 300...400 m per 1 ha. An important role is played by the length of the road network, the dimensions of the playground paths in different parts of the territory, their designs, strength, durability and decorativeness of the coatings. The design of the road pavement is shown in Fig. 29
Coverings of paths and areas in gardens and parks, landscape architecture of city centers, residential and industrial buildings are given great importance great importance in connection with the general compositional solution of the object. Coatings should be varied in their design, color, and materials. Observations in gardens and parks have shown that when walking, a visitor spends up to 30% of his time perceiving and examining what is under his feet or on horizontal planes upon closer inspection. The surface of paths and platforms is perceived by the visitor from various points - from the viewing platform, from the flat roofs of buildings or from terraces. Coverings carry essential information for the site visitor; for example, a large ornamental covering made of colored slabs at the entrance to a square or park creates a special “mood”, as if preparing the visitor to perceive the territory of the object, its landscapes and structures. The design of the surface of the main alley of the park can “direct” the movement of visitors, arouse interest, and create a mood. A variety of types of coatings on a small object can create the illusion of scale and, as it were, increase its area. The size and dimensions of alleys, roads, paths, platforms, the design of their coverings, the shape and proportions of their elements, the material from which the coverings are made must correspond to the general compositional design of the object and the laws of landscape construction. The road and path network, platforms, alleys are usually divided into classes depending on their functions and classified according to types of coatings. There are 6 classes of roads, paths, alleys:
Class I - main roads and alleys along which the main flows of visitors to the site are distributed; they are usually provided as the main routes of movement around the site and carry heavy loads from visitors. Thus, the main alley in the city park should provide throughput up to 400...600 people/hour on weekends; the width of the alley must be at least 30 m, and its design is very durable, made of low-wear materials; the coverings of the main alleys and roads are made of durable and decorative materials - from slabs, stone, etc.
Class II - secondary roads, paths, alleys, intended
to connect various nodes of the facility and more evenly distribute visitors, bringing them to the main traffic routes, recreation and sports areas, viewing points of the facility and other planning elements. The intensity of traffic on secondary paths, their capacity is lower than on the main ones. However, the coverings of such paths should be decorative, since their functions fulfill an important planning role.
Class III - additional roads, paths, paths, serve to connect secondary planning elements of the object, play the role of transitions, approaches to structures, to flower beds, are “branches” from the main and secondary traffic routes. The traffic intensity on additional tracks is reduced compared to the tracks of the first two classes. The designs and coatings of such paths are simplified.
Class IV - bicycle walking roads and trails, usually provided in parks and forest parks in separate strips of main alleys and roads along special routes for the purpose of walking, sightseeing, in some cases, sports competitions; bicycle paths must have strong, stable structures.
Class V - roads for horse riding, in carriages, on sleighs, on horseback, are provided along specially laid routes; designed for walking, sightseeing, horse riding; designed in large parks, forest parks, sports complexes; must have special types of coatings.
Class VI - utility roads and driveways intended for limited traffic of vehicles, mechanization equipment, watering machines, for transportation of materials and equipment for current and major repairs of the park, for transporting goods to retail outlets, etc. The structures and surfaces of such roads are made of durable solid materials that can withstand heavy loads. Large objects are characterized by all 6 classes of alleys and roads. For small objects - squares, green areas in front of public buildings etc. - gardening paths of the first three classes are usually provided. Occasional passage of vehicles and equipment is allowed on main and secondary roads small mechanization for plant care. Each class of roads has its own dimensions - length and width. The width of the garden road plays a role significant role, since it is related to the site’s attendance and the intensity of visitor traffic. To calculate road widths, the following are taken into account:
The lane width of one person, which according to calculated data is 0.75 m with an average walking speed of 35...4 5 m/min;
- “flow density” of visitors.
On the main alleys and parks, the density of visitor flow is on average up to 0.5 people/m2. On sidewalks on streets and driveways, the pedestrian density is up to 0.7 people/m (threshold). At a density of up to 1.1.5 people/m2, the pedestrian flow is classified as a crowd, and more than 1.5 people/m2 is classified as a crush. Flower beds or plant groups are designed in the dividing strips of the main alleys in parks ornamental shrubs, framed by areas of lawn. Along the outer boundaries of the park alley, “wests” are provided for installing benches, trash cans, and lamps. In some cases, “wests” are not provided for by designers, and then lanes for placing equipment are designed taking into account the overall width of the road: its chassis increases in accordance with the width of the lane for equipment. Important has the capacity of garden and park alleys and roads, especially classes I and II, due to the intensity of visitor traffic. Roads and sites must accommodate the estimated number of visitors to the site. Therefore, it is important to calculate the dimensions of roads and sites. The capacity of roads and alleys is determined based on the one-time capacity of the facility, which is calculated for the attendance on a weekend during rush hour - 11...12 o'clock in the afternoon. The total width of the road is calculated using the formula
Attendance at a site during rush hour is calculated based on established standards mode of use of the facility, the number of residents in the residential area (city).1 Playgrounds in gardens and parks have a specific purpose, are used by visitors for various purposes and are divided into the following categories (classes):
- areas for quiet recreation, group, single, for quiet games for visitors of different ages, including for contemplating landscapes;
- areas for active, “noisy” recreation - family or collective, group, playgrounds, for picnics, shows, public events;
- playgrounds for various age groups: primary, for preschoolers, for junior schoolchildren, for senior school age and youth;
- sports grounds: football fields, for playing golf, for volleyball and basketball, tennis, handball, small towns, special areas for playing chess and checkers;
- utility areas intended for the installation of mobile office premises, change houses, locker rooms, storage of equipment and inventory; areas for waste containers; areas for storing compost and fertilizers; fun areas planting material; areas occupied by greenhouses, etc.
All sites have Various types structures and coatings depending on surface loads, attendance, traffic intensity, and frequency of events.
Coverage is " outerwear» any elements of landscaping in gardens and parks.
There is a wide variety of types and “styles” of such “clothing”, which, as a rule, are not only durable and resistant to atmospheric influences, various pedestrian and traffic loads, but also beautiful.
Covering as a means of decoration or design also plays an important role in creating landscape compositions, therefore the type of covering and material usually correspond to the features of landscape architecture (relief and plantings), the overall composition of the park and the functional purpose of the corresponding planning elements.
Platforms and paths are typical, without exception, for all types of gardens and parks. Therefore, it makes sense, without going into details (we are not talking about building a garden or park, but only about understanding the essence of the subject), to consider the main types of construction of paths and platforms.
Landscape paths and sites consist of a subgrade, “clothing” and drainage.
A subgrade is a depression prepared by excavating soil in accordance with the dimensions of paths and platforms and the thickness of the “road pavement”.
“Road pavement” consists of a base layer, a base and a covering.
The underlying layer is often made of sand. It serves as a regulator of loads arising from the movement of pedestrians and individual and group vehicles, as well as drainage.
The base is the main structural element, the load-bearing part; the degree of durability and strength of the “road pavement” depends on it. As a rule, the base is made of crushed stone, which is used as broken brick, crushed granite or metallurgical slag.
The covering is the upper structural element, the “outer garment”, which directly absorbs the loads from movement. Important qualities of coatings are their durability, decorativeness, lack of dust in dry weather and lack of soaking during rain. Since the surface is intended primarily for pedestrians, it should be smooth, but not slippery.
Natural stone is used as materials for covering horizontal and vertical landscaping elements, different kinds road tiles, slabs and rolls, decorative concrete and clinker bricks, wood, grass (including artificial), as well as bulk materials: granite and marble, tuff, rubber (rubber) and brick chips, crushed stone, pebbles and gravel, tree bark .
All coating materials are divided into two groups: hard and soft.
Soft cover(crumbs, crushed stone, bark) is used mainly on walking paths and playgrounds.
The most imperfect and at the same time environmentally friendly coatings are natural grassy, ground coverings and coatings made from compacted crushed tree bark. They exist and will remain in almost every garden and park, but their share and specific gravity will decrease.
Wood coverings are picturesque, but short-lived, therefore they are used in parks located in forest-rich areas, where industrial waste of hardwood, usually coniferous, is used for these purposes (checkers from substandard boards and slabs or saw cuts cylindrical from round timber). For example, wooden stops on gentle staircases, or mosaic covering of vertical sections of decorative walls.
In some gardens and parks, wooden decking paths are preserved, but this is practically the exception.
wooden decking path with two rows of wooden fence, Windsor Park, outskirts of London, UK
wooden stepped serpentine paths - Garden of Flowers (Garden-flowers-mae-fah-luang),
Chiang Rai, Thailand
IN modern practice Wooden decking paths have long been replaced by more durable sand-gravel or crushed stone ones. The crushed stone is covered with a layer of fine crumbs (brick, granite, tuff) and compacted with rollers. The results are bright colored coatings that go well with the greenery of the plantings.
In some parks, sea or river pebbles are used for covering, an excellent material for creating complex multi-figure compositions - beautiful mosaic panels with images of flowers, birds, fancy sea or fantastic animals.
I bring to your attention four examples that will give some idea of the variety of compositions using the example of the Zhangyuan Garden, in Nanjing, China.
Modern industrial technologies have contributed to the list soft materials used for coatings. Rubber crumbs are widely used, rubber tiles and slabs, rolls of compressed rubber and artificial grass.
crumb rubber
tiles and paving stones (in the middle of the photo) from crumb rubber
rolls for sports flooring
Most often, such materials are used as coverings for children's and sports grounds or “quiet” recreation areas.
The design of this “road clothing” is in many respects similar to that used previously, and therefore does not require serious special preparation, and the bright coloring creates a cheerful variety of colors that pleases the eye and creates a good mood.
self-leveling seamless coating based on crumb rubber for playgrounds
artificial turf
Solid materials are usually used for the arrangement of the most intensively used elements of the planning structure of parks (large width and height) - roads and paths on the main “routes” and in accordance with the nature of the environment.
tile covering front entrance avenue, Fontainebleau Palace, France
tiled terrace. Nagorny Park. Baku, Azerbaijan
The process of making hard surfaces used on paths, terraces, stairs and some areas in gardens and parks is called “paving”.
Paving - necessary element landscaping of garden and park areas. It is used, for example, to cover areas - places of active recreation, sports or garden paths/park alleys that connect different functional areas.
Coatings from natural stone durable and beautiful, they remain decorative for decades, but they are expensive. Therefore, they are widely used in compositions on areas around monuments and fountains. Usually these are small slabs of hard (granite, gneiss or basalt) and soft rocks (sandstone, tuff, limestone-shell rock).
From stone checkers various shapes 3-7 cm in size, many mosaic coverings of horizontal ledges of terraces and stairs, viewpoints and observation platforms, decorative retaining walls, etc. were created.
Coatings made from clinker bricks or ceramics are comparable to natural stone in strength, durability and variety of color shades. Clinker bricks, like tiles made of decorative concrete or natural stone, are laid in a cage, herringbone pattern, as well as flat or on an edge, compacted, and the gaps are filled with sand. As a result, park managers were able to create and maintain the uniqueness of the graphic design of landscape gardening areas, roads and paths.
The use of industrial technologies has made it possible to create new types of paving stones based on ceramics and rubber crumbs; high strength and ease of replaceability make it possible to solve the problem of landscaping on the most intense sections of park roads in terms of wear and tear.
Decorative slabs and tiles different colors and shades open up wide opportunities for creating colorful panels on garden vases, flowerpots, parapets, borders and stair bows. They can have a unique pattern due to artificial seams or inserts made of pebbles, crushed stone, gravel.
Finally. Modern roads, paths, squares and platforms are divided into simple and improved. Of greatest interest are the improved coatings used in the most visited and critical parts of gardens and parks. These include various (in shape and size) coatings made from prefabricated or “piece” elements: slabs, tiles and rolls.
Such a roll-tile covering is not continuous, like asphalt; through the gaps, water and air enter the soil, improving the microclimate of the garden or park area.
The operational and decorative properties of such industrially manufactured elements make it possible to create the necessary conditions for organizing quality recreation for people and the normal functioning of gardens and parks.
The characteristics of the coatings end with a complex of three fundamental sections: plants, relief and water, but along the alleys and paths of gardens and parks our
The journey will continue, new themes and objects of landscape gardening await us.
201. Road and path network in parks. Typology. Coating.
Roads, paths, trails, platforms are one of the most important planning elements of a landscape architecture object. Analysis of design solutions and field surveys of garden and park areas show that the road network and sites occupy from 10...15 and, in some cases, up to 20% of the entire area of the facility, and the relative length of roads is 300...400 m per 1 ha.
An important role is played by the length of the road network, the dimensions of the playground paths in different parts of the territory, their designs, strength, durability and decorativeness of the coatings.
Coatings paths and platforms in gardens and parks, in landscape architecture of urban centers, residential and industrial buildings are given great importance in connection with the overall compositional solution of the object. Coatings should be varied in their design, color, and materials. Observations in gardens and parks have shown that when walking, a visitor spends up to 30% of his time perceiving and examining what is under his feet or on horizontal planes upon closer inspection.
The surface of paths and platforms is perceived by the visitor from various points - from the viewing platform, from the flat roofs of buildings or from terraces. Coverings carry essential information for the site visitor; for example, a large ornamental covering made of colored slabs at the entrance to a square or park creates a special “mood”, as if preparing the visitor to perceive the territory of the object, its landscapes and structures. The design of the surface of the main alley of the park can “direct” the movement of visitors, arouse interest, and create a mood. A variety of types of coatings on a small object can create the illusion of scale and, as it were, increase its area. The size and dimensions of alleys, roads, paths, platforms, the design of their coverings, the shape and proportions of their elements, the material from which the coverings are made must correspond to the general compositional design of the object and the laws of landscape construction.
The road and path network, platforms, alleys are usually divided into classes depending on their functions and classified according to types of coatings. There are 6 classes of roads, paths, alleys:
Iclass - main roads and alleys, by which the main flows of visitors to the facility are distributed; they are usually provided as the main routes of movement around the site and carry heavy loads from visitors. Thus, the main alley in the city park should provide a throughput capacity of up to 400...600 people/hour on weekends; the width of the alley must be at least 30 m, and its design is very durable, made of low-wear materials; the coverings of the main alleys and roads are made durable and decorative - from slabs, stone, etc.
// class - secondary roads, paths, alleys, are designed to connect various nodes of the facility and more evenly distribute visitors, leading them to the main traffic routes, recreation and sports areas, viewing points of the facility and other planning elements. The intensity of traffic on secondary paths, their capacity is lower than on the main ones. However, the coverings of such paths should be decorative, since their functions fulfill an important planning role.
IIIclass - additional roads, paths, paths, serve to connect the secondary planning elements of the object, play the role of transitions, approaches to structures, to flower beds, and are “branches” from the main and secondary traffic routes. The traffic intensity on additional tracks is reduced compared to the tracks of the first two classes. The designs and coatings of such paths are simplified.
IVclass - cycling walking roads and trails, usually provided in parks and forest parks in separate strips of main alleys and roads along special routes for the purpose of walking, sightseeing, and in some cases, sports competitions; bicycle paths must have strong, stable structures.
Vclass - roads for horse riding, in carriages, on sleighs, on horseback, are provided along specially laid routes; designed for walking, sightseeing, horse riding; designed in large parks, forest parks, sports complexes; must have special types of coatings.
VIclass - utility roads and driveways, intended for limited movement of vehicles, mechanization equipment, watering machines, for transporting materials and equipment for current and major repairs of the fleet, for transporting goods to retail outlets, etc. The structures and surfaces of such roads are made of durable solid materials that can withstand heavy loads.
Large objects are characterized by all 6 classes of alleys and roads. For small objects - squares, green areas in front of public buildings, etc. - gardening paths of the first three classes are usually provided. Occasional passage of vehicles and small-scale mechanization equipment for caring for plantings is allowed on main and secondary roads.
Each class of roads has its own dimensions - length and width. The width of the garden and park road plays a significant role, since it is related to the attendance of the site and the intensity of visitor traffic. To calculate road widths, the following are taken into account:
The width of the lane for one person, which is calculated to be 0.75 m at an average walking speed of 35...45 m/min;
- “flow density” of visitors.
On the main alleys and parks, the density of visitor flow is on average up to 0.5 people/m2. On sidewalks on streets and driveways, the pedestrian density is up to 0.7 people/m2 (threshold). With a density of up to 1...1.5 people/m2, the pedestrian flow is classified as a crowd, and more than 1.5 people/m2 - as a crush.
In the dividing strips of the main alleys in parks, flower beds or plant groups of ornamental shrubs are designed, framed by areas of lawn. Along the outer boundaries of the park alley, “wests” are provided for installing benches, trash cans, and lamps. In some cases, “wests” are not provided for by designers, and then lanes for placing equipment are designed taking into account the overall width of the road: its chassis increases in accordance with the width of the lane for equipment.
The capacity of garden and park alleys and roads, especially class I and II, is important due to the intensity of visitor traffic. Roads and sites must accommodate the estimated number of visitors to the site. Therefore, it is important to calculate the dimensions of roads and sites.
The capacity of roads and alleys is determined based on the one-time capacity of the facility, which is calculated for the attendance on a weekend at rush hour - 11...12 noon. The total width of the road is calculated using the formula
where I is the intensity of visitor traffic along one alley, people/hour;
P is the capacity of one lane, receiving 400...600 people/hour;
0.75 - width of one lane, m.
The intensity of traffic along an alley or road is set taking into account the coefficient of distribution of visitors among the entrance nodes of the facility. Attendance at a facility during rush hour is calculated based on the established standards for the mode of use of the facility and the number of residents in the residential area (city).
Areas in gardens and parks have a specific purpose, are used by visitors for various purposes and are divided into the following categories (classes):
Areas for quiet relaxation, group, single, for quiet games for visitors of different ages, including for contemplating landscapes;
Areas for active, “noisy” recreation - family or collective, group, playgrounds, for picnics, shows, public events;
Playgrounds for various age groups: primary, for preschoolers, for primary schoolchildren, for high school age and youth;
Sports grounds: football fields, golf fields, volleyball and basketball, tennis, handball, playgrounds, special fields for playing chess and checkers;
Utility areas intended for the installation of mobile office premises, change houses, locker rooms, storage of equipment and inventory; areas for waste containers; areas for storing compost and fertilizers; areas for storing planting material; areas occupied by greenhouses, etc.
All sites have different types of structures and coatings depending on surface loads, attendance, traffic intensity, and frequency of events.
TYPES OF COATINGS: Natural; Artificial; Astringents.
Types of coatings: Concrete tiles, Monolithic concrete, Natural stone, Brick and wood, Special mixture.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
1 slide
Slide description:
Lesson topic: Application modern materials in the construction of paths and areas with different types of coatings. Purpose of the lesson: - educational: study of modern materials for the construction of garden paths, use of the acquired knowledge for further application on practical exercises-educational: nurturing labor motives, involvement in active practical activities; education of general culture, aesthetic perception of the surrounding world; fostering a culture of educational work, self-education skills, and economical use of time
2 slide
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Modern landscape design Modern garden design amazes with its diversity. Today you can use the most various elements to give the landscape originality, attractiveness and comfort, to divide it into separate functional zones. Making them with your own hands is not so difficult; you can even use such simple materials like sea or river pebbles different shades
3 slide
Slide description:
Purpose of garden paths Garden paths are the main element of the garden composition; they create perspective, close the visual perception of the site, this is not only a way to move around the garden, but also an opportunity to properly divide the space into separate zones, set a certain tone for the entire garden design, and give the landscape more attractiveness and originality. You can make such paths on the site from any materials; they all differ in their own characteristics. Let's look at how to make garden paths made of stone, brick, concrete and even pebbles.
4 slide
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The purpose of garden and park roads The purpose of alleys, roads in parks, gardens, squares is to provide convenient pedestrian connections of entrances with all functional areas, structures, devices and individual areas, to reveal the aesthetic merits of green spaces and the natural landscape when moving.
5 slide
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Types of garden paths Paths made of gravel and sand. Gravel and sand paths are comfortable and aesthetically pleasing. They do not create dust when walking, but their surface will have to be periodically leveled using ordinary garden rakes. To prevent the material from crumbling, it is necessary to install a border of brick, stone or concrete along the perimeter of the paths. It is better to use a clay mixture with sand as the base for the path, which is laid on a layer of gravel of small and medium fractions.
6 slide
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Cobblestone paths Construction of cobblestone paths. Such schemes are among the most durable and reliable. The construction of garden paths from natural cobblestones is extremely simple. The base for the path is made as follows: 1) after marking, a layer of turf is removed to the required depth, taking into account the thickness of the stone and bedding; 2) a layer of crushed stone is laid on the bottom, after which a cushion is made of a mixture of clay and sand, which allows you to securely hold the cobblestone in place, creating a strong, durable base; 3) the stone must be paved in accordance with the chosen type of pattern, but in any case such a path will look elegant and stylish.
7 slide
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Paths made of natural stone Pathway made of natural stone looks very attractive and stylish. Large and small slabs of hewn granite and marble, paving stones and even pebbles of different shades can be used for this.
8 slide
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The process of laying a stone path can be carried out using various methods. First option Large and massive slabs of stone are laid on a sand bed, previously leveled and compacted. The gaps between the slabs can be filled with sand or left unfilled. It all depends on what appearance required. Today, paths that are as close to nature as possible are popular. After marking, it is necessary to remove a layer of turf of such depth that the stone slabs have. Sand is poured onto the bottom of the base; after laying, the slabs should be buried approximately halfway into the soil. The appearance of such a path is very attractive; the slabs seem to be scattered among bright green grass or yellow sand. The second option is suitable for creating a path from natural pebbles. IN in this case the stone is held together by concrete mortar. The result is unusual, original paths, often reminiscent of stone streams meandering among garden plants. After installation, such areas can resemble colorful panels with images of animals and plants or luxurious oriental carpets.
Slide 9
Slide description:
The process of laying a stone path After marking, it is necessary to remove a layer of turf of such depth that the stone slabs have. Large and massive slabs of stone are laid on a sand bed, previously leveled and compacted.
10 slide
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The process of laying a stone path. Geotextiles are spread at the bottom of the base and sand is poured. After installation, the slabs should be buried approximately halfway into the soil. The appearance of such a path is very attractive; the slabs seem to be scattered among bright green grass or yellow sand.
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12 slide
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The process of laying a stone path The gaps between the slabs can be filled with sand or left unfilled. It all depends on what appearance is required. Today, paths that are as close to nature as possible are popular.
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Concrete path monolithic slabs One of the options for constructing a path at the dacha is to use concrete slabs. The simplest option is to use large monolithic reinforced concrete slabs. But such a path is not very attractive; it can be used in a utility yard and near the entrance.
Slide 14
Slide description:
Constructing a garden path using attractive concrete tiles is more in demand. Such tiles can externally imitate the surface of natural paving stones, bricks and stones, but you can make original and beautiful products with your own hands, thanks to which the path will become a real highlight of the entire landscape design.
15 slide
Slide description:
the process of producing attractive concrete tiles You can make tiles using silicone molds and concrete mortar. 1). It is necessary to prepare molds for tiles. For concrete mortar, you need to take sand, cement, and concrete dyes (the tiles will become very bright and beautiful). 2). All components are mixed, after which the forms are filled with concrete mass. Future products should be left to dry in a room reliably protected from the sun and precipitation. 3). After the tiles have dried, they are removed from the molds and left to fully gain strength (about three to four weeks). 4). While the tiles for paving the path are drying, you need to mark the work area, remove fertile layer soil. Laying tiles is carried out as follows: 1). a layer of purified sand is poured, moistened with water and compacted. 2). the tiles are laid out as necessary, 3). after paving, all cracks are filled with sand, which can be painted with pigments. The path is ready! When paving, you need to make sure that the surface is strictly horizontal, there are no bumps or protrusions, and the tiles go smoothly.
16 slide
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Garden path made of colored pebbles - unusual way creating garden paths that resemble bright oriental carpets For preparation, you can take small or large pebbles, their color can be different; paths with contrasting shades are popular today. Screening must be thorough, since the accuracy of the drawing depends on it. To create a path we will need: The pebbles themselves of the selected color in the estimated quantity Consumables to prepare the base: to mix the concrete solution, you can use a ratio of 1:4. For mixing, purified sand and cement are taken. Boards for assembling the track template. The width of such a board should be 30 cm, and the height - 5 cm. Such a frame will be attached using ordinary nails. Tools for work: shovel; bucket; Master OK; rigid mesh, metal reinforced mesh, the dimensions of which should be approximately one cm smaller than the future size of the template for the track.
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18 slide
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Marking the territory It is necessary to begin work on creating a path in the country by marking the territory. The simplest option is to create a straight path, for which it will be much easier to create a template. Marking is the installation of wooden pegs along the edges of the future path, between which a regular rope will be stretched. Stages of laying a pebble path. 1). Remove the layer of fertile soil. This must be done because grass, growing through the pebbles, can spoil the pattern, making the path indistinguishable and not very attractive. 2). After this, two or three layers of sifted sand should be poured onto the bottom. After laying, each layer is compacted and leveled; it will serve as a reliable foundation before applying the concrete solution. It is recommended to fill in the sand itself after the template from the board has been assembled. This will not only make the filling of the solution better, but also preserve the exact contours of the path. The formwork itself is disassembled after the solution has set, after which the concrete will continue to dry.
Types of tracks
There are two types of paths: transport and walking. Depending on the expected load, different methods of constructing underlying layers are used when preparing the base of the path, as well as when choosing materials for paving.
The width of the tracks also depends on their purpose. The path leading to the house is from 1 meter to 1.5 meters wide. Two adults should separate on it without interfering with each other. For paths of secondary importance, for example from a house to a garage, or from a house to a recreation area, a width of 80 centimeters to 1 meter is sufficient, step by step paths and the paths between the beds in the garden are approximately 50-60 centimeters wide.
Today, two standards are used for the height of the path relative to the soil level. In the first case, the path is arranged above the level of the lawn, while a slight transverse slope is planned along the entire length of the path to allow water to drain. This version of the device is used in well-drained areas so that water rolling off the path does not stagnate on the adjacent lawn and does not lead to its getting wet.
In the second case, the paths themselves can serve to drain water from the site, located below the level of the lawn. The use of this option requires strict adherence to the design heights when installing paths and other coverings to avoid blocking the flow along the paths.
Types of coverage
path garden pedestrian drainage
Today, there are a huge number of coating materials that can make the path not just durable, but also truly beautiful.
Hard coatings
Traditionally, hard surfaces are used in areas that need to be cleared of snow in winter. They are made of tiles, stone or concrete, clinker bricks, etc. They have a hard surface and are divided into monolithic and paving.
Monolithic coatings are made from hot or cold mixtures laid on a prepared base. When solidified monolithic coverings form a homogeneous surface.
Paving is made from individual elements, laying them on the prepared base. Properly executed paving is not inferior in strength to monolithic paving.
Soft coverings
In most cases, soft surfaces suffer during winter cleaning, regardless of its type. Soft coatings traditionally include:
Ground coatings
Coatings from bulk materials(gravel, pebbles, bark, etc.)
Rubber coverings
Wood coverings
Grass (lawn) coverings
Combined coatings
This type of coating is especially decorative. Combined coatings involve the use of solid elements laid with gaps, filled with lawn or bulk inert materials.
Strengthening the edge of the path
Edge reinforcement road surface increases its stability, prevents edges from slipping, and prevents coverings from becoming overgrown with vegetation. For paths and areas with soft and combined surfaces, securing the edges is mandatory!
Path drainage
A necessary stage of paving is the installation of a drainage base for a path or platform. It is this that ensures the drainage of excess water into the lower layers of the soil.
Drainage is of particular importance in severe clay soils, poorly permeable to water. The accumulation and further freezing of water in such soil leads to a significant expansion of the soil volume, which entails damage to the paving.
When constructing paths, it is advisable to use a linear drainage system. This will avoid the formation of puddles and, as a result, the rapid destruction of paths. Linear drainage systems consist of drains, gratings and other special elements of different sizes and strength characteristics.
Depending on the intensity of the load and functional purpose when constructing paths, use a hard covering of paving stones, bridge stones, tiles on a concrete or sand base, or a soft covering of gravel, granite stones or brick chips. The most simple tracks- ground, sprinkled with sand. Another type of covering is garden parquet or wood flooring - usually in the form of square panels, but the most common different designs, up to wooden circles. However, the tree quickly rots even with special treatment Therefore, it is recommended to dry the panels for the winter and put them in a non-damp room. A separate type of paths are paths with non-continuous coverage. Sometimes such paths are very convenient; they are laid in those places where a path is needed, but they are rarely used. For example, from time to time there is a need to go to a flower garden, pond or alpine slide to plant a new plant, weed out weeds, or prune faded perennials. Obviously, a permanent track is not needed in this case. It is better to place individual tiles, flat stones or round wood pieces - cuts of thick logs - in place of the removed turf with the plant. A layer of gravel and sand is added under the tiles so that the path is slightly below the level of the lawn, then it will not interfere with mowing. Another advantage of such a path is that the tiles can be easily and quickly removed as they are no longer needed, the remaining depressions can be filled with plant soil and sown with lawn grass mixture seeds. After some time, not a trace of the tiles will remain.
Soft surface (gravel, sand, brick chips) is intended only for pedestrian paths, even a heavily loaded wheelbarrow or baby stroller can leave a rut on such a path. Sand-backed tiles are more reliable, while those laid on concrete or dry cement mixture, will also withstand light garden equipment.
Combined coatings.
Some variety and unusualness are given to the garden by combined coverings that combine different types materials. For example, gravel goes well with colored tiles, flagstone and garden parquet; clinker bricks- with natural boulders and paving stones, mosaic ceramic tiles - with breccia or flagstone. The color of the road surface should not be overlooked. In addition to the traditional gray or reddish-burgundy color, the bridge stone can also be black or green. River pebbles, which are heterogeneous in composition, are usually variegated, and fine gravel has shades from white to yellowish. The color of flagstone depends on the nature from which it is made, and is also very diverse: from almost black, burgundy to light with a pinkish or yellowish tint.