Recipe with subtitles in French. Traditional French cuisine. VIII. Listening “Mettre le couvert”

L'alimentation est très importante pour chaque organisme. L'alimentation et la santé sont des moments qui jouent un rôle vraiment grand dans la vie des êtres vivants. Nous vivons pour être sains et pour avoir la possibilité de travailler, d'aimer, d'élever les enfants et de faire quelque choses utiles pour les autres. L'alimentation se révèle saine si on respecte l'équilibre alimentaire: il est à noter qu"on recommande de consommer ni trop peu, ni trop beaucoup. En plus, le plus important c"est de consommer tout ce qui est nécessaire pour l 'organisme: par example, de la viande, du poisson, des legumes, des fruits, des products du lait...

L'alimentation a l"influence considérable sur la dureté et la qualité de la vie humaine. Il faut accentuer l"attention sur ce qu"en combinaison avec les exercises de corps on peut prolonger la vie active d"une personne. En ce qui concerne aussi l"alimentation saine il est à éviter les produits nuisibles pour l"organisme humain comme: le tabac et l"alcool. En plus, on ne doit pas se limiter par une liste stricte de produits alimentaires: l'alimentation doit se composer de tous les produits se revélant utiles pour l'organisme.

• consommer au minimum cinq fruits et légumes par jour;
• faire les exercises de corps chaque jour;
• manger à temps et en quantité suffisante afin d"avoir de la force et de l"énergie;
• se réposer un peu après la journé

Donc tout le monde doit suivre les points affichés ci-dessus: l’alimentation rationnelle est surtout indispensable pour les enfants, les personnes âgées et tous qui travaillent.

Chaque personne doit prendre le repas quatre fois par jour: le petit-dejeuner, le déjeuner, le dîner et le souper. Il est surtout utile de prendre le repas toujours en même temps parce que la santé est le trésor de chacun.

Translation

Nutrition is very important for the body of any person. Nutrition and health are aspects that play a truly significant role in the life of living beings. We live to be healthy and to be able to work, love, raise children and do something useful for other people. Nutrition is healthy if you maintain balance: it should be emphasized that it is recommended to eat neither too little nor too much. In addition, it is extremely important to eat what the body needs: for example, meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, dairy products...

Food has a significant impact on the length and quality of human life. It should be noted that in combination with physical exercise, a person’s active life can be extended. As for a healthy diet, you should avoid foods that are harmful to the human body, such as tobacco and alcohol. In addition, there is no need to limit yourself to a certain list of food products: it should consist of all products that are beneficial to the body. It is necessary to propose several rules that must be followed:

• eat at least five fruits and vegetables a day;
• do physical exercise every day;
• eat on time and in sufficient quantities to have strength and energy;
• rest a little after a working day.

In general, everyone should follow the above points: rational nutrition is especially necessary for children, older people and everyone who works.

Every person should eat four times a day: first breakfast, breakfast, lunch and dinner. It is especially useful to always eat at the same time, because health is a treasure for every person.

Publication date: 2015-12-30

One of the signs of a mature culture is the high professionalism of artisans. When they have the opportunity to develop their art not only for the sake of income and food, there is a chance to create masterpieces that will remain in history for all time. Now we are talking not only about artists, sculptors or architects. The art of cooking is no less aesthetically pleasing and beautiful. And France is one of the striking examples of how gastronomy has developed.

French cuisine is conventionally divided into three parts: regional peasant cuisine, widespread national cuisine and highly refined cuisine, the basis for which was the royal court cuisine.

The regional cuisine of the southern provinces is sharply distinguished by the spiciness of food and the widespread use of wine and spices in its preparation, especially garlic and onions. Alsatian cuisine also has its own characteristic features, characterized by a significant consumption of cabbage and fatty pork, although residents of all other regions of France prefer lean varieties of meat (lamb, veal, chicken, various game). Burgundy is famous for seafood and meat dishes with the addition of wine. Of course, the population of coastal provinces consumes a large amount of seafood.

French cuisine practically does not use dairy products, with the exception of cheeses, of which there are several dozen varieties. Also, the French almost never eat cereals - they love fresh vegetables. The main feature that distinguishes French cuisine is the presence of several hundred different sauces. Using sauces helps enhance the flavor of even the most ordinary dishes.

The French regard cooking as an art, and dozens of borrowed words (restaurant, side dish, omelette, sauce, entrecote, mayonnaise, soufflé and many others) emphasize the universal respect for their cuisine. It is curious that in France the word “gourmet” means, first of all, a lover of abundant and tasty food, while a connoisseur who understands the intricacies of exquisite dishes is called a gourmet (French gourmet).

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French cuisine for breakfast

(omelette) - a well-known and easy-to-prepare dish came to us from France. Traditionally, nothing is added to it; A real French omelette is beaten eggs fried in a frying pan in butter. It is made flat, not fluffy, rolled into a tube or folded in half.

In French cuisine, regular references to a dish called “omelet” are found in the 16th century (although there are earlier, but rare cases), but the omelet in its modern form appeared only in the 18th century.

(croissant) - a bagel made of puff pastry with filling, the most famous French pastry. Traditionally served for breakfast. Butter puff yeast dough gives baked goods a delicate airy structure. The modern croissant is a staple of French and Austrian bakeries and pastry shops. Thanks to the advent of factory-made frozen puff pastry in the 70s, they have become a widely popular fast food and now everyone can bake croissants, not just experienced chefs. The croissant is the most common pastry served with a continental-style breakfast.

Similar buns have been known in Austria since the 13th century, but they became popular only when they began to be baked in Paris. However, the Viennese and French croissants are different: the French borrowed only the shape from Austrian confectioners, and came up with the type of dough themselves. There are various culinary legends around the bun, which have no confirmation. For example, as if their shape is a reference to the Ottoman crescent.

The filling in a croissant can be anything - praline, almond paste, chocolate, dried fruits, fresh fruits. By the way, it is in France that croissants without filling are most often sold.

(œuf poché) is a simple and nutritious dish that came to us from France. The essence of the poached method is boiling eggs without shells in hot water. This is a method that allows you to achieve the desired result only with two components - the exact cooking time and the inadmissibility of boiling water.

There are different recipes based on poached eggs: they are sprinkled with herbs, salt, added to soups, and placed on sandwiches. One of the popular breakfast options is eggs benedict(bun with poached egg, bacon and sauce). The main thing is to use very fresh eggs. Chefs also recommend choosing the highest category of eggs (their yolk is bright and large). Then the cooked egg will consist of a delicate soft yolk in a thin, light, almost imperceptible layer of white.

Traditional French dishes for starters (soups)

(pot-au-feu) or pot-au-feu is a traditional “homemade” soup with beef and vegetables. Translated, its name - “pot on fire” - literally reflects the method of preparation: in winter, a pot of water was hung over the fire, where vegetables, meat and roots were placed. As they were cooked, they were selected and eaten, and a new portion of ingredients was added to the pot.

Potofyo takes a very long time to prepare, so the dish has practically disappeared from household use. Traditionally, the soup is topped with several pieces of inexpensive beef with bones, carrots, potatoes, onions, cabbage and turnips. Sometimes mushrooms are added. Onions are often deep fried for a smoky flavor. The presentation of the dish distinguishes it from other soups - vegetables and meat are served separately from the broth. They can be additionally seasoned with a side dish. Seasonings such as mustard, horseradish and mayonnaise are combined with potofe.

Over time, the term "potofyo" became a common noun. In Russia it was used as a synonym for the word “philistine”, since the soup is the simplest, “philistine”.

(coq au vin) or coq-au-vin is a traditional dish of French cuisine. Depending on the type of wine, there are several preparation options. It is generally accepted that the original recipe was invented in Burgundy, therefore Burgundy wine is considered the most suitable. You can also cook the rooster in champagne, Riesling, or Beaujolais Nouveau.

The dish is prepared from the whole bird, unlike, for example, duck confit, where only the legs are used. The sauce must include top-quality wine, which is also served with the dish at the table. Traditionally, rooster is served in wine as a side dish.

However, why a rooster? There is a legend about the origin of the dish from the time of Caesar: when the Romans conquered the Gauls (gallus - rooster), one of the leaders of the Gauls presented the future emperor with a live rooster, thus wanting to emphasize the valor of Rome. Caesar “returned” the gift by boiling the rooster in wine. Since the dish is national and actually folk, researchers still assume, since the dish is national and actually folk, that the rooster was boiled in wine to make its rather tough meat softer.

(cassoulet) - a stew with meat and beans, similar in consistency to a thick stew. To prepare it, a cassette (a special deep pot) is used. Previously, the dish was prepared in ceramic casserole dishes, but today they are made from aluminum foil.

Cassoulet originated as a folk dish in the southern regions of France and is still very popular today in Languedoc and Occitanie. This is, in fact, the birthplace of all kinds of cold cuts. Cassoulet traditionally includes white beans, sausages, pork, goose or, sometimes, lamb is present in the recipe.

Cook over low heat in a closed container - this is done in order to reduce the characteristic feature of beans to cause the accumulation of gases. Traditionally, French peasants cooked all the ingredients together in a pot, but nowadays it is customary to prepare cassoulet from beans and fried meat, pre-boiled with vegetables.

(bœuf bourguignon) or beef Burgundy is a traditional French dish, which, like, gave the world one of the most famous regions of France - Burgundy. The main “highlight” of the dish is a thick sauce based on red wine, naturally Burgundy.

The classic recipe for boeuf bourguignon is fried beef, which is stewed in a wine sauce with mushrooms, onions, carrots and garlic. However, these are very arbitrary ingredients, since there is no single generally accepted preparation option. Some cooks add tomato sauce, parsley and tomatoes to the dish.

Auguste Escoffier (1848-1935) introduced beef Burgundy into the French “haute cuisine” menu, and according to critics, this is one of the most delicious beef dishes, although the origin of the dish is folk. Previously, beef was stewed for a long time (more than three hours) in wine sauce in order to remove the toughness of the meat. Today, cooks use tender “marbled” meat, veal, and therefore there is no need for long cooking, as the French peasants did.

(bouillabaisse) is a French original fish soup, a popular dish along the Mediterranean coast. The name consists of two words: boil and simmer. Initially, it was a cheap soup made from leftover fish that could not be sold at the market during the day. Today, bouillabaisse includes halibut, hake, mullet, eel and even seafood - clams, mussels, crab, octopus. During cooking, add fish to the broth one by one and bring to a boil. The classic recipe also includes a set of Provençal herbs and vegetables: tomatoes, potatoes, celery, onions (pre-fried and stewed). Bouillabaisse is served with mayonnaise in olive oil with spices and garlic, and slices of grilled bread.

Previously, bouillabaisse was served as follows: broth and slices of bread separately, and fish and vegetables separately. The wide popularity of the dish and the influx of tourists on the southern coast of France created new bouillabaisse recipes - with expensive ingredients and exquisite seafood delicacies. Such dish options can cost 150-200 euros per serving. In some areas, nuts, Calvados, vinegar are added to the soup, and bouquet garni is used instead of Provençal herbs.

(vichyssoise) - onion soup-puree, named after the French resort of Vichy. The history of the soup causes debate among culinary specialists. According to Julia Child, it was created in America, but most experts attribute its creation to the famous Ritz-Carlton chef Louis Diat, who first prepared vichyssoise in 1950, based on childhood memories. Initially, a similar dish appeared as a hot soup made from potatoes and various types of onions (primarily leeks) at the end of the 19th century, and the chef’s innovation was that he came up with the idea of ​​whipping it with cold cream.

Traditionally, vichyssoise is served cold, sometimes with the addition of crackers. The soup is also served with shrimp salad with garlic and fennel.

(consommé) - beef or chicken broth, strong but clarified. In a modern version, the dish is complemented by a pie. Usually the broth is prepared with minced meat, but some restaurants serve a consommé of vegetables and even fruits.

Whipped egg whites are used to remove sediment and fat from the broth. The broth is also cooked with the addition of carrots, celery, and leeks, which are removed before serving. The classic taste of consommé is achieved by cooking at high temperature and frequent stirring: this way the broth is cooked until a dense protein film appears on its surface. Then it is simmered over low heat for about an hour until an amber translucent color and rich aroma are obtained.

Consommé is usually served hot because it hardens and forms a jelly. The side dish for it can be very different, but it is certainly served separately. Consommé is considered one of the most exquisite dishes, since its preparation requires a large amount of meat (about 500 grams of minced meat per serving of broth) and the poor could not afford such a wasteful dish. It is also common to serve gelled broth - chilled consommé.

(soupe à l "oignon) - a soup typical of French cuisine based on meat broth, with onions and cheese. Served with croutons. Similar onion-based soups have been known since Roman times - this is a popular food among the poor, who have always had onions in their abundance. The current version of the dish originated around the 18th century. According to French legend, it was first prepared by King Louis XV, who, while hunting, was hungry, but late at night there was only onions, champagne and butter in the house. According to other sources, a similar dish. was popular among Parisian workers and market traders. Today, French onion soup consists of caramelized onions in a pot of beef broth with croutons melting on top of the soup.

Thanks to the use of sauteed onions, the soup acquires a wonderful aroma and golden color. Cooks caramelize the onions for at least half an hour. For original notes, sherry or dry white wine can be added to the soup before serving the dish.

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Traditional French dishes for main course

(confit de canard) - stewed duck legs; a dish originally from the Gascony region (southern France). Confit arose as a way to preserve meat without the possibility of long-term storage. Usually the legs were salted and stewed for a long time in their own fat. Then they were placed in a ceramic pot and filled with the same fat. In this form, in a cold cellar, the prepared dish could be stored for months.

Today the recipe has changed somewhat: the duck is still rubbed with salt, herbs, garlic, but then kept in the refrigerator for more than a day. It is cooked in its own fat or in olive oil for several hours (from 4 to 10). Properly cooked duck confit in an airtight container can be stored in the refrigerator for up to six months. In a modern classic recipe, duck confit is served with roasted potatoes.

(foie gras) - fatty liver, this is how the name of this most delicate dish is literally translated. Even the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans mastered the practice of force-feeding waterfowl. By the way, we even owe the French word foie - liver - to the ancient Romans, whose geese were fed figs, and received from them “fig liver”, ficatum.

Today, mainly ducks and mulards (a cross between a duck and a goose) are fed to obtain liver. According to experts, the taste is practically indistinguishable. As a rule, foie gras is served before a hot dish and is accompanied by dessert white wine. But there are also original options - fried foie gras escalope.

(timbale) is a hearty and original dish, which is a pasta casserole in a special form. In general, timbales and timbales are products prepared in a special form, which does not allow the sauce or cream to spread, and also gives the dish a beautiful appearance. This was quite consistent with the spirit of the court cuisine of France at the beginning of the 19th century, when chefs were required to be able to prepare multi-story “palaces” from such timbales.

Today, timbale refers to large, long pasta that is used to fill a baking dish (bottom and sides). The filling can be very different - vegetables, mushrooms, cheese, meat. The top layer of timbale is again pasta.

(cuisses de grenouille) is an unusual delicacy to which the French owe the offensive nickname “paddling pools.” Connoisseurs claim that frog legs taste like a cross between chicken and fish. Only the upper part of the hind leg is eaten. According to statistics, more than 3 billion frogs are raised annually for this purpose.

(escargots de bourgogne) - snail appetizer, one of the specific famous dishes of French cuisine. In general, escargot is a term that unites all edible types of snails, but the French consider Burgundy snails to be the classic and most delicious.

Escargot is an exquisite delicacy served in expensive restaurants. Of course, you can buy live snails or semi-finished products in markets and stores in France. In the first case, you will have to prepare them yourself (an extremely troublesome task) - soak them in flour and herbs for several days, pour them over with boiling water, and remove the meat. Snail shells can be used to serve a dish more than once.

A mandatory component of the escargot recipe is green butter (whip garlic and parsley with salted butter). This mixture is placed on the bottom of the shell, then it is filled with snail meat, and again covered with green oil on top. The snails are baked in the oven until golden brown and eaten with a fork and special tongs. White wine is served with escargot.

(galantine) - “jelly” in Old French, aspic made from chicken, rabbit, veal. Galantine is a rather difficult to prepare, richly decorated dish (hence the name: galantine - complex). The classic recipe is as follows: minced meat is mixed with seasonings and eggs, then boiled in broth or baked, and then cooled to form the outer layer of jelly. The dish is served cold. Galantine in France is traditionally prepared from chicken, duck, pheasant, pork and lamb. Nowadays, the term “galantine” refers not only to a specific dish, but also to the technology of its preparation.

(aligot) - mashed potatoes and cheese, often with the addition of garlic, served with fried sausage or pork. The dish originated in the Auvergne region and spread widely at the end of the 19th century, mainly due to urbanization.

Aligo is made from mashed potatoes, to which cream, butter, garlic and chopped cheese are added (half a kilo of cheese per kilo of potatoes). As for the type of cheese, the Auvergne cheeses Tom and Cantal were traditionally used. Historically, this dish was prepared for pilgrims who, on the way to Santiago de Compostela, asked at the abbey on the Aubrac plateau to eat at least “something”, which in Latin sounds like “aliquid”. Nowadays, red wine is recommended for the dish.

(côtelette de volaille) - a dish very similar to “Kiev cutlet”. A classic French recipe: pounded chicken breast is stuffed with a creamy sauce, coated several times with a mixture of egg and breadcrumbs, then fried or baked in the oven. A variety of ingredients can be added to a creamy sauce, which can significantly change the taste of the dish as a whole.

In 1918, cutlets de volai were first served at one of the official receptions in Kyiv. Everyone liked the new dish and quickly entered the restaurant menu, receiving the name “Kiev cutlet.” Later, during mass production, its recipe was simplified - cold butter was used instead of sauce.

(choucroute) - Alsatian-style sauerkraut, a dish of regional French cuisine. Usually this word refers not only to cabbage itself, but also to a side dish in the form of potatoes or meat products. Shukrut has been known in this form since the 19th century. The preparation method is as follows: finely shredded cabbage is infused for some time in brine, then it is boiled in beer or wine.

Sausages, knuckle, salted meat, and potatoes are traditionally added to choucroute. This is one of the popular Alsatian dishes. In 2012, choucroute was patented as a protected geographical name. Now manufacturers can produce products with this name only if the preparation technology complies with established standards. For example, heads of cabbage must weigh from 3 kg; when ripening, enzymes cannot be added and the temperature cannot be changed, and if choucroute is sold boiled, then only Alsatian alcohol is used for it. This guarantees high quality standards that have been developed over the years.

(gratin dauphinois) - potato casserole with cream. Names such as “potatoes a la dauphinois” and “dauphinois casserole” are also used. The dish was first mentioned in 1788. The original recipe included potatoes, garlic and butter, with cream and additional ingredients added later. The potatoes are cut into coin-thick slices, placed in layers and cooked in the oven over low heat for about an hour. You can also add cheese and eggs. The main thing is to choose the right potatoes, yellow and not too hard. The highlight of the dish is the aroma of garlic. As an alternative to cream, some recipes use poultry broth. Some recipes call for pre-breading of the potatoes.

French desserts

(creme fraiche) is a French fermented milk product with a fat content of no more than 30%, similar to sour cream. It is obtained from cream by adding lactic acid bacteria. Creme fraiche is practically not consumed as a separate dish, but is widely used as an ingredient for preparing a variety of soups, sauces and desserts. Sometimes it is used as a marinade for meat, then spices, garlic and herbs are added to it.

(crème brûlée) is a dessert whose name translates as “burnt cream.” The earliest mention of it dates back to the 17th century and appears in the cookbook of François Messialot, chef of the Duke of Orleans. Therefore, creme brulee is traditionally considered a French dessert, although the British believe that its authorship belongs to them and creme brulee was first prepared at Trinity College Cambridge.

Crème brûlée is a custard base of cream, egg and sugar, topped with a layer of hardened caramel crust. Dessert should be at room temperature. The custard base is usually flavored with vanilla, and in some cases with other additives. Another variation of the recipe is Catalan cream, which contains lemon or orange zest and cinnamon. Its base is prepared with milk, unlike traditional creme brulee. Another original version of the recipe is crème brulee flambé - the custard is sprinkled with sugar and caramelized with a burner right before serving.

(éclair) is one of the most popular French desserts. The long tube of choux pastry filled with cream was most likely created by a famous chef named Marie-Antoine Carême (1784-1833). In the USA, eclairs actually mean yeast donuts, but real French eclairs are hollow inside, tender and correspond to the literal translation of “lightning” - they are eaten with lightning speed.

It's funny that in Germany these cakes were called "love bone" and "hare's foot." The characteristic oblong shape, glaze coating and delicate filling are the distinctive features of all eclairs. Choux pastry tubes are filled with vanilla, coffee or chocolate flavored cream, whipped cream, rum cream or fruit fillings and even chestnut puree. The glaze can be fondant, caramel, or chocolate.

French pies

Quiche lorraine, also known as Lorraine pie, is an open pie with filling and filling. The original savory quiche is made from shortcrust pastry, filled with smoked bacon and topped with a mixture of eggs and cream with pepper and sometimes nutmeg. Its main feature is the delicate baked crust that is formed from the filling.

Initially, quiche Laurent - a pie with Lorraine custard, as the egg-cream filling was called - appeared on the table at the beginning of the 17th century. Then it was sprinkled with cheese, but over time the cheese was replaced with bacon. Other varieties of pie also appeared - with fried onions or with fish and egg, or without any filling at all.

Today, quiche Laurent has become so popular that this name now refers to all savory pies with filling and filling. There are a lot of quiche recipes nowadays - vegetable, meat, fish, but quiche Laurent with brisket is still considered classic (sometimes supplemented with cheese; the original uses Gruyere cheese).

(pissaladière) - an open-faced onion pie with anchovies, similar to pizza. Originated in southern France and has become a traditional local dish, especially popular in the Nice area. A real pissaladiere should contain pissala (a salted puree of very small anchovies and sardines with herbs), but due to the ban on catching such small fish in the Mediterranean, the pie began to be made from the pulp of lightly cured anchovies (sometimes they are ground into minced meat). The onions are caramelized over time in olive oil, and garlic, thyme and black olives are also added.

(tarte tatin) is a French apple pie in which apples are caramelized in sugar and butter. It appeared at the end of the 19th century, perhaps thanks to Stephanie Tatin (the owner of a hotel near Paris), who, while preparing a regular pie, forgot about the apples in the frying pan and almost burned them. Then she poured the dough directly onto the burnt apples and put it in the oven in this form (along with the frying pan). Then the woman turned the finished pie over, which, to everyone’s surprise, turned out to be a delicious delicacy.

The unusual thing about tarte tatin is that it is baked upside down. So apple upside-down pie became the signature dish of the Tatin sisters. At least according to legend. The owner of the famous Parisian restaurant Maxim, having tasted this new dessert, was amazed and included it in his menu. For tarte tatin, not only apples are used, but also pears, peaches and even tomatoes and onions. The dough can be shortbread or puff pastry.

French pastries

(canelé) is a signature French dessert originally from Aquitaine. This is a small cake that has a hard crispy crust on the outside and a tender dough on the inside. The term originated from the architectural "flute" - a column with grooves. The dessert has the same shape.

There is a story that caneles appeared in the 18th century, perhaps thanks to the nuns who invented the dessert - small oblong fried pieces of dough. Another legend is associated with winemaking in the Bordeaux region - in this area, the wine goes through a clarification stage with the help of beaten egg whites, while the unnecessary yolks were sent to the monastery, where a cake was invented based on them.

The required ingredients for canele include vanilla, rum, yolk and cane sugar. It is difficult to say whether 18th-century monastery pastries were the predecessors of modern canelets, but they were called, in any case, it seems - canoliers. Today, canele is one of the most popular “simple” desserts. They are even served with champagne and wine - this is a versatile, delicate and aromatic dessert.

(gougères) - savory pastries filled with cheese. Gougères look like small cakes made from choux pastry, from 3 to 12 cm in diameter. For their preparation, cheese is used that has a pronounced taste, for example, Comte, Gruyère, Emmental. Grated or finely chopped cheese is added directly to the dough. In some recipes, gougères are filled with meat, mushrooms, and ham. It is believed that they were first made in Burgundy. Served during wine tasting (cold), and as an aperitif - hot.

In the 18th-19th centuries, gougères were made from tubes of dough, sometimes it was just a flat pie. Even earlier, gougères meant stewed meat in dough, as well as a medieval cheese pie with filling. In England there is a similar pastry - scones. Gougères differ from them by the obligatory presence of cheese, which gives the baked goods a piquant taste.

(vol-au-vent) - a savory appetizer, a dish of French cuisine, the name of which translates as “flying in the wind.” This puff pastry confectionery product is usually filled with meat, fish or mushroom.

Initially, vol-au-vent was prepared as a small pie and had about 20 cm in diameter. The famous chef Antoine Carême (1784-1833) used the light and crisp puff pastry to create a savory or sweet unusual snack. They say that when the flat rings from which he made the cake expanded greatly in the oven, as happens with puff pastry, Karem's student noticed that the cake seemed to fly into the air - hence the characteristic name. Later, the vol-au-vents were reduced in size by at least half, “to the queen’s bite.”

The filling for vol-au-vent can be very different: stewed meat, fish, mushrooms, even snails and crayfish. The main feature of the dish is its original shape. Vol-au-vent consists of several dough rings held together with egg whites. The appetizer is served hot.

(baguette) - a long soft bun with a crust; considered a symbol of French cuisine. Typically, a baguette is about 65 cm long, 6 cm wide, and weighs 250 grams. Its name is borrowed from Italian and translates as “stick”. The forerunners of these long loaves were known in France back in the days of Louis XIV - they were described as six-foot thin loaves, more like a weapon or a crowbar.

The baguette is usually broken rather than cut. It is eaten only fresh; a few hours after cooking it goes stale. The main condition for creating an airy, light baguette is a well-heated oven. One of the features of a baguette is the speed of its preparation.

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Other traditional French dishes

(andouillette) - an original type of French sausage; a typical dish for the regions of Champagne, Picardy, Flanders, Lyon. Andouille is a stuffing made from ground up intestines and gizzard with seasonings, peppers, onions and wine that are used to stuff the pork intestines. The dish is practically not found anywhere except France and has a specific original smell that arises from its ingredients. The mayor of Lyon once spoke about the smell of sausage: “Politics is like andouillet, it should smell a little unpleasant, but not too much.” Andouillet is served fried or grilled, both hot and cold.

Biscuits(les galettes) is a flour product whose main property is a long shelf life. This word (translated as “boulder”) refers to several dishes at once, including cookies, crackers, crackers, pancakes and even a type of bread. For example, a typical snack in the French region of Brittany is sausage biscuits, thin pancakes in which a fried sausage or sausage is wrapped.

Simple types of biscuits - crackers and crackers - are made from low-fat dough. They are stored for several years. They are still used in army and expeditionary rations, and taken with them on hiking trips. Despite the density, the structure of such “cookies” is layered and it is easily soaked in liquid. Fatty biscuits are also prepared, in which the fat content (butter) can reach 18%.

Simple biscuits are a well-known food of French peasants. And if in Brittany biscuits are pancakes made from buckwheat flour with milk and eggs, then in other regions they are large cookies or shelf-stable bread. Thin buckwheat Breton spring rolls are a specialty of the local cuisine; they are decorated with eggs, meat, cheese, vegetables or fruits.

1. Ensure that the near future tense and thematic vocabulary are practiced during the lesson.
2. Develop communication skills on the topic, listening skills, sociocultural competence.
3. Cultivate interest in language, rules of etiquette

Equipment: tape recorder, set of pictures on the topic, cards for individual and pair work, blank cards depicting the table surface.

1. Organizational moment.

Teacher: Bon matin, les éleves! Je suis ravie de vous voir. Asseyez-vous. Comment ça va? En form? Quelle date sommes-nous aujour`hui? Quel jour de la semaine sommes-nous? Tu as bien dormi? Tu te réveilles toi-même?\ grâce à maman, au réveille-matin\

2. Purpose of the lesson:

Teacher: Aujour` hui nous allons:

1. Apprendre des mots.
2.Parler de repas.
3. Decree des images.
4.Lire le texte.
5.Conjuguer des verbes.
6.Recevoire des notes.

Practicing tongue twisters and words on the topic.

Teacher: Repétez après moi!

1.La souris a mis du riz dans le nid de ses petits.
2.Tot thé t a –t-il oté ta toux?
3.Q`est-ce qu il y a dans notre réfrigérateur? \shows a model of a refrigerator, on the back of which there are pictures of food in the pocket\

• Il y a des pommes de terre, une orange, une carotte, une tarte, des galettes, des tomates, des bonbons, des champignons, un concombre, des cerises, des légumes.

Qu est-ce qu il y a dans notre buffet?

• Il y a une tasse, une fourchette, un couteau, une cuillère, une casserole.

Employez les formules de déception: Zut alors, c "est dommage, quel dommage.\work in pairs using cards\

1.Tu voudrais manger du pâté mais il est trop salé.
2.Tu voudrais aller au magasin mais il pleut.
3.Tu as soif et on ne te donne pas de l"eau.
4.Le vent a emporté ton chapeau.
5.Tu voudrais manger du rôti mais il est trop cuit.
6.On ne donne pas de glace au dessert à la cantine.
7.Tu as faim et on ne te donne pas à manger.
8.Tu voudrais manger de la salade mais elle est trop fade.

1.Individual work using cards\ see Appendix 1\

a\ pour préparer la soupe - élève 1;
b\ qu"est-ce qu"ils mangent? - elève 2;
c\ le déjeuner d"Andre - élève 3;
d\ au supermarché - élève 4.

2. Exercice: remplacez les points par l"article partitif – élève 5.

3.Pour la classe: écoutez le dialogue et remplacez les points par les mots

d"après notre theme

Annette, syl...

a\ apporte….;
b\ donne-moi…;
c\ mets…pour..;
d\ viens….

Dialogue: éleve 6-7

Annette, s" il te plaît, apporte les assiettes!

Non maman, j"ai mal à la tête.

Annette, s"il te plaît donne-moi le pain!

Non, j"ai mal à la main.

Annette, mets la table pour le déjeuner!

Non, j"ai mal au nez.

Annette, viens manger la galette!

4.Monologue “les fêtes gastronomiques en France” - élève 8 \cm. Annex 1 \

Quelles fêtes gastronomiques vous savez?

Tu es prof de yoga. Quelles directions donneras-tu à tes élèves?

Respirez! Ne respirez pas! Fermez les yeux! Ouvrez les yeux! Levez-vous! Posez les mains sur les époles et faites comme moi 1,2,3,4!

Asseyez-vous, merci!

Il existe beaucoup de proverbes d"après notre thème.Lisez-les et donnez les équivalents russes!

a\ l"appetit vient en mangeant.
b\ chacun son goût
c\ tel arbre, tel fruit
d\ grossir c"est veillir
e\trop est trop
f\ casser la croute
g\ vivre comme un coq en pâte
h\ avoir un appetit d'oiseau
i\ avoir une faim de loup
j\ il faut travailler qui veut manger
k\ on recolte ce qu"on a semer
l\ muet comme une carpe

Trouvez les verbes du 1 groupe et conjuguez ces verbes au futur proche! Puis les verbes du 2 groupe et du 3 groupe à la forme positive et negative.

Par.ex.- casser \1groupe\ la croûte

Je vais casser la croute
Tu vasser la croûte
Il \elle\ va casser la croute
Nous allons casser la croûte

Vous allez casser la croute
Ils\elles\vont casser la croûte.

Corrigez des phrases\ trouvez des fautes\!

The teacher reads the phrases, and the students, noticing errors, correct them by pronouncing the correct version.

• Donnez-moi une fourchette pour couper du pain.
• Je préfère manger à la bibliotheque.
• Donnez-moi du sel pour boir du thé ou du café.
• Passez-moi du sucre pour manger de la viande.
• Comme dessert je prends du roti de beauf.
• 6 fois par semaine les élèves français prennent-ils leur déjeuner au restaurant scolaire.

Students work on cards depicting the surface of the table\it needs to be covered, after listening to the teacher's story twice and drawing schematically the devices and objects where they should be\

Vocabulary necessary to understand the text:

Le center - center;
à gauche – on the left;
à droite – on the right;
à l "extreme - to the edge.

L "assiette se met au centre.

La fourchette se met à gauche.

Le couteau se met à droite.

La cuillere se met à l extrême droite.

Sur la table il y a un vase.

Dans ce vase il y a une rose.

Find a rhyme!

J"ai une gomme
Tu as une…..
Il a une carte
Elle a une….
Nous avons des ballons
Vous avez des….
Ils ont des châteaux
Elles ont des…..

1. Lesson summary.

A textbook of the French language for the 6th grade of general education institutions “Blue Bird”. Authors: N.A. Selivanova. A.Yu. Shashurina.

There are a sufficient number of restaurants in France that offer their visitors menus in foreign languages, including Russian. Most cafes limit themselves to English as a second language. But, unfortunately, the better the restaurant, the less likely you are to find a menu in any language other than French. This is what the rules of etiquette dictate.

We dedicate this article to how to properly understand the French menu, even if you don’t know a word in this language.

First rule: there is always a menu at the entrance to a French restaurant.

In any French restaurant or cafe there is always a menu, which is located immediately at the entrance to the establishment. There you can easily see the list of dishes and prices. And you will immediately understand whether it is worth going to this establishment or not.

Rule two: distinguish between the menu and the map

The word “menu” in Russian and French means different things. What we call a “menu” the French call “ La carte "(la kart). And here is the word " Menu " means what we usually call a “business lunch” or a similar set. Usually this is a set of 2-3 dishes, which is valid on certain days and times and costs less (fixed price) if you ordered it all separately. The title " Formula du jour ". So be careful. If you ask the waiter to bring exactly the “menu,” he may misunderstand you, decide that you have already made your choice and start bringing food (this is rare, but it happens).

La Carte de Vins- This wine map.

There is also such a subspecies “Une degustation" - This tasting of several dishes, or, for example, types of beer. They will bring you a little of everything.

Rule three: Find out what is written on the French menu

French food can include numerous sections. They will be arranged in the following order (they should be used in the same order):

• un apéritif - aperitif. This is a cocktail or a small portion of strong alcohol (whiskey, vodka, etc.) that the French take before dinner. It is believed that an aperitif allows the appetite to run wild.
• un amuse-bouche or amuse-gueule – snack. As we would say, for one tooth.
• une entrée- it is too snack, but already more. This includes fairly satisfying dishes, but in small portions. For example, there may be onion soup or salad.
• le plat principal - main course. Usually it is fish or meat. But the French have a very rich gastronomic imagination, you can’t predict everything here.
• le Fromage – cheese. Several types of cheese are often served. And don’t be alarmed if cheese is classified as a dessert, that’s how it’s supposed to be.
• le dessert - Dessert
• le café - coffee
• un digestif - alcoholic drinks taken after dinner for good digestion.

Rule four: special offers

Le plat du jour- This special offer for today. You can check with the waiter about what exactly is served.
Gratuit and means " for free" This applies most often to water and bread.
Read more tips on behavior in a French restaurant in our article “

Recipes for these treats were born in the provinces and in royal castles from delicacies and village provisions, centuries ago. It is not for nothing that French chefs know the secrets of preparing a huge gastronomic assortment, nevertheless, strictly observing some nuances... First of all, food is served in small portions, which is apparently why French women are distinguished by their slender figures. It should also be noted that soups are prepared thick, but easy to digest.

The five most commonly used ingredients in recipes are:

Another point - when frying the meat, they add wine, which evaporates, having time to imbue the product with an unusual taste. French chefs always remember the Burgundian proverb: “drink white wine in the morning, red wine in the evening, so that the blood is good” - therefore, a filled glass always decorates interesting presentations. The description of the characteristic features would not be complete if we did not mention Roquefort cheese and Provencal sauce, famous both here in Russia and throughout the world. Desserts deserve special attention: airy, melting in the mouth, conducive to dreams, they make you want to enjoy the amazing taste forever. You can do all this at home, feeling the Parisian flavor. You can quickly master any recipes for French cuisine. Maybe it's time to surprise your loved one with a romantic dinner with the aroma of an original combination of spices?