Igor Rurikovich

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Vladimir Svyatoslavich the Great

Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise

Vsevolod Yaroslavich

Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh

Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky

Vsevolod Big Nest

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

VLADIMIRO-SUZDAL PRINCIPALITY, the largest public education in North-Eastern Rus' of the 10th–13th centuries on the territory between the Oka and Volga rivers. During the process of feudalization, the cities of Rostov, Beloozero, Yaroslavl, Murom, and Suzdal grew here in the 10th–11th centuries. The center of the earth was Rostov. Initially, the connection between the Rostov region and Kievan Rus was expressed only in the payment of tribute. Local squads of different tribes took part in Prince Oleg’s campaigns against Kyiv (about 882) and Constantinople (907). The Kiev prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich tried to more firmly connect the Rostov land with the Kyiv state - his sons Boris and Yaroslav reigned in Rostov, and Gleb reigned in Murom. On the division of the Kyiv land between the sons of Yaroslav the Wise (1054) Rostov land went to Vsevolod Yaroslavich. At this time, Suzdal rises, where Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh, with the transition of the region in 1093, placed his sons Yaropolk, then Yuri, as princes. The Suzdal principality had to endure a difficult feudal war with Oleg Svyatoslavich, who tried to take possession of the northern patrimony of Monomakh (1096). In connection with this strife, Vladimir Monomakh founded in 1108 a powerful fortress on the Klyazma River - Vladimir. Yuri Dolgoruky, the first prince of the Suzdal land and the founder of the Vladimir-Suzdal dynasty, strengthened the principality and defended it from the Bulgarians. Under him, new princely cities and fortresses grew, mainly in the black earth center of the principality - “opolye” (Kosnyatin at the mouth of the Nerl River - 1134, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Yuryev-Polsky - 1152, Dmitrov - 1154, fortification of Moscow - 1156). His son and successor Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157–1174) continued his father’s political course of strengthening princely power and the hegemony of the principality in the Russian land. However, he considered its center not Kyiv, but Vladimir, which he made the capital of the principality. In 1174, he fell victim to a boyar conspiracy, in the organization of which Gleb of Ryazan apparently participated. The boyar nobility, with the support of Gleb Ryazansky, wanted to establish the princes they liked on the Vladimir throne. In the internecine princely struggle, relying on the support of the townspeople of Vladimir and Suzdal, the brothers of Andrei Mikhalka (d. 1176) and his successor, Vsevolod the Big Nest, gained the upper hand. A subtle diplomat and skillful politician, Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176–1212) continued the political line of his father and brother, successfully fighting the separatism of the local nobility. The boyars were greatly bled dry in the internecine struggle. In 1177 the troops of the Ryazan princes were defeated (Battle of Prusovaya Mountain). As a result of the campaigns of 1180, 1187, 1207, the resistance of Ryazan was broken. The struggle on the eastern borders of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality against the Bulgarians prepared the later exit to the mouth of the Oka. Long-term and initially successful actions for the subjugation of Novgorod ended with the uprising of the Novgorodians (1207) and its withdrawal from the sphere of Vladimir influence. In Southern Rus', Vsevolod strengthened his influence with the help of diplomatic intrigues, interfering in the internal affairs of the princes, and quarreled them among themselves, which led to a new defeat of Kyiv (1203). The chroniclers called him “great,” the princes called him “lord.”

In 1211, Vsevolod convened a meeting of representatives from all the cities of the principality, which approved the transfer of the reign to his son Yuri. But after the death of Vsevolod (1212), the Rostov boyars began to incite strife between his eldest son Konstantin and Yuri, into which the forces of Novgorod, Pskov and Smolensk were drawn under the leadership of Mstislav the Udal. Konstantin wanted to restore the capital rights of the boyar Rostov, Mstislav wanted to weaken the forces of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and eliminate its priority. Yuri and his brother Yaroslav, who supported him, were defeated by the Novgorodians in the Battle of Lipitsa (1216). Having taken the throne, Constantine divided the principality between his brothers. The unity of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality was broken, and the principalities of Rostov, Yaroslavl, and Pereyaslavl were formed. After the death of Constantine in 1218, Yuri returned to reign and restored his dominant position and authority of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. He continued his attack to the east, striking major defeat Bulgarians (1220) and founded at the mouth of the Oka River Nizhny Novgorod(1221). Vladimir's influence was also restored in Novgorod the Great, where Yuri's brother Yaroslav led an active defense of North-Western Rus' from the intensifying onslaught of German knights and Lithuanian feudal lords.

In 1238, Batu's hordes defeated the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, devastated and burned its cities. But Mongol yoke could not destroy the high cultural and political traditions of the Vladimir land. They were preserved, adopted and developed during the process of “gathering Rus'” by Moscow in the 14th–15th centuries.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. M, 1966.

THE GRAND DUCHY OF VLADIMIR, between the Oka and Volga rivers in the 12th–14th centuries. It was formed in 1157 in connection with the transfer by Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky of the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal Principality from the city of Suzdal to the city of Vladimir on Klyazma. Under Grand Duke Andrei, the territory of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir expanded: in the southeast - to the lower reaches of the Klyazma, in the east - to the Volga, in the northeast - in the Northern Dvina basin. Under Grand Duke Vsevolod the Big Nest, the cities of Ustyug and Unzha were founded in the northeast of the principality, and Zubtsov in the west. After his death (1212), the Rostov, Pereyaslav, Yuryev, Starodub, Suzdal, and Yaroslavl principalities separated from the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. In the 20s of the 13th century, lands along the lower Oka, middle Volga, and territories northeast of Kostroma were annexed. Grand Dukes Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod the Big Nest pursued an active policy in relation to Murom, Ryazan, Chernigov, Smolensk, Kyiv principalities And Novgorod Republic. Grand Duke Vladimirsky was the eldest in North-Eastern Rus'. He led foreign policy and with the troops of all the Vsevolodovichs, all the escheated principalities went to him. In 1247, after the Mongol conquests (1237–1238), the territory of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was reduced, but it remained the largest in North-Eastern Rus'.

National history. Encyclopedia. M, 1995.

VLADIMIR, center Vladimir region, 190 kilometers northeast of Moscow. Founded in 1108 as a fortress by Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh to protect Rostov-Suzdal Rus' from the southeast. In the middle of the 12th century, Vladimir was the patrimonial possession of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, who in 1157 moved the capital of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality here and tried to make Vladimir an all-Russian center.

SUZDAL, in the Vladimir region, regional subordination, regional center, 35 kilometers north of Vladimir. It arose in the 9th–10th centuries on the site of a settlement of the Finno-Ugric tribe Merya. It was first mentioned in the Laurentian Chronicle in 1024, and has been known as a fortified city since 1096. Until the 1st half of the 12th century, Suzdal was the possession of the great Kyiv princes who allocated him as an inheritance younger sons. The first independent prince of Suzdal was Yuri Dolgoruky, under him the city was the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality, then it was part of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Since the 13th century it has been the capital of the independent Suzdal principality.

ROSTOV, in Yaroslavl region, regional subordination, district center, 58 kilometers southwest of Yaroslavl. Situated on the low-lying northwestern shore of Lake Nero.

It was first mentioned in the chronicle in 862. In the 10th century, one of the centers (along with Suzdal) of the Rostov-Suzdal land, in the 11th - early 13th centuries it was part of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, a special flowering of political and cultural life Rostov suffered under Prince Konstantin Vsevolodovich (1186–1219). Since 1207, after the collapse of the Rostov-Suzdal land, it has been the capital of the Rostov principality.

PEREYASLAVL-ZALESSKY, in the Yaroslavl region, regional subordination, the center of the Pereslavl region, 124 kilometers southwest of Yaroslavl. Lake Pleshcheyevo is located on the southeastern shore, at the confluence of the Trubezh River.

Founded in 1152 by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky under the name Pereyaslavl as one of the fortified points that protected the borders of the Rostov-Suzdal principality. In 1175–1302, the center of the Pereslavl (Zalessky) principality, then became part of the Moscow principality.

YAROSLAVL, the center of the Yaroslavl region, 282 kilometers northeast of Moscow. Located on the Volga River. Founded around 1010 by Prince Yaroslav the Wise on the site of the ancient settlement of Medvezhiy Ugol. It was first mentioned in the chronicle in 1071. In the 11th–12th centuries, a border town of the Rostov-Suzdal principality. Since 1218 it has been the capital of the Yaroslavl principality.

UGLICH, in the Yaroslavl region, regional center, 110 kilometers west of Yaroslavl. Known since 937. In the XII - early XIII centuries it was part of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, from 1207 - the Rostov principality, from 1218 - the capital of the Uglich appanage principality.

BELOZERO – BELOZERSK, district center Vologda region, 214 kilometers northwest of Vologda. Located on the southern low-lying shore of White Lake. It was first mentioned in the chronicle in 862. Since 1238, the center of the Belozersk principality, a trade and craft center.

TVER, the center of the Tver region, 167 kilometers northwest of Moscow. Originated in the 12th century, first mentioned in historical sources under 1164. Initially it belonged to Novgorod, from 1209 - to the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Since the 40s of the 13th century - the capital of the Great Tver Principality, one of the political and cultural centers Rus'.

NIZHNY NOVGOROD, the center of the Nizhny Novgorod region, 439 kilometers east of Moscow. Located at the confluence of the Oka and Volga. Founded in 1221 by Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir as a fortress.

TOROPETS, a regional center in the Tver region, 332 kilometers west of Tver. It was first mentioned in the Laurentian Chronicle in 1074 as a border city of the Smolensk Principality. Since 1167 - the center of the appanage principality; the first prince of the city was Mstislav Rostislavich the Brave - the son of the Smolensk prince Rostislav. After his death, the city passed to his son Mstislav, nicknamed the Daring One. In 1214, the Novgorod prince Yaroslav, the father of Alexander Nevsky, married the daughter of Mstislav the Udal, Feodosia.

In 1226, a battle took place in the city with the Lithuanians, who were defeated by the troops of the Novgorod prince Yaroslav and the Toropets prince David (brother of Mstislav the Udal).

DMITROV, in the Moscow region, regional subordination, district center, 65 kilometers north of Moscow. Located on the Yakhroma River. Dmitrov was founded in 1154 by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky on the site of ancient Slavic settlements as an outpost of the Vladimir-Suzdal land; named prince by the second (Christian name of the son of Dmitry (the future Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest). At the beginning of the 13th century he moved to Pereyaslavl, was in orbit internecine wars.

GALICH, in the Kostroma region, regional center, 121 kilometers northeast of Kostroma. It was first mentioned in chronicles in 1238. In the 13th century, Galich was the center of the Galician principality, the first prince of which was Alexander Nevsky’s brother Konstantin Yaroslavich.

KOSTROMA, the center of the Kostroma region, 372 kilometers northeast of Moscow. Founded in the 12th century, presumably by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. It was first mentioned in the Resurrection and Tver Chronicles in 1213. From the middle of the 13th century it was the center of the Kostroma appanage principality.

Cities of Russia. Encyclopedia. Moscow, 1994.

Yaroslav(Theodore)Vsevolodovich (February 8, 1190 or 1191 – September 30, 1246 ), in baptism Fedor is a son.
Reign:
- prince Pereyaslavsky: 1200-1206;
- prince Pereyaslavl-Zalessky: 1212-1238;
- Grand Duke Kyiv: 1236-1238, 1243-1246;
- Grand Duke Vladimirsky: 1238-1246;
- prince Novgorod: 1215, 1221-1223, 1226-1229, 1231-1236.
IN 1200 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was sent by his father to rule in Pereyaslavl.
IN 1206, after the death and the beginning of the struggle for power in Galich, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich At the invitation of the Hungarian king, he went to Galich, but before him, a representative of the Chernigov Olgovichi, Vladimir Igorevich, appeared there.
IN 1206 Vsevolod Chermny, who occupied Kyiv, expelled Yaroslav between his older brothers, Konstantin and Yuri from Pereyaslavl and planted his son Mikhail there.
IN 1208 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich participated in the campaign against Ryazan and temporarily became his father’s governor in the Ryazan principality, with the exception of Pronsk.
IN 1215, when Mstislav Udatny left to the south, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was called to reign in Velikiy Novgorod. A struggle began between the Vladimir and Smolensk princes, which continued intermittently until 1216. During one of the reconciliations Yaroslav Vsevolodovich married for the second time the daughter of Mstislav Udatny.
IN 1212 the patient passed on Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Pereyaslavl-Zalessky.
In the conflict between the older brothers, and, which arose after the death of his father, Yaroslav supported and was defeated along with in, which occurred in 1216.

The reign of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich in Novgorod and Kyiv.

IN 1222 after a campaign near Kes of a 12,000-strong army led by his younger brother Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Svyatoslav (in alliance with the Lithuanians) nephew Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Vsevolod left Novgorod for Vladimir, and was invited to reign in Novgorod Yaroslav Vsevolodovich.
IN 1222 And 1223 There were mass uprisings of Estonians against the power of the Crusaders and their suppression.
August 15, 1223 The crusaders took Viljandi, where the Russian garrison was located. Henry of Latvia writes: “ As for the Russians who were in the castle and came to the aid of the apostates, after the capture of the castle they were all hanged in front of the castle for fear of other Russians...“. Delivered from Novgorod no earlier July 1223 The Novgorod-Vladimir army led by Yaroslav Vsevolodovich did not have time to help the Viljandi garrison, but carried out a campaign near Revel, after which Vsevolod Yuryevich again became the Prince of Novgorod.
IN 1225 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich replaced Mikhail Chernigovsky in Novgorod. In the same year, 7,000 Lithuanians devastated villages near Torzhok, not reaching the city only three miles, killed many merchants and captured the entire Toropetsk volost. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich caught up with them near Usvyat and defeated them, destroying 2,000 people and taking away the booty.
IN 1227 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich went with the Novgorodians to yam (yam- Finnish tribe) and repelled a retaliatory attack the following year. IN 1227 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich carried out the baptism of the tribe Corela.
IN 1226, after establishing the reign of Chernigov, Mikhail Vsevolodovich entered into a fight with Yaroslav Vsevolodovich for Novgorod. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich suspected that Mikhail, who was married to Mikhail’s sister, was in alliance with him, and entered into negotiations with the Konstantinovich nephews, but the conflict did not flare up, since in 1229 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and the nephews recognized him as father and master.
IN 1231 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and his brother invaded the Principality of Chernigov, burned Serensk and besieged Mosalsk, after which the Novgorod throne was occupied only by descendants for a century.
IN 1232 Pope Gregory IX called on the knights of the Order of the Sword to fight the Novgorodians who were preventing the Catholicization of the Finnish tribes.
IN 1234 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich invaded the Order's possessions near Dorpat and defeated the crusaders in the battle of Omovzha. As a result, a peace treaty was signed between Novgorod and the Order, according to which the eastern and southern parts of the Dorpat bishopric went to Pskov.
IN 1236 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich with the help of the Novgorodians, he established himself in Kyiv, which stopped the struggle between the Chernigov-Seversk and Smolensk princes for the Kiev throne and, together with his elder brother, concentrated two key princely tables at a time when the Mongols invaded. In Novgorod Yaroslav Vsevolodovich left his son Alexander (the future Nevsky) as his representative.

The reign of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich in Vladimir

Chorikov B. Grand Duke Yaroslav, after the devastation of Rus' by the Tatars, renews the cities
in spring 1238 after the defeat of North-Eastern Rus' by the Mongol-Tatars and the death of the Grand Duke of Vladimir, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich returned to the Vladimir-Suzdal land, and as the next oldest brother took the Vladimir Grand Duke's table.

IN 1239 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich went to Smolensk to expel the Lithuanian regiments, almost simultaneously with the Chernigov-Galician campaign against Lithuania. A representative of the local dynasty, Vsevolod Mstislavich, returned to the throne. At the same time, the Mongols ravaged Ryazan (secondarily), Murom, Nizhny Novgorod and Pereyaslavl-Russky. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich did not oppose them.
Autumn 1239, as recorded, after the capture of Chernigov by the Mongols, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich captured the family of Mikhail Chernigovsky in Kamenets on the Kiev-Volyn border. This is associated with the hike Yaroslav Vsevolodovich to the south, as a result of which Kyiv was occupied by the representative of the Smolensk dynasty, Rostislav Mstislavich.
IN 1242 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich sent an army led by his son Andrei to help the Novgorodians against the Livonian knights ().
IN 1243 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich the first of the Russian princes to be summoned to the It was established in the Vladimir and Kiev reigns and was recognized “ grow old with all the princes in the Russian language“. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich did not go to Kyiv (having installed Dmitr Eykovich as governor there), but chose Vladimir as his residence, thereby completing the long process of moving the nominal capital of Rus' from Kyiv to Vladimir, which had already begun.
There is a son left in the Horde Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Konstantin. IN 1245 he was released and conveyed that the khan was demanding himself Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich came to . with his brothers and nephews. Some of the matters were resolved in the Horde, Svyatoslav and Ivan Vsevolodovich with their nephews went home, and Yaroslav Vsevolodovich sent to the capital - Karakorum. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich set off on a long journey and in August 1246 arrived in, where he witnessed the accession of the great.

Death of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich confirmed the label in 1246 y . Yaroslav Vsevolodovich they called to the mother of the great khan - Turakina, who, as if wanting to honor the Russian prince, gave him food and drink from own hands. Returning from the Khansha, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich fell ill and seven days later, on September 30, 1246, he died, and his body miraculously turned blue, which is why everyone thought that the Khansha had poisoned him. Almost simultaneously, on September 20, 1946, the second of the three most influential Russian princes was killed in the Volga Horde - 67-year-old Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky, who, according to legend, refused to undergo a rite of pagan worship. A year earlier, during a personal visit to him, he admitted his dependence on the khans.

Family of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

First wife: from 1205, daughter of the Polovtsian Khan Yuri Konchakovich.
Second wife: from 1214, Rostislav-Feodosia, tonsured Euphrosyne (?-1244), daughter of Mstislav Mstislavich Udatny, Prince of Toropets. When Yaroslav Vsevolodovich failed in the fight against the princes, including his father-in-law, Mstislav Mstislavich Udatny took his daughter to him and did not give her away, despite the pleas of her husband. Soon she did return. Some researchers believe that Yaroslav divorced his second wife by 1216. And by 1218 he married for the third time to Theodosia/Efrosinya, daughter of Igor Glebovich.
Children:
Fedor(1220-1233), Prince of Novgorod, died before his wedding at the age of 13.
Alexander Nevskiy(1221-1263), Prince of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Vladimir.
name unknown(1222-1238), Prince of Tver.
Andrey(1225-1264), Prince of Suzdal, Grand Duke of Vladimir.
Mikhail Khorobrit(1226-1248), Prince of Moscow, Grand Duke of Vladimir.
Daniel (1227-1256).
Yaroslav(1229-1271), Prince of Tver, Grand Duke of Vladimir.
Konstantin(1231-1255), Prince of Galich-mer.
Afanasy(born and died 1239).
Maria(born and died 1240).
Vasily Kvashnya(1241-1276), Prince of Kostroma, Grand Duke of Vladimir.
Ulyana (Evdokia) (born and died 1243).
Five sons Yaroslav Mikhail, Andrey, Alexander, Yaroslav, Vasily were great Vladimir princes in the period from 1248 to 1277. Fedor, Alexander and Yaroslav were also princes of Novgorod.

YAROSLAV

1238-1246

Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1191-1246) - Prince of Vladimir,

Prince Pereyaslav-Zalessky, Prince Pereyaslavsky,

Prince of Novgorod,

Prince of Vladimir, Grand Duke of Kyiv;

son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, father of Alexander Nevsky.

He took part in civil strife between princes and waged an active struggle for power with numerous relatives.

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was the first of the Russian princes during the Tatar-Mongol invasion to receive from the Tatar Khan a label to reign in the new capital Ancient Rus'- the city of Vladimir.

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. short biography

Prince Yaroslav was born in 1191 and was one of the many offspring of Vsevolod the Big Nest. In 1212, after the death of his father, Yaroslav became prince in the city of Pereyaslavl Zalessky, but was soon forced to leave it in order to take part in the struggle for power between his two brothers - Yuri (Yaroslav acted on his side) and Konstantin - in 1213 and 1214.

After the civil strife between the brothers, he took an active part in the struggle for Novgorod, which lasted with varying success from 1215 to 1236 (during this period, Yaroslav acquired and lost the title of Prince of Novgorod several times). In 1236 he became the Prince of Vladimir, appearing to bow in Golden Horde and received a label for reign there.

Death overtook Yaroslav during his second trip to the Golden Horde, when he was called to bow to the khan’s mother, where he accepted a treat from her hands. A week later, Yaroslav died. The exact cause of death is unknown, but it is believed that the prince could have been poisoned.

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich's struggle for power

In domestic policy Particularly noteworthy is Yaroslav's long-term struggle for the right to reign in Novgorod. He was first called upon by the Novgorodians in 1215, when Mstislav Mstislavich left the city. Yaroslav arrived in the city, but was dissatisfied with the unrest that occurred there because of his arrival, so he soon left to reign in Torzhok, however, accepting the title of Prince of Novgorod. Yaroslav's governor remained in Novgorod. Some time later, Yaroslav, by cunning and force, tried to gain power in Novgorod during the famine that overtook the city, refusing help and sending messengers from Novgorod back. ABOUT difficult situation Mstislav found out in the city and immediately offered Yaroslav to release all the captured Novgorodians, but he refused. Thus began a long-term struggle.

On March 1, 1216, Mstislav, dissatisfied with Yaroslav’s behavior and worried about the Novgorodians, gathered the townspeople and moved to Torzhok with a proposal for a truce. Yaroslav rejected the offer, and Mstislav's army moved towards Tver, destroying all the cities along the way. Soon Mstislav was joined by Yaroslav's brother Konstantin (against whom Yaroslav fought at one time), Yuri, Svyatoslav and Vladimir sided with Yaroslav. An internecine conflict ensued.

On April 21, 1216, the famous battle took place on the Lipitsa River between the troops of Mstislav and Yaroslav, as a result of which Yaroslav was defeated and was forced to give the title of Prince of Novgorod back to Mstislav.

However, the struggle for Novgorod did not end there. Yaroslav became the Prince of Novgorod several more times: in 1218 he was sent there by his fathers, in 1221 and 1224 he was called to reign by the townspeople themselves. Only after his calling in 1224 did Yaroslav finally remain in Novgorod for a long time with the title of prince and began to rule the city.

Already, together with the Novgorodians, Yaroslav made several successful military campaigns. In 1225, he opposed the Lithuanians, driving them from Russian lands back to the Principality of Lithuania; in 1227, a campaign against Finnish tribes took place on Yam, and in 1228, Yaroslav successfully repelled a retaliatory attack from the Finns.

In 1226, Yaroslav was again forced to prove his right to rule in Novgorod. This time, Prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov opposed him, but the struggle was not successful for Mikhail. Moreover, in 1231 Yaroslav, together with his brother Yuri, gathered an army and invaded Chernigov.

In 1234 Yaroslav opposed German troops near the city of Yuryev, the result of the battle was the defeat of the enemy troops and peace beneficial for Rus'.

In 1236, Yaroslav received the title of Grand Duke of Kyiv and went to Kyiv, leaving his son in Novgorod.

In 1238, Yaroslav returned to Vladimir and began reigning there. After several years of successful reign, during which Vladimir finally becomes the capital of Rus', Yaroslav receives an order to appear from Khan Batu. From a trip to the Golden Horde, Yaroslav returns with a label for the Great Reign in Vladimir. During this period, Kyiv finally lost its status as the capital of Ancient Rus'.

Results of the reign of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

During the years of Yaroslav's reign, Vladimir officially became new capital Rus', Kyiv loses its power, political and economic. Also, thanks to the activities of Yaroslav, Rus' was able to recover from the attack of the Western crusaders, while maintaining its statehood and not breaking up into separate territories.

In foreign policy Yaroslav tried to regulate relations with the Golden Horde, as well as to protect the country, which was already in a difficult situation, from attack by the Germans and Lithuanians.

Yaroslav II (Theodore) Vsevolodovich (1190-1246) - book. Novgorod, later led. prince, father of St. Alexander Nevsky. In 1201, Ya. was appointed by his father (Vsevolod III the Big Nest) prince of southern Pereyaslavl. In 1203 he went against the Polovtsians. In 1206, the residents of the city of Galich (in Red Rus') elected him prince, but Ya. was expelled from there by the prince. Rurik Rostislavich and his allies, who decided to give Galich to Vladimir Igorevich, Prince. Seversky Ya returned to his Pereyaslavl, but from there he was soon expelled by Vsevolod Chermny, Prince. Chernigov In 1208, Ya. was sent by his father to reign in Ryazan, after the campaign of Vsevolod III against the Ryazan principality, in which Ya. took part. The Ryazan people soon rebelled against Ya., for which Ryazan was burned by Vsevolod, and Ya. retired to the Vladimir principality . In 1209, Ya. was sent by his father along with his older brothers against Novgorod, who wanted to install Mstislav Mstislavich as his prince, which Vsevolod III did not like; the matter ended with a reconciliation between the parties. After the death of Vsevolod III (1212), in the struggle of his older brothers over the great reign, Yanukovych sided with Yuri against Constantine. In 1215, Ya. was invited to the princely table by the Novgorodians, where the archbishop was solemnly greeted. Anthony and the residents. He began to reign with incredible severity and autocracy, seized the Novgorod thousand (Yakun Zubolomich) and the Novotorzh mayor and sent them in chains to Tver, and he himself, settling in Torzhok, stopped the supply of grain to Novgorod. The Novgorodians twice sent ambassadors to him, wanting reconciliation, but Yakov continued to act as before. Then Mstislav Udaloy (their former prince) and brother Ya. Konstantin took the side of the Novgorodians; Yuri stood up for Ya., but both of the latter were completely defeated in the battle on the river. Lipice (April 21, 1216). In 1222 we again see Ya as the Novgorod prince, at the invitation of the Novgorodians. In the same year, Ya. went with the Novgorodians to the city of Kolyvan (Revel), ravaged the entire Peipus land, took large booty and was full, but could not take the city. Soon Ya. voluntarily left Novgorod (around 1224). In 1225, the Novgorod land was subjected to a devastating raid by the Lithuanians, and Ya. “took pity” on the Novgorodians, according to the chroniclers, and acted with other princes against the Lithuanians; the latter were defeated near Usvyat, their booty was taken from them, and some of their princes were captured. After this, the Novgorodians strenuously called Ya. to come to them, and he agreed. In the winter of 1226, Ya. went to Finland to Em (Yam), “where, according to the chronicle, not a single Russian prince could visit, and the whole land was taken into captivity.” In 1227, without any violence on his part, he baptized the Korels, Emi’s neighbors. In the same year, Ya. quarreled with the Novgorodians over Pskov, which he wanted to completely subjugate to his will; he demanded that the Novgorodians go with him to Pskov, but they refused. Ya. left for Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, leaving his sons (Theodore and Alexander) in Novgorod. In the same 1228, Ya. participated in the campaign of his brother Yuri against Mordva, then captured the Novgorod volost of Volok; the Novgorodians sent envoys demanding the return of Volok; Not only did I not give it up, but I kept the ambassadors captive. In 1230, Ya. was again called to reign by the Novgorodians. In 1234, he opposed the Germans who were attacking the Novgorod-Pskov lands; the Germans were defeated and made peace; At the same time, the Lithuanians were also defeated. In 1236, Ya., at the insistence of his brother Yuri (Grand Prince of Vladimir) and Daniil of Galitsky, took the Kiev grand-ducal throne, leaving his son Alexander (Nevsky) in Novgorod. March 4, 1238 Yuri, leader. book Vladimirsky, fell in a battle with the Tatars on the river. City, and Ya., by right of seniority, took the grand-ducal throne in Vladimir. At this time, his capital city was a pile of ruins. I first of all took care of putting the capital in order, of clearing it of corpses that filled not only the courtyards and streets, but even the temples; then he tried to gather and encourage the residents who had fled from the Tatar invasion. Lithuanians, taking advantage of the cramped position of the north-east. Rus', bothered Smolensk. I went against them, defeated and captured their prince. Ya.'s peaceful activities were disturbed by a new Tatar raid on the Suzdal land (the ruin of Murom) in 1239. Batu, having founded his residence in Sarai, demanded the Russian princes to bow to him. Ya went to Sarai in 1243, and sent his son Constantine to Tartary to the Great Khan. Batu accepted and released Ya with honor and gave him eldership in all of Rus'. In 1245, Ya., together with his brothers (Svyatoslav and Ivan) and nephews, went to the Horde for the second time. His companions returned to their homelands, and Yaroslav Batu was sent to the banks of the Amur to the Great Khan. Here he had to endure “a lot of languor,” in the words of the chronicler: judging by some legends, some kind of intrigue was waged against him, actors which are the boyar Feodor Yarunovich and the khansha, who, under the guise of a treat, brought Ya poison. The Grand Duke left the khan already ill; a week later (September 30, 1246) he died on the road. Ya's body was brought to Vladimir, where it was buried in the Assumption Cathedral. The chronicles are generally stingy in their praise of Ya.; but one of them (“P.S.R.L.”, VII, 156) says that he “lay down his soul for his friends and for the Russian land,” and the handwritten calendar lists him among the saints.

All rulers of Russia Mikhail Ivanovich Vostryshev

GRAND DUKE OF VLADIMIR YAROSLAV II VSEVOLODOVICH (1190–1246)

GRAND DUKE OF VLADIMIR

YAROSLAV II VSEVOLODOVICH

Great-grandson of Vladimir Monomakh, fourth son of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod the Big Nest. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was born on February 8, 1190 in the city of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. At the age of seven, his father appointed him prince of this city. In 1212, Vsevolod the Big Nest died, appointing his eldest son Constantine as his successor.

In 1214, the Novgorodians, who did not have a prince at that time (Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloy, of his own free will, left Novgorod for southern Rus'), asked Yaroslav Vsevolodovich to reign. The next year he came to Novgorod, but did not reign there for long. In 1222, he was again in Novgorod, and together with its inhabitants went to fight in the Peipus land, took a large full and a lot of gold.

In the winter of 1226, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich went to the southern part of Finland - Em, where, according to the chronicler, “the whole land was captured by them.” He had to return with such a huge load that he was forced to release many prisoners and kill others.

Often quarreling with the Novgorodians, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich also quarreled with his older brother Yuri, against whom he managed to turn his nephews, the Konstantinovichs, against him. Finally, having gathered in Suzdal on September 7, 1229, they all made peace, kissed the cross the next day, on Christmas Day Holy Mother of God, had fun with Bishop Mitrofan.

In 1233, the Germans began to disturb the Novgorod and Pskov volosts. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich set out on a campaign, near Yuriev (Derpt) he defeated them, and they reconciled with the prince. In the same year, the Lithuanians attacked Rusa, but were repulsed and began to retreat. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich overtook them in the Toropetsk volost, took away five hundred horses and all the goods. The Lithuanians, throwing away their weapons and shields, fled into the forest.

On the banks of the City River on March 4, 1238, a battle took place between the troops of the Grand Duke Vladimirsky Yuri Vsevolodovich with the Tatars, in which the Grand Duke was killed. By seniority, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich took the Grand Duke's table. He hurried to Vladimir, which, after being devastated by the Tatars, was a pile of ruins and human corpses. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich took care of putting the capital in order and encouraging the remaining residents. The following year, he ordered the transfer of the body of his elder brother Yuri from Rostov to Vladimir, which was greeted by the clergy and people and, after a prayer service, was laid in the Vladimir Assumption Cathedral, where the ashes of their father lay.

In the same year, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich undertook a campaign against the Lithuanians who entered the Smolensk lands, defeated them, captured their prince, and imprisoned Vsevolod Mstislavich in Smolensk.

Khan Batu, meanwhile, devastated the southern Russian lands and the Carpathian region, from where he turned back with his hordes and chose the lower reaches of the Volga as his place of residence, founding the city of Sarai here. Now Russian princes were supposed to come here to bow to the formidable conqueror. In 1243, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich also went there. Batu accepted him with honor and gave him seniority in all of Rus'.

In 1246, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich again visited Sarai, from where he was forced to go to the capital of Mongolia, Karakorum, located south of Lake Baikal. This trip was undertaken in connection with the accession to the throne of the Great Khan Guyuk, the son of Ogedei. On the way back, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich died, probably poisoned by Guyuk’s mother, Turukina-Khatun.

Kalka. Artist Pavel Ryzhenko

Chapter I GRAND DUKE YAROSLAV II VSEVOLODOVICH. G. 1238-1247 Yaroslav's vivacity. Properties of George. Liberation of Smolensk. Civil strife. Batu devastates southern Russia. The beauty of Kyiv. Generosity of citizens. Siege and capture of Kyiv. State of Russia. The reason for the success of the Batyevs. Properties and