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English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century. took place in the form of a confrontation between royalists (adherents of the king) and supporters of parliament. The population of England was divided into two camps.
Background
James I and Charles I Stuart sought absolute power, unchecked by Parliament. James I sold monopolies on the production and trade of certain goods, which led to the ruin of manufactories and artisans, and introduced new taxes. The Puritans, whose number was rapidly growing in the country, were persecuted. All this caused discontent among the population.
Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 and did not convene it for 11 years. He also turned the Star Chamber and the High Commission into instruments of struggle against opponents of absolutism. In fact, with their help, the king dealt with his opponents.
Events
1637- an uprising in Scotland demanding complete political and religious independence from England. The reason for the uprising was the struggle for the preservation and establishment of the Presbyterian (Calvinist) church.
1639- peace treaty between England and Scotland. While maintaining the union, Charles promised the Scots independence in both religious and secular affairs.
April 13 – May 5, 1640- A short parliament, which Charles I convened after an 11-year break in order for him to approve new taxes. Money was needed to continue the war with Scotland.
1640-1653- meeting of the Long Parliament (more than 12 years). By his decision, the Star Chamber and the High Commission were dissolved. In addition, parliament was assigned the right to establish taxes. The House of Commons cannot be dissolved without its own consent. From now on, parliament was to be convened every three years. All parliamentary measures were aimed at limiting the absolute power of the monarch.
1641- Parliament adopted the Great Remonstrance (from the English remonstrance - “protest”, “objection”) - a document that lists the king’s miscalculations and his abuses of power (the text of the Great Remonstrance).
1642- Charles fled from London to Oxford. The beginning of the civil war between royalists and supporters of parliament.
1642- the royal army defeated the parliamentary detachment at Edgehill.
1643- Parliament concluded a treaty of union with Scotland.
1644- Battle of Marston Heath. The first victory of the parliamentary troops.
1645- the creation in England of a new type of army, mainly consisting of volunteers (peasants, artisans, etc.). For the first time, people of humble origin became officers.
1645- Battle of Naseby. Victory of the parliamentary troops. Charles fled to the Scots, who subsequently handed him over for a ransom.
May 1649- England is declared a republic. Legislative power passed to a unicameral parliament (House of Commons), and executive power to the Council of State (it included 41 people, mostly military men led by Oliver Cromwell).
1707- Parliament legalized the union between England and Scotland. From that time on, Scotland sent its deputies to the English Parliament. The single state was called Great Britain or the United Kingdom.
Participants
James I Stuart - King of England, son of Mary Stuart, reigned from 1603 to 1625.
Charles I Stuart - King of England, son of James I, reigned from 1625 to 1649.
On May 19, 1649, Parliament declared England a republic. The House of Lords was abolished, and a State Council was created, composed of the army leadership and independent leaders. Formally, he was subordinate to the House of Commons, but in reality a military dictatorship was established by Cromwell, who in 1653 was proclaimed Lord Protector (defender) of England, Scotland and Ireland.
Oliver Cromwell could not allow England's role in Europe and the world to weaken. In 1649-1651. The English army brutally suppressed the uprising in Ireland, its entire territory was annexed to England, then Cromwell’s troops occupied Scotland. Parliament adopted the Navigation Act - now goods could be imported into the country only on English ships. This document was beneficial to the English bourgeoisie and was aimed against Holland, England's main political and trade rival. England won the outbreak of the Anglo-Dutch War.
In 1658, Oliver Cromwell died, and unrest began in the country. The country needed a strong government. Then the newly elected bicameral parliament invited Charles II, the son of the executed monarch, to the royal throne in 1660. The new king promised to observe religious tolerance and respect property rights. However, Charles II began to break the promises he had made. And when, after the death of Charles II (1685), his brother James II became king, the feudal lords tried to return the country to absolutist orders; James himself maintained ties with the Catholic Church and began persecuting the opposition. Then the English parliament stripped him of his crown and transferred the throne to William III of Orange, who was married to the daughter of James II. Upon his accession to the throne, William III signed the “Bill of Rights,” according to which the king could not repeal laws passed by parliament, impose taxes, or raise troops. The events of 1688 were called in the history of England "Glorious Revolution")
Homework
1. How did the “new model” army differ from the army of cavaliers?
2. What political trends emerged during the years of the English Revolution? What interests did they express?
3. What are the main results of the civil war?
4. What events in English history were called the “Glorious Revolution”? Why?
5. What are the main results of the English bourgeois revolution?
1. What are the main reasons for the revolution in England?
A) Creation of the East India Company
B) Violations by the king of laws, rights and freedoms of the population
C) Translation of the Bible into English
D) Persecution of the Puritans
E) Transition of the Anglican Church to English
E) The Stuarts' desire to rule alone
G) Foreign policy of Charles I
H) The king established taxes and trade monopolies
Correct answer:
2. Imagine that you are a member of the House of Commons from one of the economically developed areas of the country in the newly assembled parliament (1640). Tomorrow you will have to speak and publicly state your demands to the king. And now you need to compose the text of the future speech. Write it
High taxes stifle trade and production. The sale of monopolies violates the rights of citizens and has a detrimental effect on the economy. We demand: 1) carry out church reform; 2) so that only parliament could set taxes
3. By order of the leaders of the Anglican Church, Puritan preachers were subjected to cruel corporal punishment: they were beaten with a whip, their ears were cut off
Consider a 17th century caricature. "Meal of Archbishop Laud, advisor to Charles I Stuart" and answer the questions in writing
4. What moral qualities of the Puritans are spoken about by the popular sayings among them: “Tell me what you spend your money on, and I will tell you what kind of person you are,” “Live poor to die rich”? Write down your answer
About modesty, patience, hard work, frugality
5. Below is a list of segments of the population of English society in the 40s. XVII century Which segments of the population supported the king, and which - parliament? Enter the corresponding numbers in the table
1) artisans; 2) Anglican Church; 3) bourgeoisie; 4) old nobility; 5) employees; 6) court nobility; 7) new nobles; 8) peasants
6. Complete tasks on the contour map "England during the bourgeois revolution"
1) Write the names of the national regions of England, mark the cities of London and Dublin. describe their names
2) Color in different colors the territories under the authority of: a) parliament by the end of 1643: b) the king and his supporters by the end of 1643, by the end of 1645.
3) Mark with a sign the locality in which the army of parliament won a complete victory over the army of Charles I. Sign its name and the year of the event
7. Place the following events in chronological order. Provide your answer as a sequence of numbers
1) “Pride Purge”; 2) the beginning of the civil war between the king and parliament; 3) proclamation of England as a republic; 4) convening of the Long Parliament; 5) creation by parliament of a new model of army; 6) execution of Charles I; 7) the battle near the village of Naseby; 8) proclamation of Charles I as King of England
8 4 2 1 5 7 6 3
8. Indicate on the timeline the events highlighted in italics in task 7, putting their serial numbers in circles
9. Look at the cartoon “Cromwell cuts down the royal oak” (p. 153 of the textbook) and answer the questions in writing
1) What does “royal oak” represent?
execution of Charles I
2) Who is involved in the destruction of the “royal oak”?
Olivet Cromwell
3) Who created this caricature - a supporter or opponent of the king?
The English revolution of the 17th century is called by many historians a civil war or a bourgeois revolution. After all, in a few years the English state turned into a constitutional monarchy with a very strong parliament, which opened access to power to representatives of the bourgeois class.
The English Revolution was not only a struggle against the monarch. There was also a confrontation between religions - clashes constantly occurred between the Puritans and adherents of the Anglican Church. There were also constant revolts among the Scots and Irish.
Causes of the English Revolution
After the death of Elizabeth Tudor, the country found itself in a very difficult situation. It is worth noting that in the last years of the great queen’s reign, the opinion of parliament was practically not taken into account. But the views of the nobility changed dramatically after James of England took the throne, who believed that the monarch was the only one who had the right to rule the state.
The situation became even more tense after the coronation of Charles I, who adhered to his father’s political views. Firstly, the king sought to unite England and Scotland, and this did not arouse enthusiasm on either side. Secondly, he tried to rule without the help of the House of Lords. During the first five years of his reign, the monarch convened and dissolved parliament three times, after which he completely refused its help for 11 years.
In addition, Charles married a Catholic, which could not go unnoticed by the Puritans, who tried with all their might to eradicate even the slightest sprouts of Catholicism in the country.
In response to the Scottish Rebellion in 1642, Charles convened what is known to history as the "long" parliament. The monarch was unable to dissolve and fled to York.
The English Revolution and its consequences
As a result of the rebellion, the nobility and members of parliament split into two camps. The cavaliers supported the God-given power of the monarch. The king was joined by most of the nobles from all over the country, which initially gave him some military advantage. The other part of the population - the roundheads - supported the ideas of a constitutional monarchy and the power of parliament. Most of the Roundheads were Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell.
At first, Cromwell's troops found it difficult to resist the trained cavalry. However, the advantage was on the side of the roundheads. In 1644, the Battle of Marton Moor took place, as a result of which Cromwell took possession of almost the entire part of Northern England.
Already in 1645, a new type of army was formed, which consisted exclusively of professional, trained soldiers. In the same year, the Battle of Nesby took place, which finally consolidated the power of the Roundheads.
In 1649, Charles the First was captured and executed. That same year, England was declared a constitutional monarchy.
However, the government could hardly claim to be constitutional. Already in 1653 he declared himself a lord (protector), and a military dictatorship reigned in England.
Only after Cromwell's death did Parliament decide to restore the status of the monarchy. Historians believe that after the ascension to the throne of the son of the executed monarch, the English Revolution finally ended. In 1660, Charles II was crowned.
Results of the English Revolution
The main goal of the uprising was achieved - England turned into a constitutional monarchy. Subsequently, a strong parliament was formed, which significantly reduced power. Now representatives of the bourgeoisie also had access to governing the state.
It was proclaimed and which significantly improved the state of the state treasury, and also weakened Holland, which was considered the main rival of England.