Roll roofs of panel houses. Roof structures of multi-storey buildings. Types of roofing of modern panel houses

The vast majority of urban people live in apartment buildings. Here I do not want to consider and discuss all kinds of neighbors, but will only try to highlight the types of roofs of residential apartment buildings. This may be of interest not only to those who are trying to create such a house on their own, but also to a simple private developer who is looking for inspiration.

Types of roofs depending on the number of storeys of the building

Residential buildings have been built by construction organizations for a very long time. At first these were small buildings that included only a couple of floors. They could accommodate from several people to many couples with children. Such dwellings were built from lumber, reinforced concrete, stones and other suitable products. Over time, the length of such buildings began to decrease, and the number of storeys increased.

Low buildings (1-2 floors), as a rule, were equipped gable or hip roof. In the first case, the developers pursued the goal of creating a simple, but at the same time high-quality roof. As you know, two slopes can reliably protect a structure for many years, and thanks to a good angle of inclination, they allow you to lay almost any covering on yourself. The favorite material of most developers was slate. Thanks to him, the finished building had a very reasonable price, which reduced the cost of renting premises.

Taller buildings took the idea of ​​roofing from industrial buildings. Flat roofs made it possible to take advantage of an even more advantageous coating - roofing felt. The bitumen roll product has high waterproofing properties, so it is very valuable in the entire construction industry. The disadvantages of this material include the fact that for a high-quality surface it has to be laid in several layers, only then will the underlying layers be reliably protected from the harmful effects of moisture.

The old technology for producing roofing felt could not give the material a long service life. It lasted only a few years, and after this period, another layer of an identical product had to be laid on the roofing plane. To date, such problems have been eliminated, and bitumen roll material has a fairly impressive service life despite its remaining low cost.

The flat roofs of multi-story buildings have changed somewhat over time. In the modern world, you can grow plants on them, spend your free time, or just go out for a smoke break. Such roofs are called exploitable. Their roofing pie is different from most flat roofs. It contains cement screed, a lot of insulation and other components with a large mass. If you think about it, such a roof has a higher price tag compared to an unused one, but its advantages are obvious.

Today, complex roofs predominate in the construction of apartment buildings. In them you can see a combination of almost all types, for example, flat and spherical, domed and pitched. In most cases, the roof of a building is selected based on the functional purpose of the building itself, and only then all other nuances are adjusted.

Material for covering an apartment building

If construction is carried out by some organization, then their goal is obviously to save money. Following this logic, it is not difficult to understand that cheap coatings will be used for covering pitched roofs. This category includes:

• Corrugated sheet
• Ondulin
• Bituminous shingles
• Metal tiles
• Ruberoid

The corrugated sheeting is attached to the sheathing using special screws, therefore, the process of working on the decking is not that complicated, the main thing is to understand where to start.

Ondulin came to us from Europe and to this day is replacing the old asbestos slate. The only drawback in terms of savings is the need to create a continuous sheathing, which can take a decent amount of lumber. The most pronounced advantage of ondulin is its light weight, thanks to which it can be laid over the old coating. This simple trick will allow you to save a decent amount on dismantling the coating.

Bituminous shingles are reluctantly used by developers chasing savings. The process of laying it is quite tedious, and the price for such work is not small. In terms of benefits, you get excellent coverage that is almost 100 percent moisture-proof. There is a mineral coating on the surface of the tiles, which reliably protects the material from mechanical damage.

Metal tiles allow you to give the building a noble appearance. The price for such material is quite high, so you rarely see it on economy projects. Despite this, this product is a very good buy. When installing it, a minimum amount of waste is left, and this is very important.

Absolutely everyone has heard about roofing felt. This is a bitumen roll material with a cellulose base. The service life is a maximum of 10 years, and after this period a new carpet will have to be laid. To create a high-quality surface, it is laid in several layers. Manufacturers of modern materials do not consider such a product worthy and have somewhat changed its structure.

Cellulose was removed from the composition and replaced with a more durable product. Thanks to this, the service life of roofing felt has increased significantly. By the way, some developers were extremely outraged by the removal of the old material from production, and large companies made concessions to them and resumed its production.

If the construction of a building is carried out by a private developer, then most likely priority will be given to the appearance.

Recently, many families have united and built one apartment building. This is quite profitable if land in the city is expensive, but you don’t want to rent a house for a long time.

As a rule, the height of such buildings does not exceed 3 floors, therefore, both pitched and flat types can be chosen as a roofing system.

Since preference is given to appearance, products such as:

• Ceramic tiles
• Copper and aluminum, laid by seam method
• Metal tiles
• Ondulin
• And others

Pros and cons of flat and pitched roofs

It's hard to determine the pros and cons of a design once you just look at it. Let's start looking at a simpler roof, namely flat.

The advantages of a flat roof include the following:

• If you compare the area of ​​a flat roof and a pitched roof, the former will be much smaller, although the building will not change its size. If the surface is smaller, then few materials will be needed to cover it.
• The resulting surface can be used for its own purpose. For example, in European countries they are very concerned about the ecology of the planet and grow gardens on the roofs of their houses. By doing this, they help nature process carbon dioxide into clean air.
• All materials for flat roofing have high waterproofing properties.
• Fences for flat roofs can be designed using a design idea, making your building unique.
• A flat roof on a private house looks quite defiant, and this can attract attention.
• Relatively cheap.

There are plenty of disadvantages to flat surfaces. There is no point in listing them all, the main thing is to focus on the main ones.

• Since flat roofs are almost always created without an attic space, the ceiling will be the ceiling. Through it, heat will leave the room very quickly, so the thermal insulation of the room should be created exclusively from high-quality products.
• When using some coatings, such as liquid rubber, you will need to create special ramps or bridges to move across the surface. Otherwise, you risk damaging the waterproofing layer, which will lead to a leak.
• A poorly selected drainage system can form a large accumulation of moisture on the surface. The ideal solution to the problem is a vacuum-gravity system. It is able to cope with any volume of moisture and is unlikely to become clogged during operation.

• A flat roof must have a fence.
• In snowy regions of the country, maintenance may be a problem.
• Lack of attic space.

Now that you are familiar with the strengths and weaknesses of flat roofs, you can begin to study pitched roofs.

A pitched roof has the following advantages:

• Steep slopes allow sediment to be removed naturally and do not require human intervention.
• The slopes have an optimal angle for many coatings; the choice of material remains with the developer.
• The attic space can be used as a warehouse. If the roof is attic, then a living room can be equipped there.
• The attic acts as an air gap, so one layer of thermal insulation laid on top of the ceiling is quite enough.

Disadvantages of pitched systems:

• When creating a high roof, gusts of wind will create a strong load, which can deform the covering, and if you make the slope very flat, precipitation will accumulate on the surface.
• Most of the pitched systems are already tired of all developers.
• High consumption of lumber, which increases the cost of the entire building.

When choosing a roof for an apartment building, you should study quite a lot of nuances, for example, the region of development, wind rose, climate, number of floors. By collecting all the data together, you can easily decide what is right for you personally.

When we talk about “types of roofing” and “types of house roofs,” we don’t always clearly understand the difference between these two concepts. Therefore, before we talk about what types of roofs there are, let’s find out the differences in the concepts of “roof” and “roofing”.

The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the building structure that provides its protection from all types of precipitation, retains heat or protects against overheating. That is, this is the entire upper structure of the structure. For a modern stone building with a flat structure, these are floor slabs, thermal and waterproofing. The exit, fences, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna fastening elements, funnels for releasing storm drains are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the identity of the hatch with the lock that hangs the housing unit to prevent people from climbing onto the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a load-bearing rafter system or trusses, insulation, water and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and roofing.

In fact, from the point of view of Soviet construction science, a roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and only the progressive term “covering” should be used. But in real life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the likelihood of dual interpretation. In part, the definition of “covering” has taken root in relation to structures with a load-bearing reinforced concrete or metal base, mainly flat. And to call the upper part of St. Basil's Cathedral or the roof of a village hut a “covering” would not occur to any architect, even though they were taught “correctly.”

The roof is only a shell that protects the coating from atmospheric influences. The roof does not perform load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, rafter system, beams, and insulation do not belong to the roof. Often it includes load-bearing preparation of the roof: sheathing, decking, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing felt and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and New Russian copper is called roofing.

Flat and pitched designs

Roofs can be flat or pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12° are flat, and those with a greater slope are pitched. On flat roofs, a slope is arranged to drain precipitation; 1.5-3° is sufficient.

The flat roof provides plenty of room for imagination in terms of design.

A pitched roof can have a very original look

Attic and non-attic roofs

As the name suggests, an attic roof has an attic, while a non-attic roof does not. The Russian hut, and indeed most types of traditional housing in all countries and peoples, have a ventilated attic. With the exception of mobile housing: yurts, tents, wigwams. This is difficult to do there. Also, the tribes living in the equatorial jungle do not have attics; they do not need them. Attics (technical floors) are found in modern multi-storey residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof is leaking, residents will not find out about it immediately.

Attic-free (synonym - combined) coverings can be pitched (attic) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from panel “Khrushchev” buildings. The attic structure allows you to use the attic as a full-fledged living space. Attic and mansard roofs require good thermal insulation of the upper floor. The roof of a one-story building can also be combined.

A combined gable roof in a one-story house creates the impression of spaciousness

Types of flat coverings

The layout of flat roofs is quite similar; they differ mainly in design. Based on the relative position of the layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, inversion roofs are also distinguished; in this case, the hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above the waterproofing layer. As load-bearing structures in flat roofs, prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams, and wooden beams with continuous flooring can be used.

The roof structure of a flat roof over a reinforced concrete slab covering is multilayer

The area of ​​flat roofs can be used by laying a covering on which you can walk: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or by arranging a lawn on the roof.

New York has adopted a program to transform the roofs of public buildings into gardens and lawns.

In fact, installing a lawn on the roof of a house is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps the only thing that is relatively expensive is a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and grass care is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered during drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.

The design of the roof lawn is quite simple. It is necessary to use reliable waterproofing - a roofing polymer membrane

Details of the pitched structure

Before talking about what types of roofs there are, let’s define the main details of pitched roofs and terms. Main elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (groove). Overhangs are divided into eaves (lower) and pediment (end or gable). For most types of roofing, in addition to the main material, there are separate additional elements for protecting and decorating the roof parts.

The basic elements of pitched roofs are standard.

Let's look at what types of roofs there are depending on the configuration. The shapes of pitched roofs are very diverse. Most often, the simplest in design and rational single-pitch, gable and hip types and roof structures are used.

The first eight types shown in the illustration are available to a private developer of average income. The rest are quite complex and expensive to implement.

Let's consider individual types of roofs and their properties in more detail.

Single-pitch roofing

A roof with one slope is as simple as possible structurally and has a minimum number of parts. There is no ridge; for non-ventilated roofing coverings (for example, flexible tiles, seam roofing) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation layer above the insulation, and the ventilation holes can be located in the filing. A pitched roof does not have valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most exposed to weather conditions. The maximum wear and tear on roofing in cold climates occurs in the valley, as snow and ice remain there longer. A simple-shaped roof with a slope to one side is exposed to uniform influence of precipitation, ultraviolet radiation and wind. The snow load is also distributed evenly. All other things being equal, a pitched roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: a simpler rafter system, a minimum number of not always cheap additional elements.

Russian project of a standard house with a pitched roof. The high slope with living rooms should be oriented towards the sunny side

Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, placing living spaces under the high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, and wardrobes under the low slope. In a premium home, such a roof makes it possible to create a magnificent interior.

Simple materials were used to build this country house: wood, galvanized metal profiles and a lot of glass. Large roof overhangs protect walls from precipitation and rooms from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold

A roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks quite interesting

Gable design

The most common form in the world. The gable (gable) roof is traditional in almost all countries where at least some precipitation occurs. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed rafter system using a tie.

The tightening (2) tightens the rafter legs (1). From the closed triangular contour, only the vertical load is transferred to the Mauerlat (3) and the wall.

For large spans it is necessary to use additional supports

A gable roof is simple to implement, economical in materials, and not difficult to build yourself. Pediments serve as better places to place windows than slopes; it is not difficult to equip an attic.

The gable roof fits perfectly into the structure of a frame house and allows rational use of the space on the upper floor.

The slopes do not have to have the same slope; the shape of the roof may be asymmetrical. The roof slope is determined mainly by the layout of the second floor.

The peaked roofs of half-timbered houses traditionally hid attics where residents stored some of their supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic has been converted into living space

The Swiss chalet has a gable roof with a slight slope

The minimal slope and open space of the upper floor create a wonderful, spacious interior

A gable roof can have many options. With a house plan more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.

Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called multi-pincer

A gable roof (as well as a single-pitch roof) is perfect for landscaping.

The slope of the green roof should not exceed 25°

Hip view

A hip or hip roof is more complex than a gable roof. Both the rafter system and roofing will cost more. But you won't have to build masonry gables. With an inexpensive roof covering (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. If it's more expensive, it's unlikely. One of the positive properties of the hip structure is the optimal aerodynamic resistance of such a structure, which in general can increase its service life (slightly). Slopes on all sides of the house make it possible to create large canopies around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing the walls with the best protection from precipitation. But in organizing the attic space, the hipped roof loses.

Simple-shaped hipped attic roof

There are varieties of hip roofs: half-hip (an intermediate type of roof between gable and hip), hip with a visor, or variations thereof.

The main part of the roof is of a rather complex shape - half-hip. To the right is a bay window with a multi-pitched roof and a pediment.

Windows in a hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roof covering. This complicates their design and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in the pediment.

Dormer windows of this type are called “bull’s eye”

Multi-slope variety

A hip roof is a hip roof. But if the house has more than four external corners, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called multi-slope.

A multi-pitched roof is difficult to construct

A hipped roof is a hipped roof, all the faces (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. This type of roof does not have a horizontal ridge.

Hip roof. It contains three types of roof windows at once.

Attic construction

Mansard roofs are called roofs of various shapes and types, which have one common feature: the shape of the slope is made of a broken line to increase the height of the attic rooms. In this way, it is possible to avoid the installation of sloping ceilings and arrange full-fledged rooms upstairs. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, half-hip, and so on.

The rafter structure of the gable mansard roof has been assembled.

The design of the attic roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (tie), racks, rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to slightly reduce the cross-section of the frame elements.

The load from the attic roof truss is transmitted vertically

Installation of load-bearing structures for mansard roofs is more difficult than for prototypes with a straight slope. The roof area is slightly larger. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are offset by an increase in the area of ​​​​normal height on the attic floor.

Mansard roof based on a gable roof. Additional fractures in the cornice area make it possible to create large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas

Pleasant to the eye hip mansard roof. The slopes are divided into different volumes, the lower part has a curved shape

Roofs of complex shapes

All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex in design and were invented by architects to design important public buildings. After the period of “crimson jackets” and “rouble locks,” complex roofs are rarely found in the architecture of individual residential buildings.

Residential building with a complex domed roof

Sometimes complex roofs are composed of known elements and are “hybrids” of different types.

This roof combines the features of gable, hip, half-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs

But people strive to decorate their home and make it unusual. Sometimes there are “hybrid” types of roofs, which are difficult to define unambiguously.

A natural slate roof is definitely not flat. Germany

A simple but unusual roof. To be more precise, this house has two of them, downstairs and upstairs.

The roof of this “dugout” would be intended for sledding in winter if palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is it?

Choosing roofing material for a pitched roof

Types of roofing are determined by the material of the roofing covering. The roof can be tile, metal, shingle, copper, and so on. The choice of roofing is determined primarily by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the wife and himself, and secondly by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curved shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coverings; sheet materials are more suitable for simple pitched and gable roofs. In the presence of fractures (oblique ribs, valleys), cutting sheets is less rational.

The table shows the minimum roof slopes for different types of roofing coverings

For roofs of simple shapes, you can use any roofing materials without restrictions. Roofs with a complex curved shape can only be decorated with small-piece (natural tiles, slate slate, shingles, shingles), flexible (bitumen shingles) coating. Roofing made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the seam is made on site.

So, we found out what types of roofs there are. What to choose for yourself? First of all, the roof must fit the budget. The more complex the form, the more money you will have to spend. Any developer can handle a gable roof. In Germany there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? If you have the funds, you can think of something more original, but something simple can be done beautifully.

Flat roofs are often used in the construction of modern high-rise buildings, administrative and industrial buildings, and in suburban construction. In the latter case, they are most popular when creating low-rise buildings or outbuildings.

Basic requirements for flat roofs

Increased roof strength is very important for regions with heavy snowfall. In winter, it will have to withstand significant loads as a result of the formation of a thick layer of ice and snow. This indicator is also very important in the case of creating a serviceable roof.

A flat roof must provide reliable protection from rain and melt water and have a sufficient slope so that precipitation does not linger on it.

The structure should not deteriorate under the influence of severe frosts and scorching rays of the sun, sudden temperature changes and heavy hail.

It should cope perfectly with the heat-insulating function.

All materials used in the construction of the roof must be fireproof.

Pros and cons of flat roofs

Pros:

• Flat structures have a much smaller area than pitched structures, which allows for significant savings on materials and during construction and installation work.
• A smaller area helps optimize costs.
• The construction of such roofs can be completed in a shorter time than with pitched roofs, since all the required materials can be placed in close proximity - literally at your feet.
• Due to this same feature, maintenance and repair work are simplified: their implementation on a flat horizontal surface is greatly simplified.
• On flat roofs it is convenient to carry out installation and necessary maintenance work that requires the use of special equipment: solar panels, air conditioning systems, antennas, etc.
• By creating a flat structure, you can get additional meters of usable space and use them as a recreation area, sports ground, or arrange a flower bed or garden. Currently, it is possible to cover the roof with paving stones or paving slabs using special technologies. A roof paved with high-quality tiles in combination with garden furniture, a green area, and a gazebo will become an ideal place for a family vacation.

Minuses:

• during heavy snowfalls, a snow mass will accumulate on the surface, which, when melting begins, often leads to the formation of leaks;
• there is often a need to use gutters;
• in the cold season there is a risk of freezing of the internal drain;
• the drainage system often becomes clogged;
• a mandatory requirement is mechanical cleaning of the surface from snow mass;
• periodic monitoring of the condition of the insulation is necessary to prevent its moisture;
• From time to time it is necessary to check the integrity of the coating.

Types of flat roofs

There are four main types of flat structures:

Operated roofs

Their peculiarity is the need to create a rigid base - otherwise it will not be possible to maintain the integrity of the waterproofing layer. The base is a screed based on concrete or corrugated sheeting, which is necessary to create a certain slope for water drainage. The thermal insulation material used in constructing the roof in use will be subject to significant static and dynamic loads and must have a sufficient level of compressive strength. If the insulation is not very rigid, a cement screed will be required on top.

Unused roofs

When installing this type, there is no need to create a rigid base in order to lay waterproofing material. No need for rigid insulation. For further maintenance of the roof, bridges or ladders are installed, the function of which is to evenly distribute loads over the roofing surface. The construction of unused flat roofs will cost much less, but they will not last as long as exploited ones.

Traditional roofs

The structure of traditional types of roofs involves the placement of a layer of waterproofing material above the thermal insulation material. The base for the roof is a reinforced concrete slab, and water is drained from the roofing surface by creating an inclined screed made of expanded clay concrete.

Inversion roofs

Inversion type roofs have practically solved the problem of leaks - the main drawback of flat structures. In them, the thermal insulation is located above the waterproofing carpet, and not under it. This technique helps protect the layer of waterproofing material from the destructive effects of solar ultraviolet radiation, sudden temperature fluctuations, the process of freezing and subsequent thawing.

Compared to other types of roofing, inversion roofing is more durable.

In addition, it is distinguished by increased functionality: you can lay a lawn on it and make tiled laying. The optimal angle of inclination of such roofs is considered to be from 3 to 5 degrees.

Device Features

The main subtleties of constructing flat roofs are as follows:

1. Vapor barrier is created using a bitumen-polymer membrane reinforced with fiberglass. Another option is to lay a vapor barrier film over the screed.
2. Along the edges of the roof, a layer of vapor barrier material is placed vertically so that its height is greater than the height of the insulating layer, after which the seams are sealed.
3. Insulation is laid over the vapor barrier (in the case of a traditional roof).
4. A protective carpet is laid over the insulation, which is made of waterproofing materials with a bitumen base.
5. If expanded clay is used as insulation, a cement screed must be made for it. Waterproofing is laid on it in two layers.
6. When installing lightweight structures that do not require significant loads, it is necessary to glue a waterproofing sheet along the entire roof perimeter.

Installation

A flat roof cannot be installed strictly horizontally - a minimum slope of at least 5 degrees must be observed. This requirement is due to the need to ensure the drainage of rainwater and snow from the roofing surface. Another important point: it is necessary that the slope be created not only by the coating, but mainly due to the correct execution of expanded clay or slag bedding. Even if the slope angle reaches 10 degrees, this will not interfere with the uniform laying of the heat-insulating material.

Lightweight flat roofs

When constructing such roofs, the work is divided into several stages.

As a result of the work done, a warm and fairly reliable flat-type roof is obtained: in cross-section, it resembles a multi-layer cake based on several components.

Hard roof installation

When creating floors of this type, expanded clay is best suited as a thermal insulation material. The minimum thickness of its layer should be 10 cm. Above the laid expanded clay, it is necessary to make a cement-sand screed with a thickness of 40 to 50 mm. To ensure greater strength, a reinforcing mesh is placed in its middle layer. This measure is necessary to maintain the integrity of the coating while people are on it during repair, maintenance work, etc. In addition, these roofs are optimally suited as a base for constructing a swimming pool or recreation area.

The production of beams of such structures is most often carried out on the basis of a metal channel, since parts made of wood will not withstand significant loads.

Another requirement when installing roofs in use is the sufficient thickness and strength of the walls of the house.

Methods for constructing flat structures

There are several main ways to create flat roofs:

• By installing concrete floor slabs. Such work can be completed in a fairly short time, but special lifting equipment will be required. The use of this method involves the implementation of insulation. The material can be laid both inside and outside.
• Using metal channels or I-beams, on top of which it is necessary to lay boards: their thickness should be 25-40 mm. A layer of expanded clay is poured on top, then a concrete screed is created.
• The creation of the ceiling is carried out through monolithic concreting. This requires high-strength formwork with thick supports. The supports are fastened together using jumpers. This type of floor also needs to be insulated.
• Using large ceramic blocks: they are laid on top of metal beams. Such blocks replace wooden flooring. The main advantage of this method is the use of ceramics, which is characterized by increased mechanical strength, resistance to moisture and excellent sound and heat insulation properties. Large ceramic blocks do not require additional insulation: when using them, you can limit yourself to such a measure as creating a concrete screed.

CONCLUSIONS:

• Flat roofs are often used in the construction of modern multi-storey buildings, administrative and industrial buildings, and in suburban construction.
• Flat structures must have increased strength - especially when there is a large amount of precipitation.
• Flat roofs have a much smaller area than pitched roofs, which allows for significant savings on materials and during construction and installation work.
• The main disadvantage of such roofs is that during heavy snowfalls, snow mass accumulates on the surface, often leading to the formation of leaks.
• Flat roofs can be used, non-used, traditional and inverted.
• Inversion type roofs have practically solved the problem of leaks - the main drawback of flat structures.
• A flat roof cannot be installed strictly horizontally - a minimum slope of at least 5 degrees must be observed to allow precipitation to drain off.
• The installation of flat roofs of lightweight construction is fundamentally different from the process of installing solid roofs.
• Flat roofs can be created in several ways.

In the video you can see how to organize drainage from a flat roof using the non-combustible Rockwool insulation system.

Repairing soft roofs using roofing felt is widely used for arranging and repairing flat roofs of multi-storey panel buildings. Roll roof repair is a roof installation using the method of fusing soft bitumen-polymer compositions onto a flat roof surface. Such materials are made on a fiberglass base, impregnated with bitumen, as well as modified polymers. This type of roofing is considered the third generation in the development of soft roofing.

Roll roofing has excellent physical and mechanical properties, namely heat resistance, strength, elasticity, water resistance, increased resistance to compression, and has low deformation under significant loads. This roofing is perfectly combined with concrete and other roofing materials. Roll roofing has good soundproofing and sound-absorbing properties; during a rainstorm it is practically silent.

Fused roll roofing, unlike other types, is not afraid of strong hurricane winds. A very important advantage of this rolled material is that it is easy to transport. In industrial conditions, a bitumen or polymer-bitumen mixture is applied to a layer of roofing felt, and then the material is covered with a special protective layer of special coarse chips. Sand, mica or shale are often used. The bottom layer is polyethylene film. The produced material can be used for fusing. The quality of roll roofing depends on the modifiers of the bitumen mixture. These are styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS polymer) and atactic polypropylene (APP). These components give the material heat resistance up to +180 degrees, water resistance, fire resistance, ultraviolet resistance, and flexibility.

Installation, installation and repair of flat roll roofing can be done in different seasons. Only precipitation can interfere with the work. It is strongly recommended to completely dismantle the old cover, since it may contain a certain amount of moisture, which can further contribute to the formation of blisters. It is because of them that puddles will form, and, accordingly, leaks and a reduction in the service life of the roofing carpet are possible.

The correct installation technique for roll roofing will extend its service life to 25 years. Roll roofing is laid on a reinforced concrete surface by melting a layer of mastic. For this, gas, propane-butane or electric burners are usually used.

If subsidence has formed on the surface, then the following techniques are used for leveling: if the subsidence has a depression of more than 15 mm, then after clearing the place it will need to be filled with asphalt concrete, then pasted with three layers of weldable material, followed by overlapping each layer by 150 mm. If the drawdown is less than 15mm, then there is no need to apply additional layers and it will be possible to do without using asphalt concrete.

You can also repair the air bag using a simpler method. It will be necessary to pierce the swollen part, release the air and introduce kerosene or white spirit into the cavity. After this, the repaired area must be compacted. If the roof has small leaks where the drain funnel is installed, you need to replace the rigid connection between the riser and the water drainage pipe with a movable one, and also install clamps to clamp the pipes. Before applying a layer of mastic, the sealing area should be thoroughly dried and primed.

If, after a long period of operation, the roofing covering has no defects or leaks, its service life can be extended. To do this, it is necessary to impregnate and protect the surface of the material with special compounds. To impregnate a built-up roof, the percentage composition of the mastic should be: petroleum bitumen - 33, solar oil - 50, white spirit - 15, sodium fluorosilicone - 2.

To install an additional protective layer, the composition should be as follows: petroleum bitumen - 23, solar oil - 27.5, aluminum powder - 15.5, white spirit - 25.5, asbestos - 2.5, mica - 2.5, rubber crumb - 4. Rubber crumb is introduced into the molten bitumen, slowly mixing until smooth. Asbestos and mica as fillers are ground to a dusty state, and then mixed with bitumen-rubber binder. Solar oil and white spirit are added to this mass. Later aluminum powder is added.

The most labor-intensive process in the repair of roll roofing is the removal of the old cover, which often consists of 10 or more layers of roofing material. To mechanize this process, two machines are used. The multi-layer carpet is cut by a machine with a rotating cutter. The result of this machine is a seam 10 mm wide. The cover is cut into small sections of 500x500 mm. Another machine cuts these areas and removes them from the base with a knife. The waste is placed in a special container and removed from the roof. Using this equipment, about 250 mm2 of old roofing can be removed in one shift.

Large subsidences are first leveled with asphalt, and later sealed with roll material in two layers.

Repair of roll roofing involves:

• preparing the roof base for subsequent installation involves clearing debris, dirt, water, removing dust and leveling;
• installation of a heat-insulating layer using a monolithic slab or bulk materials;
• leveling the surface of the thermal insulation with a screed;
• applying a primer layer;
• installation of a waterproofing carpet by laying rolled material and applying heated mastic;
• installation of eaves overhangs, abutments and parapets;
• sealing roof exits for antennas, pipes, etc.;
• installation of a drainage system;
• anti-icing device for cornices and gutters.

Most buildings with a flat roof are in need of repair. Despite the excellent physical and mechanical properties of the rolled material, in our climate zone, over time, soft roofing becomes fragile and requires repair. Repair of the built-up roof will be required where visible cracks and defects appear. They can be triggered by many factors. This could be wind, water, snow, air, hail, impact noise, ultraviolet radiation, mold fungi, chemical solutions, garbage.

If through cracks are found in the upper layers of the roofing material along their width of 1 m, the roofing deck should be freed from crumbs or protective layer. A strip of roofing material 150-200mm wide must be applied to the crack and glued to one side. Next, glue the roofing sheeting in three layers so that the next one overlaps the previous one by 100-150mm. After this procedure, a protective layer is applied.

If cracks are found adjacent to the walls, it is necessary, for ease of work, to remove or bend the protective apron and remove all layers of deposited material that are located slightly above the crack. Next, you need to arrange an inclined transition side, free the entire surface of the roofing carpet from crumbs or protective layer to a width of up to 750 mm from the bottom of the transition side. On the protruding surface, a fine and wooden plugs are placed, to which an antiseptic wooden beam is fixed. The abutment surface below the beam must be primed and plastered with cement-sand mortar.

The bent part of the welded carpet must be thoroughly cleaned of dust and primed. Next, hot mastic is applied to it and tightly glued to the surface. At the same time, a protective apron is nailed to the wooden beam. Using dowels, a steel strip is attached to the concrete surface, sealed with mastic, and then painted with paint.

You can determine whether repairs to a built-up roof are necessary based on these signs:

• microcracks, tears, bubbles on the top layer of material;
• rotting and vegetation in the middle layer;
• peeling and delamination from the base screed of the roofing material;
• softness of the adhesive mastic.

Experts recommend repairing a built-up roof if there is up to 40% damage on the roof. Repair can be carried out by applying a patch or a melting seam to the defect site. Major repairs of a built-up roof are required if 60% or more of the roof is damaged.

Consequences of untimely repairs

A leaking roof can have serious consequences. This can be damage to furniture, equipment, poor appearance of the building, leakage of the ceiling in apartments, and even the failure of the entire building. That is why roof repairs must be of high quality, professional and timely. This includes a thorough inspection of the entire roof surface.

Roof repair with cold mastics

For such repairs, it is necessary to first prepare the surface: clean it from debris, dust, dirt, correct abutments and slopes. It will also be necessary to carry out full or partial repairs of defective areas of the roof. Since this type of repair is carried out without fiberglass reinforcement, the next step will be filling with mastic.

Repair with cold mastics with fiberglass reinforcement involves the following work:

• cleaning the surface from dirt, debris, dust, correcting slopes, repairing damaged areas;
• applying the first layer of mastic;
• carrying out reinforcement with fiberglass mesh;
• applying a second layer of mastic;
• final filling with mastic;
• applying protective aluminum paint to mastic.

Sometimes repairs are used using a combined method, i.e. using cold mastics without reinforcement with special fiberglass with fusing of a small top layer of rolled materials. To do this, perform the same surface preparation as in previous cases. Next, the first layer of mastic is applied and reinforced with fiberglass mesh. After this, a second layer of mastic is applied and the top layer of rolled materials is fused.

Repair using roll materials in one layer involves:

• surface preparation;
• priming old coating with mastic;
• fusing the top layer of the roof from a soft material;
• for ventilated coverings installation of weather vanes.

Types of installation and repair of roll roofing

• Emergency roof repair. The need for such repairs arises when leaky areas are discovered or under extreme circumstances, such as extreme weather conditions or a falling tree. Often a small part of the roofing cover is replaced (5-20%).

• Current roof repairs. Routine roof maintenance is carried out regularly or when signs of damage to the tightness or strength of individual areas are detected. This type of repair involves replacing from 10% to 40% of the entire surface, as well as eliminating all kinds of damage.

• Major roof repairs. Such repairs involve a complete or partial remodeling of the roof. Old and damaged areas are completely cut off and replaced with new ones. Major repairs include:

• dismantling the old covering
• dismantling of thermal insulation materials and screeds
• vapor barrier system assessment and repair
• drainage system repair
• creating a ramp
• installation of thermal insulation materials
• laying sand-cement screed
• priming cement screed
• installation of roofing around funnels and aerators
• laying roofing in two layers in the areas where parapets and structural elements are located
• creation of parapets and protective aprons in the adjacent areas (such elements are made of galvanized steel, which is coated with a polymer material).

• Roll roofing device:

• storm drain installation
• installation of vapor barrier film
• installation of insulation
• installation of reinforcing mesh on insulation
• laying cement screed 50 mm thick
• priming with primer
• priming of junctions
• fusing the first layer with roofing felt
• fusing of roofing felt joints
• fusing the second layer with roofing felt
• installation of weather vanes
• installation of the clamping bar
• installation of a galvanized apron
• installation of galvanized parapet.

To insulate the roof, bulk or slab insulation is often used. The basis of bulk insulation is expanded clay gravel. This material is used to create slopes on a flat roof, which will ensure natural flow of water into the drainage system. Slab roofing insulation is usually polystyrene foam, mineral wool and extruded polystyrene foam.

The ideal base for roofing should be solid and level. This criterion will be met by a screed, which can be concrete, cement-sand and asphalt concrete.

If you use an asphalt concrete screed as a base, this will make it possible to avoid wet processes that require long-term drying. Also, this type of screed makes it possible to shorten the roof installation process. The likelihood of waterlogging of the insulation during roofing work will also be reduced.

During the installation of polymer membranes, mechanical fastening to the base is often used. Using hot air welding at a temperature of about 600 degrees, thermoplastic membrane panels are welded. For this purpose, automatic welding equipment is used. The connections are made using a hand-held construction hair dryer.

To carry out roof repairs, you must have the following tools, mechanisms and devices:

• electric reversible single-drum winches with a lifting capacity of 125 kg;
• cantilever beam lifts with a lifting capacity of 200 kg;
• metal cantilever beams
• rope with a diameter of 4.8 mm.

Using an asphalt concrete screed, there is no need to prime the base under the waterproofing layer. Laying of the material to be deposited is carried out using a burner flame by melting the primed base and the underside of the material being laid. If it is not possible to use an open flame, then you can use ballast or mechanical fastening of bitumen-polymer material.

Modern built-up roofing, made of polymer roofing membranes or bitumen-polymer compositions, is a durable, reliable system with a service life of 15-35 years. Repairing a built-up roof will not require additional labor costs.

Safety precautions

Roof repairs using liquid rubber are prohibited during strong winds (more than 6 points), icy conditions and on a wet roof. While working, workers must have safety belts, non-slip (felt or felt shoes), safety belts, safety glasses and gloves.

For any roof slope, it is necessary to take measures to prevent mastic from running off the roof and materials falling from it. Do not store primers, solvents or mastics near fire.

Bitumen boilers must be located on designated special sites that are at least 50 m away from buildings. Near such a boiler there should be a set of fire-fighting equipment (dry sand in boxes, a shovel, foam fire extinguishers). The boiler must have a well-closing fireproof lid. The container must be filled to no more than 2/3 of its total volume.