Private sewerage system. Installation of internal sewerage in a private house. Water supply and sewerage of a private house - general rules

In order to understand how to make sewerage in a private home efficient and convenient to use, it is necessary to understand the classification of systems. Features of their design and maintenance, installation nuances and cost of equipment largely determine the choice. The accuracy of the work at all stages is also of great importance.

Types of sewer systems

Sewer systems can be classified according to various parameters, primarily by:

• method of transporting wastewater through communications,
• type of waste disposal.

Depending on where the wastewater is sent, sewers are distinguished:

• diagrams with insertion into centralized systems,
• Autonomous systems with individual storage devices or recyclers.

Depending on the method of transporting wastewater, systems are distinguished:

• gravity sewers (movement through pipelines is carried out due to their inclined position),
• pressure sewers (transportation of wastewater using pumping equipment),
• combined sewers, combining the features of pressure and gravity systems.

It is cheapest to install a sewer system in which wastewater moves by gravity, however, in some cases the layout of the site is such that the sewer horizon is higher than the place where the house is located. It is impossible to lay pipes with the required slope in such a situation, just as in the presence of rocky soil, which does not allow significant deepening of the pipeline.

In such cases, fecal or drainage pumps are used, however, it is not practical to ensure the movement of wastewater using pumping equipment throughout the entire sewer system in a private house. More often optimal solution is a combination of pressure and gravity sections in one sewer system.

Types of recyclers

Before you begin installing and laying a sewer system with your own hands in a private house, the system is designed and, first of all, a disposal method is chosen.

All possible options in this regard can be divided into two types:

• (cesspools),
• treatment facilities (depending on the type of device, cleaning can be carried out completely or partially; in the second case, periodic pumping of the remaining waste will be required).

Note: There is another sewage option - in which part of the wastewater is drained into the soil. But such a design can only be used with a small volume of wastewater, less than 1 cubic meter per day, and is most often installed in dachas or country houses with periodic residence and low levels of wastewater. groundwater.

As treatment plant For a private house, various designs can be chosen.

• Septic tanks cost less and perform partial wastewater treatment. They may require additional ground treatment (reducing the content of impurities in the water during its drainage) and pumping out the sludge component after partial decomposition of the impurities and settling of the wastewater.
• Biorefinery stations- These are expensive and quite large structures with complex technical equipment and the need to connect to power. After the cleaning cycle sewage are converted into safe water suitable for watering plants (up to 98% removal of impurities) and fertile sludge (it can be used as fertilizer).

Important: The volume of a sewage treatment plant is calculated using the formula: the number of residents is multiplied by 200 liters and all this is multiplied by 3.

Interior of the sewer system

Installation local sewerage in a private house with your own hands involves not only the selection and construction (installation) of a waste disposal unit and the communications drains leading to it, but also the installation of internal wiring with installation of the necessary equipment.

The main elements of the internal part of the sewerage system are:

• plumbing equipment,
• household water-consuming units (including dishwashers and washing machines),
• pipes (in most cases, products of 32-50 mm are used, and for a toilet - 110 mm).

Reception, collection and transportation of wastewater from household appliances and plumbing equipment is carried out using pipes. Their installation can be done in various ways.

• With open installation, communications are fixed to floors, walls and ceilings using.
• When laying pipes in a closed way pipes are installed inside walls, as well as in ceilings under the floor.

The installation method is selected depending on the design of the building, the requirements of the connected units (in some cases, hidden supply is unacceptable), as well as taking into account aesthetic considerations and ease of maintenance.

To ensure free flow of sewer contents and prevent blockages, it is necessary to install pipes with a certain slope. This value depends on the diameter of the pipes.

• For diameter 50 mm optimal slope is 3.0 cm per meter of highway.
• For a diameter of 110 mm these values ​​are 2.0 cm, respectively.
• For 125 mm – 1.5 cm.

There are certain rules that must be followed when installing internal sewage systems.

• When connecting plumbing equipment to risers, the outlet of the unit should always be located above the point where the outlet is inserted into the riser.
• Pipelines no longer than 10 meters are laid in the ceiling, otherwise it will be difficult to detect and eliminate defects (leaks, blockages).
• The connections to the risers are made using fittings (crosses or tees).
• The connections of branches to straight sections of pipelines are always carried out at oblique angles; turns at right angles are made with two 45° fittings, which minimizes the possibility of blockages.

A vertically installed pipe is used as a riser, the diameter of which is more than 110 mm (should not be less than the largest outlet, which is usually a 110 mm outlet from the toilet). The riser must be equipped inspection hatch, which is located at a height of 1 m from the floor level. The distance from the toilet to the riser is a maximum of 1 meter.

The connection of the internal part with external communications is carried out using an outlet, which is contained in a protective sleeve and a section of pipe passing through the foundation, the diameter of which corresponds to the diameter of the riser.

The diameter of the sleeve should be about 150 mm, and its edges should extend beyond the foundation on both sides by 100-150 mm

Sewer ventilation system

Ventilation of the internal sewerage system ensures the removal of generated gases and the flow of air to fill the system. With intense drainage (large volume or flow rate), zones form in the pipelines low blood pressure. In the presence of effective ventilation such a space is quickly filled with air, the pressure balance is restored. Otherwise, the system will “suck” air through the siphons of nearby plumbing fixtures. As a result, the operation of the system will be accompanied by loud sounds and the appearance of unpleasant odors in the room.

Ventilation of internal sewerage is carried out using a drain pipe, which is structurally a continuation of the riser (with large area at home and separately, at different ends, installed plumbing, it is advisable to install several risers and, accordingly, several drain pipes).

Exited to the roof through a heated inner space so that its edge is located above the pipes heating devices and general output ventilation system Houses.

The drain (ventilation) pipe is a continuation of the sewer riser and goes to the roof

For those who are interested in how to properly make a sewer system in a private house with their own hands, it is useful to know that the presence of a drain pipe for one-story buildings not necessarily in accordance with the established Rules, but such an addition significantly increases the efficiency and ease of use of the system.

External communications

For the external part of the sewer system, it is important to choose the right pipes.

Do-it-yourself sewerage construction in a private house is usually carried out using PVC pipes, ordinary or corrugated products. At light weight They are quite durable and can withstand temperature changes. Besides, polymer materials absolutely immune to corrosion.

The depth of the trenches for laying external sewer pipes must be greater than the freezing level of the soil. If it is impossible to fulfill this condition, you should think about how to insulate the sewer system in a private house with your own hands. Typically used for these purposes thermal insulation materials, for example, Energoflex or extruded polystyrene foam. A more expensive option is to lay a heating electric cable next to the pipeline.

As is the case with internal communications The efficiency and reliability of the operation of the outer part of the sewer depends on ensuring the required slope towards the storage tank or waste disposal unit. If the diameter of the tubes is 110 mm, optimal angle the slope will be 2 cm for each meter of communications length.

When choosing a location for a wastewater treatment plant on a site, you must adhere to certain rules regarding the distance of the sewerage system from various objects

Unpleasant odor and its elimination

The appearance of a sewer smell in the room indicates a malfunction of the system.

In order to protect your home from such phenomena, it is not enough to know how to make a sewer system country house, it is necessary to ensure high-quality maintenance of the system, to be able to identify and eliminate defects in a timely manner.

The appearance of sewer smell in the house is most often caused by increased pressure in the sewer lines. Under its action, gases are forced into the space of the rooms. As elimination measures, it is recommended to carry out a set of measures:

• install siphons with water seals on devices,
• clean the pipes (plugs blocking the lumen are one of the most common causes of malfunctions, and if the blockage is incomplete, such a plug may not reveal its presence in anything other than an odor).

The smell can also appear as a result of a leak in the sewer system. Check all connections thoroughly and eliminate even small leaks.

Modern man is spoiled by civilization. Sewerage, which not so long ago seemed to be a component of luxury housing, has today become an integral part of almost any apartment. Those who live in multi-storey comfortable buildings do not have to think about designing and installing this system, but owners of individual buildings have a more difficult time. Internal sewerage – sufficient a complex system. The efficiency and reliability of its operation directly depends on the design and installation of the structure. How to avoid mistakes during the system development process? Let's figure it out.

Where to start construction work?

The arrangement of internal sewerage involves the installation of risers of waste pipes and the installation of piping into the premises. It is best to take care of the drainage system at the design stage of the building and locate all “wet” rooms at a minimum distance from each other. Ideally, make them adjacent, this way you can significantly simplify the arrangement of internal sewage systems. It is also important to correctly determine the location of the collector pipe to which all pipelines will converge.

Now you can begin to develop a scheme for the future sewerage system:

• Keeping the scale in mind, we draw a plan of the building.
• We mark on it the locations of the risers.
• We draw on the diagram all the plumbing fixtures that we plan to install. Let's take a look at the features of their connection.
• We draw pipelines that will connect risers and plumbing equipment. We mark all the necessary turns, joints, etc. Be sure to indicate the connecting elements that will be required for installation: tees, bends, etc.
• We determine the parameters of the riser and vent pipe.

In accordance with the diagram, the installation of the system will subsequently be carried out, in addition, it will help determine the quantity necessary materials.

Internal sewerage includes risers of waste pipes and piping in all internal areas of a private house

Now you need to choose a pipe laying method. There can be two of them: hidden and open. In the second case, the main line is mounted on a wall or floor. The first is more labor-intensive and involves making grooves in structures into which pipes are subsequently laid. When choosing this option, experts advise laying internal water and sewer pipes in one groove. The water supply is on top, and the sewage system is below. This is very convenient because it reduces the time required to carry out installation work, and their volume. In addition, it will take much less material for sealing grooves.

Here is an example of such work:

Important points when designing a system

When designing internal sewerage, the following aspects must be taken into account:

• For a gravity system, and internal sewerage is such, it must be maintained. For pipes with a diameter of 50 to 80 mm, it is 2 cm per meter; for products with a diameter of 80-100 mm, the slope increases to 3 cm per meter.
• Drain pipes dishwasher and kitchen sinks must be equipped with grease traps.
• The toilet must be connected to the riser only with a pipe with a diameter of at least 100 mm.
• For a house with several floors, the diameter of the riser should be 100-110 mm. Cleaning hatches must be installed on it.
• It is best if there is only one in the house sewer riser. All branches of the internal sewer system will approach it.
• The location of the pipeline outlet is determined by the location of the collection well, which should be installed in the lowest place on the site. The outlet is located in the wall closest to the well.

By observing these simple rules you will avoid many problems.

Internal sewerage can be laid in a hidden or open way. The first option involves making grooves in which pipes are laid, which makes it quite difficult to install. The second is much simpler to implement, but less aesthetically pleasing.

Selecting parts for the pipeline

First of all, we determine the material from which the elements are made.

Option #1 - cast iron pipes

Some time ago there was simply no alternative to such details. Their advantages include durability (such pipes last more than half a century), high strength and fire resistance. At the same time, cast iron is not sufficiently resistant to impact point loads, from which it should be protected whenever possible. The disadvantages of the material include very heavy weight, high cost And complex installation. In addition, the inner surface of such pipes is rough, which promotes the deposition of layers, which over time can completely block the path of sewage.

Option #2 - polypropylene products

The advantages of such elements are resistance to all types of corrosion and solutions of salts, alkalis and acids, durability, and high heat resistance. The latter quality allows the parts to easily endure both low and high temperatures, which makes it possible to lay them in almost any conditions.

Another advantage - increased fire resistance. Polypropylene can withstand fire for quite a long time and not emit toxic substances. Attractive and affordable price. Some difficulty is associated with the installation of parts, which requires special equipment.

The most popular are plastic pipes for sewerage. They are lightweight, easy to install and smooth inner surface, which prevents the appearance of growths on internal walls details

Option #3 - PVC parts

They can be made from non-plasticized or plasticized polyvinyl chloride. The characteristics of products made from these materials are similar. The advantages of PVC pipes include a low coefficient of thermal expansion, which allows the products not to expand or sag when heated, as well as resistance to UV radiation. In addition, it is produced very a large assortment shaped elements, which makes it possible to assemble a pipeline of any configuration.

Disadvantages of products include fragility at low temperatures, low resistance to fire and the release of toxic substances during combustion, as well as sensitivity to certain chemicals.

General installation rules

Internal sewerage in a private house is arranged in accordance with a number of rules:

• Elements of risers with a 90° rotation are assembled from two plastic elbows rotated by 45°. If a cast iron pipeline is installed, two 135° bends are used.
• In order to be able to eliminate possible blockages in sections of the pipeline, a slanting plastic or cast iron tee at 45° with a plug and one elbow or cast iron bend. Cast iron differs from plastic in names and gradations. For example, a plastic bend at 45° will fully correspond to a cast iron bend at 135°.
• The outlet pipelines, which are located in the basements, under the ceiling of the premises are connected to the risers using crosses or oblique tees.
• The height from the lower section of the horizontal socket of a tee or straight cross to the floor should be no more than 20 mm.
• The length of the pipeline from the toilet to the riser should not be more than 1 m. For the rest plumbing fixtures– no more than 3.5 m.
• To make turns on risers or at transitions to horizontal sections, you can use 90° crosses or straight tees.
• To prevent the appearance of odors from the sewer, an exhaust hood must be installed in the room. The so-called vent pipe is led through the roof to a height of about 0.7 m. It is unacceptable to connect it to a chimney or ventilation.
• If this is not possible, a special one is installed air valve for sewerage.
• The diameter of the riser should be equal to diameter exhaust part. One hood can combine two or even more risers on top floor or in the attic. Horizontal sections of such a pipeline are fixed with hanging brackets or simply wired to the rafters.
• On risers that do not have indents in the upper and lower floors, audits for sewerage are installed. The standard height of the audit is 1000 mm from the floor level. If the part has to be installed in a corner of the room, it should be turned at an angle of 45° relative to the walls.
• When installing an internal sewerage system, all plastic pipes passing through the ceilings are installed in special metal sleeves. The height of the element depends on the width of the overlap. The top of the part should protrude 20 mm from the floor level, and the bottom should be flush with the ceiling.
• The riser is installed with the sleeve on. To prevent it from falling from the pipe, it is tied thin wire for the higher socket of the cross or tee, or they are bursting with pieces of foam plastic.
• If it is assumed that a toilet and other plumbing fixtures will be connected in series on a horizontal section, a sewer adapter must be installed between them. Plastic parts You can't turn high. This can lead to problems with subsequent connection of equipment, especially with a shower or bathtub. On average, the turn should be carried out halfway up the socket of the tee in height with the direction towards the wall.
• Clamps are used to secure the sewerage system. Plastic pipes fastened on horizontal sections as necessary, so that fractures do not occur. On average, one clamp is installed per half meter - meter of line length.
• Cast iron pipes are mounted on steel brackets with a bend at the end, which prevent the pipeline from moving. Fasteners are installed under each pipe near the socket.
• The risers are secured to the side walls with 1-2 clamps on the floor. Fasteners are installed under the sockets.

It is important to note that upon completion of installation work, tests for tightness must be carried out.

The drain pipe can be led to the roof different ways. The diagram shows three possible options designs

Various connecting elements are used to install internal sewerage. It must be taken into account that the same cast iron and plastic elements may differ in names and markings

Sewage is a necessary element of any comfortable home. Its arrangement does not require any special knowledge, but, at the same time, simple matter it cannot be named. There are many nuances and features of the system design. You should start by developing a pipeline laying diagram, which will become the basis for subsequent work and will help to correctly calculate the amount of materials needed. Already at this stage, you can assess your strengths and understand whether you will be able to cope with the work on your own or whether you will need to look for help. Many companies specialize in providing plumbing services. Professionals will quickly and competently install a sewer system of any complexity.

To ensure a high-quality standard of living in your country house, you need to take care of the convenience of the outflow of used water and waste products. A properly calculated sewer system at the design stage and subsequently installed in a private home is the key to long and trouble-free operation. You can install such a structure yourself, with your own hands, if you approach this issue thoroughly. Home design plays key role when drawing up a diagram internal pipeline, but to lay external sewer networks you need to adhere to several rules.

Where to place the sewer system on the site

The installation of sewerage in a private house must be carried out in accordance with all rules and regulations so that its operation is long and problem-free. Internal - combines all the pipes that are located inside the house and plumbing fixtures. Its main purpose is to remove wastewater generated during human activity. Installation of the internal sewerage system is carried out taking into account SNiP according to a pre-agreed plan. But the main thing in this project is the construction of a cesspool, septic tank or other container for collecting wastewater.

The main rules for constructing a cesspool:

The distance to the accommodation facility should be 5-12 meters. If the distance is greater, then difficulties may arise with the outflow of liquid from the pipes.

Distance between outbuildings and the sump must be at least 1 meter deep.

Distance from neighbor's fence– 2-4 meters.

The distance from ornamental and garden plants is 3-4 meters.

The sedimentation tank with sewage must be located at least 30 meters from wells and boreholes.

The depth of the hole is determined depending on the level of groundwater, but not less than three meters.

The bulk of sewage should be below the freezing point of the soil. The tank can be filled with a gap of 35 cm to the top cover.

Sewage options

Which treatment systems to install directly depends on the desires and capabilities of the owner. There are the following types of sewer systems:

Septic tank - allows you to ensure not only the collection of wastewater, but also its processing. In the chambers of such containers, wastewater settles and is processed by special bacteria that feed on organic matter.

Biological wastewater treatment using a special station. This option is characterized by a high degree of wastewater treatment and high productivity. However, the station depends on electricity and is quite expensive.

Dry toilet - this option is only suitable for a dacha where the owners do not live permanently. A dry toilet is not able to solve the problem of drainage in their kitchen and shower.

Cesspool - this option was previously used most often. But because technical progress, against the background of which the number has increased household items, interacting with water (dishwasher and washing machine), the amount of wastewater has increased noticeably, and the volume of the cesspool can no longer cope with it. And the risk of soil contamination in this case is much higher.

You can make a sewer system in a private house with your own hands in all of the above cases, except, perhaps, for installing a treatment station. Here you cannot do without the help of specialists.

1. cesspool

   To install a cesspool, a long and voluminous hole is dug in the ground, into which wastewater from the toilet, kitchen and bathroom is drained through pipes. In some cases, the pit is lined with bricks. The advantages of this design include low cost and ease of installation. However, the cesspool still has more disadvantages:

   

   It all depends on which pit the owner chose. A structure with an earthen bottom is more dangerous in an environmental sense and can lead to poisoning of the entire area. A sealed pit is a brick-lined structure with a concrete bottom. This option is safer and requires cleaning 1-2 times a year. A structure made of concrete rings is also considered a sealed pit.

2. Sealed tank

   A popular option is a sealed storage tank, which can be metal or plastic. The first option has significant disadvantages - it is susceptible to corrosion and requires replacement over time, especially in such an aggressive environment as wastewater. Also, a metal tank requires a waterproofing procedure.

   

   Sealed tank

   A plastic container is more suitable option, which has many advantages:

   The disadvantages of a plastic container include its rather high cost.

3. Single chamber septic tank

   This option is suitable for a small family of three people, where the total volume of water for local sewerage does not exceed 1000 liters. The design of a single-chamber septic tank is a sealed container or structure with a filter for discharging water into the soil. The last option is the construction of concrete rings with periodic addition of biological preparations to the container to improve the quality of cleaning.

   

   Advantages of a single-chamber septic tank:

   Low price and ease of installation;

   The ability to do all the work yourself;

   Environmental safety;

   Absence unpleasant odor;

   A reinforced concrete septic tank, like a plastic container, is resistant to aggressive environments;

   Durability of use.

   The operating principle of this design is very simple: wastewater flows through pipes into the septic tank chamber, and solid particles settle to the bottom. From the settling tank, water goes into the soil and soil for purification. The main thing is to choose the right place drainage area, the depth of installation of the septic tank is correctly determined and the volume of the container is calculated.

   The disadvantages of a single-chamber septic tank include the need to install it at great depths in order to prevent sewage from pouring into water resources.

4. Two-chamber septic tank

   When is it advisable to install a two-chamber septic tank in a private house? The first chamber of this design serves to settle water and purify it. All impurities settle in it, and only water, oil and residues remain on top household chemicals. In the second chamber, secondary wastewater treatment takes place. Oil and household chemical products already settle here. Only water remains at the level, which is 65% cleaner than it was before. When the container is full, it is upper layer gets into the soil. But due to the low level of contamination of the liquid, it does not pose a danger to the environment. A two-chamber septic tank for sewage in a private house provides a high level of wastewater treatment and safety. This design is suitable for installation in big house, where 5-8 people live.

   

   Advantages of a two-chamber septic tank:

   High quality wastewater treatment;

   The container does not rust and lasts up to 50 years;

   You can install a two-chamber septic tank yourself.

   TO weak side Such structures include the need to sometimes clean it of silt. It is worth knowing that this must be done carefully, without completely getting rid of siltation, because microorganisms that feed on organic compounds from the wastewater and live in it participate in the separation.

5. Septic tank with biofilter

   A biofilter in a septic tank is a container filled with inert material (expanded clay). How does a biofilter work:

   The sewage masses enter the settling tank, are cleaned and enter the biofilter;

   Aerobic bacteria living in the biofilter break down and oxidize organic compounds from the wastewater;

   The water is cleared of contaminants and enters the drainage pipe.

   

   Diagram of a septic tank with a biofilter

How to properly install a sewer system in a private home so that it lasts for many years? It is advisable to involve professionals in this matter, but if you have some skills, you can do everything yourself. Also, despite the fact that the basic requirements for the sewer system are individual, specialists must be involved in its design. Only compliance with all technological and technical standards will provide a private home with high-quality drainage.

What does the sewer system consist of?

How to install a sewer system in a private house, taking into account all the requirements of regulatory documents in the construction industry? For a one-story or two-story building, it is necessary to manufacture a system that will consist of the following components:

• Ready or homemade septic tank(cesspool). Designed for storing and filtering wastewater. It is installed outside the home and has a rather complex layout.
• Pipes for laying external sewerage. Any home septic tank must be connected to the building, which is done using these elements. Such pipes withstand temperature changes well and are characterized by increased strength and wear resistance, which allows them not to collapse under water and soil pressure.
• Pipes and fittings for internal sewerage wiring. Consists of elements having a diameter from 40 to 110 mm. Fittings are also necessary for arranging sewerage in a house, since they are used to create bends, revisions and turns.
• Thermal insulation for pipes. Installing a sewer system in a private house with your own hands is impossible without modern insulation materials. They are used to insulate pipes, which prevents them from freezing. Installation of pipe thermal insulation should be carried out not only outside the building, but also inside unheated rooms(basement, basement part building).

Types of septic tanks

When installing sewerage for country house, what to choose as a septic tank? There are many device options of this element systems.

Cesspool without bottom

Installing a sewer system in a country house using a cesspool has its advantages:

• low cost. A cesspool is a kind of well that has no bottom. Its walls can be made of monolithic or precast concrete, brick;
• simple operating principle. After wastewater enters the cesspool, clean water seeps into the soil, and solid waste settles at the bottom;
• no difficulties during installation of the structure. There is no need to carry out extensive excavation work.

The disadvantages of this design diagram They say that it is suitable only for those houses where the average daily volume of wastewater does not exceed 1 cubic meter. m. Otherwise, the surrounding soil and groundwater will become polluted household waste.

Hermetic tank

Do-it-yourself sewerage for a country house can be formed from large-volume sealed tanks made of plastic, metal or other materials. You can buy them ready-made or make them yourself. In this case, a sewerage project in a private house involves the use of prefabricated ones. The bottom of such a septic tank will be formed from monolithic concrete, and the lid is made of metal.

The disadvantage of this design is that over time the container will fill up. After a certain amount of waste has accumulated, it is necessary to call a special machine that pumps it out. The advantage of a hermetic tank is that it can be used in the presence of a high groundwater level.

Single chamber septic tank

Installation of sewerage in a private house very often occurs using a single-chamber septic tank. It is a cesspool, the bottom of which is filled with 30 cm of crushed stone and sand of the same thickness. The advantage of this design is that water penetrating through the so-called “filtration field” is purified by approximately 50%.

Two-chamber septic tank

How to properly install sewerage to prevent contamination of the site with household waste? IN in this case It is recommended to use a system of overflow settling wells.

Such a sewage system in a private house includes two tanks. One of them is hermetic, the other is without a bottom, but sprinkled with a layer of crushed stone and sand.

Waste from the house goes into the first container. After some time they settle there. All solids sink to the bottom of the septic tank, and grease rises to the top. The waste that lies in the middle is relatively clean. They are the ones who end up in a well without a bottom. This happens through a pipe that connects two containers and is placed at a slight slope at 2/3 of the height of the septic tank.

Over time, too much waste accumulates in the first well that needs to be pumped out. This should be done once every 5-6 months.

DIY septic tank

What is the easiest way to make a septic tank?

How can you make a sewer system in a private house with your own hands so that it works as efficiently as possible? First of all, you need to take care of the septic tank. For arrangement local sewer In a private home, you should adhere to the following instructions:

1. Digging a pit. The dug hole should have a size that is slightly larger than the dimensions of the tanks. It is necessary to expect that a layer of crushed stone and sand should be poured onto the bottom of the septic tank, and a clay castle should be installed on the sides. If the sewer system for a country house is intended for a small number of people (1-3), then the pit can be dug manually. Otherwise, it is recommended to use the services of an excavator.
2. Arrangement of the base. When installing a sewer system in a private house, the bottom of the dug hole must be leveled, then covered with sand and compacted. The area where the first tank (sump tank) will be installed needs to be waterproofed. For this purpose, clay or a concrete disc should be used.
3. Installation of containers. Do-it-yourself sewerage in a private house should consist of two separate tanks, which are formed from concrete rings. In order for the system to work effectively, all joints must be sealed. Such a sewerage scheme in a private house will prevent wastewater from entering the soil and groundwater.
4. Arranging the bottom of containers. This sewerage scheme provides that the bottom of the first tank must be sealed. To do this, it is concreted and the top is treated bitumen mastic and lay a layer of roofing material. Also, in order to build an effective sewer system, the bottom of the second well is covered with crushed stone or pebbles.
5. Overflow design. In order for the sewage system of a country house to work correctly, the installed tanks must be connected to each other by an overflow pipe. It is installed at a distance of 1.5 m from the bottom. A T-fitting is also mounted on the pipe. It allows you to collect the liquid itself, which is separated from organic matter.
6. Floor installation. To install local sewerage for a private house, reinforced concrete slabs are installed on top of each tank.
7. Installation of hatches and ventilation. To prevent an unpleasant odor in the area, a ventilation pipe is installed in the ceiling of the tanks. Also, each well is closed with hatches, which must be opened if necessary.

Laying pipes on the street

Should be carried out according to the following scheme:

1. Digging a trench. A small ditch is made from the septic tank to the house. Its depth should be greater than the freezing depth of the soil (the water pipeline is also laid). When constructing a trench, it is necessary to ensure a slope from the house to storage tanks for good fluid outflow (about 2 cm 1 m).
2. Pipe laying. How to install sewerage in a private house, which pipeline to choose? It is recommended to choose one that has a diameter of at least 110 mm.
3. Thermal insulation. If the pipes are laid shallow, then freezing can be prevented by insulation.
4. The final stage. One end of the pipe is inserted through a concrete wall, carefully sealing the joints. Also, in order to install a sewer system in a private house with your own hands, you need to remember to leave a small hole in the foundation or base during its construction. A pipe is inserted through it, after inserting a metal washer.

Internal network rules

The internal network device is considered important stage in the installation of sewerage for a private house, how to do everything correctly? Do-it-yourself sewerage installation in a private house involves the installation of the following structural elements:

• riser. This is a central pipe with a diameter of 110 mm, which is installed in vertical position. She connects everything existing contours together in the house. For a small building, one riser is usually enough;
• . Installed on the top of the riser. Such a pipe is necessary for drainage to environment accumulated gases;
• main branches. Pipes with a diameter of 50 mm are used to connect plumbing fixtures to the riser. This system doesn't have forced circulation, therefore, it is necessary to provide for drainage (3 cm by 1 m);
• supply pipes. Used to connect device outlets to highways;
• revisions. They are a tee, where one outlet is closed by a hatch. Audits are necessary to carry out repair and maintenance work various kinds. They are usually installed at all turns, branches, at the base and end of the riser.

If you adhere to this scheme for the design of the sewer system, it will work efficiently and without failures.

The end of the second decade of the 21st century suggests that in a modern private house, including a dacha, a latrine is somewhat more technologically advanced than a modest wooden booth at the end of the plot. It is therefore not surprising how advanced sewer systems have become today for country houses and materials for them. And all this is quite affordable and feasible for a home craftsman to install with his own hands.

Any system for drainage and disposal of wastewater in a residential building, no matter how small it may be, needs to build a diagram that will demonstrate the size of the system on a scale and help in choosing:

• the type of plumbing and its placement, including additional suppliers of wastewater, such as a bathhouse;
• internal pipe routing route;
• exit points of the sewer system from the building;
• passing the sewer line outside the building;
• type of equipment and its location on the site;
• materials needed to create the system.

The diagram also displays pipe diameters, their connection options and other information that is necessary for assembling the internal and external components of the sewer system.

Types of sewer system

The most popular sewer systems today are based on the use of:

• cesspools;
• storage tanks;
• two-chamber septic tanks;
• septic tanks with filtration;
• septic tanks with biofilter;
• septic tanks with forced air supply.

Did you know?As archaeologists have established, the world's earliest outlines of sewerage systems, which appeared in Mesopotamia, are almost five thousand years old. However, a sewer system reminiscent of the modern one appeared in Ancient Rome in the 6th century BC.

The time-tested method of draining wastewater is simple and cheap. To construct a cesspool in the form of a well without a bottom, you need concrete rings, brick and similar materials.
Since the bottom of this well consists of bare soil, household liquid waste flows through the well onto it, seeps out and begins to be cleaned. The more solid fractions of this waste are retained in the pit and precipitate. When a lot of them accumulate in the well, cleaning is required.

This system operates reliably and justifies its existence if the volume of wastewater from the house per day does not exceed a cubic meter. This amount allows microorganisms in the soil to cope with the processing of organic elements and thereby purify the water entering the soil through the bottom of the well.

When this volume is exceeded, the water no longer has time to be purified and begins to pollute groundwater. It makes sense to build a cesspool if the dacha is not visited big amount people only on weekends. In any case, this primitive type of sewer system is becoming less and less popular among country homeowners today.

A container for receiving waste waste installed near the house can be made of plastic, brick, concrete, or metal, provided that the container is hermetically sealed.

This is especially true for land plots where the groundwater level is high. Hermetically sealed closed tank will protect both the soil and groundwater from pollution. The only inconvenience of this system is its dependence on frequent calls for vacuum cleaners, which is why the cost of its operation is quite high.

This device consists of two tanks, the first of which is equipped with a sealed bottom, and the second is not equipped, being covered with a layer of sand-crushed stone mixture from below.

Did you know?The all-round genius Leonardo da Vinci even invented a flush toilet in 1516. But even the French king could not bring the revolutionary idea to life, since at that time there was no water supply or sewage system at all.

The wastewater flows into the first tank, where solid organic matter sinks, fatty particles rise to the top, and partially purified water is located in the middle.

Both volumes are connected to each other by a pipe with a slight slope towards the second tank. According to it, which has already partly become more clean water flows into the second tank. And there it, passing through the sand-crushed stone mixture, as well as through the soil, is further purified.
It is clear that in the first compartment, which is a sump, masses of waste gradually accumulate in order to eliminate which it is necessary to resort to the services of sewer trucks.

But it is recommended to equip a second container only when there is at least a meter distance from its bottom, filled with a mixture of crushed stone and sand, to groundwater. Moreover, this sand-crushed stone mixture needs to be changed every five years.

It consists of a tank divided into several sections connected to each other by slightly inclined pipes. As a rule, such a tank is manufactured at the factory.

The first tank is used to settle liquid waste. From it, partly clarified water flows into another compartment of the container. And there, anaerobic bacteria that decompose organic elements make the water even purer, after which it flows into the third reservoir.
And from it, through the ground, the water reaches filtration fields specially created from a sand-crushed stone mixture, where it is purified up to 80% and discharged into special ditches or containers. This method of treating liquid waste is advisable only where there is a large area of ​​land.

After all, only from the filtration fields to the house or source drinking water the distance should be at least 30 m. Plus, the filtration areas themselves occupy a lot of space, although they are underground. In addition, groundwater should in this case rise no higher than 3 m.

This type of cleaning device is different in that it can be used on land plots where the groundwater level is high. It is a tank consisting of four sections connected to each other by pipes with a slight slope.

In the first container, the wastewater settles and flows into another compartment in the form of partially purified water. There, the water is further purified using anaerobic microorganisms and, in a more clarified form, is sent to the third separator compartment, and from there to the fourth.
And there it is already treated with aerobic bacteria. They require a constant supply fresh air, coming here using a pipe that is brought out to a height of half a meter. Thanks to the treatment with these bacteria, the water reaches a purity of up to 95% and is quite suitable for watering plants, washing cars and other household needs.

This method of sewage treatment is most in demand in country houses with people permanently residing there, since bacteria need a continuous supply of liquid waste, without which they die. And although bacteria can easily be added to the system through the toilet, it will take about two weeks for them to fully restore their full activity.

This installation, using electricity, significantly enhances wastewater treatment. It does this by forcing atmospheric air, for which an electric pump and an air distributor are used.

This type of purification device can consist of one tank divided into three compartments, or three different tanks connected to each other through inclined pipes.

Primary purified wastewater from the first compartment is poured into the aeration tank, which is the second section. There is aerobic sludge, supplemented by plants and microorganisms. It is they who require a forced supply of fresh air.

After this, the more purified liquid, together with the sludge, is poured into a third container, where, settling, it is subjected to more high-quality cleaning, and the sludge that ends up in the sediment is returned to the aeration tank using a pump.
Forced air serves as an effective catalyst for the process, resulting in water being purified much faster and more efficiently.

And although the installation consumes little electricity, it nevertheless requires an electrical network, which is partly its disadvantage. The operation of this system also requires continuous residence of one of the household members in the house.

How to install a sewer system with your own hands

With a high-quality diagram of the future sewer system and the availability of all the necessary materials, you can proceed directly to its phased construction.

There are three stages, which include:

• installation of an internal sewerage system;
• laying pipes outside the home;
• construction of treatment facilities.

Video: home sewerage

Laying out pipes and risers

Indoor wiring includes horizontally placed pipes connecting plumbing fixtures to a vertically standing pipe, which is the riser. And it connects to the main line that carries sewage to the outside.

Ideally, it is advisable to combine the installation of a sewer system with the construction of a house, but it is quite possible to assemble the wiring located inside in an already built house, especially if it is small.

In this case, the following requirements should be adhered to:

1. Since wastewater from plumbing fixtures are discharged by gravity, the pipes that go from them to the riser must be laid with a certain slope.
2. Sanitary equipment must be separated from pipelines by water seals in the form of siphons, which are a curved pipe with water constantly in it, which does not allow odors to penetrate from the sewer into the premises.
3. The pipe connecting the toilet to the riser should not exceed 1 m.
4. The intra-house sewer system requires ventilation, for which the riser is discharged outside with a slight elevation above the roof.

Important!The toilet must be connected to the horizontal wiring in its lowest part on the floor.

Pipe routing

If pipes are laid in an already built house, then there are three ways to lay them:

• with the help of scraping, ditches are made in the walls, in which pipes are hidden;
• lay them on the floor;
• fixed to the walls using clamps.

The pipeline is assembled, starting from the riser and ending with the plumbing. The main thing when wiring horizontal pipes consists in establishing the required angle of their inclination.

The larger the pipe, the smaller the angle should be. For example, with a pipe diameter of 50 mm, one end of its meter section should be 30 mm higher than the second, and with a diameter of 200 mm, this elevation is only 7 mm.

Video: routing sewer pipes At first glance, it seems that the greater the slope of the pipeline, the better the drainage will flow through it. However, in reality, excessive slope causes water to roll down the pipe too quickly, and the harder parts of the drain cannot keep up with it and are retained in the pipeline.

Installation and assembly of the riser

The installation of an internal sewer system begins with the installation of an intra-house collector in the form of a riser. In its lower part, the riser is connected to a pipe that passes through the foundation and carries the wastewater outside, and at the top it is crowned with ventilation rising above the roof.

Important! The best option, when there is only one riser for the whole house.

Installation and installation of the riser are carried out in the following sequence:

1. On the wall, where the future riser will pass, you need to draw its axis with a pencil. If desired, a recess is made in the wall, the width and depth slightly exceeding the diameter of the riser pipe. When attaching the pipe externally to the wall, clamps and brackets are used. The fasteners should be installed under the sockets connecting the pipes; the distance between the fasteners should not exceed 4 m.
2. Then it is necessary to pre-assemble the riser and attach it to the wall to check whether all dimensions were correctly observed, taking into account the fittings for connecting the horizontal part of the system. Installation locations are immediately determined fastening elements, if external installation of the riser on the wall is provided. It should be taken into account that the pipe cannot be installed close to the wall; the gap between them must be at least 3 cm.
3. Having eliminated all errors in the installation of pipes, the riser is assembled using seals and secured with clamps, if external fastening is provided.
4. Next, you need to connect the riser to the pipe that leads the wastewater outside. And the upper end of the riser can be connected to a waste pipe rising above the roof.

Video: tips for installing sewer risers

Fan pipes used for ventilation of sewerage systems connect internal system With external environment by helping:

• remove harmful and foul-smelling gases generated in the sewer system into the atmosphere;
• maintain the required pressure inside the system.

For all their usefulness, vent pipes are not at all necessary in all house constructions without exception. In a small one-story country house where the volume of wastewater is small, it is quite possible to do without this device. But in large houses, with two or more floors, with a considerable number of residents, fan devices are certainly necessary.

They work on the principle of sucking atmospheric air into the sewer system when the air inside it is rarefied. In this they are helped by vacuum valves, which just let in atmospheric air when its pressure in the system drops, but prevent the gases accumulating in the system from escaping outside.
Install drain pipes with vacuum valves on the roofs of buildings, where they usually rise 20 cm above the roof. Sometimes this ventilation installed in attic spaces buildings.

The sewer outlet is a system of pipes that is located under the foundation of the house and serves as a continuation of the riser. It is an intermediate link between the in-house collector and outer part sewer system.

The most difficult point in its construction is the exit to the outside under or through the foundation to connect to the external pipeline.

The outlet equipment requires pipes of the same diameter as the riser, as well as bends that transfer the vertical pipeline to a horizontal position, in which it is discharged through the foundation to the outside.

The external sewer network starts from the outlet coming out of the foundation and goes to the treatment device, where it delivers liquid waste from the house.

To install an out-of-home sewerage section, you should adhere to the following rules:

• the external pipeline must be located at such a depth that it does not freeze in winter;
• if it is not possible to dig a deep trench, the pipe must be insulated;
• Every ten meters on straight sections of the pipeline and at its turns it is necessary to install inspection wells.

Apart from digging a trench to a frost-free depth, laying the pipe does not require much effort:

1. First, the trench is prepared, which consists of the required depth and slope towards the cleaning device.
2. A 10-centimeter layer of a mixture of sand and clay is poured onto its bottom.
3. A pipe is placed on top of this layer.
4. The gap between it and the walls of the trench is also filled with this mixture.
5. The trench is filled with previously excavated soil.
6. The landscape damaged by these operations is being restored.

Ancients cesspools without a bottom are now used less and less. Instead, storage and cleaning devices are used. The first of them is a large tank, hermetically sealed, as a result of which its contents do not come into contact with the surrounding soil.

Video: choosing a septic tank for a private home

This component country sewer it is most rational to use in areas with high level groundwater, as well as in country houses and dachas, which are visited infrequently and by a small number of people.

If the country house is large, equipped with many types of plumbing and is constantly inhabited by a large number of residents, then it is necessary to install a septic tank with soil-based wastewater treatment or with forced aeration.

Device

The storage type of sewer system works very simply: liquid waste flows into a reservoir and accumulates in it without coming into any contact with the surrounding soil. After the container is completely filled with wastewater, it is necessary to resort to the services of vacuum cleaners to remove it.

Both large factory-made plastic tanks and those made independently from brick, concrete, concrete rings or iron barrels welded together are used as storage tanks.
Different types of septic tanks are more complex. They consist of several sections, in the first of which solid waste elements precipitate, undergoing anaerobic treatment by microorganisms, and partially purified water flows into the next section, where it is purified using in various ways filtration.

The choice of one type of septic tank or another is determined by the level of groundwater on the site, the size of the site itself, as well as the house, the number of permanent inhabitants in it and the plumbing fixtures they use.

Construction

To build a storage tank you should:

1. Dig a pit.
2. Install a concrete base in it.
3. Build a brick wall around it, providing a hole in its upper part for sewer pipe. On top of the concrete cover there should be another hole for the sewer hose, which should be tightly closed at all other times.
4. Instead of bricks, you can use concrete rings or welded metal ones.

Video: building a septic tank For the construction of different types of septic tanks, concrete rings, metal containers, Eurocubes and other plastic tanks are used.

They are mounted differently, but their installation is largely similar:

1. First you need to dig a pit, which should be about half a meter larger in length and width than the container installed in it.
2. Then the bottom of the pit should be leveled and covered with a 2-centimeter layer of sand.
3. For concrete and plastic containers Concreting of the base is required.
4. After this, you need to install the tank.
5. The installed tank must be connected to pipes, through one of which sewage is supplied, and purified water comes out of the other.
6. Then, if necessary, it is possible to add water purification elements using soil.
7. Hatches should also be installed.
8. And finally, you need to fill the container with previously removed soil.

Alternative options

If someone does not want or is not yet able to install a sewer system in their country house or dacha, they have the opportunity to do without it using dry closets. They are autonomous devices that do not require connection to the sewerage system.

Currently, there are many types of such toilets, but the most popular among them are:

Peat, as is easy to understand from the name, use special peat with bioactivators for composting waste products. In liquid, special solutions are used to speed up the processing of waste products.

And electric ones, the most expensive, separate waste into solid and liquid fractions, the first of which are then dried, and the second are disposed of.

Despite the apparent complexity this process installing a sewerage system in a house with your own hands is quite possible home handyman. With a correctly drawn up scheme future system, availability of materials and a great desire to bring the plan to life, success, as practice shows, almost always comes.

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