Make a letter-sound analysis of the word for everything. Sound-letter analysis of a word

What's happened sound letter analysis words? How to do it correctly? At Russian language lessons in primary school Such a task is often given, but not all students have time to understand during the lesson how to correctly carry out the analysis. Let's study this issue carefully.

What is it for

Unlike many European languages, where “what is heard is how it is written,” in Russian the rules of writing can be quite complex. Why, for example, do we say “karova” but write “cow”? Let's remember everyone's favorite New Year's tree: Why “Christmas tree” and not “Yolka”?

It would seem that a combination of letters would give the same result. Which means, student, no knowledgeable of the rules writing words and not understanding the meaning of the transcription that we write during sound-letter analysis, will write down many concepts incorrectly.

Moreover, the ability to write and read transcriptions will be very useful when learning a foreign language, in particular English. The rules for writing words there are very complex - even more confusing than in our native language - which means that without learning to parse the contents of square brackets, you will not be able to speak freely!

First thing

The first thing that is required of the student is to write a transcription. It is formalized in How else does it differ from the usual recording of a word? Firstly, it lacks a soft sign. Instead of the usual “b”, softness is indicated by a comma to the right above the consonant. You remember that vowels do not have this parameter?

Some letters are not found in the transcription at all: these are “ya”, “yu”, “e” and “e”. Instead, either designations of two phonemes will be used: “th” + vowel, or only their “paired” vowel. Have you noticed that these letters are easy to replace? "E" is the same as "ye", and "yu" can be represented as "yu". This is exactly what is required in transcription.

Example

Let's look at the sound-letter analysis of the word "sailor". Here we see several characteristic details at once. Firstly, this is the presence of an unstressed vowel “o”, which will turn into “a”. What else do you notice? That's right, the consonant "r" is soft. Let's denote this with a comma above the letter in the appropriate place. Finally, “I” itself will turn into “a” - you don’t hear the sound “y” when you pronounce this word?

So, let's write "sailor". We present the sound-letter analysis in square brackets on the right: [mar'ak]. That's it, we have completed the first part of the task!

Looking ahead, let us point out one more detail: the number of letters and sounds in a word may vary. For example, the word “steel” will have 5 letters, but only 4 sounds. But the “box” will show exactly the opposite results - four versus five.

Characteristics of phonemes

Each of the sounds represented in the transcription is a phoneme. They all have parameters that you must learn to highlight.

Consonants can be hard or soft, depending on their position in the word. For example, in the “sailor” we analyzed, “p’” is soft. But in the word “ditch” the same letter will be represented as a hard “r”.

Another indicator will be the “voiced-voiceless” pair. Remember, "B-p", "v-f", "g-k" and so on. One of them is voiced, and the second is voiceless. Some phonemes can only be voiced: these are “r”, “n”, “m”, “l”. Such sounds are called sonorant sounds - the nasal cavity is involved in their formation.

Please note that when conducting sound-letter analysis, the signs denoting voiced phonemes are devoiced at the end of the word. For example, “mushroom” will appear in transcription as [gr’ip]. Find out the homonym - similar sound word? The seasonal disease - influenza - is pronounced exactly the same.

Decor

So that the teacher does not find fault with the design of the assignment, let's see how to do it in accordance with the rules.

Write down the word you want to understand with a capital letter. Now put a dash and to the right of it an open square bracket. When you compose the transcription, you will enter it here. Don't forget to close it with a symmetrical square bracket.

Below, under the original word, you need to write vertically all its phonemes - these are the signs that make up the transcription. Please note that in sound-letter analysis, the consonant, together with the indicator of softness, constitutes a single entity! For example, in the word “river” - [r’eka] - the first phoneme will not be “r”, but “r’”. Be sure to remember this.

Opposite each received phoneme - where we wrote them “in a column” - indicate all their possible parameters. This includes softness-hardness, and the opposition “voice-deaf”. Next to each character, write whether it is a vowel or a consonant, respectively.

The word "class"

Let's look at another example. Let us choose the word “class” for sound-letter analysis. Our task is quite simple. In the transcription, only the ending will differ from the original recording... But we don’t even know how to represent double consonants! The answer is simple - instead of two letters we will write one.

So, the “class” will appear to us as [class]. Here “K” is a hard, voiceless consonant, “L” is a hard and voiced consonant. Following the vowel “A” we indicate “C” - hard and dull.

Don't forget to indicate the number of letters and the number of sounds. For example, the last word we analyzed has 5 letters, but only 4 sounds. Overall, that's all the teacher needs in this assignment! Now choose any other example and do a sound-letter analysis of the word yourself.

Complications

When you grow up, you will learn that all the vowels of every language on the planet, as well as all the consonants, are reduced to one single tablet. They have two parameters: rise and row. For example, the vowels “i”, “y” and “u” belong to the same rise and differ next to each other - front, middle and back, respectively. And vice versa: “y” and “a” are vowels of the same row - middle, but they differ in rise. In the first case it is upper, and in the second it is lower.

If you want to connect your life with learning a language - to become a translator, a researcher of native speech, a teacher of relevant subjects, then you will definitely need to learn these subtleties. However, this seems difficult only at first glance.

Conclusion

Correct completion of this task will help you understand in the future foreign languages. Firstly, you will write better. In addition, you will be able to differentiate sounds more clearly, which is very important at the first stage of mastering a new language.

Complete assignments on time, and then your studies will be rewarding. More fun and take less time!

Sound-letter analysis usually called phonetic . It consists of dividing a given word into syllables, placing the correct stress, writing down the sounds corresponding to the letters of the word as they are heard when pronounced, and then characterizing each of them separately according to an established scheme. Moreover, there may be more sounds than letters, or maybe fewer. At the same time, in different areas countries, the results of parsing the same word will be different, since the pronunciation of the residents different regions sometimes significantly different.

Necessary:

- notebook;
- pencil and pen.

Instructions:

• Before we figure out how to do a sound-letter analysis, let’s remember parsing rules . So, firstly, it is produced spelling of a word . Then it is divided into syllables and emphasized. The third point is hyphenation. Next, we write out the phonetic transcription of the word in a column, characterizing each sound. After this, we summarize the number of sounds and letters and note the moments when they do not match.
• Since sound-letter analysis is based on analysis of sound characteristics , let's remember some important points. Firstly, letters are vowels and consonants. There are 10 vowel letters in the Russian language: “ A», « O», « at», « s», « uh», « I», « e», « Yu», « And», « e». Vowels are the sounds: " A», « O», « at», « s», « uh», « And" They are shock and unstressed. Letters " I», « e», « Yu" And " e" have a double sound if they appear in front of a word, after a soft or hard sign and after a vowel sound. That is why the remaining letters and sounds are consonants. Consonants There are voiced and unvoiced, hard and soft. So, " th», « l», « m», « n», « R" - Always voiced, A " X», « ts», « h», « sch" - Always deaf. Sounds " and», « w», « ts"always hard, and " th», « h», « sch"always soft. In addition, consonant sounds form six pairs of voiced and voiceless consonants: “ b-p», « v-f», « g-k», « d-t», « w-sh», « zs».
• As an example, let us give the sound-letter analysis of the word “ buddies", which will clearly show when the quantity more sounds than the number of letters:

  Division by syllables: when(the word has four syllables, the stress falls on the second syllable)

  Transfer: when

  p [p]
  r [r]
  and [and]- vowel, unstressed.
  i [th]– consonant, voiced, soft, unpaired.
  -[A]- vowel, stressed.
  t [t]
  her]- vowel, unstressed.
  l [l]– consonant, voiced, soft, unpaired.
  and [and]- vowel, unstressed.

  In a word 8 letters And 9 sounds. Mismatches: letter " I" is indicated by two phonemes: " th" And " A».

• Parsing the word "fraction" is a shining example cases when, on the contrary, the number less sounds than the number of letters:

  Fraction (a word has one vowel, and therefore it has one syllable, and the word cannot be transferred) d [d]– consonant, voiced, hard, paired.
  r [r]– consonant, voiced, hard, unpaired.
  o [o]- vowel, stressed.
  b [p]– consonant, voiceless, soft, paired.
  b– not a sound. In a word 5 letters And 4 sounds. Mismatches: letter " b"sounds like" P", and the letter " b" has no sound.

• And finally, a phonetic analysis of the word “ soup" will prove that there is also complete quantity matching letters and sounds:

  Soup. Division by syllables: soup(the word has three syllables, the stress falls on the second syllable) Transfer: soupp [p]– consonant, voiceless, hard, paired.
  o [a]- vowel, unstressed.
  x [x]- consonant, voiceless, hard, unpaired.
  l [l]– consonant, voiced, soft, unpaired.
  e [o]- vowel, stressed.
  b [p]– consonant, voiceless, hard, paired.
  to [k]– consonant, voiceless, hard, paired.
  a [a]– vowel, unstressed. In a word 8 letters And 8 sounds. Mismatches: letter " O" means the sound " A", letter " e" has the sound " O", and the letter " b» — « P».

• The examples given show how to do sound-letter analysis, accepted in secondary educational institutions. As you can see, there is nothing difficult in this process, the main thing is experience, knowledge of the rules And attentiveness. In any case, you can always ask for help reference books on the Russian language . In particular, these can be online reference sources, for example,

Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of a text is conveyed or a conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ ( hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, a word may use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “U” in in this case pronounced [yu].

What is phonetic analysis?

We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• Christmas tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
• percussive [´] - accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and analysis of words with examples online, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists' transcriptions of phonetic characteristics are distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?

The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:

• You write necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
• Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, using intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate them total. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorant, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic analysis of a word

Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. In this example there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonant sounds and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does it vary? total number sounds and letters, both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:

• [b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
• or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be occupied by a stressed sound and a syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: za"mok - zamo"k and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya do "ma].
• New houses [no "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
• witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].

Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change its phonetic characteristics depending on its position:

• primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• V naked syllables(consist of only one vowel);
• on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.

Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• naked syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].

(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)

• vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
• e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables during sound analysis are classified as reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is beyond curriculum): learn [uch’i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [nad’e´zhda]. During letter analysis, the reduction of the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
  • - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
  • - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
  • - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of the word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi ts], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter "I" after soft sign“b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. ( This rule relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of online sound-letter analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: Vowel “O” after a soft sign. “b” is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillot tina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

• sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts. Then they represent phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online analysis by sounds: yellow [zho´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'itse´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she'rshen'], parachute [parashu't];
• The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
  • e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
  • I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet they are designated by 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language there are consonants:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
  • [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
  • [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
  • [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
  • [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
  • [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
  • [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
  • [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
  • [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
  • [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
  • [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
  • sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
  • [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
• The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, n o l.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound analysis, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, zh.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - cleft (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Tip: If you're just starting to practice spelling words phonetically, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is voiceless.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can represent a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ogo”, “-ego” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much]. When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′kh'k'ii], soft [m'a′kh' k'ii].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
• the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
• [ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
• The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
• the letters “N”, “K”, “R” during phonetic analysis of the composition can be softened before soft sounds[ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], substitute ik [sm'e'n'sh'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va'r'sch'ina], borscht [bo'r'sch'];
• often the sounds [z], [s], [r], [n] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the exception words when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and labials, as well as before [ch’], [sch’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness/softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

• Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zh elta], take pity [zh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
• The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed in letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
• The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the following word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
• During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].

Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation

• сч → [ш':]: happiness [ш': а´с'т'е], sandstone [п'ish': а´н'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
• zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
• shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
• stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
• zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
• ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
• thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
• tch → [ch’:]: report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
• dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
• ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
• zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: y’y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about'], no way [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
• chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. Number of sounds in similar phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
  • “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, will do, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
• “D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], free [b'izvazm' e′know];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
  • zdts → [ss]: under the bridles [fall uss s´];
  • ndc → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory koy [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
• “L” - in combinations:
  • sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
• “B” - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch'ustva], sensuality [ch'ustv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary standards orthoepies are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the school curriculum format. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

In progress schooling students get acquainted with the Russian language different types analysis. This includes a lexical analysis of a word and an analysis of its composition and methods of formation. Children learn to parse a sentence into members, identify its syntactic and punctuation features. And also perform many other language operations.

Rationale for the topic

After reviewing the material covered in primary school, 5th grade students begin the first major section of linguistics - phonetics. The completion of its study is the analysis of the word by sounds. Why does a serious and deep acquaintance with native speech begin with phonetics? The answer is simple. The text consists of sentences, sentences - of words, and words - of sounds, which are the building blocks building material, the fundamental basis of the language, and not only Russian, but any. That is why parsing a word by sounds is the beginning of the formation of practical skills and abilities of schoolchildren in linguistic work.

The concept of phonetic analysis

What exactly does it include, and what do schoolchildren need to know in order to successfully cope with phonetic tasks? Firstly, it is good to be familiar with syllabic division. Secondly, parsing a word by sounds cannot be done without a clear distinction between phonemes, paired and unpaired, weak and strong positions. Thirdly, if it (the word) includes iotized, soft or hard elements, doubled letters, the student must also be able to figure out which letter is used to indicate a particular sound in the letter. And even such complex processes as accommodation or assimilation (similarity) and dissimilation (dissimilarity) should also be well studied by them (although these terms are not mentioned in textbooks, nevertheless, children become familiar with these concepts). Naturally, parsing a word by sounds cannot be done if the child does not know how to transcribe and does not know the basic rules of transcription. Therefore, the teacher must approach teaching the “Phonics” section seriously and responsibly.

What is a scheme for parsing a word by sounds? What stages does it include? Let's look at this in detail. To begin with, the lexeme is written out from the text, a “dash” sign is placed, after which it is written again, only this time divided into syllables. Emphasis is placed. Then square brackets are opened, and the student must transcribe the word - write it down as it is heard, i.e., identify its sound shell, indicate the softness of phonemes, if any, etc. Next, under the transcription option, you need to skip the line, swipe down vertical line. Before it, all the letters of the word are written in a column, after - in the sounds and they are given full characteristics. At the end of the analysis, a small horizontal line is drawn and, as a summary, the number of letters and sounds in the word is noted.

Example one

How does all this look in practice, i.e. in a school notebook? Let's first make a trial analysis of the word by sounds. Examples of analysis will make it possible to understand many nuances. We write down: bedspread. We divide it into syllables: po-kry-va´-lo. We transcribe: [veils]. Let's analyze:

• p - [p] is a consonant sound, it is deaf, paired, para - [b], hard;

• o - [a] is a vowel sound, unstressed;

• k - [k] - consonant sound, it is dull, parn., [para - g], hard;

• p - [p] - the sound is therefore unpaired in sonority, hard;

• ы - [ы] is a vowel, unstressed in this position;

• in - [v] - this sound according to, is voiced, its pair is [f], hard;

• a - [a´] - vowel sound, in a stressed position;

• l - [l] - this is a concordant sound, it belongs to the sonorant ones, therefore unpaired, hard;

• o - [a] - consonant, unstressed.

Total: 9 letters in a word and 9 sounds; their number is completely the same.

Example two

Let's see how to parse the word "friends" by sounds. We act according to the already outlined scheme. We divide it into syllables, put the emphasis: friends´. Now we write it down in transcribed form: [druz "y"a´]. And we analyze:

• d - [d] - consonant, it is voiced and is paired, para - [t], hard;

• p - [p] - consonant, voiced, sonorant, unpaired, hard;

• y - [y] - vowel, unstressed;

• z - [z"] - according to, is voiced, has a voiceless pair - [s], soft and also paired: [z];

• ь - does not indicate sound;

• i - [th"] - semivowel, always voiced, therefore unpaired, always soft;

• [a´] - vowel, stressed.

This word has 6 letters and 6 sounds. Their number is the same, since b does not indicate a sound, and the letter I after a soft sign indicates two sounds.

Example three

We show how to parse the word “language” by sounds. The algorithm is familiar to you. Write it down and divide it into syllables: I-language. Transcribe: [th "izik". Parse phonetically:

• i - [th"] - semivowel, voiced, always unpaired, only soft;

• [a] - this and unstressed;

• z - [z] - acc., voiced, paired, para - [s], hard;

• ы - [ы´] - vowel, stressed;

• k - [k] - consonant, deaf, paired, [g], hard.

The word consists of 4 letters and 5 sounds. Their number does not coincide because the letter I is at the absolute beginning and denotes 2 sounds.

Example four

Let's see what parsing the word "squirrel" looks like by sounds. After he is discharged, make the syllable division: squirrel. Now transcribe: [b "e´lka]. And produce:

• b - [b"] - acc., voiced, paired, [n], soft;

• e - [e´] - vowel, stressed;

• l - [l] - acc., sonorant, unpar., in this case solid;

• k - [k] - acc., deaf., paired, [g], solid;

• a - [a] - vowel, unstressed.

This word has the same number of letters and sounds - 5 each. As you can see, phonetically analyzing this word is quite simple. It is only important to pay attention to the nuances of its pronunciation.

Example five

Now let's analyze the word "fir" by sounds. Fifth graders should find this interesting. It will help to repeat and consolidate the phonetic features of iotated vowels. The word consists of one syllable, which is also unusual for students. It is transcribed like this: [е´л"]. Now let’s analyze:

• e - [th"] - semivowel, voiced, unpaired, soft;

• [e´] - vowel, stressed;

• l - [l´] - consonant, sonorant, therefore unpaired, in this word soft;

• ь - does not indicate sound.

Thus, the word “fir” has 3 letters and 3 sounds. The letter E denotes 2 sounds, because it is at the beginning of the word, and the soft sign does not denote sounds.

Drawing conclusions

We have given examples of phonetic analysis of words consisting of different numbers of syllables and sounds. A teacher, explaining a topic, teaching his students, should try to fill them with lexicon appropriate terminology. Speaking about the sounds “N”, “R”, “L”, “M”, we should call them sonorant, simultaneously pointing out that they are always voiced and therefore do not have a pair for deafness. [Y] is not sonorant, but also only voiced, and in this parameter it is adjacent to the previous 4. Moreover, it was previously believed that this sound belongs to consonants, but it is fair to call it a semivowel, because it is very close to the sound [and]. What's the best way to remember them? Write down the sentence with the children: “We didn’t see our friend.” It includes all sonorants.

Special cases of parsing

In order to correctly determine the phonetic structure of a word, it is important to be able to listen to it. For example, the word form for “horses” will look like this in transcription: [lashyd “e´y”], “rain” - [do´sch". It is quite difficult for fifth-graders to deal with such and similar cases on their own. Therefore, the teacher should try in the lessons analyze interesting examples and draw students' attention to some linguistic subtleties. This also applies to words such as “holiday”, “yeast”, i.e., containing double or unpronounceable consonants. In practice, it looks like this: holiday, [pra´z"n"ik]; tremors, [tremors]. A line should be drawn above the “zh” indicating the duration of the sound. The role of the letter I is also non-standard. Here it denotes the sound Y.

About the role of transcription

Why does a word need to be transcribed? Phonetic analysis helps to see the graphic appearance of the lexeme. That is, to clearly show how the word looks in its sound shell. What is the general purpose of such an analysis? It consists not only of comparison (letters and sounds, their number). Phonetic analysis makes it possible to trace in what positions the same letter represents different sounds. Thus, it is traditionally believed that in the Russian language the vowel “ё” is always in a strong stressed position. However, this rule does not work in words of foreign origin. The same applies to complex lexemes consisting of two or more roots. For example, the adjective tricore. Its transcription is as follows: [tr"iokh"a´d"irny"]. As you can see, the shock sound here is [a].

On the issue of syllabification

Syllable division is also a rather difficult question for fifth graders. Usually the teacher guides children to the following rule: the number of vowels in a word, the number of syllables. Re-ka: 2 syllables; po-soul-ka: 3 syllables. These are the so-called simple cases when vowels are surrounded by consonants. The situation is somewhat more complicated for children. For example, in the word “blue” there is a confluence of vowels. Schoolchildren find it difficult to divide similar options into syllables. You should explain to them that the rule remains the same here: si-nya-ya (3 syllables).

These are the features observed during phonetic analysis.

There is a lot that needs to be taught to a little person in primary school. I wouldn't want to miss anything. I introduced weekly rhythms into my work system, i.e. I devote 5-7 minutes during the lesson to practicing a certain skill. For example, in Russian lessons:

Monday: spelling work, performing grammar tasks.

Tuesday: sound-letter analysis of words (phonetic analysis).

Wednesday: working with words from the dictionary. Morphological analysis (as part of speech).

Thursday: working on the proposal. Analysis of the sentence by members and parts of speech.

Friday: analysis of words by composition (morphemic analysis).

Every fourth week of the month a test is carried out.

1 class

I select words for phonetic analysis according to the principle from simple to complex.

1.Words consisting of sounds in strong positions:

house, crowbar, himself, son, catfish, dream, poppy, horse, horse, day, bumblebee, stump, spruce, bags, tulip, pipe, arc, pipe, mountains, fish, wounds, sleigh, sled, roses, goats, moose, book, table, bunny, T-shirt, shadow, chair, king, salt, cube, beads, drink, dig, film, Yasha, hole.

2. Words consisting of sounds in strong and weak positions that practically coincide in their acoustic characteristics with the strong positions of the same phonemes:

grass, soup, bow, ruff, rail, Yasha, pit, mom, dad, rainbow, sofa, shelf, goat, bird, room, line, kidney, finger, boy, bunny, T-shirt, cuckoo, ABC book, pilot, goose, perch, cat, crayfish, willow, bag, fisherman, spinning top, watermelons, fungus, barking, wings, ice floe, filming, paint, ringing.

3. Words that contain sounds in strong positions, and the latter differ in sound from the strong positions of phonemes:

hedgehog	corner	Luke	joy	bend
freezing	children	chalk	snow	cover
forests	blind man's buff	entrance	run	broach
wall	frosty	application	mushroom	nautical
quail	pupils	leave	eye	glass
evening	skates	climb	tooth	pike
leg	spring	streams	spoon	raspberries
runner	funny	health	pillar	berry
spot	pie	jam	carrot	loading
bolt	ball	snowstorm	leg	track
catch	walking	putty	dog	flower
birch	trees	catch	five	south

The sound analysis proceeds in the following sequence:

1.Say the word with normal pronunciation and listen to yourself.

2. Find the stressed syllable and pronounce the word syllable by syllable.

4. Write down and highlight the phoneme (letter).

6. Check if the word is correct.

Students are reminded:

No. 1. Phonetic analysis (Fig. No. 1).

PHONETIC ANALYSIS

Vowel sounds [a], [o], [u], [s], [i], [e].

The vowel letters i, e, e, yu, when they stand:

A) at the beginning of a word (For example: Yasha, spinning top);

b) after a vowel (For example: lighthouse);

V) after the soft separator (For example: trees, blizzard) make two sounds.

Vowels: a, o, u, e, s- show that the consonant is read firmly.

Vowels: I, e, e, yu and- show that the consonant is read softly.

b – softness indicator.

Sounds [nn', pp', ll', mm', th]– voiced unpaired or sonorant.

[th] or [j]– acc., sound nep., soft nep.

Sounds [bb’, vv’, zz’, f, yy’, dd’]- voiced pairs.

Sounds [pp', ff', ss', sh, kk', tt']- deaf pairs.

Sounds [xx ’, sch, h, ts]- deaf unpaired.

Sounds [f, w, c]– solid unpaired.

Sounds [ sch, h, j ]- soft unpaired.

b, b signs - do not indicate sound

’ - softness.

No. 2. Parsing algorithm (Fig. No. 2).

No. 3. Ribbon of letters (Fig. No. 3).

Every day in reading and writing lessons I teach the characteristics of sound in accordance with the study of a new letter and sounds. I take words for analysis from the “ABC” or “copybook”. There is always a ribbon of letters before my eyes.

Words for phonetic analysis in 1st grade (Russian ABC. V.G. Goretsky. Moscow. “Enlightenment”. 2000.).

aster	chair	nails	shepherd	forest
watermelon	steering wheel	two	shepherds	elk
perches	fence	apples	spinning top	poppy
vegetables	door	Apple tree	blacksmith	poppies
needle	goalkeeper	mushrooms	echo	three
balls	catch	circles	bream	five
duck	ate	ball	scarf	house
drum	saw	pen	scarf	seven
horse	a carpenter	geese	leaves	call
snake	zebra	goose	pigeons	closet
pencil	blind man's buff	hedgehog	tram

2nd grade

Weekly work with a tape of letters, and then the following types of work:

1. A). Sounds of nature, remember and reproduce them with your voice.

The leaves of the trees rustle: shhhhhh...

Birds are singing: …? The dog barks: ...? It's raining: ...? Thunder: …? Snow creaks underfoot: ...? The rustle of footsteps is heard: ...?

b). Book 1.

2. A).

How does the kettle whistle? How does a hot frying pan sizzle? How does the alarm clock ring? How it creaks old door? How does water drip from a tap?

b). Speech 1.

3. A). Sounds in the house, reproduce them with your voice.

How does the boy play the drum? How does dad work with a drill? How it buzzes washing machine? What does a running engine sound like? How does the clock tick? How my mother knocks sewing machine? Etc.

b). Suddenly 1.

4. A). Working with a ribbon of letters.

Name the vowels that indicate the hardness of the consonant sound.

Name the vowels that indicate the softness of the consonant sound.

Name voiced unpaired consonants, voiceless unpaired consonants, paired voiced and voiceless consonants.

Why are they called that?

Consonants are always soft.

Consonants are always hard.

What do you know about Kommersant And b signs?

b). Mushroom 1– control analysis.

5. A). Remove one phoneme.

Take one phoneme from each word. Do this so that the remaining phonemes form a new word.

Like this: a handful is a guest.

Regiment, to your heart's content, paint, slope, screen, trouble, warmth.

b). Skis 1.

6. A). Add a phoneme.

Add one phoneme to each word to make a new word.

Like this: ball - scarf.

Chopping, gift, table, treasure, paw, mustache, bite.

b). Tea 1.

7. A). Replace the phoneme.

In the given words, replace one consonant phoneme with another to make a new word.

Like this: cake - walrus.

Nails, bun, paw, teeth, pussy, sand, jackdaw, eagle, mink, wedge, longing, light, log, frame.

b). Handle 1.

8. A). Describe the sound in the word that I indicate.

Wind – 2 stars, 3 stars, 5 stars.

b). Circus 1– control analysis.

9. A). Add a letter.

Add a letter to the beginning or end of a word to make a new word.

What sounds are represented by these letters?

rose g

wolf

wasps to

measles

a park

duck w

b). Yasha 1.

10. A). Add a letter(similar task of week 9).

ear m

faucet

pillar

one hundred g

glasses t

enemy o

b). Point 1.

11. A). Naughty phonemes.

You know the important role phonemes play. As soon as you change one phoneme in a word or remove it, confusion arises and it becomes funny.

That's what it is funny story happened in one family.

A first-grader girl says to her grandfather:
Grandpa, look what I drew!
And who is it?
You, grandfather, and a briefcase with textbooks. Why are you laughing?
Your signatures are very funny, Mashenka. You were probably in a hurry and got something wrong.
(According to A. Shivaev).

Caption under the 1st picture: portfolio with students.

Signature under the 2nd picture: girl.

b). Spruce 1.

12. a). Working with a ribbon of letters.

What does it mean b sign at the end and in the middle of a word?

Why letters are interesting I, E, Yo, Yu?

When do they have two sounds?

Name the words that have sound [Y].

And the snake casually threw at me:

"Everyone has their own destiny!"

But I knew that this was impossible -

Live by twisting and sliding.

b). Letter 1.

13. a). Absurdities.

Listen to the poem by Novella Matveeva, this is a conversation between two friends. Why is it difficult for them to understand each other? Find and correct absurdities in the poem. What role did sounds (phonemes) play in this?

Confusion.

A loaf is baked in the oven,
And in the buttonhole there is a bud,
A python crawls through the grass,
Milk flows into a can
And there is concrete at the construction site.

Repeat in my tone:
Where is the bud?
Where's the loaf?
Where is the can
Where's the python?
Well, where is the concrete?

One two three four five.
I start repeating:
A bud is baked in the oven,
And there’s a loaf of bread in the buttonhole,
A can crawls across the grass,
Milk flows into concrete
And there is a python at the construction site.

No not like this!
No not like this!
- Well then, like this:
A can is baked in the oven,
And there’s a python in my buttonhole,
Concrete crawls across the grass,
Milk flows into the loaf
And there is a bud at a construction site.

No not like this!
No not like this!
Tell me yourself: how?
Figure it out for yourself
Where is the bud, and where is the loaf,
Where is the can, and where is the python.
Well, where is the concrete?
(N. Matveeva)

b). Control analysis.

Kidney 1 – 1 in
Hump ​​1 – 2 in

14. a). Miracles.

Listen to a humorous poem. Tell me why such miracles happened? Be attentive to the words in the text - maybe they will tell you the answer.

Smoke
Pies are baked in the river.
Standing on the street
Fishermen are sitting by the stove.
House
The traveler was walking into the city
It's coming out of the pipes.
In a bag.
A spoon climbed into the attic,
Have you heard of this?
The cat fell off the table.
Who doesn't believe in miracles,
On a spring day at the gate
You can see for yourself.
Started to melt together
Honey.
(A. Sanin)

b). Ice 1.

15. a). Let's turn the wolf into a goat.

This word game was invented by the English mathematician Lewis Carroll, the author of the fairy tale “Alice in Wonderland.” The point of the game is to create a series of words, each of which differs from the previous one by only one letter. In this case, the following rules must be observed:

1) only one letter can be changed in a word;

2) you cannot rearrange letters, lengthen or shorten a word;

3) the beginning and end chains must have a logical connection.

b). "Wolf - goat."

Wolf - regiment, floor, time, bark, goat.

b). Bridges 1.

16. a). Let's turn “night” into “day”.

Night – zero, salt, solo, village, hay, net, child, day.

b). Family 1.

17. a). Working with a ribbon of letters.

What sound do you hear after a consonant in syllables: me - me - me - mu -

Name the vowel letters that indicate the softness of the consonant sound.

What letter do we write and what sound do we hear?

E - [E] Yo - [O] I - [A] Yu - [U]

b). Earth 1– control analysis.

18. a). Help the sounds.

Help vowels and consonants to be together. Connect them to make words.

b). Class 1.

19. a). Replace one sound with another.

It won’t take long for me to change: with “s” - I’m a fish, with “f” - I’m a bird. (carp - pheasant)

b). Cross 1.

20. a). The riddle is a metagram.

I with “u” - a distant planet,

And with “and” - I am in an Asian country.

(Uranus – Iran)

b). Balloon 1 – control analysis.

21. a). Remember the words about winter with sound[A].

(winter, slide, icicle, sled, mittens).

Describe the 2nd sound in the word “slide”, the 5th sound in the word “icicle”, the 5th sound in the word “mittens”.

b). Shaking 1.

22. a). Curious.

When answering any question from the teacher, name only those words that begin with the sound [a].

What is your name? (Andrey).

What about the last name? (Azbukin).

Where did you come from? (From Anapa).

What's growing there? (Watermelons).

And what else? (Apricots).

What birds are there? (Storks).

What will you use to get back? (By bus).

What gift will you bring for mom and dad? (Asters and album).

b). Hedgehog 1.

23. a). Speak, listen, don't repeat.

I show a letter, the children “in a chain” name a word starting with this letter.

b). Anchor 1.

24. a). How does a sheep bleat?(ba-e-e...).

“Chain” of words with sounds [b, b, ].

Tell us what your sound is in the word (ag., sound, deaf., parn., tv., soft., parn.).

b). Zoya 1 – 1 in

- control analysis.

Pit 1 – 2 in

25. a). Entertaining models.

1. _ _ _ b (horse, elk).
2. _ _ _ b _ _ (coat, letter, skates).

What do you know about the letter b?

b). Horse 1.

26. a). Finish the word(with b).

Beech...(-var), tet...(-var), slo...(-var), honey...(-after all), yang...(-var), Feb...(-ral).

What does b mean at the end of a word? in the middle between consonants; in the middle after the consonant before the vowels I, E, E, I?

b). Day 1.

27. a). How to check an unstressed vowel? Why does it require verification?

Name the same sound in the words: house, notes, umbrella, coat, wasps, legs.

What is that sound? (vowel, stressed).

b). Window 1.

28. a). Finish sentences in words, starting with the letter O.

It was very hot, and mom opened all ... (windows). Grandma was making jam, and open window evil ones flew in... (wasps). I really love pine...(nuts). There was no sign of rain, an airy ... (cloud) floated across the sky.

b). - control analysis.

Lake 1 – 1 in

Socket 1 – 2 in

29. a). Who is more important?

What do you think is more important: vowels or consonants? Let's conduct a phonetic experiment. Let's take any three words. Let's remove all consonants from them. What will we get?

_ _ O _ _ _ I _ _ A _ A _ _ A _ _ O _ A _ U _ _ _ A.

Can you guess what words these are? Of course not. Now let’s take the same words, but leave only the consonants in them:

SHK _ LIN _ K K _ R _ ND _ SH P _ F _ L _ YST _

Have you guessed it now? For sure. So who is more important - vowels or consonants? Think and explain why you think so?

b). Mushroom 1.

30. a). Try to decipher these abbreviations:

Mrshk, Mrk Tvn, Mhlkv, Chkvsky, Shlkhv, Blk, Lrmntv, Nkrsv, Hydr, Krlv.

b). Eye 1.

Work in grades 3-4 is structured similarly. By the end of the fourth grade, all students have excellent results in phonetic (sound-letter analysis).

Literature

1. V. Volina. We learn by playing. “ New school" Moscow. 1994.
2. I. Kalmykova. Mysterious world sounds. Yaroslavl. “Academy of Development”, “Academy, Co.” 1998.
3. Magazine “Murzilka”. 1999-2002