Self-installation and wiring of electrical wiring in a private house. We install electrical wiring in a private house Electrical work in the house

First, let's look at the general rules for laying electrical wiring. Electrical wires and cables must be laid strictly vertically or strictly horizontally with rotation angles of 90°. The diagram below clearly shows the wiring diagram with all the recommended indents, as well as the recommended installation height of switches and sockets:

It is worth immediately noting that wiring installation can be done in two ways: openly or hidden:

Open installation of electrical wiring is the simplest and most inexpensive solution; one of the advantages of this type of electrical wiring, in addition to the simplicity and low cost of installation, is the ease of its repair; the main disadvantage of such installation is considered to be a violation of the appearance of the interior of the room. Typically, such wiring is carried out in one of three ways: in a box (cable channel), on brackets, corrugation (or metal hose), or in PVC pipes.

Examples of open wiring in the box and on brackets:

Wiring in a box Wiring on brackets

Gasket in the box gasket on brackets in corrugation

Installation of hidden electrical wiring is a more labor-intensive process in which electrical wiring is hidden under wall cladding or laid in grooves:

The main advantage of this method of laying electrical wiring is that it preserves the appearance of the interior, and in addition, it provides good protection for the electrical wiring from mechanical damage (although, of course, you can still drill it or pierce it with a nail while hanging a picture). The disadvantages are the complexity of installation and the difficulty of repairing such wiring; in addition, this installation method is usually more expensive.

Sockets, switches, junction boxes and electrical panels also have 2 types of design: for open and for internal (hidden) installation:

1. Installation of exposed electrical wiring

STAGE 1 (general) Drawing up an installation diagram

This stage is common when laying both hidden and open wiring

We decide on the installation locations for sockets, switches, lamps and electrical panel (if needed). For example, let’s draw up the following diagram for installing electrical wiring in one of the rooms (for clarity, all our electrical wiring will be located on one wall):

Ready! We determined where we want to install sockets, a switch, where the lamp will be located, as well as where we will install the electrical panel and drew up a wiring diagram. Now you can proceed directly to its installation.

STAGE 2 (Installation of open wiring) Installation of electrical equipment

To begin with, let’s stipulate that the most common methods of laying open wiring are laying in a box and laying on brackets, so these are the ones we will consider:

Video editing:

installation of open electrical wiring step - 2

STAGE 3 (Installation of open wiring) Installation of boxes (cable channels), laying cables.

Now that everything is in place, we can begin installing the box (cable channel) along the intended electrical wiring lines.

A cable channel is a plastic box in which electrical wiring is laid. It consists of a base and a cover:

Boxes come in different sizes and colors, and, as a rule, have a standard length of 2 meters. For installation, the boxes are cut into pieces of the required length (usually the box is cut with a hacksaw), for example, as can be seen from our installation diagram below, we need to cut the box into the following sections:

Sections 2 meters long - 2 pcs.

Sections 1.5 meters long - 3 pcs.

Sections 0.5 meters long - 2 pcs.

Sections 0.3 meters long - 1 pc.

Sections 0.2 meters long - 1 piece

In total, the total length of the box we need is 10 meters (i.e., you can buy 5 strips of the box, 2 meters each).

After the boxes are cut, you can begin to install them; they are mounted very simply: you need to open the cover of the box and screw the base of the box to the wall using self-tapping screws (if the wall is made of wood or plasterboard) or plastic dowel nails (if the wall is brick , concrete, etc.). After the box is attached to the wall, the cable is laid in it and the box is closed with a lid. The corners of rotation of the box can be covered with special plastic corners; you can also make corners by cutting the box at 45°:

Video of box installation (the video is not the best, but we couldn’t find anything better on the Internet, perhaps in the future we will make our own video on this topic, but for now we have to use what we have):

installation of open electrical wiring step - 3

If you decide to install electrical wiring using brackets, then instead of installing the box, after installing sockets, switches and everything else, you immediately lay the cable, which is attached to the wall with brackets. Brackets (clips) for fastening cables come in plastic of different sizes, designed for specific types and sizes of cables:

The staples can also be universal:

IMPORTANT! When laying wiring on brackets, remember that using this method it is forbidden to attach ordinary cables to combustible bases (for example, to a wooden wall); for this you must use special cables that do not support combustion (do not propagate fire).

STAGE 4 (Installation of open wiring) Assembling the circuit.

Now that everything is installed and the cables have been routed along the walls, you can begin connecting sockets, switches, lamps and assembling the wires in the junction boxes.

1. Installation of hidden electrical wiring

STAGE 1 Drawing up an installation diagram

This stage is common when installing both hidden and open wiring and has already been described above.

STAGE 2 (Installation of hidden wiring) Drilling holes in the wall

If you are installing hidden electrical wiring, then after drawing up the installation diagram (STAGE 1), you need to start drilling holes in the wall with a diameter of 72 mm (standard diameter for socket boxes) in the places where we will install switches, sockets and junction boxes. Drilling holes is usually done with a hammer drill (or drill) with a special bit for concrete:

STAGE 3 (Installation of hidden wiring) Wall chipping

After the holes are ready along the planned electrical wiring lines, we tap the wall. According to the technology, this is done as follows: First, 2 parallel cuts are made in the concrete wall using a special wall chaser, after which the concrete between these cuts is knocked out with a hammer drill:

However, there are other ways to make a groove; instead of a wall chaser, you can use an angle grinder (grinder), or you can even start drilling the grooves (but this method is only suitable if you need to lay a maximum of a couple of meters of cable, because the method is too labor-intensive .):

Video of the groove execution:

STAGE 4 (Installation of hidden wiring) Cable laying

Now it is necessary to lay the cable in the prepared grooves so that the cable does not fall out of the groove during installation; it must be fixed there; this can be done either by gripping the cable with gypsum plaster, because it hardens quickly, either with the help of a special bracket:

Video of cable laying in a groove:

STEP 5 (Installation of hidden wiring) Installation of junction boxes

The time has come to secure the mounting boxes in the holes drilled during the second stage (the boxes in which our switches and sockets will be installed in the future). It is better to mount mounting boxes on gypsum plaster (Tip: gypsum dries very quickly, so it is better to dilute it in small portions, because there is a risk that while you are installing one socket box, all your remaining mortar will turn into stone).

In order to secure the mounting box (socket box), you must:

• Clean our hole from dust and concrete fragments, and then wet the surface of the hole.
• Apply plaster to the hole, with the expectation that after installing the socket box into the hole, there will be no spaces left around the edges unfilled with plaster, but without fanaticism.
• We insert the socket box into the hole, having previously broken out the hatch on top for introducing the cable, it turned out that this hatch should be opposite the fine.
• We press the box down until it is flush with the wall.
• After the solution has dried, remove excess plaster with a spatula.

02.01.2020

Electrical wiring design in a private house involves taking into account a number of factors related to both the design of internal living spaces and the method of laying the power cable. Unlike typical multi-apartment housing, where non-combustible materials predominate, in this situation the elements of building structures are most often made from wood and other flammable structures. That is why, before carrying out installation work in suburban buildings, special attention is paid to safe installation techniques that apply to electrical wiring and fully comply with the basic provisions of the current PUE.

Possible wiring installation options

Stages of electrical wiring installation work

– this is the final stage of a whole complex of works, which includes not only the design of the system, but also such important stages as:

1. Selecting the method of laying the electrical cable for a given type of power (220 or 380 Volts).
2. Determining the total power for which the wiring should be designed, as well as drawing up a load distribution diagram for individual consumer groups.
3. Before starting installation work, it is important to decide on the method of introducing the power cable into the house, after which it is necessary to draw a detailed wiring diagram on the plan of the residential building.

Each of these points requires more detailed consideration. However, first you should familiarize yourself with the basic provisions of the PUE relating to the installation of electrical wiring in houses located outside the city.

Installation rules according to the PUE

Requirements PUE-7, chapter 2.1. “Electrical wiring” The following provisions regarding electrical wiring in a private home are stipulated and regulated:

Electrical Installation Rules (Seventh Edition)

• The input method (via an overhead line or an underground cable), as well as the parameters that determine the distance from the pole outlet to the house and the height of the SIP cable (read more below).
• The rules also stipulate the choice of the type of wire used to distribute power lines throughout all rooms and a standard set of electrical installation products (junction boxes, switches, sockets, etc.).
• In addition, they contain instructions on the procedure for selecting power switching, protective and metering equipment (switchboard, electric meter and automatic circuit breakers).

The PUE rules also stipulate such important issues as compliance with safety measures during electrical wiring.

These and other basic rules for installing electrical wiring will be discussed in detail in this article.

Which laying method to choose

It is known that according to the method of laying electrical wiring indoors, it is divided into two types: hidden and open. The first of them is organized in the thickness of the walls, for which special grooves called grooves are prepared in them.

Selecting cable cross-section for power and current

Based on these characteristics, each of the listed varieties should be considered separately. The characteristics of the proposed types of wires and cables are as follows.

Typical wire VVG

When arranging wiring, the installation diagram of which involves the installation of distribution boxes, it is most reasonable to choose a VVG cable that operates normally at voltages up to 1000 Volts. The number of cores for products of this class varies from one to five, which is quite enough for laying three-phase electrical wiring in a private house (if chosen).

VVG wired products are available in one of the following options:

• in the form of designs with flat or round cores;
• the same, but with a triangular or square section.

The advantages of a cable of this class traditionally include a wide range of operating temperatures (from -50 °C to +50 °C). In addition, the wire is characterized by high strength and moisture resistance. One of the following symbols is usually added to the main designation of this product:

• "P", indicating that the cable is flat;
• "Z", indicating that a reinforcing rubber mixture is poured between the insulating shell and the outer braid;
• "NG"- a symbol that the insulation of the product does not spread fire.

Additional information: In all cables of the VVG brand, with the exception of those marked “Z”, the space between the outer sheath and the insulation is not filled with anything.

Four-core cable VVG

The color of the wires in the cable is distributed as follows. The outer shell of the VVG product is traditionally black, and the color marking of the insulation of the conductive cores is chosen in accordance with current standards (see photo on the left). For installation of the lighting part, a cable with a core cross-section of 1.5 mm2 is used, and when installing power supply in private homes, this figure increases to 6 mm2.

When choosing a specific sample of cable products, it is customary to take into account a number of technical considerations, which are as follows. According to the basic provisions of current regulatory documents (PUE, in particular), the selected type of cable must meet the following requirements:

• Avoid the possibility of fire in the wiring.
• Prevent injury to network users.
• Avoid damage to household appliances connected to it.

To fulfill each of the above provisions, careful selection of cable products will be required. It is differentiated depending on which section of the chain a particular sample is supposed to be laid on. According to this principle, three types of cable products are distinguished:

• wires of the VVG-2 or VVG-5 brands, having a core cross-section of up to 6 mm2 and used to connect the home input to the distribution panel;
• cable products called VVG-3 with a core cross-section of 2.5 mm2, necessary for laying the main supply lines to power sockets;
• wire products under the designation VVG-3 with a core cross-section of 1.5 mm2, used for supplying power buses to switches and corresponding lighting devices.

Taking into account the need to lay all the listed circuits, when preparing for installation work, you will have to stock up on the required volumes of each type of cable product.

Before choosing a cable suitable for a private home, you should remember one more product with a well-known marking NYM.

This wire with copper conductors is intended exclusively for laying power and lighting lines

Three-core cable NYM

with operating voltage up to 660 Volts. The number of tires of this product that differ in color is quite suitable for the stated purposes (it varies from one to five). Their cross section ranges from 1.5 mm2 to 16 mm2.

Please note: A significant drawback of this wire for a home electrical network is its lack of protection from ultraviolet radiation, which precludes the possibility of its use in areas exposed to sunlight.

In a situation where there is a choice between two considered options, preference is usually given to the second one, as it has better performance indicators. Since the cost of this cable is slightly higher than that of VVG, it is wiser to use it only in particularly critical areas of installation, and in the rest to get by with a cheaper variety.

PUNP

For those who want to save on installing electrical wiring with their own hands, a budget wire option called PUNP is suitable. Products of this type contain two or three copper wire strands with a cross-section from 1.5 to 6 mm2 in double insulation. PUNP, as a rule, is used to connect stationary lights and standard sockets.

Three-core cable PUNP

In terms of quality, this is not the best choice, especially when you need to install wiring for many years. Its insulation is easily destroyed over time and crumbles when exposed to strong heat.

In addition, it is not suitable in terms of the number of cores for arranging modern three-phase networks with a grounded wire.

Drawing up a conditional diagram and plan

Electrical wiring diagrams in a private house, which include distribution panels, are developed individually for each specific building at the design stage. The specificity of various connection schemes lies in the set of equipment connected to the electrical network and the lighting system used in the construction. However, it is based on a number of requirements that are mandatory for all designers and users.

According to these provisions and the electrical wiring design, the home network is built according to the following standard scheme:

1. The first position, starting from the input, is occupied by the input machine, through which it is possible to de-energize the entire electrical network at the right time.
2. Immediately after it, a standard electric meter is installed.
3. Then a circuit breaker common to all lines is installed.
4. And only after this is branching organized into groups of dedicated consumers, in the circuit of each of which a linear AV and a separate RCD are installed.

Simplified (conditional) power supply diagram for a private house

Additional information: All listed devices are mounted in the internal spaces of the distribution cabinet (panel).

Bus wiring is also organized here, allowing you to separate the ground (PE) and neutral (N) lines. These conductors should not intersect at any point and be reliably isolated from one another.

Single-line diagram of the main switchboard

There are numerous examples of home wiring design programs available on the Internet, with the help of which you can quickly draw up a wiring plan throughout the building. However, such assistants should be used very carefully. Possible errors when working with a utility program for designing electrical wiring in a house can lead to serious troubles.

Required clearances when installing electrical wiring from the floor, ceiling, doors and windows

The wiring routes selected based on online calculation are also shown here. As an example, consider the electrical wiring diagram in a brick house, which ensures the connection of the entire “arsenal” of household appliances available in it.
Examples of diagrams and their varieties

First of all, let us pay attention to the fact that the electrical wiring diagrams of any object come in 5 types:

1. Principal electrical.
2. Assembly.
3. Structural.
4. Functional.
5. United.

All of these varieties are to a certain extent related to one another. They complement each other, are made to similar standards and differ only in their purpose. That is why each of these types of circuit solutions needs separate consideration.

Electrical (circuit) diagrams

Principal electrical drawings are intended to represent the functionality and interaction of the constituent elements of a system, depicted in the sequence of their operation. They visually convey the logic of the electrical circuit in accordance with the features of the circuit drawn on a sheet of paper.

Two simple electrical circuits for power supply of a private house with a supply voltage of 220V

Important! To prepare such images, special graphic icons are used, which in most cases differ from the symbols used in the preparation of other diagrams.

A sample electrical wiring diagram for a private house with a supply voltage of 380V is shown in the photo below.

Electrical circuit diagram of the supply and distribution network

This representation shows a diagram of how a power cable is connected to an electrical system. It shows that the house uses a three-phase 5-wire system containing a separate grounding conductor. In addition, it shows in the symbols such mandatory elements of electrical wiring as:

• Introductory machine.
• Typical electric meter.
• Linear machines for each group of loads (garage, kitchen, lighting, etc.).

Installation diagrams are prepared in the form of drawings or sketches of individual elements of electrical equipment. They organize the installation of the entire electrical supply system for the house. They take into account the location of individual elements in the form of conventional icons, and also display all the electrical connections between them. It is important to know that wiring diagrams are created on the basis of schematic diagrams and contain all the necessary information on the design of the system, including how to make electrical connections. An example of its implementation in relation to the layout of the house is given below.

Electrical wiring diagram linked to the layout of the house

The diagram clearly shows not only the connections between the electrical elements of the system. Here you can consider the places where individual equipment samples are installed. In addition, this scheme makes it possible to obtain information about the breakdown of consumers into separate groups.

Structural and functional

This type of drawing document allows you to get a general idea of ​​how the electrical network works with the equipment connected to it and what is included in it. A graphical representation of the elements of the electrical circuit conveys a general picture of what operations will be required to proceed to the next stages of work (connection and configuration). The order of reading the structural document is supplemented by special pointers (arrows) and explanatory notes that guarantee an understanding of the essence of the operation of the circuit. Thanks to the detailed structuring of the order of operation of electrical circuits, any novice master will be able to understand it.

A functional electrical circuit is not inherently very different from its structural counterpart. The only difference between these two documents is that the second provides a more detailed description of the individual circuit nodes associated with their functional purpose.

Combined scheme

The latest electrical document used in distribution and household networks is a combined diagram that includes several types of drawings. It is in demand in a situation where it is necessary, without complicating graphic images, to indicate all the important parts of the circuit, emphasizing their specificity. The type of diagrams under consideration is most often drawn up when installing branched electrical networks at large residential buildings such as multi-storey mansions. An ordinary home craftsman may be interested in such documents only from the point of view of broadening his horizons. Their approximate appearance is shown in the figure below:

Integrated power supply scheme

Schematic representations of cable routes are also known, which boil down to transferring to a drawing a simplified procedure for wiring a line from distribution boards to each individual consumer. At their core, they are similar to an electrical wiring diagram, since it makes it easier for workers to figure out how to organize the wiring between two points.

The procedure for installing electrical wiring step by step

This chapter will discuss how to properly lay wires when carrying out the entire range of electrical installation work. As a rule, installation of electrical wiring begins with preparing the existing premises in the house for its installation.

Installation of hidden electrical wiring on video

Please note: When drawing up step-by-step instructions for installation work, the chosen installation method must be taken into account: in the thickness of the walls or on their surface.

When choosing, you should focus on the main provisions of the PUE, which stipulate the possibilities of using one or another option. Thus, clause 7.1.39 of this document imposes restrictions in terms of the use of open cable routing in places where food is prepared (in the kitchen, in particular). For these purposes, a bundle with conductors hidden in the thickness of the walls should be installed in this part of the room.

In all other areas of the kitchen space, it is allowed to use the same wiring method as in all other residential areas. The exception is special rooms with high air humidity (baths, showers and the like).

Additional information: If there is an RCD protective device in the power circuit, the rules of the Electrical Electrical Installation Code allow the use of a cable with an appropriate degree of protection from climatic factors.

The general installation procedure is described by the following sequence of actions:

1. First, according to the prepared installation diagram, the route of the cable or harness is marked on the walls of the rooms (depending on the chosen installation method).
2. With the hidden method, grooves are made in marked areas, for which either a grinder or a special tool - a wall chaser - is used.
3. Then, sections of a wire harness or VVG cable pre-measured along the length are placed in the grooves, the ends of which are cut at the final sections and brought out.
4. When sealing the junctions of wires with the terminals of electrical installation products, special insulating agents (insulating tape, for example) are traditionally used.
5. After the conductors are fixed in the grooves with special brackets or alabaster, you can proceed to sealing the grooves for the electrical wiring.
6. For this, pre-prepared finishing plaster is used.

Due to the need to power the home with electrical energy, it is necessary to install an electrical network indoors. For this purpose, electrical wiring and other elements for connecting, switching and lighting the home are laid. Since this procedure does not require special training, anyone can perform it independently. But first you need to figure out how to install electrical wiring in a house yourself, what stages it consists of, and what needs to be taken into account.

Stages of installing electrical wiring in a house

The entire process can be divided into several stages, the sequence of which will ensure a high-quality result and save time on performing the relevant work. The following installation stages are distinguished:

• Determining the installation method - external or external installation of the cable;
• Drawing up a power supply diagram for the premises;
• Transferring the drawn up diagram directly to the walls;
• Selection of the most suitable elements and materials for installation;
• Preparatory work on processing walls and other structures for installation of electrical wiring, installation of lighting groups, circuit breakers and others;
• The installation work itself;
• Obtaining permission from the power supply organization to connect to its networks, if it is necessary to form a new connection point (if you are replacing the electrical wiring with a new one, this procedure is not required).

Now take a closer look at each of the stages in practice.

Which installation method should I choose?

Of the existing options for laying the cable route, there are two installation methods in relation to wires - internal and external electrical wiring. Internal wiring means that the cable lines are located inside the walls. External electrical wiring is installed on the walls from the outside, and it can be done either with wires or with means of protecting the cable from mechanical damage, for example, cable channels in which the conductor is located.

Advantages and disadvantages of internal lining.

The advantages of hidden electrical wiring include greater reliability and durability due to the inability to cause damage during normal operation. Such electrical wiring requires lower financial costs for armored wires and components for their installation. In addition, hidden installation does not make any changes to the interior of the room.

The disadvantages of internal electrical wiring include labor-intensive preparatory work for producing grooves and poor maintainability in the event of any damage.

Advantages and disadvantages of external gasket.

The advantages of open wiring include a much simpler preparatory process and speed of installation of electrical wiring. During operation, it is easier to repair or change the wiring diagram.

The disadvantages of external electrical wiring are a much greater susceptibility to mechanical damage and an impact on the overall appearance of the interior of the room.

How to create a wiring diagram?

An electrical wiring diagram helps identify switches, lamps, and electrical wiring lines. Therefore, when drawing it up, you need to take into account the connection diagram of electrical appliances in the house. For example, for home electrical wiring, the location of sockets near the TV, electric stove, bed, etc. will be relevant.

Figure 1: Example of wiring diagram in a house

According to the graphical representation method, two-dimensional and three-dimensional wiring diagrams are divided. The first option is the simplest, as it does not require the use of graphic editors and other programs. To do this, take the plan of your own tenant and, on a copy of it, mark the connection points and the number of sockets for each room, wires, switches and electrical wiring lines.

A 3D model is a much more labor-intensive process, but is a great help when creating an electrical project. When, according to a completed assignment, the relevant specialists implement such a project (they are building walls, performing electrical wiring and other electrical installation work).

Rules for installing electrical wiring according to the PUE

When determining the location of wiring and installation of individual elements, you should be guided by the requirements of the PUE. Regarding electrical wiring and the rules for its installation in the PUE, Chapter 2.1 is highlighted. Therefore, the following requirements must be met for the wiring diagram:

• All lines must be installed exclusively in a vertical or horizontal plane, turns are made at an angle of 90º. It is strictly forbidden to shorten the distance diagonally or run wires along a curve.
• In relation to the structural elements of the room, horizontal lines cannot be closer than 20 cm to the ceiling or floor. Vertical lines should be located at a distance of no closer than 10 cm from door and window openings and corners.
• Sockets must be located at a distance of 80 to 100 cm from the floor in accordance with clause 6.6.30 of the PUE; in some situations, this value can vary up to 150 cm. If metal structures (radiators, pipes, stoves) are located near the socket, it is prohibited to bring them closer connection point more than 50 cm.
• Separate requirements are imposed on the arrangement of sockets, switches, electrical wiring in the bathroom and in accordance with clauses 7.1.46 - 7.1.48 PUE
• The switch is installed at a height of up to 1 m, 1.8 m or under the ceiling in accordance with clause 7.1.49 of the PUE.
• The connection of wires must be carried out in boxes; it is forbidden to leave them open or close them in the wall, clause 2.1.21 of the PUE.

Marking on site

To transfer the installation diagram data to an existing wall structure, you need to use measuring instruments (tape measure, angle, etc.), a level, thread and a pencil. To do this, retreat the required distance according to the distances indicated on the diagram and apply the appropriate marks on the building structures (walls or ceiling).

Figure 2: Wall marking

Markings can be done with chalk or a construction pencil. The main requirement for applying an image is to ensure good visibility and the absence of unnecessary details. If you have a laser level, this procedure is greatly simplified.

What elements need to be selected?

Structurally, electrical wiring in a house may include a number of elements:

Wires– for installation in the house, brands such as AVVG, PSV and the like are used. Copper wires are the most preferred due to better technical parameters: long service life, lower resistivity, etc. But, in some situations, aluminum wires can also be used for electrical wiring. The specific option is selected based on the maximum load and insulation requirements.

To determine the maximum currents flowing through electrical wiring, add up the power of electrical appliances that can be connected, and add 20 - 30% for the safety margin. Based on this, the appropriate cross-section of the core is selected. The insulation resistance must correspond to the characteristics of the room in which the cable is used and the installation method. It should be noted that the cables must be planned with a margin, since at the points of connection or output points they use more than the calculated length of the wire, and the margin must provide the possibility of reconnection.

Rice. 3. wires for wiring

– designed for connecting different sections of electrical wiring, separating and distributing electricity. They are divided into models of external and internal placement, which are selected in accordance with the project. Depending on the cross-section of the wires, boxes with the appropriate size of holes are selected.

Figure 4: Junction boxes

Sockets– may differ in design features: the presence or absence of a grounding contact, cover, hole size, etc. Also, various models can be designed for indoor or outdoor installation. Some options have paired connection point pins.

Switches– can be designed with one, two or three keys, a rotary mechanism or a sensor. It should be noted that some switches are equipped with a voltage divider, which can affect the operation of lighting fixtures.

Lighting– sold as lamps, chandeliers, spotlights, sconces and others. A wide variety provides the opportunity to choose for installation in certain rooms. By purpose, we can distinguish between high-power and low-power lighting devices for the bathroom, kitchen, etc.

Residual current devices– presented on the basis of electromagnetic, semiconductor or microprocessor circuits. The installation is necessary to protect both the electrical wiring in the house from short circuits and fire with household appliances connected to it, and people who may be harmed in the event of a breakdown.

Metering devices– monitor energy consumption. Their installation is required for a new electricity connection or if this is provided for by the project. Depending on the number of phases, electric meters can be connected to a three-phase or single-phase network.

Rice. 5: Typical electricity meter

Protective grounding– must be provided for all consumers with a voltage of more than 42 V. Because of this, when connecting new wiring, it is necessary to have a grounding loop to which the PE conductor from all consumers is connected.

Cable channels– required for external installation of wiring; depending on the material of manufacture, they can be plastic or metal boxes. The size is chosen so that when laying the wires, all the necessary conductors can fit freely in them. Structurally, they can have perforations for cooling or be made in one piece.

The procedure for installing electrical wiring in the house step by step

Please note that depending on the specific situation, certain installation operations may not be performed.

First make a small hole in the center with a drill, and then use a hole saw.

Figure 9: Drilling a hole with a crown

But at the same time, make sure that excessive force does not damage the insulation.

In addition to those allocated for separate rooms or objects, it is necessary to install an input machine with a higher setting. It is installed at the entrance of electricity into the house. You can also use other protective devices (voltage, differential, etc., if needed).

Figure 15: Shield with various protections

To do this, apply voltage at the cable input to the electrical panel. Then test the flow of electric current at all connection points using a test lamp or test the presence of potential using an indicator.

If your home is not yet connected to an external network, then you do not need to do this yourself. Since the connection to the air main is carried out by employees of the energy supply organization. Performing this procedure yourself is prohibited and extremely dangerous.

Video master classes on the topic

You have to deal with replacing a switch or connecting an outlet quite often in everyday life, so everyone should have at least minimal skills in servicing the home electrical system.

We will try to figure out how to install electrical wiring with our own hands, focusing on the PUE standards and observing safety precautions. Also in this article we will look at the features of drawing up a project, the rules for introducing electricity into the house and the subtleties of reliable connection of wires.

First of all, you should understand the structure of the electrical network. It consists of electrical points connected to each other and to the power line by various kinds of cables and wires, protective devices and circuit breakers, and a grounding loop.

Do not confuse wires and cables. The first are conductors for internal wiring, which can be single- or multi-core, the second are made up of several wires united by a common protective sheath.

When installing electrical wiring yourself, you need a huge amount of knowledge and skills: from calculating the cross-section of the wire to the skills of twisting wires and installing wiring boxes

Cables can be installed in the ground, under water, in concrete structures; They are also used for installing a home electrical network if connecting powerful devices or special protection is required.

Drawing up a project for intra-apartment or intra-house wiring is a responsible and complex matter that requires qualifications. There are many principles and standards for installing wires, switches and sockets.

Here are just a few of them:

• It is better to divide the wiring into groups - sockets, lighting, etc., allocating separate lines for powerful electrical equipment;
• in the drawing it is necessary to indicate the power points and installation locations of powerful energy consumers (oven, air conditioner, washing machine);
• location of sockets - from 0.3 m to 1 m from the floor;
• the optimal installation height for switches is 0.8-1 m from the floor;
• It’s better to have more sockets - no extension cords are required;
• a separate project - for a low-current system (to protect against interference, the wires are pulled separately from the power lines, with a distance of at least 0.5 m);
• bathroom switches lead to the corridor, etc.

It is very important to correctly lay the wiring itself - internal or external (open/closed type). We recommend viewing it in a private home.

Electrical wiring installation instructions

Let's consider one of the options in which you can do most of the electrical work yourself. For the most complex issues, you will have to contact specialists, but you can drill channels for wiring or connect sockets with switches yourself.

Stage #1 – marking electrical wiring

The project has already been drawn up, now using a stepladder, a level (laser or bubble), a construction tape measure, a marker, we make markings - we draw horizontal and vertical lines directly on the plaster/concrete slab where the electric mains will be laid.

In addition to the straight lines for the location of the wires, we mark the installation locations of distribution boxes, sockets and switches - we simply draw a circle around the specific sizes of the devices with a marker. The quality of gating depends on the accuracy of marking

You need to start by knocking out a horizontal level, which is called the “finished floor level” - that is, the floor with the finishing floor covering. It is from this that the distance to sockets and switches is measured.

The power line is laid approximately 0.3 m from the ceiling; a low-current line can be located half a meter lower. It is not recommended to plan installation near jambs.

When marking begins, laying the screed and “wet” plaster should be completely completed. It is recommended to take into account special conditions for further installation work: air temperature - from +10ºС and above, humidity - maximum 70%

We make sure to mark the installation locations of powerful electrical appliances (preferably with the main characteristics), the width of the grooves, and equip passage points through building structures.

By the end of the marking actions, the walls, floors and ceilings in the rooms should turn into original drawings with bright and clear markings.

Stage #2 – wall slitting

Half the success of smooth gating is the correctly selected tool:

• wall chaser equipped with a vacuum cleaner;
• hammer drill (it is desirable that the impact energy is at least 15 J), drills, crowns, drills from the same manufacturer;
• grinder, discs for concrete;
• chisel;
• hammer.

Hand tools are useful in hard-to-reach areas and where pinpoint precision is needed.

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During the process of assembling and connecting the switchboard, an invited specialist will be able to identify errors made during the wiring installation process, for example, incorrectly calculated wire cross-section

It is strictly prohibited to carry out electrical installation work, including preventive work, in apartment buildings with common switchboards; this is carried out by specialists from the management company. They also control the operation of metering devices.

Safety precautions when installing electrical wiring

To protect yourself and those who may happen to be nearby, the following rules must be observed during electrical installation work:

1. Use only serviceable equipment – ​​power tools, carriers, extension cords.
2. Before starting work, be sure to turn off the power supply using automatic devices and RCDs. To avoid accidentally turning on the power on the site, you can hang a sign or warn your neighbors.
3. For insurance, use testers and indicator screwdrivers.
4. Make sure that the insulation on the tool handles is in order.
5. Try not to work alone - you may always need help with work or medical assistance.

Separate rules apply to working with a hammer drill, wall chaser or powerful drill. In addition to protective clothing, gloves (with an insulated palm) and a mask (respirator) are required. Shoes should fit snugly and not slip.

Laying electrical wiring under the ceiling must be done only from a platform: chairs or tables are absolutely not suitable.

Every professional electrician is familiar with the rules of first aid in case of electric shock, but ordinary people, unfortunately, do not always act competently.

Not every home craftsman knows how to properly install electrical wiring in a house with his own hands. We will help you formulate the basics for a novice master and equip your home with light and warmth.

The installation of electrical communications can be carried out in both open and closed ways. The open type is laid on the wall surface, covering the cables with plastic tubes or baseboards. The height level for this type is not regulated and is chosen arbitrarily. When performing installation work on open wiring, it is prohibited to combine cables of different power in one plinth. Moreover, these decorative elements must be selected from non-combustible material, which, moreover, has insulating properties. In basements and attics, cables are secured using special brackets.

Concealed electrical wiring is located in voids specially designed for this purpose, inside suspended ceiling structures or partitions. It is recommended to lay the power cable simultaneously with the installation of floors. If there are no ready-made niches, then it is made, and the wire is laid in the resulting grooves. When installing an electrical system for lighting fixtures under a layer of plaster, it is necessary to use cables that have protective insulation.

When installing electrical wiring in a private house, you must remember that communications hidden by plaster must run perfectly smooth horizontally or vertically. By laying cables in all sorts of voids, you can look for the shortest paths, while saving wire. When installing electricity in suspended ceiling structures, it is necessary to use materials that do not support combustion. When installing in rooms with high humidity, do not use wires with a protective metal sheath.

Before starting work, you need to carefully consider how to conduct electrical wiring in the house, observing all safety rules. After all, work done incorrectly can have unpleasant consequences. In places where the cable branches, it is necessary to install special distribution boxes that will hide the connections and protect them from unwanted short circuits. When installing hidden wiring, it is necessary to install sockets and switches of a special type.

The installation height of the electrical cable is independently regulated, but must be at least 40 cm from the floor, to protect the residents of the house from electric shock in the event of unexpected flooding. Following safety regulations, sockets should be installed at a considerable distance from sinks and heating radiators. The distance between these objects must be at least 50 cm.

Installation of sockets in rooms prone to high humidity (baths, saunas) is allowed at a distance exceeding 2.6 m from the water source.

When installing electric motors and various other power equipment, it is necessary to select models whose interior can only be accessed using special tools. Connecting appliances and electric stoves requires the use of a cable that has the appropriate cross-section and must be covered with a metal sheath. Such a wire can be laid under the floor, choosing the shortest path from the machines to the device.

Before laying wiring in the house, it is necessary to draw up a detailed plan on paper, marking on it each switch and the location of heating and power devices. Using the diagram, you can accurately calculate the required number of cables of a certain cross-section, which will significantly save money. Next, we will tell you how to carry out electrical wiring in the house, and even the most distant person from electricity will be able to do it on their own.

Do-it-yourself wiring in the house - let's get to work

Installation of electrical communications is not difficult; the main thing is to follow the required sequence, and everything will definitely work out. So now is the time to start directly discussing the process of how to do electrical wiring in the house.

How to make wiring in the house with your own hands - step-by-step diagram

Step 1: Marking

Before starting installation, regardless of the type chosen, it is necessary to make markings by drawing directly on the wall the places where distribution boxes, switches and, of course, sockets will be located. It is also necessary to mark the route of the wires where they will be mounted. Markings are done using chalk or a marker and a long ruler. As a simplified option, to mark the cable passages, you can use a nylon cord painted with bright paint.

Step 2: Preparing the seats

Using a hammer drill, in the places where the distribution boxes will be located, it is necessary to drill holes, the diameter of which should not exceed 70 mm. And where the wire entry is supposed to be, additional recesses are made to facilitate installation work. When working with a hammer drill, it is advisable to periodically moisten the drilling site with water. This will help preserve the drill, and there will be much less dust.

In places where electric lighting is carried out through a wall into another room, it is necessary to make holes of small diameter. If the private house being built according to the plan will be mounted into a wall, it is necessary to make grooves in it that exactly correspond to the diagram. A grinder or a specially designed construction wall chaser is suitable for this. When working with an angle grinder or a hammer drill, you must follow certain safety measures to maintain your health.

Step 3: Wiring

When laying wires, you need to move from the distribution board in the direction of the wiring boxes, gradually moving on to the lighting fixtures. Fixing the cable on the wall must be done using fasteners, which are installed at a distance of about 30 cm. The points where the wire enters the junction box, as well as all bends, are additionally secured. For fixation, you can use all sorts of wire scraps and scraps that are nailed to the wall, while capturing the cable being mounted. You can also secure communications laid in recesses using a solution with the addition of alabaster.

Step 4: Installing Mounting Boxes

Electrical wiring in the house is done before plastering the room. Distribution boxes are installed using alabaster mortar, a small amount of which is placed in the recess. Before installing this element, wires are inserted into it, then using a certain force they are pressed into the mortar mass, but so that the edges of the box protrude above the surface of the wall. All such elements must be on the same horizontal line for even distribution of switches.