Bristle green: characteristics, description, methods of weed control. Foxtail - description, photo, growing from seeds Green foxtail

Origin. Tropics of Asia.

Description.Bristle, foxtail or setaria is a perennial herbaceous plant with erect, thin stems. The leaves are green, linear, with longitudinal venation 5-25 cm long. The leaf blades have a hard pubescence. It blooms very beautifully with curved, drooping cylindrical spikelets up to 10 cm long, bearing many small flowers. Spikelets have numerous long stalks. Some types of setaria have reddish longitudinal stripes on the leaves, purple leaves, burgundy stems and brown spikelets.

Height. It grows quickly, in its natural environment, the height can reach 2 m, however, low varieties 10 - 60 cm high are kept in room culture.

1. Foxtail - planting and care at home

1.1. Reproduction, growing from seeds

Most easily propagated by dividing large plants during transplantation. Seeds are sown in spring in a wet mixture of peat and sand. Seedlings are kept at a temperature of at least 20 ° C.

1.2.When it blooms

Flowering can occur at any time of the year, each plant blooms for 1-3 weeks. In room culture, plants bloom only with proper care.

1.3 Temperature

The ideal temperature range for growing foxtail is 18 - 22°C throughout the year. The bristles do not have a dormant period and do not like extreme heat.

1.4 Lighting

Shade the plants during the daytime in summer and spring, in the morning and in the evening the setaria will be happy to bathe in the sun.

1.5 Care

Foxtail is very easy to grow indoors, and beginner growers can handle this task. Prune flower stalks after withering and remove old dry foxes to maintain an attractive neat appearance.

1.6.Ground

Likes light, loose soils with a high content of coarse sand. Tolerates even fairly poor soils with good drainage.

1.7. Transplant

Setaria grows rapidly and its root system fills the entire space of the pot, needs an annual spring transplant.

1.8. Diseases and pests

Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight during summer days can burn the leaves of the plant. The lower leaves turn yellow during prolonged drought. With a lack of nutrients, the development of foxtail slows down. Mealy bugs.

1.9. Top dressing

Feed the foxtail with a water-soluble fertilizer every 2 weeks during active growth. In the fall, feeding can be stopped.

1.10 Spraying

High. Spraying should be done once a day, in the morning, with soft water at room temperature. To increase the humidity in the air, you can also use a room humidifier or place the plant pot on a pallet of damp pebbles.

1.11. Watering

In summer, watering should be plentiful and regular. The soil is kept evenly moist, but not waterlogged. Setaria does not like overdrying. In the winter months, the frequency of watering depends on the temperature of the content, the soil can be dried to half the depth.

Purpose. Spikelets of setaria can be used as dried flowers.

Note.

Hydroponics.

Systematic position (belonging to the family).

Bluegrass (Grass) (Russian)
Tonkonogovi (Zlakovi) (ukr.)
Poaceae (Gramineae) (lat.)

biological group.

An annual late spring plant (also called a green mouse).

Morphology.

In adult plants stem ascending, smooth below, rough above. The root is fibrous, well developed. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed; above, along the edge and at the base, strongly rough, below - slightly rough. Leaf sheaths free, glabrous, smooth. The inflorescence is a cylindrical dense compound spike with green, sometimes dark purple, long numerous bristles under the spikelets. Spikelets are oval on short legs. The whole plant is green.

Fetus- oval-ovoid, unilaterally convex membranous caryopsis. The flower scales are hard. A white film often remains at the base of the outer scale. The surface is transversely wrinkled, smooth in the middle towards the edges, shiny. The color is yellow-brown, most often spotted. The length of the membranous caryopsis is 2.0 - 2.5, the width is 0.7 - 1.5, the thickness is 0.7-1.0 mm. Caryopsis, free from lemmas, oval, ovoid. The embryo is poorly developed. The surface is weak. The color is light green, light brownish. Length 1.5-1.7 mm.

At seedlings the first and second leaves are broadly linear, 8-16 long, 2-3 mm wide, the subsequent ones are larger, pointed at the apex, sheath 2-5 mm long, flattened, open, reddish-green. The venation is parallel - there are five main parallel veins on the leaf. The tongue is in the form of a membranous rim. There are short ciliated hairs along the edge of the sheath, then the seedlings are bare, only rough along the edge of the plate. The mesocotyl is thin-cylindrical, sometimes reddish in the upper part, especially if it comes to the soil surface.

Biology.

Propagated by seeds. Seeds begin to germinate at a soil temperature of +8...10°C, mass seedlings appear when the soil warms up to +20...24°C from a depth of no more than 5-6 cm. Blossoms in June-July, bears fruit in July-August . A well-developed plant produces up to two thousand seeds or more. When ripe, the spikelets fall off easily; freshly ripened seeds have low germination, most of them germinate next year. They remain viable in soil for up to five years. It clogs mainly tilled crops, millet, grows in orchards and vineyards. How a stubble weed develops after stubble harvesting. Grows profusely in gardens. Fairly drought tolerant.

Economic value.

It clogs tilled, vegetable and heavily sparse crops of grain crops. A young plant is a good food for animals, but after flowering it becomes very coarse and even becomes harmful, since the bristles surrounding the spikelets become stiff and affect the mucous membranes of the mouth.

Control measures.

Thorough cleaning of seeds of millet and other crops harvested from areas littered with foxtail. The weed is destroyed by stubble stubble immediately after harvest and plowing. During the growing season - timely harrowing and cultivation. Uprooted plants can take root again. The weed is significantly resistant to most chemicals, therefore only those that have an anticereal orientation are used. In uncultivated areas, where necessary, the weed is destroyed by mechanical means before flowering.

List of used literature and photographs.

1. Vereshchagin L.N. Atlas of herbaceous plants.-K.: Univest Marketing, 2002.-384p.

Weeds belong to the family Bluegrass (Grass)

culture.

Most often found on tilled and grain crops, in gardens.

Prevalence.

Everywhere, green - especially in the southern regions.

Description.

Bristle green. The first and second leaves of shoots are 8...16 long, 2...3 mm wide, broadly linear, sheaths are covered with hairs along the edge. There are no ears, instead of a tongue, a slightly protruding rim. The mesocotyl is well developed. The root is fibrous, penetrating into the soil by 75...170 cm, extending to the sides from the stem by 33...80 cm. The stem is straight (rough under the inflorescence), height is 20...100 cm. Leaf blades are linear-lanceolate. The inflorescence is a dense cylindrical plume. Spikelets ovate-oval or elliptical, surrounded by green or dark purple bristles with serrations. The fruit is an oval-ovoid, one-sided-convex yellow-brown membranous caryopsis, length 2...2.5, width 0.75...1.5, thickness 0.75...1 mm. Weight of 1000 filmy grains 1...1.5 g.

Bristle bristle gray. The first leaf of seedlings is 12...30 long, 2...3 mm wide, broad-linear. There are thin hairs at the base of the plate. The mesocotyl is well developed. The root is fibrous, penetrating into the soil by 105 ... 173 cm and extending to the sides from the stem by 35 ... 78 cm. The stem is straight (rough under the inflorescence), height 10 ... 60 cm. The leaf blade is linear-lanceolate, from above rough. The inflorescence is a dense cylindrical plume. Spikelets are awnless. The fruit is an ovoid-oval, one-sided-convex, transversely wrinkled, lemon-green or dark brown membranous caryopsis, length 2...2.75, width 1.5...1.75, thickness 1 mm. Weight of 1000 filmy grains 2...2.75 g.

weed biology.

Spring annuals.

Bristle green. Shoots appear in April - June (July - August). Blooms in June - September. Fruits in July - October. The maximum fecundity is 2300 caryopses, which, in the freshly ripened and unripe state, germinate in the soil from a depth of no more than 12 ... 14 cm, remain viable for more than 4 years. Grows in fields, gardens and orchards, in abundance on sandy and stony soils.

Bristle bristle gray. Shoots appear in April - May (June - July). Blooms in June - August (September). Fruits in July-September. The maximum fecundity is 13,800 caryopses, freshly ripened and unripe ones germinate in the soil from a depth of no more than 16...18 cm. Caryopses remain viable for up to 30 years, do not lose their germination capacity during prolonged stay in water. More moisture-loving plant than green foxtail. It grows in fields and pastures, in abundance on loose sandy and loamy soils.

Conditions affecting the development of the weed.

Bristle green

Bristle bristle gray. The minimum temperature for germination of caryopses is 6...8 °C, the optimum temperature is 20...24 °C, and the maximum temperature is 42...44 °C.

Medicines for protection.

Agrotechnical control measures

Compliance with agricultural practices.

(Setaria italica).

Botanical description

An annual plant that forms many stems 10-50(100) cm tall, erect or geniculately ascending, usually with 4-5 nodes, branching at the base and lower nodes. Under the inflorescence, the stem is rough.

The leaves are flat, green, 2-12 mm wide, usually up to 15 cm long, slightly rough along the edge and on the upper side. The midrib is narrow, clearly visible at the base of the leaf; the lateral veins are very narrow, 3 on each side. The tongue is represented by a number of cilia. The vagina is cylindrical or slightly flattened, glabrous or with upward directed cilia and hairs with a thickened base.

One-flowered spikelets 2-2.5 mm long are collected in groups of 2-6 (half in each group are underdeveloped) in an oblong or linear-cylindrical spicate panicle 2-12 cm long, the branches of which are reduced to bracts under each group of spikelets. Under each spikelet, 1-3 green or dark purple bristles protrude, exceeding spikelets in length by 2-3 times. Spikelet scales are very unequal, membranous, the lower one is round-ovate, with one vein, 3-4 times shorter than the spikelet, the upper one is 5-7-veined, similar to the spikelet in length and shape.

The caryopsis is about 1.7 mm long and 1 mm wide.

Meaning

A weed plant, anthropochore, which litters crops of tilled and grain crops, is occasionally found in crops of perennial grasses. One plant produces up to 7000 seeds. Seedlings with a mass appearance of turf and dry out the soil. It infests millet seeds, from which, however, we can easily separate them. Almost inseparable from mogar seeds.

It can be used for hay, being mowed to the formation of inflorescences, it is readily eaten by livestock.

Spreading

A Mediterranean species that has spread to the temperate and tropical regions of all continents. A common ruderal plant throughout Russia, with the exception of the northern regions. Introduced to North America and Australia.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

• Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. , 1897
• Chamaeraphis viridis (L.) Millsp. , 1892
• Ixophorus viridis (L.) Nash, 1895
• Panicum bicolor Moench, 1794
• Panicum laevigatum Lam. , 1778
• Panicum pachystachys Franch. & Sav. , 1878
• Panicum purpurascens Opiz, 1822
• Panicum reclinatum Vill. , 1787
• Panicum viride L., 1759 baseonym
• Pennisetum viride (L.) R. Br. , 1810
• Setaria italica subsp. viridis (L.) Thell. , 1912
• Setaria pachystachys (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum. , 1892
• Setaria reclinata (Vill.) Chevall. , 1836
• Setaria weinmannii Roem. & Schult. , 1817
• Setariopsis viridis (L.) Samp. , 1914

and others.

Notes

Literature

• Gubanov I. A. and others. 208. Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv. - Green bristle// Illustrated guide to plants of Central Russia. In 3 t. - M .: T-in scientific. ed. KMK, In-t technologist. issl., 2002. - V. 1. Ferns, horsetails, club mosses, gymnosperms, angiosperms (monocots). - S. 302. - ISBN 8-87317-091-6.
• Shlyakova, E. V. Genus Setaria L. - Bristle// Key to field weed plants of the Nonchernozem zone. - L .: "Spike", 1982. - S. 201-202. - 208 p.

Harmful organisms (in plant protection) in the Russian Federation are divided into quarantine, especially dangerous and dangerous harmful organisms. In addition to plant pests (vertebrates and invertebrates), plant pathogens and weeds included in the lists of the listed groups of harmful organisms, a huge number of species of other harmful organisms were mentioned in the Soviet and Russian literature on plant protection and plant products. For example, the first in the USSR “List of harmful insects of the USSR and neighboring countries”, published in 1932 under the editorship of G. Ya. Bei-Bienko and A. A. Shtakelberg, contained information on 3124 species of fauna. The completed reference book "Insects and mites - pests of agricultural crops" in 4 volumes (L.: 1972-1999) included more than 5000 species of insects. However, the assignment of the vast majority of species in these and other reference books to pests was not supported by any economic justification for their harmfulness (that is, what is today called pest risk analysis). Often, the classification of a species as harmful was based on a single publication about its harm in any one area. The following is an open list of plant pests, plant pathogens, and weeds deserving Wikipedia articles of their own.

The Ermentau mountain range is a mountain system (from the Kaz. Ereimentau - “a small barrier of mountains” or “small mountains”), which is located in the southeast of the Akmola region and the northeast of the Karaganda region. This mountainous island of rocky hills and mountain ranges is bordered by a narrow ribbon of preserved unplowed foothill steppes. It is a fragment of the vast territory of the Kazakh uplands, the so-called Kazakh folded country, and is part of the ancient Timan-Altai mountain system.

Mogar (from lat. moharicum), or Italian bristlegrass or Italian millet (lat. Setaria itálica) is an annual cultivated plant of the Cereals (Poaceae) family, a species of the genus Bristle, a food and fodder crop, similar in its qualities to millet. The plant is also known under the Georgian name ღომი. It is cultivated for hay, green fodder, silage and grain, as a cereal crop.

Dangerous (economically significant) harmful organisms (in plant protection) are harmful organisms capable of mass reproduction and (or) spreading to cause property damage associated with the disposal of products (from 10 to 30%), a decrease in its quality and consumer value in individual subjects Russian Federation in the zones of commodity production of agricultural crops and timber. The term is used, for example, by the Code of the Russian Federation "On Administrative Offenses", Article 10.1.

The All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection of the Russian Agricultural Academy prepared the List of harmful organisms dangerous for plant products.

Millet (lat. Paniceae) is a tribe of monocot plants of the subfamily Millet (Panicoideae) of the Cereals (Poaceae) family. Includes about 2000 species, of which over 600 species are in the genus Millet.

Bristle, or Bristle, or Setaria, or Mice (lat. Setaria) is a genus of annual plants from the family Cereals, or Bluegrass (Poaceae).

Some species of this genus are very ancient food and fodder plants, they have many varieties, for example: gomi, mogar, chumiza.

Representatives of the genus are weeds in millet crops and have grains similar in size and shape to millet grains. Therefore, these types of bristles are also given the name of millet. Millet grains can serve as a source of food, for example, for making porridge.

Or Setaria, or Mice(lat. Setaria ) - a genus of annual plants from the family Cereals, or Bluegrass (Poaceae). Some species of this genus are very ancient food and fodder plants, they have many varieties, for example: gomi, mogar, chumiza.

Representatives of the genus are weeds in millet crops and have grains similar in size and shape to millet grains. Therefore, these types of bristles are also given the name of millet. Millet grains can serve as a source of food, for example, for making porridge.

Morphology

In adult plants stem ascending, cranked, smooth, rough only under the inflorescence. The root is fibrous, penetrating deeply into the soil and away from the stem. The leaves are linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, ciliated at the base and along the edge. Leaf sheaths are smooth, free. The tongue is in the form of a bundle of hairs. The inflorescence is a dense cylindrical dense complex spike with yellowish-brown, reddish short bristles at the base of the spikelets. Spikelets ovoid, gray-green. Spikelet and flowering scales with clear transverse wrinkles. The plant is blue-green in color. These features differ from the green foxtail.

Fetus- ovoid-oval, unilaterally convex transversely wrinkled lemon-green or dark brown membranous caryopsis. Floral flakes are leathery, shell-like, the outer covers the inner edge with the edges. Embryo wide, clearly protruding. The surface is finely pitted, slightly rough. Coloration greyish-greenish. Length 1.7 - 2.2, width 1.5 - 1.7, thickness 0.9 - 1.0 mm.

At seedlings the first leaf is 12–30 mm long, 2–3 mm wide, broadly linear, the subsequent ones are larger in size, pointed at the apex. The leaf sheath is flattened, 4-15 mm long, colored with a reddish pigment, especially in seedlings grown in good light. Venation in the form of three to five whitish or light green veins. At the base of the plate of the second and subsequent leaves there are white long hairs, which, closer to the sheath, pass into a membranous rim. The leaves are rough along the edge, otherwise the seedlings are bare. Starting from the second leaf, the plates are bluish above, green below. The mesocotyl is well developed, thin-cylindrical with a whitish bar.

Biology

Propagated by seeds. Seedlings appear in April-May, mass - when the soil warms up to + 20 ... 24 ° C, individual - throughout the summer. Blossoms in June-August, bears fruit until autumn. A well-developed plant forms up to 3 thousand or more seeds.

They are much larger - this is what distinguishes them from the seeds of green foxtail. Seeds more often fall on the soil and only a small part of them gets into the grain. Freshly ripened seeds have low germination capacity, germinate next year, have long-term viability, do not lose their germination capacity in the soil for more than ten years.

Economic importance

It clogs tilled, vegetable and heavily sparse crops of grain crops. It is especially harmful in crops of millet and Sudanese, since young plants of the weed are difficult to distinguish from cultivated plants. It develops after harvesting grains on the stubble as a stubble weed. The gray bristle is a more moisture-loving plant than the green bristle. A young plant is a good food for animals, but after flowering it becomes very coarse.

Control measures

The weed is effectively destroyed by agrotechnical methods: peeling and plowing after crop harvesting, harrowing and cultivation during the growing season of crops. Of the chemicals, the most effective are herbicides with an anticereal orientation, applied before sowing or before crop emergence.