Hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder. Tom Sawyer is a typical hyperactive child. How does the syndrome manifest in adults?

By definition, ADHD symptoms must appear before the seventh year of life. However, often children with hyperactivity syndrome come to specialists much later - only at primary school age. It is then that parents begin to especially worry about the behavior of their child.

The differences between a child with ADHD and his peers become increasingly noticeable. This occurs despite the lack of significant differences in terms of intelligence.

Symptoms of ADHD in a child

Excessive impulsiveness and hyperactivity negatively affect teachers’ assessment of a child’s behavior. He is perceived as naughty, and those who are naughty are labeled a “difficult student.”

Concentration problems and attention deficits greatly impede learning and cloud a child's functioning in the classroom.

Failures at school reduce the child’s self-esteem, deprive him of motivation and often lead to receiving relatively low level education in relation to available intellectual capabilities. School becomes a source of failures, many negative reviews for a child.

He always fails at something, he receives negative attention, and his parents are called to school more often. The search for approval and recognition in the eyes of peers leads to the emergence of risky forms of behavior, the use psychoactive substances(e.g. drugs, alcohol), truancy, violence, etc.

To increase the comfort of life of a child with ADHD, adequate use of his intellectual abilities, as well as to avoid costly social complications, skillful support in overcoming school difficulties is important.

ADHD depending on age

ADHD is a source various problems, and their severity varies depending on age. It is often difficult to determine the onset of signs of the disease, but already in early childhood, it is possible to see traits of attention deficit disorder.

Problems with sleep appear, the child becomes too sensitive, kindergarten Conflicts with peers often arise, associated with very high impulsiveness, as well as difficulties in learning and complying with social norms.

School age This is the time when ADHD symptoms become more noticeable. In addition to excessive mobility and impulsiveness, the problem is attention deficit, which prevents the achievement good results learning.

Over time, however, the symptoms disappear, which is usually manifested by a decrease in the child's motor activity. Unfortunately, approximately 70% of adolescents and people with hyperactivity continue to have symptoms throughout their lives.

During the school period, difficulties in social contacts with peers and adults. Learning difficulties, as well as in the development of plans and their implementation, the chances of obtaining an education commensurate with intellectual capabilities are reduced. The risk of complications also increases (including drug addiction, antisocial behavior, suicide, depression, conflicts with the law).

Only 5% of children with ADHD will have a full range of symptoms in adulthood. However, half will continue to have at least some symptoms that are sure to affect their lives.

Difficulties of a child with ADHD

It is difficult for a child with ADHD to stay in one place even for a short time, let alone for 40 minutes of a lesson. It is difficult for him to sit still on the bench and restrain the desire to walk around the classroom. To top it all off, child with ADHD has difficulty writing down new material, which is largely due to attention deficits. It's hard for him to choose from large quantity information that is essential and should be focused on.

He is easily distracted by competing stimuli, such as sounds outside the window or even other parts of the readable text. Therefore, it is much easier for such a child to assimilate material conveyed in the form of short, concise, specific sentences in sections marked in the text using a different type of font. Difficulties in concentrating and maintaining focus contribute to the child feeling confused and not clear about what he should do. this moment do, it is difficult for him to plan work.

The situation of a child with ADHD is further aggravated by the fact that difficulties associated with low concentration, excessive impulsiveness and mobility are often accompanied by dyslexia ( difficulties in learning to read), dysorthography (committing spelling errors despite knowing the rules of spelling), dysgraphia (difficulty in writing) or dyscalculia (mathematical ability disorder).

Reading, writing and counting are skills that the school focuses on Special attention. They allow students to collect and exchange knowledge, and, therefore, facilitate the study and systematization of the world around them. Deficiencies in these areas of knowledge will cause great difficulties for the child and, in addition, reduce the chances of success in the field of education.

These specific school difficulties are often encountered by hyperactive children with speech disorders, which manifest themselves at a too fast pace, noisy conversation, often going off topic, lack of skills in constructing correct statements in terms of style and grammar, and non-compliance with generally accepted rules of conversation. Moreover, speech impairments significantly reduce the ability to communicate with peers and with adults, which can lead to isolation, feelings of loneliness and further low self-esteem.

Behavior of a child with ADHD in the classroom there is little agreement with the wishes of teachers and other students. It brings chaos and disorganization, and through its repetition, becomes tiresome and annoying. However, it should be remembered that the child with hyperactivity is also not comfortable. He has to bear the burden of responsibility for his violations, for which he is not at all to blame. Creating appropriate learning conditions for a child helps to use his potential and mitigate negative consequences of ADHD. School shouldn't be a nightmare for him!

How to do homework

Doing homework is especially difficult for children with ADHD because it requires skills that they are deficient in, such as maintaining attention, planning work, and discipline. It is much easier for a child to concentrate on what is pleasant and attractive to him. Therefore, it is very important to provide the child favorable conditions that would help make it easier for him to complete his homework effectively.

First of all, you should take care of " empty table" It is good if the child has his own place specifically designed for science. The table top should be put in order during class periods so that only the things necessary to complete a specific task are on it.

The fact is that other objects lying on it can distract the child’s attention from the work that he has to do. To do this, the excess can be transferred to specially prepared boxes before starting work on homework. The child may also be distracted by toys and other objects lying on the shelves, or even by what is happening outside the window.

To limit the flow of these stimuli, you can, for example, close the shelves with a curtain, refuse to place the desktop near the window and place it facing an empty wall.

On the other hand, for some children, an influx of stimuli, such as music, helps focus attention on a task. Not all children are able to “work at the table.” When this is too much of a challenge for the child, it may be worth considering another place of work, such as on the floor.

An important part of scheduling homework work is to set a fixed time to start work - preferably shortly after returning from school. It is also worth reminding your child for a moment that homework time is approaching.

In addition to a fixed beginning, it is also good to define the end of the work, giving the child a realistic prospect of finishing it. Only then will he have time for pleasure. They can be used to motivate your child to work - this will be a fun form of reward for the effort invested in science.

For a child with ADHD It can be very difficult to stay in one place for the entire time it takes to practice your lessons. Good idea In this case, it consists of providing time for breaks of a few minutes. Just don’t let your child get carried away with something else at this time, because then it will be very difficult to return him back to his responsibilities.

When planning work with your child, in addition to determining the time interval, it is also good to determine the sequence of tasks to be performed. Often even individual tasks require division of labor into stages. In addition, if a child starts by following simple commands, he or she will achieve success faster, which can have a positive effect on the level of motivation for further learning.

Knowledge transferred to interesting form easier to digest. Additionally, in the case of attention deficits, which we deal with in ADHD, useful technology there may be, for example, underlining or indicating the most important fragments of text. It is worth using graphs, tables and other tools that allow you to select the most important information, on which the child should focus his attention.

When creating order in relation to science and homework, you should remember to free up time for other activities that are especially enjoyable for the child. One day a week should be free from classes - take care of your rest!

The rules described are not complicated. They lead to improved performance of the child and increase his chances of educational success. However, they require the patience of parents. But still this game is worth the candle!

2 comments 04/21/18

Restlessness, absent-mindedness, excessive activity and hot temper - these qualities are inherent in many children. But very often, behind such seemingly harmless and natural for childish character traits, more serious behavioral disorders are hidden.

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The child is unable to sit still, constantly gets distracted and loses his things, rushes to answer questions without hearing them to the end, is unable to bring any task he has started to its logical conclusion, shows atypical impulsiveness and often breaks into tantrums. At the same time, with deep concentration and complete detachment, he can spend hours doing what he likes: assembling a construction set, disassembling a toy, immersing himself in computer game. This is typical behavior for a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

A vicious circle for the whole family

If in preschool age Many parents turn a blind eye to this behavior, but once school begins, the manifestations of ADHD become a source of continuous stress for the whole family. Due to restlessness and lack of desire to study, such children are assigned the reputation of poor students and hooligans.

As I can judge from my professional practice, the problems are not limited to the school alone. When raising a son or daughter with ADHD, each family member experiences severe stress and finds their own reasons for frustration. The child experiences anxiety from chaotically swarming thoughts, loses heart every time he sits down for homework or gets ready for school, and falls into despair and frustration. Parents who are unable to tolerate such behavior lose their temper. An attempt to influence a child results in pressure and another scandal. The vicious circle turns out to be closed.

From speculation to facts

Until recently, ADHD was considered a purely age-related problem, which manifests itself at the age of five or six years and disappears after school. It is now known that this is not the case. It is still not clear exactly how this syndrome arises, but most neuropsychologists are unanimous in the opinion that, firstly, it is of a congenital nature and, secondly, is associated with certain disorders nervous system. In a third of children with ADHD, symptoms of this diagnosis persist into adulthood, often becoming the cause of more serious psychological problems.

Today, up to 38% of children suffer from this disorder to one degree or another. It is noteworthy that in boys it is diagnosed three times more often. ADHD can manifest itself in different ways: exclusively as attention deficit disorder or only as hyperactivity, but in most cases the symptoms are combined.

How to help a child with ADHD?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a rather serious problem, but it should not become a reason for parental despair. On the contrary, it should motivate parents to work on themselves. According to my professional observations, the correct behavior of adults and the creation of a calm atmosphere in the house are two key conditions that can help a child with this behavioral disorder.

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Prevention and correction of problem behavior

The main advice I give to parents, and which in my opinion professional experience is most effective is that adults need to stop fighting with their child. In practice, this is not easy to do, because it requires a lot of diligence and work on yourself.

First of all, you should abandon the negative model of communication. The words “no”, “cannot”, etc. should sound in the house as little as possible. Instead, it is better to use the principle of switching attention - consciously moving attention from one type of activity or object to another. This will avoid unnecessary pressure on the child and make him nervous. As part of a positive model of communication, all the child’s successes should not be left without due attention - they should be approved and encouraged. A soft, calm and friendly form of communication should prevail in the house. It is important to convey your feelings and opinions without judgment or criticism.

For parents raising children with ADHD, I recommend preventing your child from multitasking. Children with such disorders need consistency and a well-established daily routine more than others. A well-balanced schedule will leave no room for idleness and at the same time will reduce the likelihood of overwork - these two factors equally increase hyperactivity.

Misha flew into the house like a typhoon, grabbed a bottle of water from the table, threw his school backpack and jacket on the floor and ran back into the yard. "Stop!" - his mother shouted after him and almost doomedly continued with tired demands: “Put on your jacket!.. Come back in half an hour to do your homework!”
“And how can his teachers withstand this onslaught of activity if a third of Misha’s classmates have proven ADHD?!” – Misha’s mother thought again – with great bewilderment.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: What is hidden behind these words, to put it simply?

Attention: what is this really? Many of us automatically know this feeling when we give something our full attention. We focus on the subject, listen, watch and absorb all the characteristics and changes. And we must admit that even for adults this is not always an easy process.

It is very easy for us to focus on pleasant or interesting things: an exciting movie, an exciting book, a walk by the sea with a gentle warm breeze.

However, the level of ability to concentrate (i.e., the ability to focus and maintain attention) is determined in other situations - WHEN WE ARE ABLE TO FOCUS ON THINGS THAT ARE NOT INTERESTING TO US. Concentration test - boring lecture, dull lecturer, least favorite subject at school.

Let's figure out what non-drug methods help you concentrate.

1.Remove distractions

Noisy corridors at school, lack of silence in the classroom and sounds from the street can distract a child's attention. That's why the right one is so important calm environment during classes - in the classroom and at school as a whole

You can offer your child with ADHD mobile partitions on the table are desks, earplugs, a light filter in the form of glasses. This will reduce susceptibility to external irritants. Also effective means Inflatable balancing disks for sitting remain, which reduce the squeaking of chairs when the student sitting on them moves.

2. Constantly train your sense of balance

The main word when training balance is CONSTANTLY. The areas of concentration and balance are so closely related that more and more new devices are steadily appearing so that the child can exercise and at the same time maintain body balance in a changing environment.

Use all sorts of ways to develop your balance skills. It doesn't have to be complicated bungee jumps or obstacle courses in gaming centers or on sites. Moreover, best period for balance classes, this is the time immediately before the lesson.

Read also How to help your child with ASD eat better

There are many tools for training balance at home, including those that are used during exercise at the table. Large fitness ball, trampoline, balancing board, inflatable balancing hemisphere, table leg stretcher for balancing your legs while sitting.

3.Constantly practice joint hand-eye coordination

Throwing and catching, but not a ball, but a light scarf (!) This is much easier for the child, but the therapeutic effect remains pronounced. Just 5 minutes before any activity that requires concentration, and you will be surprised at the positive results!

4.Correct table position and posture

How the seat of the chair is positioned and what the child’s posture is during classes plays an important role in the readiness of his body for efforts to focus attention. Use an inclined chair seat, or a special seat stand - with air inside. This brings the child into a state of heightened attention due to active leaning towards and above the table.

Also effective way for long reading, a bean bag chair can be used, which gently works with proprioceptive sensitivity, providing the child full information about the position of his body, thereby removing external stimuli (from the misunderstanding of “where am I”, which children with ADHD or ASD often experience).

5. Weights and pressure

The impact of weight on the sensory system leads to a decrease in response to external stimuli and frees up strength for focusing attention. Weighted vests and belts are available, as well as a weighted knee pad.

6. Breaks in classes for sensory activity

Not just recess, filled with something unknown, when the child either ran aimlessly or remained sitting at a table or desk. Fill your study breaks with activities that offer different sensory input.

This could be playing with sensory boxes, in the sand, with water, or with a purse containing the child’s favorite sensory toys (rosary beads, soldiers, boxes). Or a distraction with maximum benefit for gross motor skills - children's sports section, hammock or bean bag chair as a felting mat. Such breaks refresh the child's ability to focus.

Six-year-old Maxim does not sit still for a minute. He is ready to start any business, agrees to any game, but instantly abandons it to start another. Here he dumps the construction set on the floor. Without even finishing the foundation of the future house, he catches himself and runs to the kitchen, slipping over scattered parts along the way. He grabs a mug from the table and knocks over a glass bowl of sweets onto the floor. Confused, he clumsily snatches a broom from his mother’s hands to clean up after himself. But after she shouted: “Go already, so that my eyes don’t see you!” runs into the room younger brother. After listening to his grandmother’s unflattering monologue, he honestly tries to play with his brother. But the game soon stops in meaningless running - and again shouts, spankings, scoldings... The parents say that there is not a single thing in the house that Maxim has not broken or beaten. This is the fifth time they’ve hidden the box of documents: no matter the hour, Maxim will make an airplane out of some evidence and fly it out the window. This has already happened. And for home first aid kit and I actually had to buy a real safe: the “disaster child” ate too much on multi-colored pills twice, and was taken away in an ambulance to have his stomach washed out. What to do with him? We went to neurologists. They just prescribed calming medications and said: “Nothing can be done, this is the kind of child you got. Be patient. Look, over time he will outgrow his ADHD...”

Causes and effects of ADHD

Unanimous opinion Why and how attention deficit hyperactivity disorder occurs, or, as they also say, hyperkinetic syndrome, is still unknown.

✓ Someone suggests that it is based on microorganic lesions of the brain - those, in turn, can be caused either by intrauterine oxygen starvation or birth trauma.

✓ Some associate ADHD with disturbances in the production of the hormone dopamine, which, among other things, is responsible for the strength of our motivation and ability to concentrate.

✓ There are also very exotic theories. For example, psychotherapist Thom Hartmann has suggested that we inherit ADHD symptoms from primitive people. The prehistoric hunter alternated periods of hyperconcentration while tracking prey with periods of inaction. The transition from hunting to farming brought with it a different type of attention: it was now necessary to plan for long term. But some of us still have traits of a “hunting” lifestyle in our genes.

Be that as it may, parents of hyperactive children are not to be envied. To the insanely tiring days in early childhood, sleepless nights may well be added when the child will go to school. After all, there they require perseverance and discipline from children! And excess energy and inability to concentrate are considered almost a mortal sin, punishable by bad grades and contempt for everything teaching staff. It is these children who are constantly reprimanded and scolded. It is about them that they say: “Hooligan!” or “How poorly brought up!” and impute to the parents: “But he could study normally if he listened to what they told him.” It’s interesting that they actually say “hooligan” more often than “hooligan”: ADHD is 4 times more common in boys than in girls.

There is some good news

In most cases the child outgrows the syndrome, and by the age of 13-14, hyperdynamic children are practically no different from their peers. No, of course, they would prefer some active games or going to a disco to watching a movie or sitting with a book. But at school, these teenagers are already able to listen and hear, and their academic performance levels off.

However, if they managed to explain to a child even in kindergarten that he is “the most stupid” and that with his inattention and disobedience “nothing good will ever come of him,” and tired, exhausted parents did not find the strength to protect their baby, it is by adolescence age, manifestations of ADHD can play a cruel joke on him. “The worst”, “the most difficult” - he goes to the bad and difficult ones, becomes a member of a teenage group, writes psychologist Ekaterina Murashova in her book “Your Incomprehensible Child”. - Here his fearlessness, impulsiveness, contempt for admonitions and punishments for the first time turn out to be very appropriate and evoke the respect of his peers. Rejected by the “normal” world, it is here that he finds sympathy and understanding. And then, given the intellectual and emotional superficiality of a hyperdynamic teenage child, his reluctance to think, analyze and calculate the consequences, some extraordinary measures and events are needed to force him to turn away from his chosen path.”

To prevent this from happening, moms and dads must come to their senses much earlier.

What to do about ADHD?

1 The first and main advice that Ekaterina Murashova gives to parents of a hyperactive child is don't try to hold back your feelings. If you are angry, say it or even shout it. And if the child managed to please you, rejoice from the bottom of your heart, do not limit yourself to the cold “It would always be like this...”

2 Evaluate the child's actions, not his personality. He already gets the most comments, shouts and moralizing. The teacher in the kindergarten sees him as an obnoxious hooligan, and the teacher at school sees him as a naughty person who cannot concentrate himself and distracts others. You must see the personality. In other words, you can tell him: “I hate it when you throw your socks around. I just lose heart when I see this.” But you can’t say about the same thing: “You’re a slob. And you can’t expect anything good from me.”

3 Get your child to move more. Install at home " wall bars"so that the child can hang on a rope or swing on rings at any moment. Let him run around in the yard or ride down the hill until he drops. And as soon as age allows, be sure to take him to sports section.

4 Become his body for planning and assessing the consequences of actions. He cannot foresee what will happen, he does not know how to plan for everything to work out, and you must help him with this. “This could be dangerous, because...”, “If you do this now, then next time...”, “Perhaps Misha was offended by you because you...”

5 Never publicly join others in judging your child. After all, you, parents, are his only stronghold and protection. Let your son (or daughter) know that there is someone who sees him or her as more than just a disgusting bully.

6 Talk to him more often about the feelings you and other people are experiencing., clarify the moral and ethical depth of situations. Unfortunately, a child with ADHD is superficial not only in his hobbies, but also in his emotionality, and it is very important for him in the future to have some kind of algorithm for analyzing situations.

7 As early as possible and as often as possible, teach him to be persevering and attentive. For example, using this game:

Take what you want,

Don't say "yes" or "no"

Don't call it black and white

Don't forget about red!

The leader asks, the others answer. You cannot say: “yes”, “no”, “red”, “white”, “black”. The driver's task is to confuse the players with quick questions and force them to say one of the forbidden words.

8 Contact a psychologist. It is he, and not the neurologist who made the diagnosis, who will be able to tell what difficulties the parents will have to face. He will tell you what to do and what not to do. For example, the advice to “pull yourself together”, “concentrate”, psychologists believe, can do nothing but harm. And trying to persuade a hyperactive child to “sit still” and “not fidget” is a waste of time.

9 Adjust his diet. Numerous studies have found that Most (about 70%) children with ADHD are magnesium deficient. Moreover, in autumn and winter this deficit only intensifies. To replenish it, include as many green vegetables and fruits, cereals, and grains in your child’s menu. And also products containing vitamin B6 (it promotes the absorption of magnesium from food) - there is a lot of it in bananas, baked potatoes with skin, brown rice, buckwheat. Eliminate from your diet table salt or replace it with a small amount sea ​​salt. Avoid energy drinks, refined foods and processed foods - sausages, sausages, etc. They contain glutamate and aspartate - food additives that excite the nervous system, disrupt the absorption of magnesium from food and increase its loss.

How to distinguish an ordinary naughty child from a child with ADHD?

How to distinguish a playful naughty child from a child with real attention deficit disorder who needs the help of a specialist? 18 signs doctors use to diagnose ADHD. Parents can also check their child using this questionnaire. If there are 6 or more signs of inattention and/or 6 or more signs of hyperactivity and impulsivity, it makes sense to consult a psychologist and neurologist.

9 signs of inattention

1. The child is inattentive to details, which is why he makes mistakes in assignments.

2. Easily distracted, has difficulty maintaining attention.

3. It often seems that he does not listen to speech addressed to him.

4. Cannot complete the task (but not out of protest or because he did not understand the task).

5. He finds it difficult to plan. independent work

6. Tries to avoid performing tasks that require prolonged effort.

7. Often loses things.

8. Easily distracted by external stimuli.

9. Forgetful.

6 signs of hyperactivity

1. Restless, constantly spinning, shaking his arms and legs, constantly fiddling with something.

2. Cannot sit still when required (for example, jumps up in class)

3. Often exhibits aimless motor activity: runs, rushes, jumps, tries to climb somewhere when this is not allowed.

4. Does not know how to play quietly, calmly or mind his own business.

5. Always “started up”, behaves as if he has a motor inside him.

6. Excessively talkative, talkative, the flow of speech cannot be stopped.

3 Signs of Impulsiveness

1. Often answers questions without thinking and without even listening to them to the end.

2. It is difficult for him to wait his turn.

3. Constantly interrupts and interferes - prevents others from talking and playing.

Treatment with music

American researchers from the city of San Diego have shown that music helps children who have difficulty concentrating. The guys were invited to join the gamelan. This is a traditional Indonesian orchestra with performers playing xylophones, metallophones, gongs and drums. There is no complex technology, which would take a long time to master, all that is important is a sense of rhythm and the ability to hear the group.

The children studied in gamelan for a year. And the more the guys learned to fall into the general rhythm and synchronize with the rest of the ensemble members, the less they hit out of place, the better the results of their tests for intelligence, thinking and quick wits became. Researchers suggest that such music activities could help treat ADHD in the future.

How to help a hyperactive child

with attention deficit disorder?

IN last years The number of children with increased hyperactivity is growing. Experts pay serious attention to the problem of hyperactivity in many countries. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children (ADHD) is the most common cause behavioral disorders and learning difficulties in preschool and school age. Since manifestations of hyperactivity are often combined with learning difficulties and emotional problems of the child, this can affect his future fate, on relationships with other people. Such children need timely diagnosis, treatment and a special pedagogical approach.

In hyperactive children, motor activity and the speed of switching attention reach such intensity that they interfere with their normal development, disrupt communication and learning. A child with signs of hyperactivity is constantly on the move. When you talk to him, he doesn't seem to hear or pay attention. Due to restlessness, he does not perceive the material well and is poorly trained. Such children are very curious, but their curiosity is a momentary phenomenon, so, as a rule, they rarely grasp the essence. The actions of such children are impulsive.

A hyperactive child with an attention disorder cannot complete a task, he is not collected, cannot concentrate on repetitive activities that do not bring immediate satisfaction, and often switches from one activity to another.

Curiosity is not characteristic of hyperactive children; they do not ask questions “why” or “why” at all. Even if they ask, they forget to listen to the answer. Regardless of constant movement, in which the child is, he has some coordination problems: clumsy, awkward in movement, constantly drops objects, often falls, breaks toys. The body of hyperactive kids is constantly covered in scratches, abrasions, bruises and bumps, but they do not draw conclusions from this and get bumps again.

Characteristic behavioral traits are absent-mindedness, negativism, restlessness, inattention, frequent changes in mood, stubbornness, short temper and aggressiveness. Lack of attention is the main sign of a hyperactive child; because of this, he does not understand the task and has difficulty learning any new skills. Quite often the self-esteem of these children is low. These children attract attention when they are in in public places, because they always touch something, grab something, and don’t listen to their parents.

There are many opinions about the causes of hyperactivity in children. The most common ones are:

Genetic predisposition (heredity);

Biological (birth injuries, organic damage to the baby’s brain during pregnancy);

Socio-psychological (alcoholism of parents, microclimate in the family, living conditions, incorrect upbringing).

Hyperactivity that is not detected in a timely manner may later cause school failure, manifestations of inappropriate behavior. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to young children who show signs of this syndrome. Without timely special assistance for these children, the current situation only gets worse, especially when the child starts school.

From the first days schooling failure to long time to focus your attention, control your behavior, the child becomes most pronounced. The teacher complains that the child is uncontrollable, cannot sit quietly at his desk, gets up, walks around the class, is not attentive, does not listen to the teacher, and does not respond to comments. The child’s attitude towards learning and towards himself depends on the teacher’s attitude towards such a child, on understanding his specific difficulties. All this is often combined with difficulties in reading and writing.

Hyperactivity decreases significantly or disappears altogether by adolescence, but impulsivity and attention deficits typically persist into adulthood. But only a doctor can make a diagnosis of ADHD.

What to do?

First, it is necessary to establish the cause of hyperactivity, for which you need to consult with specialists. If a neurologist prescribes a course of treatment, massage and adherence to a special regime, it is necessary to strictly follow his recommendations.

Create a calm, favorable environment around such a child, since any disagreements in the family only energize the child negative emotions. Communication with a hyperactive child should also be soft and calm, since he is susceptible to the mood of his parents and people close to him. It is necessary to observe a single line of behavior for parents and all family members in raising a child. The child needs to create a clear daily routine that he must adhere to. It is very important to prevent the child from overtiring; you should not exceed the load and work hard with him. For example, sending a child to several sections or circles at once, jumping over age groups. All this will lead to whims and worsening of the child’s behavior.

The fewer comments you make, the better. In this situation, it is better to distract him. The number of prohibitions must be age-appropriate. Such a child really needs praise, so it is necessary to do it very often, even for a small thing. But praise should not be too emotional, so as not to overstimulate the child.

Try to ensure that your requests do not carry several instructions at once. When talking to a child, you need to look him straight in the eyes.

It is necessary to introduce the child to active and sports games. In order to develop fine motor skills and general organization movements, it is necessary to involve hyperactive children in choreography, tennis, dancing, and swimming classes. The child must understand the purpose of the game and learn to obey the rules and plan the game.

When raising a hyperactive child, you should not go to extremes: on the one hand, be excessively gentle, and on the other, increased requirements, which he is unable to fulfill, combined with harshness and punishment. Frequent changes in punishment and parents' moods have Negative influence for a hyperactive child.

Spare no time and effort to instill in your child obedience, accuracy, self-organization, develop in him a sense of responsibility for his actions, the ability to plan and complete what he starts.Your motto is – we do everything together!

To improve concentration when doing homework, it is necessary to remove, if possible, all irritating and distracting factors; it should be a quiet place where the child can concentrate on work. While preparing homework, you need to check in with your child to make sure he is continuing to work. Every 15-20 minutes, allow your child to take a five-minute break, during which you can walk around and rest.

Always try to discuss his behavior with your child and make comments to him in a calm and friendly manner. It is very important to increase a child’s self-esteem and confidence own strength. This can be done through the acquisition of new skills, success in school and everyday life.

A hyperactive child is very sensitive; he reacts particularly sharply to remarks, prohibitions, and notations. Such children sometimes feel that their parents do not love them. Such children, more than others, need warmth, care, attention and love, love not for something, but because it exists.

In order to prevent the child from becoming overexcited, it is very important to follow a daily routine, which includes mandatory daytime sleep, early evening bedtime, it is necessary to change outdoor games and walks quiet games etc.

Games with hyperactive children.

When selecting games (especially active ones) for hyperactive children, it is necessary to take into account the following characteristics of such children: attention deficit, impulsiveness, very high activity, as well as the inability to obey group rules for a long time, listen and follow instructions (focus on details), and rapid fatigue. In the game, it is difficult for them to wait their turn and take into account the interests of others. Therefore, it is advisable to include such children in collective work in stages. You can start with individual work, then involve the child in games in small subgroups and only after that move on to collective games. It is advisable to use games with clear rules that promote attention development.

At first, it is necessary to select exercises and games that would contribute to the development of only one feature (memory, attention, perseverance, motor activity, impulsive actions). After working on training one function and receiving the results, you can select games to train two functions at once. As already noted, it is better to start with individual forms work so that the child can clearly understand the teacher’s requirements, and then gradually involve him in collective games. At the same time, you must try to captivate the child, make sure that he is interested. When he has experience in participating in games and exercises aimed at developing two functions at once (attention and impulse control, attention and control of motor activity, etc.), he can move on to more complex forms work on simultaneously (in the same game) practicing all three functions.

Correction of hyperactive behavior of a preschooler can be carried out in three directions:

Relieving excessive physical activity through exercise;

Formation of self-control;

Formation of positive communication skills with peers and adults.

Corrective games for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren

1.Physical exercises to correct hyperactive behavior.

"Penguins on an Ice Floe."There are several hoops on the floor, children walk around the room to music. At the signal “Penguins on the ice!” children must jump into hoops when the signal “Penguins are walking!” - jump out.

"Sharp Shooters". Children take turns throwing sticky balls at a target on the wall.

"A glass of soap bubbles."Some people let me in bubble, and two children catch them with cups. Catchers are constantly changing. The exercise lasts 3 minutes.

"Scales". The child holds plastic plates on two palms, on which lies a small ball. Jumping 5 times on one leg or the other, he tries not to drop the balls.

2. Formation of self-control.

"Red, yellow, green."On the table is a plate with geometric shapes cut out of colored paper. In front of the children are sheets of paper and glue sticks. At the signal “Red!” - children take out any geometric figure Red. Each child must paste at least 6 figures.

"Repeat after me".The adult asks to repeat only those phrases that seem correct to the children:at night the sun shines brightly - I’m still a child +.

"Plasticine Rainbow"On a sheet of cardboard we smear pieces of multi-colored plasticine with either our left or right hand.

3. Formation of positive communication skills with peers and adults.

"Puppet show".Together with the children we act out some situations on behalf of the dolls. For example, one doll took all the toys and does not want to share with anyone; one doll does not want to be vaccinated, others persuade her; one of the dolls offends everyone else, the others explain how to behave correctly.

"Role-playing games". The adult offers the children a situation in which they become the heroes. Outfits and items for manipulation are prepared in advance.

1. "Dr. Aibolit". Imagine that you are Doctor Aibolit. How will you treat the animals? At this time, you can read the fairy tale by K.I. Chukovsky "Aibolit", and the children show.
2. "Captain". Imagine that you are a captain, sailing to distant lands. Describe these countries. Children take turns describing what they “see.” The adult asks leading questions.

Outdoor games

“Tender paws”

Goal: relieve tension, muscle tension, reduction of aggressiveness, development of sensory perception, harmonization of relationships between a child and an adult. An adult picks up 6-7 small items different textures: a piece of fur, a brush, a glass bottle, beads, cotton wool, etc. All this is laid out on the table. The child is asked to bare his arm up to the elbow; The teacher explains that an “animal” will walk along your hand and touch you with its affectionate paws. It is necessary with eyes closed guess which “animal” touched the hand - guess the object. Touches should be stroking and pleasant. Game option: the “animal” will touch the cheek, knee, palm. You can change places with your child.

“Shouting-whispering-silent”

Goal: development of observation, ability to act according to the rule, volitional regulation.

You need to make 3 silhouettes of a palm from multi-colored cardboard: red, yellow, blue. These are signals. When an adult raises a red palm - a “chant” - you can run, scream, make a lot of noise; yellow palm - “whisper” - you can move quietly and whisper, when the signal “silent” - blue palm - children should freeze in place or lie down on the floor and not move. The game should be ended with silence.

Games at desks.

Hyperactive children have difficulty withstanding a lesson in kindergarten, and even more so a school lesson, so it is necessary for them to conduct physical education exercises, which can be done either standing or sitting at their desks, at the discretion of the teacher. For this purpose, it is useful to use “Finger games”.

“Centipedes.”

Before the game starts, hands are on the edge of the desk. At the teacher's signal, the centipedes begin to move to the opposite edge of the desk or in any other direction specified by the teacher. All five fingers take part in the movement.

"Sea waves"

Goal: to teach children to switch attention from one type of activity to another, to help reduce muscle tension.

At the signal from the teacher “Calm,” all the children in the class “freeze.” At the “Wave” signal, the children take turns standing at their desks. The students sitting at the first desks stand up first. After 2-3 seconds, those sitting at the second desks rise, etc. As soon as the turn comes to the inhabitants of the last desks, they stand up and all clap their hands together, after which the children who stood up first (at the first desks) sit down, etc. At the signal from the “Storm” teacher, the nature of the actions and the sequence of their implementation is repeated, with the only difference being that the children do not wait 2-3 seconds, but stand up one after another at once. You need to end the game with the “Calm” command.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize: hyperactivity is not a disease, but some features of the child’s nervous system, which requires parents to have a certain behavior strategy. The prognosis of a child's development depends on a large number of factors: the severity of hyperactivity, secondary emotional and personality disorders. Great importance has adequate treatment. Against the backdrop of medicinal support and your organizational assistance, the child more easily learns to control his behavior - as a result, he establishes more harmonious relationships with the outside world and increases self-esteem. Help your child cope with his impulsiveness and you will enjoy the result together!