Development of Latin American countries in the 19th century. Latin America in the 19th - early 20th centuries. Latin American countries in the 19th - early 20th centuries

07.07.2020

Lambert cheese composition on the label

Pork loin: product description, calorie content

Is lightly salted trout healthy?

Tender turkey meatballs in sour cream Delicious turkey meatballs

Lesson No. 26 Date 12/08/2016 author Zinovieva Yulia Grigorievna

History lesson in 8th grade with a valeological focus

Topic: Latin America in the 19th century.

Lesson type: lesson on learning new material.

Lesson form: combined lesson.

Lesson objectives:

1. Create an idea for students about the countries of Latin America in the 19th century;

2. Develop the ability to highlight the main thing in a text, be able to characterize a historical figure, work with a contour map, the ability to draw up an answer plan, develop monologue speech;

3. To cultivate a sense of mutual understanding, tolerance and peace between people and nations, a willingness to cooperate with fellow practitioners, and teamwork.

Equipment and materials: textbook, blackboard, chalk, outline maps: “Latin America in the 19th century,” “Political map of the world.”

Literature:

1. Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. Modern History, 1800–1900, 8th grade. – M., 2012.

2. Alperovich M.S., Slezkin L.Yu. History of Latin America (from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century). – Educational edition. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Higher. school, 1991.

3. Latino- america. ru(Internet source).

Lesson plan:

1. Organizational moment (2-3 minutes)

2. Checking homework (10-15 minutes)

3. Presentation of new material (15 minutes)

4. Primary consolidation (4-5 minutes)

5. Setting homework (1-2 minutes)

6. Summing up the lesson (3-4 minutes)

Basic concepts: colony, empire, metropolis, civil war, wars of liberation, Latin America, caudillo, caudilloism, Latin American “melting pot”.

During the classes

Organizational moment (2-3 minutes)

Hello guys! Sit down! Who is on duty today? Name those who are absent.

They say hello and sit down with the teacher’s permission.

The duty officer stands up and names those who are absent.

Checking homework (10-15 minutes)

Do you remember what was assigned to you at home?

1) Indeed, in the last lesson we looked at the United States after the Civil War.

Several people (4) will work individually (cards with test tasks)

While the children work individually, a frontal survey is carried out.

1) Tell us, what were the conditions for the heyday of the United States? Why did the United States accomplish an “economic miracle” in such a short time? I ask one student.

2) Working with concepts assigned for homework: I ask one person at a time:

a) What is the Monroe Doctrine? Thanks to whom was it created? What is the essence of the doctrine?

B) Describe the “open door doctrine.” What country is she associated with?

Q) Assess “big stick diplomacy”? How did it work in practice?

D) What is meant by “dollar diplomacy”?

After the frontal survey, students with individual assignments take tests for verification (the assessment will be known in the next lesson). The rest of the grade is known after the teacher comments on the oral answers.

They remember and answer what was asked.

Sample student answer:

In 60-90 years. In the 19th century, the economic development of the United States surprised the world. A number of factors contributed to this:

1) The United States had a vast territory that made up a single domestic market;

2) the country did not have dangerous neighbors that threatened its security

3) America's rich natural resources and fertile lands pushed for increased economic development;

4) due to migrants, the country's population rapidly increased.

Answer one person at a time.

Presentation of new material (15 minutes)

In previous lessons we began to study the chapter “Two Americas”, why two Americas?

Right. And we'll start with the map.

1. Working with a map - show North and South America on the map, mark the borders of the United States.

You and I have studied one America. Now we have to explore another part of America - South (or Latin).

So what is the topic of today's lesson?

Right! Just turn to paragraph 26 and write down the topic completely and correctly!

In addition to the topic, we will also write down a lesson plan:

Lesson Plan

3. Century of the Caudillo.

And before we start our lesson with you, we will work, as always, with the dictionary, since as the lesson progresses you may have difficulties with those concepts that you do not yet know.

1) Caudillo -

2) Caudilism –

3) Civil War –

I would like to start with the fact that when 500 years ago great geographical discoveries led Europeans to the New World, there was a direct “collision” of two worlds - on the one hand, the world of the Indians and, on the other hand, the world of the Spaniards and Portuguese. The meeting of such different cultures marked the beginning of the emergence of Latin American society.

Economically, the countries of Latin America were more backward than the United States; by the beginning of the 19th century, all countries of Latin America were colonies of other countries. Which ones?

Let's open the map, and one person will work at the board.

“The Formation of Independent States in L.A. at the beginning of the 19th century” and let’s see which countries L.A. was dependent on?

By the middle of the 17th century. k Latin America was colonized. Apart from Brazil, which was captured by the Portuguese, all of South America belonged to Spain.

Now, using the map, try to define Latin America yourself.

Latin America is the general name for countries that are located in Central and South America).

On the territory of L.A. lived -….With. textbook 212 , read, write down what peoples lived in L.A.(various races and peoples: Indians, blacks, people from Spain and Portugal, from other European countries).

1. The time of the liberators. Simon Bolivar.

But gradually this situation began to change.

Latin American countries forXIXall gained independence during the liberation struggle.In order to see which territories received independence, we will work with the textbook and the same map. Your task:read the points “The time of the liberators” and “Independence is the only good”, and based on the points read, write down the countries and the year when this country gained independence in the 19th century (work for 5-7 minutes)

A young guy stood out among the liberation movement.Simon Bolivar . Who was he? What qualities did he have?

We will be able to answer this question after watching a video about it.

Watch video (3-4 minutes)

Valeopause - show on the map one country at a time in Latin America (one at a time go to the map).

2. Results and significance of the liberation wars.

Reading with analysis of the textbookWith. 209 , drawing up a plan for the answer “Results of the liberation wars”.

3. Slavery was destroyed.

4.Republics were established.

3. In the countries of L.A. there was such a phenomenon as Caudillo - a regime of personal power of dictators in a number of Latin American countries, established through a military coup and relying directly on military force.

4. Slow economic development.

Since the end of the 19th century. Latin American countries began to experience strong pressure from their northern neighbor, the United States, manifested in economic, political and military interference in their internal affairs. In the economy of L.A. farms focused on the production and export abroad of agricultural products or minerals.

Working with the textbook on p. 211 “Slow Economic Development”, read, write down from the map of the textbook what products were exported from Latin American countries.

5. Latin American "melting pot".

The 19th century was the time of the formation of the Latin American nation. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. in Latin America on a huge area of 20.6 million square meters. km lived 60 million people. There were 20 independent states here. The last Spanish colony, Cuba, achieved independence in 1898. - So, what language do Latin Americans speak? In 18 countries the population spoke Spanish, in Brazil - Portuguese, in Haiti - French.

Sample answer: Because there is North America and there is South America.

The student comes to the board and shows.

South America.

Notebook entry:

Latin America in the 19th – early 20th centuries: a time of change.

Lesson Plan

1. The time of the liberators. Simon Bolivar.

2. Results and significance of the liberation wars.

3. Century of the Caudillo.

4. Slow economic development.

5. Latin American "melting pot".

Working with a dictionary. Write in your notebook:

1) Caudillo is a chief, an influential political leader.

2) Caudilism - dictatorial, tyrannical power.

3) Civil war is a war on the territory of one country, when the warring parties are citizens of one country.

Notebook entry:

1) Guiana (a colony of three states at once - Great Britain, the Netherlands and France)

2) Brazil (Near Portugal)

3) Almost all of South America is under the yoke of Spain.

Notebook entry:

Latin America is the general name for countries that are located in Central and South America.

On the territory of L.A. lived -various races and peoples: Indians, blacks, immigrants from Spain and Portugal, from other European countries.

They read, write out.

So who is Bolivar? I listen to the children's versions. Let's record together.

Conclusion (with notebook entry): Simon Bolivar is a man whohad extraordinary military leadership talent;led the patriotic movement for the freedom of Venezuela;the memory of S. Bolivar was preserved in the name of one of the Latin American countries (Bolivia).

They go to the board and show the countries.

“Results of the liberation wars”:

1.All countries L.A. gained independence.

2. Conditions have been created for the development of the economy.

3. Slavery was destroyed.

4.Republics were established.

They are listening.

Fossils: copper, silver, copper ore, saltpeter (used for fertilizers)

Argentina exported: frozen meat.

Brazil exported: coffee, gold, silver, rubber, fruits)

Mexico exported: gold, silver

Colombia - Indigo, coffee.

In 18 countries the population spoke Spanish, in Brazil - Portuguese, in Haiti - French.

Primary consolidation (4-5 minutes)

I ask questions and the children answer.

1.Why did the liberation movement arise in Latin America?

2.Why did industry develop so slowly in the region?

3.What did Latin America mainly export?

Compose a syncwine related to the topic of the lesson.Latin America.

Cinquain is not a simple poem, but a creative work. You will work in pairs. Example option:

Latin America - country

Dependent, multinational.

Liberated in the 19th century, traditionalism, backwardness

Latin America – a “melting pot”

L.a. - a unique country.

They think and answer.

Make up a syncwine on the topic.

Homework

Homework p. 211 textbook, fill out the table:

feature of the economic development of Latin America in the 19th century? and got the best answer

Answer from Leech Medicinal[guru]
Latin American countries gained independence in the first quarter of the 19th century. as a result of the armed national liberation struggle against Spain led by such prominent figures as José San Martín, Simon Bolivar, Agustin Iturbide
The former great colonial empire Spain retained power only over Cuba and Puerto Rico. The victory of the peoples of Latin America was facilitated by the situation in Europe. Major European states were involved in the Napoleonic Wars and the suppression of revolutionary uprisings in the 1820s
The position of the United States was also a significant factor. In 1823, US President James Monroe declared that Americans, having refused to interfere in European affairs, had the right to demand European non-interference in American affairs. This position was expressed in the slogan “America for Americans.” Subsequently, the Monroe Doctrine became a justification for American expansion in Latin America.
After gaining independence, Latin American countries developed unique political and economic relations, largely inherited from the colonial past.
The dominant position in political and economic life was occupied by various groups of large landowners-latifundists, descendants of the Spanish and Portuguese colonial nobles, who used the labor of landless peasants (mainly Indians) and black slaves. Slavery in some Latin American countries, in particular in Brazil, existed until the end of the 19th century.
After gaining independence, Latin American countries, except Brazil, were declared republics. Brazil only became a republic in 1889. The full power in these states, as a rule, belonged to the leaders (caudilio), who relied on the army and the latifundists. At the same time, the countries formally retained constitutions and representative bodies (parliaments), and simulated elections. This situation resulted in the weakness of state power. Numerous military coups, civil wars, and the establishment of personal dictatorships have become a characteristic feature of political life in Latin America. The leaders of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of Latin America dreamed of the existence of a single state that would unite all the possessions of Spanish America: the population spoke similar languages, they were united by one religion - Catholicism. But this did not happen due to the selfishness of local elites, who preferred rulers of their own states. Wars began that led to the disintegration of Gran Colombia and the United Provinces of Central America. But the borders established between the new states were in most cases artificial, which led to new conflicts. The largest of them were: Uruguay's struggle for independence and the Argentine-Brazilian War (1816-1828), the bloody Paraguayan War (1864-1870), the "saltpeter" war of Chile with Peru and Bolivia (1870-1884)

Answer from Ksyusha[newbie]
Govtrans

Answer from 3 answers[guru]

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Latin America clearly lagged behind the leading powers. Its economy was based on agriculture and the export of raw materials, while industry and machine labor predominated in the leading European powers. There was also no political unity in Latin American countries. In most countries, a strict regime was established - a military dictatorship. Among other things, Latin American countries were concerned about a pressing issue - the issue of slavery. You will learn about these, as well as other important events in the history of Latin American countries, by studying this lesson.

Latin American countries in the 19th - early 20th centuries

Background

After the victory of the Spanish colonies in the War of Independence (see the lesson “The War of Independence in Latin America”), the possessions of Spain and Portugal in Latin America became sovereign states (sovereignty). In almost all Latin American states (the only exception was Brazil until 1889) a republican system was established. The most common form of government was military dictatorship (in the 19th century, military dictators ruled in every country in Latin America at least once).

In the 19th century Latin American states often fought with each other, trying to expand their territories (the most bloody was the Paraguayan War). There were also internal conflicts, which sometimes led to the emergence of new independent states (for example, in 1838-1840, the state of the United Provinces of Central America broke up into several independent states).

The basis of the economy continued to be the export of raw materials and agricultural products (Brazil supplied 2/3 of the volume of coffee to European markets, Venezuela - oil, Cuba - sugar).

Events

1831- Civil war in Colombia. Secession from Colombia of Venezuela.

1838-1840- civil war in the United Provinces of Central America, as a result of which a number of independent states emerge: Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala.

1820-50s- About 1 million slaves from Africa were imported to Brazil.

Participants

Porfirio Diaz is the president of Mexico who established a dictatorial regime in 1884.

Emiliano Zapata - leader of the Mexican Revolution.

Conclusion

Having freed themselves from Spanish rule, the independent states of Latin America entered into a period of civil and internecine wars, as well as struggles with each other for the possession of territory. Weakened by wars and economically fragile, most of the Latin American countries came under the economic and political control of the United States. This was in accordance with the Monroe Doctrine, according to which Latin America was an area of American interest.

In this lesson we will talk about the countries of Latin America in the 19th - early 20th centuries, namely how life was organized in these countries after the end of the war for independence.

Concerning forms of political power in Latin America, then its main species at this time becomes military dictatorship. This phenomenon is called caudilism- a system of one-man rule based on military force. Military dictators ruled Latin American countries at least once in the 19th century. In many countries, military dictatorship continued into the 20th century. This did not mean that the political system of these states changed. Those countries that were, for example, republics remained so. Latin American countries continued to fight monarchies. So, Brazil ceased to be a monarchy in 1889. A republic was established in the country. In 1889 Brazilian King PedroII(Fig. 1) abdicated the throne (he did this under pressure from the military, in particular the Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca). Deodoro da Fonseca himself (Fig. 2) was elected president of Brazil in 1892. The marshal immediately dissolved the national congress and refused to hold early elections. Deputy Marshal President, Marshal FlorianPeixoto, demanded that Deodoro da Fonseca give up power. That was done. Peixoto himself became the new president of Brazil. He, like the previous president, refused to hold parliamentary elections.

Rice. 1. Brazilian King Pedro II ()

Rice. 2. Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca ()

As for the economy of this region, the dominant factor was export of raw materials. Latin America managed agricultural production well, and there was virtually no industrial development there. In the 19th century, Brazil supplied up to 2/3 of all coffee to the world market. At the end of the 19th century, many states in this region, including Brazil, were engulfed by rubber fever. The extraction of this important raw material has become the basis of the economy of many Latin American countries. On the one hand, this was good, since the export of raw materials ensured a decent existence for Latin American countries, but such countries quickly became economically dependent on European countries and the United States, because it was a state that mainly consumed Latin American products. The United States also wanted to influence the political life of these countries. When America decided to build the Panama Canal, and the Colombian authorities refused to do it, the Americans carried out a rebellion on the territory of Panama, tore it away from Colombia, declared it an independent state, sent in their troops there and built the canal, despite the protests of the old government.

Other European states also tried to put pressure on this region. Played the main role here Spain. The Spanish did not take the separation of Latin America lightly. In 1864, Spain launched a large-scale war with the goal of regaining control over at least part of Latin American lands. This war went down in history as (Fig. 3). The Spanish fleet approached the shores of Peru and decided to return control of the region to Spain. However, the war ended in nothing for Spain. The Spaniards could not imagine that Latin American states could unite and resist attempts to recreate the colonial empire of Spain.

Rice. 3. First Pacific War ()

The United States continued to have the main influence on events in this region. Has been in operation since the 1820s Monroe Doctrine(America promised not to interfere in European affairs if Europeans did not interfere in the affairs of the American continent). According to this doctrine, Latin America was declared a zone of American interests. The Americans took responsibility for everything that happened in this region.

American intervention in Latin American affairs in the mid-19th century was not very strong, as America was solving its own internal problems. But at the end of the 19th century, the United States again began to interfere in the affairs of Latin America. In 1898, during the Spanish-American War, Cuba and Puerto Rico achieved formal independence. In 1903, the Panama Incident occurred, which was discussed above. By the 1910s, the Americans had a military presence in many states in the region.

The principle of “divide and conquer” was used to govern this region. Many Latin American states under America's leadership were opposed to each other. Civil wars broke out frequently. So, in 1831, during the Civil War, the state now known as Venezuela separated from Gran Colombia. In 1838-1840 under the influence of various forces, the state of the Central Province of Latin America collapsed. Several independent states arose in this place, which came under the political and economic control of the United States.

It should be noted that responsibility for such wars should not be placed solely on the shoulders of the United States. Fierce disputes over territories often arose between the Latin American states themselves, which escalated into large-scale wars. She was like that Paraguayan War 1864-1870(Fig. 4). In this war, Paraguay was opposed by three states: Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. This war went down in history as one of the bloodiest. In those days there was no such accurate census, but it is generally accepted that out of 520 thousand inhabitants of Paraguay, at least 300 thousand people died during this war. Many historians see the reasons for such large losses in Paraguay in the dictatorial regime that was established on the territory of this country. People were sent to fight, although it was obvious that these battles would be losing for Paraguay. As a result, the war ended with the complete defeat of the Paraguayan state. Its territory was occupied by Brazilian troops for 6 years, and Paraguay lost about half of all the lands under its control.

Rice. 4. Paraguayan War (1864-1870) ()

Another important problem that faced Latin American states at this time was slavery issue(Fig. 5). If in a number of Latin American countries there were few slaves, then in some states their percentage was significant. An example of such a state was Brazil. The situation with slavery was so serious that many social and political figures demanded the release of black slaves.

Rice. 5. An overseer punishes a slave on a plantation in Brazil ()

As long as slavery existed in the southern United States, opponents of slavery had little reason to argue that it was untenable from an economic point of view. After 1865, when slavery disappeared in the United States, the voice abolitionists(supporters of the abolition of slavery) became clearly heard. In 1871, Brazil passed the Free Womb Law.. This law stated that slave children born during this time became free. A few years later, another law was passed, according to which all slaves who had reached the age of 60 received freedom. However, these were half-hearted solutions. After all, the child of a slave could not run an independent household, and the vast majority of the population of Latin America did not live to the age of 60. Even those slaves who lived to be 60, according to this law, could not leave their masters and had to live on the estate and work for the owner for another 5 years.

Such measures could not solve the issue of slavery. By the time slavery was abolished in Brazil, there were about 700 thousand slaves out of a population of 14 million. The law abolishing slavery, which was passed in Brazil in 1888, began to be called the “golden law” by Brazilian historians and contemporaries.

An important event in the history of Latin America was Mexican Revolution 1910-1917. Mexico has been ruled by a president since 1876 (Figure 6). He managed to establish a military dictatorship in a unique way. He opposed Mexican presidents serving two consecutive terms in office. He believed that one term was enough and that presidents needed to resign and give the opportunity to other political figures to emerge. When a similar law was passed, Porfirio Diaz became president. When his first term ended, he ran for election again. He said that he simply changed his point of view and one term is still not enough.

Rice. 6. Porfirio Diaz ()

The multiple extensions of Porfirio Díaz's government led to the rise of a movement for the country's independence from his officials. The level of corruption in Mexico was outrageous. The United States enjoyed enormous influence in Mexico. Therefore, in 1910, Diaz’s opponents rebelled. In the north and south of the country, two partisan armies were formed almost simultaneously. In the north there was an army led by Francisco Villa(Fig. 7). In southern Mexico he led the rebels (Fig. 8).

Rice. 7. Francisco Villa ()

Rice. 8. Emiliano Zapata ()

The advance of rebel armies into Mexico City led to Porfirio Díaz fleeing the country in 1911. The country held free presidential elections, which the landowner won (Fig. 9). However, the revolution did not end there. The situation was such that from 1911 to 1917, power in the country was seized by various groups, both revolutionary and counter-revolutionary. Often at this time armed coups took place in the country.

Rice. 9. Francisco Madero ()

The events that took place in Mexico City from February 9 to 19, 1913 went down in history as Tragic decade. At this time, President Madero lost his power. He was overthrown from the presidential post by an opponent of the revolution, a general (Fig. 10). He remained president of Mexico for a short period. He was soon replaced by the general who staged the coup. Venustiano Carranza(Fig. 11). His power also did not last long.

Rice. 10. Victoriano Huerta ()

Rice. 11. Venustiano Carranza ()

The reasons for such frequent changes of power in Mexico during this revolution were that there was no unity and a common idea in Mexican society about how the country would further develop. The United States decided to take advantage of the situation in Mexico and in 1914-1916. attempted an intervention in Mexico. Mexican society united, completed the revolution and expelled the invaders from Mexican territory.

As a result, we note that the countries of Latin America were at that time on the sidelines of the world historical process. Their movement towards Europe, carrying out reforms and revolutions dates back to the 20th century.

Bibliography

Alperovich M.S., Rudenko B.T. Mexican Revolution 1910-1917 and US politics. - M.: Sotsekgiz, 1958.
Alperovich M.S., Slezkin L.Yu. History of Latin America (from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century). - Educational edition. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Higher. school, 1991.
Guimaraens Bernardo. Slave Izaura
Noskov V.V., Andreevskaya T.P. General history. 8th grade. - M., 2013
R. Sheina. Latin American Wars: The Age of Caudillo, 1791-1899.
Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. Modern History, 1800-1900, 8th grade. - M., 2012.

Livejournal.com ().
Latino-america.ru ().
Knowhistory.ru ().
Worldhis.ru ().

Homework

What form of political power was dominant in Latin American countries at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries?
Which countries actively interfered in the affairs of Latin America and how did the Latin American region combat this?
Tell us about the problem of slavery in Latin America. What measures have been taken to resolve this pressing issue?
Tell us about the Mexican Revolution. What process contributed to its completion?

Select the correct answer: 1. In what years did the American Civil War take place? A) , B) , C) In what year was slavery abolished in the USA? 2. In what year was slavery abolished in the United States? A) 1776, B) 1890, C) 1863, D) Historical figures. Abraham Lincoln is 3. Historical figures. Abraham Lincoln is A) the President of the USA B) The man who abolished slavery in the USA C) The man who was assassinated by the actor Booth, a supporter of slavery D) The President of the USA who preserved the integrity of the country E) All answers are correct.

Lesson plan: 1. Meeting of worlds. 2. Creation of a colonial system of government. 3. Latin American society. 4. The time of the liberators. Simon Bolivar. 5. Results and significance of the liberation wars. 6. Century of the Caudillo. 7. Slow economic development. 8. Latin American "melting pot".

Meeting of worlds What do we know about South America? 1492 - Columbus's discovery of America - Columbus's discovery of America. XV-XVI centuries - colonization of South America (Spain, Portugal). XV-XVI centuries - colonization of South America (Spain, Portugal). XVII century - colonization of North America (England and France). XVII century - colonization of North America (England and France).

1. White natives of the metropolis: representatives of the noble nobility and wealthy merchants (highest administrative, military and church positions). 2. Creoles - “purebred” descendants of Europeans born in the colonies: large and medium-sized landowners, the middle layer of bureaucrats. 3. Mestizos (descendants of mixed marriages of whites and Indians); mulattoes (white and black); sambo (Indians and blacks) - were deprived of civil rights: they could not participate in elections of local authorities, they could not hold positions of officials and officers; craft, trade free professions. craft, trade free professions. Social structure of colonial society

END XVIII-BEGINNING XIX CENTURY - Strengthening the liberation struggle in Latin America. Exacerbation of contradictions between the population of the colonies and the metropolis (strengthening financial and administrative control; arbitrariness of the colonial administration; increase in taxes). Exacerbation of contradictions between the population of the colonies and the metropolis (strengthening financial and administrative control; arbitrariness of the colonial administration; increase in taxes). August 22, 1791 - uprising on the island of Haiti (French Saint-Domingue). At the head of the uprising was Toussaint Louverture. The conquest of freedom in 1804. The time of the liberators

Main periods of the struggle for independence I period (years) Declaration of independence of the majority of colonies, creation of republics. Creole revolutionaries were unable to attract the masses to their side - massive peasant uprisings in Mexico under the leadership of Miguel Hidalgo - the independence of Mexico was proclaimed - Argentina - Chile gained independence. II period(s) Liberation of the territory of Central and South America; formation of independent republics throughout the territory of the Spanish colonies, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico g. - Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador g. - Peru g. - creation of Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador) g. - Mexico g. .- Upper Peru - Bolivia

Independent republics in South America: Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Argentina. In Central America: Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador. Salvador. Brazil separated from Portugal in 1822, but became a republic in 1889; 1844 - Dominican Republic; 1898 - Dominican Republic; 1898 - Cuba; 1903 - Republic of Cuba. That. in the 19th century Together with the Mexican Republic and the Republic of Haiti, 20 Latin American states were formed.

State structure of new countries Constitutions: president, two chambers, a narrow circle of voters. Dominant position: large landowners. Preservation of slavery of blacks and Indians, peonage of the peasantry (abolition of slavery from 1811 (Chile) to 1888 (Brazil)) (Chile) to 1888 (Brazil)).

Caudillo form of government, a regime of personal power of dictators in a number of Latin American countries, established during a military coup and based directly on military force. Caudillo is a form of government, a regime of personal power of dictators in a number of Latin American countries, established during a military coup and based directly on military force. Century of the Caudillo

Multi-structure economy (XVI-XVIII centuries) Subsistence patriarchal economy of Indian tribes Subsistence patriarchal economy of Indian tribes Feudal structure Feudal structure Slave-owning way of life (plantation slavery) Slave-owning way of life (plantation slavery) Small-scale commodity economy (urban crafts, farms of peasant colonists). Small-scale farming (urban crafts, farms of peasant colonists). Elements of a capitalist economy. Elements of a capitalist economy.

The 19th century was the time of the formation of the Latin American nation. Latin America had a population of 60 million. Latin America had a population of 60 million. There were 20 independent states. There were 20 independent states. In 18 countries the population spoke Spanish, in Brazil - Portuguese, in Haiti - French. In 18 countries the population spoke Spanish, in Brazil - Portuguese, in Haiti - French. Latin American melting pot

Homework § 26, questions p. Fill out the table p. 241, task 4.