The most famous discoveries and inventions. Interesting inventions of the world. The most useless inventions
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On invention in a clear language and on interesting examples Sokolov Dmitry Yuryevich
Chapter 5 Great Inventors and Their Inventions
Mens ogitat molen.
Mind moves matter.
(From Virgil)
In the previous chapter, the basic principles of invention were formulated, based on the statements of great inventors. In this chapter, taking into account their inventive experience, together with them we will try to supplement these principles.
Archimedes (287–212 BC), who was born in Syracuse on the island of Sicily, is considered by many to be the first of the great inventors of all times and peoples. According to P.S. Kudryavtsev, Archimedes was also a very important representative of "mathematical physics, or rather, physical mathematics." This combination of science and its embodiment in technology allowed him to take his well-deserved place in the history of mankind. Everyone knows the law of Archimedes about the buoyancy force of a liquid, which is equal to the weight of its displaced volume, and its application as a method for detecting precious metals (Fig. 5.1). Other notable inventions of his are in the military field and mainly use the "lever principle", although the lever was already used in ancient Egypt. The Greek historian Plutarch wrote: “When the Romans attacked ... Archimedes launched his machines. The land army was struck by a hail of projectiles and huge stones thrown with great swiftness. Nothing could resist their blow, they threw everything before them and brought confusion to the ranks. As for the fleet, then suddenly, from the height of the walls, the logs fell due to their weight and given speed onto the ships and drowned them. Then iron claws and beaks seized ships, lifted them into the air nose up, stern down and immersed in the water. And then the ships were brought into rotation and, circling, fell on pitfalls and cliffs at the foot of the walls ... A terrible sight! ... ".
Rice. 5.1. Archimedes ("Eureka"). Illustration for the Basel edition of Vitruvius' Ten Books on Architecture. 1575
However, the weapon he invented did not save Archimedes from death during the capture of Syracuse by Rome, he went down in history as one of the first scientists who worked for the war, and turned out to be its victim. When Syracuse was taken, the conquerors wanted to keep Archimedes alive. The soldiers who entered the house of Archimedes asked who he was (Archimedes was working on the drawings at that time). Instead of answering a simple question, he covered the drawings with his hands with the words "Noli turbare circulos meos" (don't touch my circles), after which he was killed.
The life and work of Archimedes shows that, being both a scientist and an inventor, you can achieve maximum success in both areas. And the last tragic example shows how important his scientific achievements are for a scientist. Having singled out Archimedes especially, as the first of the greats, we will continue to learn from experience.
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) made his first discovery of the constancy of the frequency of oscillation of a pendulum with the same suspension length at the age of twenty, when he watched the chandeliers swing in the Cathedral of Pisa. . At the same time, he counted time by the beating of his pulse and the rhythm of the music. Returning home, he used two lead balls of different weights, suspended on threads of the same length, as well as pendulums of other materials, except for the lightest one, for which air resistance affects. All these experiments confirmed his initial guesses. Strictly speaking, this is not an invention, but a discovery, but close observation of the surrounding world is very important for both the scientist and the inventor.
Galileo's successor in science is considered Christian Huygens (1629–1695). Using the laws of the pendulum discovered by Galileo, he already made a full-fledged invention in the form of a pendulum clock. Huygens worked on improving these watches for almost 40 years, for which he was named the most brilliant watchmaker of all time. Therefore, in order to earn the gratitude of descendants, one must sometimes spend a lot of time on solving one issue. Let us immediately note that of all the great predecessors, Huygens singled out Archimedes in particular.
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711–1765), along with discoveries that were ahead of their time (for example, the molecular-kinetic theory of heat and physical chemistry as a science), created a huge number of inventions in various fields. He attached paramount importance to the combination of science with practice for solving specific problems. In the first chemical laboratory in Russia, the prototype of future research institutes, in 1749-1751 he created new and found lost recipes for staining glass and a special mosaic mass - smalt. One of the most outstanding inventions of Lomonosov was the "night-sighting tube" - a prototype of night binoculars created two hundred years later. He also invented: a periscope, a refractometer, a pyrometer, various options for barometers, and much more. In addition, Lomonosov invented the words: pendulum and constellation. The example of Lomonosov confirms the experience of Archimedes, showing the high efficiency and mutual influence of scientific and inventive activities.
The first invention of one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), was made at the age of 14 after he had listened to a lecture at the Royal Scientific Society of Edinburgh, where his father sometimes took him. It was about building ovals, for which at that time a complex mathematical apparatus developed by Newton and Descartes was used. The method invented by Maxwell consists in the fact that a connected, loose thread is wrapped around two needles stuck into the surface, and a pencil moves along its inner contour with an interference fit. Maxwell was lucky, Professor D. Forbes reported on his behalf this invention in the Edinburgh Society, and it was appreciated by scientists. It should be noted that even then Maxwell realized that it was very important for an inventor and scientist to convey his thoughts to people in time. Together with it, we can formulate the principle: "Work, Finish, Publish" which has now become fundamental for all scientists and inventors.
An interesting example is Alfred Nobel (1833-1896), whose motivation for the invention of dynamite in 1867 was, among other things, to achieve peace on earth. He believed that powerful explosives, producing great destruction, would intimidate mankind and eliminate wars. He even established a well-known award on the profits from the sale of ammunition, including for strengthening peace. But the First and Second World Wars proved the fallacy of his assumption.
As if considering the experience of Nobel, the scientific world did not notice the publications of the biologist and physicist Leo Szilard in 1933 and the chemist Ida Noddak regarding the use of nuclear energy. This may have delayed the invention of nuclear weapons and saved humanity from mass destruction during World War II.
Inventive activity played a cruel joke on Lev Sergeevich Theremin (1896–1993). His invention, Theremin-vox, which generates sounds of different frequencies depending on the position of the operator's palms relative to the antenna, was demonstrated in 1922 by V.I. Lenin and positively evaluated by him. Thanks to this, in 1928, Termen, as a Soviet citizen, moved to America to manufacture these devices, where, on the instructions of Soviet intelligence, he organized the Teletouch company, under the guise of which many of our intelligence officers worked. However, in 1938 Termen was recalled to Moscow, where he was charged that he was from America, using his inventions, should send a radio signal to explode a bomb in the Foucault pendulum of the Pulkovo Observatory at the moment S.M. approached him. Kirov. The inventor went through the Stalinist camps, "sharashki", oblivion and success, and at the end of his life in 1991 at the age of 95 he joined the ranks of the CPSU, explaining his act by the fact that he promised this to Lenin. The given example confirms that the activity of the mind helps to survive in extreme conditions and maintain vitality and optimism. To prove this, Termen offered to read his last name in reverse: "Theremin is not dying."
I would like to finish about the great inventors, who in most cases were outstanding scientists, with the opposite example of Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958), an outstanding scientist who, according to L.D. Landau put him in the first class right after Einstein, Bohr, Fermi and Heisenberg. So, the second playful classification of experimental physicists says that the more significant a theoretical physicist, the less he understands practical issues and even devices invented by someone can cause irreparable harm. When an explosion occurred in the physical laboratory of Göttingen, James Frank, the head of this laboratory, established that at that very time a train was stopping at the station a few kilometers from Göttingen, in which Pauli happened to be passing through. Based on this, Frank established that Pauli is the greatest theorist of all time. The conclusion is a joke, but there is an exception to every rule, and Not all outstanding scientists become inventors.
Almost all the examples given, in addition to the useful experience of the great inventors, which has not lost its relevance at the present time, also emphasize the connection of times in science and technology. But more on that in the next chapter.
Literature
1. Kudryavtsev P.S. Course in the history of physics. - M.: Enlightenment, 1982, p. 30–31.
2. Vavilov V.V. First steps in science. - Potential, 2010, No. 8, p. 12–21.
3. Ishlinsky A.Yu., Pavlova G.A. M.V. Lomonosov is a great Russian scientist. - M .: Pedagogy, 1986, p. 57–60.
4. Belyavsky M.T. He tested everything and penetrated everything. - M .: Publishing house of Moscow University, 1990. - 221p.
5. Pestov S. The Second Coming: Nanotechnology. - M. Zelenograd.: 1997, Steel publishing house. - 100s.
6. Gladun A.B. The age of quantum. - Potential, 2010, No. 7, p. 2–4.
7. Gladun A.B. The age of quantum. - Potential, 2010, No. 4, p. 2–3.
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No. 10. Leonardo da Vinci
Don't be surprised that this famous inventor in 10th place. The reason is this: he invented technologies that were many years ahead of the science of that time and could not actually be implemented. Leonardo was more of a futurist who imagined various innovations rather than a man who could actually create real things with his own hands. In addition, his interest changed rapidly and none of the theories received deep study. His inventions include a submarine, a tank, a glider.
No. 9. Edwin Land
Physicist and great inventor Edwin Land of Connecticut didn't invent photography, of course, but he invented or perfected just about everything else about it. In his freshman year at Harvard University in 1926, he developed a new kind of polarizer by aligning and embedding crystals in a plastic sheet, which he called Polaroid. He applied the polarization principle to light filters, optical devices and motion picture processes and founded the Polaroid Corporation. Holder of at least 535 US patents.
No. 8. Benjamin Franklin
Seriously? Ben Franklin? Absolutely! Not many people know that among his many skills (Franklin was a famous polymath: writer, satirist, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, public figure, statesman, diplomat), he was amazing great inventor. Among his many creations are a lightning rod that has saved countless homes from lightning fires, Armonica glass, a Franklin stove, bifocals, and even a flexible urinary catheter. Franklin did not patent his inventions, believing that innovation should be available to everyone, which is why his inventions are often forgotten.
No. 7. Hero of Alexandria
If he knew that his invention could turn the world upside down and start an industrial revolution, he would have told the whole world about it back in 50 AD. Alas, he thought that the invented steam engine was just a toy, and besides, in the presence of slaves, why invent a steam engine for widespread use? Some of the best minds of the Roman Empire also developed other useful things, including a pump, a syringe, a fountain, a windmill - all during the pre-industrial era. It is a pity that he did not develop his inventions for wide application.
#6 Jerome "Jerry" Hal Lemelson
One of the most fruitful famous inventors of the world in history - 605 patents. What did he invent? Things like automated warehouses, industrial robots, cordless phones, fax machines, VCRs, camcorders, and magnetic drive tapes, the tapes used in Sony's Walkman players. Lemelson has also filed patents in the areas of medical equipment, cancer detection and treatment, diamond plating, and consumer electronics and television.
No. 5. George Westinghouse
The main invention was electrical systems that ran on AC (the work of Nikola Tesla, by the way), which eventually surpassed Edison's DC devices and paved the way for the modern power grid. But before he surpassed Edison, he invented railroad brakes based on air masses. And, of course, he tried to develop a perpetual motion machine. However, without success. 361 patents.
No. 4. Alexander Graham Bell
Everyone knows the famous inventor of telephones, but not many people know that he also invented devices that help in the detection of icebergs, as well as a modern metal detector.
No. 3. Thomas Edison
What? The most prolific and one of great inventors of the world in modern history, with over a thousand patents and not number one? The inventor of the electric light bulb, the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the man who electrified New York, literally? Can't be! In fact, although Edison was a gifted man, many of his most famous inventions were developed by other people working for him or in collaboration with an entire team, making him responsible for the development of projects, but not their main inventor.
No. 2. Nikola Tesla
A man little known in his lifetime, in fact, was responsible for the birth of commercial electricity more than anyone. His patents and theoretical work formed the basis of modern AC electrical power systems, including the multi-phase AC electrical distribution system that helped usher in the second industrial revolution. He also contributed in varying degrees to the science of robotics, laid the groundwork for the development of remote control, radar, and computer science, and even participated in the expansion of ballistics, nuclear physics, and theoretical physics. Some people also believe that he worked on anti-gravity, teleportation, and lasers, but this has not been proven. In any case, he has 111 patents and is recognized as one of the best and most innovative minds in history.
No. 1. Archimedes of Syracuse
How This Ancient Greek Scientist Ranked No. 1 in the Top 10 The most famous and great inventors of the world? First, he is recognized as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. He came close to accurately calculating the value of pi, figured out how to determine the area under the arc of a parabola, and came up with many other things that are now a nightmare for schoolchildren in math classes. In addition, he invented many machines, including siege weapons and perhaps even a device that was capable of setting fire to Roman ships with a mirror by focusing sunlight on the sails. Not unimportantly, he did all this over 2,000 years ago, without the help of computers or the technology available to many inventors today. In addition, despite the fact that he studied at Alexandria (although this is not confirmed), he acquired most of his knowledge the old fashioned way - from his own experience.
Over the past few centuries, we have made countless discoveries that have greatly improved the quality of our daily lives and understanding how the world around us works. Assessing the full importance of these discoveries is very difficult, if not almost impossible. But one thing is certain, some of them have literally changed our lives once and for all. From penicillin and the screw pump to X-rays and electricity, here is a list of the 25 greatest discoveries and inventions of mankind.
25. Penicillin
If the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming had not discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928, we would still be dying from diseases such as stomach ulcers, abscesses, streptococcal infections, scarlet fever, leptospirosis, Lyme disease and many others.
24. Mechanical watch
Photo: pixabay
There are conflicting theories about what the first mechanical watches actually looked like, but most often researchers adhere to the version that in 723 AD, the Chinese monk and mathematician Ai Xing (I-Hsing) created them. It was this fundamental invention that allowed us to measure time.
23. Heliocentrism of Copernicus
Photo: WP / wikimedia
In 1543, almost on his deathbed, the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus unveiled his landmark theory. According to the works of Copernicus, it became known that the Sun is our planetary system, and all its planets revolve around our star, each in its own orbit. Until 1543, astronomers believed that the Earth was the center of the universe.
22. Blood circulation
Photo: Bryan Brandenburg
One of the most important discoveries in medicine was the discovery of the circulatory system, which was announced in 1628 by the English physician William Harvey. He was the first person to describe the entire circulation system and properties of the blood that the heart pumps throughout our body from the brain to the fingertips.
21. Screw pump
Photo: David Hawgood / geographic.org.uk
One of the most famous ancient Greek scientists, Archimedes, is considered the author of one of the world's first water pumps. His device was a rotating corkscrew that pushed water up a pipe. This invention took irrigation systems to the next level and is still used today in many wastewater treatment plants.
20. Gravity
Photo: wikimedia
Everyone knows this story - Isaac Newton, the famous English mathematician and physicist, discovered gravity after an apple fell on his head in 1664. Thanks to this event, we first learned why objects fall down, and why the planets revolve around the Sun.
19. Pasteurization
Photo: wikimedia
Pasteurization was discovered in the 1860s by the French scientist Louis Pasteur. It is a heat treatment process during which pathogenic microorganisms are destroyed in certain foods and drinks (wine, milk, beer). This discovery had a significant impact on public health and the development of the food industry around the world.
18. Steam engine
Photo: pixabay
Everyone knows that modern civilization was forged in factories built during the Industrial Revolution, and that it was all done using steam engines. The steam-powered engine was invented a long time ago, but over the past century it has been significantly improved by three British inventors: Thomas Savery, Thomas Newcomen, and the most famous of them, James Watt (Thomas Savery, Thomas Newcomen, James Watt).
17. Conditioner
Photo: Ildar Sagdejev / wikimedia
The primitive climate control system has existed since ancient times, but it changed significantly when the first modern electric air conditioner appeared in 1902. It was invented by a young engineer named Willis Carrier, a native of Buffalo, New York (Buffalo, New York).
16. Electricity
Photo: pixabay
The fateful discovery of electricity is credited to the English scientist Michael Faraday. Among his key discoveries, it is worth noting the principles of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis. Faraday's experiments also led to the creation of the first generator, which became the forerunner of the huge generators that today produce the electricity we are used to in everyday life.
15. DNA
Photo: pixabay
Many believe that it was the American biologist James Watson and the English physicist Francis Crick (James Watson, Francis Crick) who discovered in the 1950s, but in fact, this macromolecule was first identified back in the late 1860s by the Swiss chemist Friedrich Meischer (Friedrich Miescher). Then, several decades after Meisher's discovery, other scientists conducted a series of studies that finally helped us figure out how an organism passes its genes to the next generation, and how its cells work.
14. Anesthesia
Photo: Wikimedia
Simple forms of anesthesia, such as opium, mandrake, and alcohol, have been used by humans for a long time, and the first references to them date back as far as 70 AD. But since 1847, pain relief has been taken to a new level, when the American surgeon Henry Bigelow first introduced ether and chloroform into his practice, making extremely painful invasive procedures much more bearable.
13. Theory of relativity
Photo: Wikimedia
Incorporating Albert Einstein's two interrelated theories, special and general relativity, published in 1905, the theory of relativity transformed the entire theoretical physics and astronomy of the 20th century and eclipsed the 200-year-old theory of mechanics proposed by Newton. Einstein's theory of relativity has become the basis for much of the scientific work of modern times.
12. X-rays
Photo: Nevit Dilmen / wikimedia
German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen accidentally discovered X-rays in 1895 when he was observing the fluorescence produced by a cathode ray tube. For this landmark discovery in 1901, the scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize, the first of its kind in the field of physical sciences.
11. Telegraph
Photo: wikipedia
Since 1753, many researchers have been conducting their experiments to establish communication at a distance using electricity, but a significant breakthrough did not come until a few decades later, when in 1835 Joseph Henry and Edward Davy (Joseph Henry, Edward Davy) invented the electrical relay. With this device, they created the first telegraph 2 years later.
10. Periodic system of chemical elements
Photo: sandbh / wikimedia
In 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev noticed that if you sort chemical elements by their atomic mass, they conditionally line up in groups with similar properties. Based on this information, he created the first periodic table, one of the greatest discoveries in chemistry, which was later called the periodic table in his honor.
9. Infrared rays
Photo: AIRS / flickr
Infrared radiation was discovered by the British astronomer William Herschel in 1800, when he was studying the heating effect of light of different colors, using a prism to spread the light into a spectrum, and measuring the changes with thermometers. Today, infrared radiation is used in many areas of our lives, including meteorology, heating systems, astronomy, tracking heat-intensive objects, and many other areas.
8. Nuclear magnetic resonance
Photo: Mj-bird / wikimedia
Today, nuclear magnetic resonance is constantly used as an extremely accurate and efficient diagnostic tool in the field of medicine. This phenomenon was first described and calculated by the American physicist Isidor Rabi in 1938 while observing molecular beams. In 1944, the American scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.
7. Moldboard plow
Photo: wikimedia
Invented in the 18th century, the mouldboard plow was the first plow that not only turned up the soil, but also stirred it up, which made it possible to cultivate even very stubborn and stony land for agricultural purposes. Without this tool, agriculture as we know it today would not exist in northern Europe or central America.
6 Camera Obscura
Photo: wikimedia
The forerunner of modern cameras and camcorders was the camera obscura (translated as dark room), which was an optical device used by artists to create quick sketches while traveling outside their studios. A hole in one of the walls of the device served to create an inverted image of what was happening outside the chamber. The picture was displayed on the screen (on the opposite wall of the dark box from the hole). These principles have been known for centuries, but in 1568 the Venetian Daniel Barbaro modified the camera obscura with converging lenses.
5. Paper
Photo: pixabay
Papyrus and amate, used by ancient Mediterranean peoples and pre-Columbian Americans, are often considered the first examples of modern paper. But it would not be entirely correct to consider them real paper. References to the first writing paper production date back to China during the Eastern Han Empire (AD 25-220). The first paper is mentioned in the annals dedicated to the activities of the judicial dignitary Cai Lun (Cai Lun).
4. Teflon
Photo: pixabay
The material that keeps your frying pan from burning was actually invented quite by accident by American chemist Roy Plunkett when he was looking for a replacement for refrigerants to make your home safer. During one of his experiments, the scientist discovered a strange slippery resin, which later became better known as Teflon.
3. The theory of evolution and natural selection
Photo: wikimedia
Inspired by his observations during his second exploratory journey in 1831-1836, Charles Darwin began to write his famous theory of evolution and natural selection, which, according to scientists from around the world, has become a key description of the mechanism of development of all life on Earth.
2. Liquid crystals
Photo: William Hook / flickr
If the Austrian botanist and physiologist Friedrich Reinitzer had not discovered liquid crystals while testing the physico-chemical properties of various cholesterol derivatives in 1888, today you would not know what LCD TVs or flat LCD monitors are.
1. Polio vaccine
Photo: GDC Global / flickr
On March 26, 1953, American medical researcher Jonas Salk announced that he had successfully tested a vaccine against polio, a virus that causes severe chronic illness. In 1952, an epidemic of this disease diagnosed 58,000 people in the United States, and the disease claimed 3,000 innocent lives. This spurred Salk to seek salvation, and now the civilized world is safe at least from this disaster.
which, during their activities or after, have changed people's lives. These are genius inventors who created the foundations in various fields of human activity.
Thomas Edison(1847-1931) filed over 1,000 patents. He has developed innovative products ranging from light bulbs to batteries for electric vehicles.
– successfully designed, built and tested the first aircraft. The Wright brothers showed that man can fly. This is one of the most important inventions of the 20th century.
Benjamin Franklin polymath (1705 - 1790) who discovered electricity and invented the Franklin oven.
Nikola Tesla(1856–1943) Serbian scientist who emigrated to the USA. He was a brilliant scientist who played a key role in the development of AC electricity - through the AC induction motor, transformer and Tesla coils. The use of AC electricity was his global invention of the century. He played a key role in the development of electromagnetism and other scientific discoveries of his time. Despite his huge number of patents and discoveries, his accomplishments were underestimated during his lifetime. But he gets on the list as the greatest inventors with dignity.
Charles Babbage(1791 - 1871) - created the first mechanical computer, which turned out to be a prototype for future computers. Considered the "Father of Computers"
(1736 - 1819) Inventor of the steam engine, which was pivotal in the industrial revolution. His invention of a separate condensing chamber greatly improved the efficiency of steam. Alexander Bell(1847-1922) invented the first practical telephone. He also worked on optical telecommunications, aeronautics.
The greatest inventors of antiquity
Leonardo da Vinci(1452 - 1519) one of the greatest minds ever. Invented models that proved to be workable 500 years later. It is considered the oldest greatest inventor.
(1564-1642) developed a powerful telescope and confirmed the revolutionary theory about the nature of the world. An improved compass has also been developed.
Modern Inventors
Tim Berners-Lee is a British scientist who is credited with inventing the World Wide Web (WWW). It was he who developed the http:// protocol for the Internet. With this world wide web (WWW) protocol, the Internet is free and accessible to everyone. The Internet plays a huge role is considered and belongs to the section
The first web page address was http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
This is not the whole list, the most famous inventions are still to come.
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