Plants are wind pollinated. Modest spring flowers. Wind-pollinated plants Flowers of which plant are not pollinated by the wind

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Lesson objectives: to introduce students to various methods of pollination in flowering plants, to consider adaptations to various methods of pollination that arose during evolution .

Lesson objectives:

Educational: show the importance of pollination in plant life.

Developmental: to develop the ability to highlight the main thing, compare, systematize the features of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated plants, continue to develop the ability to work with a textbook.

Educational: promote the ethical education of children, instill a love of nature.

Lesson type: combined.

Teaching methods: reproductive, partially search, work in pairs.

Equipment: tables “Structure of a flower”, “Pollination of flowers by insects”, “Wind-pollinated plants”, “Artificial pollination of corn”, envelopes with assignments, computer, projector, educational disk “biology -6”, herbarium of self-pollinating and cross-pollinated plants, presentation for the lesson , workbook No. 1.

1. Organizational part of the lesson.
2. Updating students' knowledge.
3. Studying a new topic.
4. Consolidation of new material.
5. Summing up the lesson. Making marks.
6. Homework.

All our lives flowers do not leave us
Beautiful heirs of nature.
They come to us at dawn,
At sunset they carefully leave.

A) Frontal conversation on the following issues:

What plants are called flowering plants?

What is a flower? What are the main parts of a flower?

What is the structure of the pistil?

What develops from the ovary of the pistil?

What is the structure of the stamen?

What is in the anther of the stamen?

What is an inflorescence

B) Work in pairs. Solving a crossword puzzle on a covered topic

(children receive crossword puzzles and begin to solve it).

C) Summarizing answers (slide No. 1 - transition to a new topic)

A) setting a lesson goal

B) problematic issue

– Why does the plant bloom? To please us people?

Why are there so many different insects on plants during this period?

Teacher: (slide No. 3) Summarizes the students’ answers and together define “blooming”

– What is pollination?

(Suggested student answers) (slide No. 4)

The importance of pollination (slide No. 5)

Types of pollination: (slide No. 6)

A) self-pollination B) cross-pollination. Self-pollination.

Slide number 7. Self-pollination. Give a brief description of self-pollination. Why do you think plants need self-pollination?

(Suggested student answers)

– What adaptations do plants have for self-pollination?

(Suggested student answers)

– often occurs in unopened flowers, that is, in the bud;

– the stamens are longer than the pistils and the pollen from them falls onto the pistils under the influence of gravity;

Then together we formulate a conclusion and pay attention to (slide No. 8).

Adaptations in plants for self-pollination.

Slide No. 9. Examples of plants that exhibit self-pollination.

Slide number 10. Cross pollination (definition). Give a brief description of cross-pollination.

Complete task No. 1 in the workbook for paragraph 24.

Cross pollination can be of several types.

Slides No. 11-12. Cross pollination by insects.

Guys, what do you think are the adaptations that plants have for pollination by insects? (suggested student answers).

Then together we formulate a conclusion.

Slides No. 13-14. Adaptations of plants to pollination by insects.

Slide number 15. Pollination of plants by wind.

Guys, what do you think are the adaptations that plants have for wind pollination?

Slide No. 16. Adaptations of plants to wind pollination.

Slide No. 17. Examples of wind-pollinated plants

(Birch, hazel, oak, alder, aspen, rye, corn, wheatgrass)

To consolidate the material, complete task No. 2 in the workbook.

Then we carry out the laboratory work “Consideration of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated plants” (Instruction card on pp. 90-91)

(Students work with herbarium material, then formulate a conclusion)

Questions for students:

– How can you tell by the structure of a flower whether a plant is pollinated by wind or insects?

– What signs of fitness appeared in the process of evolution in wind-pollinated and insect-pollinated plants?

(Suggested student answers). Then together we formulate a conclusion.

There are other ways to pollinate plants.

Slide No. 17. Other methods of plant pollination.

Slide number 18. Pollination using water.

Slide number 19. Hoof. Ants are pollinators.

Slide number 20. Hummingbird.

Slide number 21. Baobab.

Slide number 22. Animal Cuscus in Australia.

Teacher. In addition to natural pollination that occurs in nature, artificial pollination is also possible. Artificial pollination is pollination carried out by humans in order to develop new varieties and increase plant productivity. (student’s story about methods of artificial pollination using a table

"Artificial pollination of corn"

A) independent work(fill out the table). If the named characteristic is characteristic of a given group of plants, a “+” sign is placed, if not “-”

B) Find biological errors. Now let’s check how much you understand the topic you’ve studied. We received 2 letters from residents of Flower City at our school. You probably all remember one of the residents of the city - Dunno, who was invented by the writer Nosov. Dunno seriously decided to take up botany, but as usual, he got everything mixed up. Help him.

1 competition "Essays of Dunno"

Your task is to find biological errors in Dunno’s poems.

1. There was a birch tree in the field
And the bee pollinated her
(Birch is wind pollinated)
2.Like in our garden bed
Sweet peas bloomed
Flies and bees will fly in,
Let's wait for the harvest
(Peas are a self-pollinating plant)

2nd competition "Why". Second letter from Znayka. He also asks you to answer questions that differ from Znayka’s questions in their seriousness and correctness.

1. Why do plants that bloom in the evening and at night more often have white and white corollas? yellow color?
2. Why can calm weather during flowering cause a decrease in rye yield, but such weather does not affect the wheat yield?
3. Why do few people notice the birch tree blooming in the spring?
4. Why did one of the two apple tree flowers form a fruit and the other not? Why did it happen?

After the frozen soil thaws at the end of winter and begins to pass water and minerals dissolved in it to the plant roots, the stems and trunks receive the necessary organic and nutrients, and it’s time to bloom: spring confidently comes into its own.

The flowering period is the process of sexual reproduction of plants, which begins with the formation of flower primordia in the buds, followed by their appearance, pollination and flowering, resulting in the appearance of seeds and fruits, allowing the plants to continue their genus.

At the same time, it’s time for flowering different plants occurs at different periods of their life cycle.

For example, the first flowering annual plants begins early, after the sprout sprouts, becomes stronger in the soil and produces a couple of leaves. Other plants (primarily this applies to trees) develop root system and accumulate nutrients so that flowers and seeds develop normally.

Annual and biennial plants bloom once in their lives and die, having spent all their strength and energy on this process. True, among such flowers there are also perennials For example, the first flowering of Puya Raymondia, growing in the Andes, begins at the age of one hundred and fifty years.

As for perennial herbaceous and woody plants, then their first flowering begins no earlier than they reach a certain age: in herbs, the beginning of flowering ranges from two to five years, while the flowering of trees begins in the twentieth, and in some species even in the thirtieth year of life.

Unlike annuals and biennials, perennial plants flower repeatedly. Some of them are characterized by periodicity (most fruit trees bloom once every two years, and oak - once every five to seven years), while for others the flowering time is continuous (this is especially true tropical plants eg coconut palm).

How plants bloom

Inside each flower there is a pistil (the part of the flower where, after fertilization, seeds are formed that begin to grow and turn into fruits) or a stamen (it contains the pollen necessary for fertilization, it is also called the male reproductive organ), or both.

Seeds in the pistil begin to form no earlier than pollen from the stamens reaches the stigma of the pistil. But for this, pollination is necessary. If it does not happen on time (and it happens during flowering), the pistil will dry out and reproduction will not occur.

Pollen

It is interesting that if a flower has both a pistil and a stamen, it is rarely pollinated by its own pollen: plants almost never allow this. The reason is simple: in order to form a fruit from which strong and strong plants will sprout, pollen must be obtained from a neighboring flower (this process is called cross-pollination).

Therefore, when it is time to bloom, in order to avoid the possibility of pollination by its own pollen, the stamens and pistils inside one flower mature into different time flowering. For example, the pistil ripens first, and after it is pollinated by pollen from a neighboring flower, the anthers of the stamen open. It is because of this that we can observe the flowering of perennial plants for about two to three weeks a year.

Wind-pollinated flowers

There are plants in which the stamens and pistils are located not only in different flowers, but also “at home”: the flowers of some plants have only pistils, while others have stamens. Such plants are called dioecious and include willow, poplar, date palm, hops, hemp, nettle.

This means that in order to pollinate the pistil during flowering, pollen must fly from one flower to another, and the right flower may well be several kilometers away. Dioecious plants have adapted to this quite well in an original way: some use the wind, others use insects.

Wind-pollinated plants are interesting because they never have bright and fragrant flowers, which, firstly, would interfere with the movement of pollen, and secondly, would attract insects that could easily break the thin stamen filaments with anthers.

Therefore, instead of petals, such plants usually have inconspicuous scales that protect them from negative impacts environment, or no petals at all.

Interestingly, plants even take into account the inconstancy of air currents, so those that are pollinated by the wind usually grow close to each other: birch and pine trees form forests, corn, rye and others cereal crops occupy vast fields. All flowers that are pollinated by air masses create a lot of pollen; for example, just one adult corn sprout contains about 50 million pistils.

Therefore, no matter which direction the wind blows during flowering, pollen will still find suitable flowers. Moreover, plants do not wait until the pollen is directly in the flower, but catch them with the long and fluffy stigmas of the pistils: when the pollen ends up between the hairs, it gets entangled in them.

There is one more circumstance that makes the work easier air flows: plants that use wind for pollination almost always bloom in early spring, before the leaves appear, which, by retaining pollen, could interfere with the process.

Insects and pollination

It should be noted that this method of pollination is still not suitable for many plants, so they prefer to deliver their pollen to other flowers with the help of winged insects (bees, bumblebees, butterflies), luring them with honey, bright color and incredibly attractive aroma.

It is interesting that plants are quite picky when choosing the insect that is suitable for them: some prefer bees, others prefer bumblebees, and others prefer butterflies. Therefore, depending on preferences, they not only create the shape of flowers, inside of which only a certain type of insect can be found, but also open their petals while this insect is awake (for example, all night flowers have a white color, since only this color is visible in darkness).

Plants that are characterized by early spring flowering, due to which pollination occurs with the help of bees, have white, yellow or blue color– bees see only these colors. Closer to summer, a lot of red flowers appear - this tone is attractive to butterflies, which appear much later than bees. It is worth noting that White color

attractive to absolutely all types of insects.

As for the honey that insects hunt for, it is hidden so deep in the flower that a bee, in order to get to it during flowering, needs to get between the pistils and stamens, smearing itself in pollen. After this, flying to another plant, making its way for the next portion of honey, it leaves some of the pollen in the flower.

The time when plants bloom The timing of flowering primarily depends on the type of plant, the amount of pollen and flowers, climatic conditions

and soil quality. For example, poor or too abundant nutrition slows down flowering and reduces the quality of flowers. It's time to bloom fruit trees

The secondary appearance of flowers on trees will deprive the gardener of a harvest next year, since flowers will not appear in this place after winter: the plant will spend additional nutrients on the flowering of trees, the formation of seeds or seeds, which is why it will become less winter-hardy and will endure the winter more difficult. Since this phenomenon can be prevented by this moment In order to preserve nutrients in the tree, gardeners are advised to pick flowers and buds from it.

You can observe flowering plants throughout the warm season. To this end, many gardeners, planning the landscape of their suburban area, take into account the flowering season and strive to ensure that the gardens continue to bloom as long as possible. To do this, they use specially compiled flowering calendars for tuberous and bulbous plants, where the period and time of flowering of a particular species is indicated.

Spring is the time for nature to awaken. According to the calendar, spring begins on March 1st. In nature, spring comes into its own with the beginning of sap flow in the trees, in the south - earlier, and in the north - later on March 1.

The spring movement of sap in trees and shrubs is the first sign of spring. It occurs after the soil thaws and water from the roots begins to flow into all organs of the plant. At this time, there are no leaves yet and water, accumulating in the cells of plant stems, dissolves the organic nutrients stored in them. These solutions move to the swollen and blossoming buds.

Earlier than other plants, already in early March, spring sap flow begins in Norway maple. A little later, you can observe the movement of sap in the birch tree.

The second sign of spring is the flowering of wind-pollinated trees and shrubs.

Firstborn spring bloom V middle lane European part of the USSR - gray alder. Its flowers are inconspicuous, but the blooming earrings of staminate flowers are clearly visible in early spring. As soon as you touch an alder branch with dangling earrings, the wind will pick up a whole cloud of yellow pollen.

Pistillate alder flowers are collected in small grayish-green inflorescences. Next to them, dry, blackened cones of last year's inflorescences are usually clearly visible.

By these black cones and by the earrings that sway and gather dust in the wind, alder is easy to distinguish from other trees in the spring.

Almost simultaneously with the alder, the hazel tree, which you met back in the fall, blooms.

Early flowering of alder, hazel and other wind-pollinated plants - good fit to life in the forest. In spring the forest is transparent. Bare leafless branches do not impede pollination. Pollen picked up by the wind is freely transferred from one plant to another.

The flowering of coltsfoot is also a sign of the coming spring. This perennial herbaceous plant grows in open, sunlit places, on railway embankments, river banks, steep slopes and cliffs. As soon as the snow melts, its leafless, scaly stems appear - flower stalks with bright yellow inflorescences, similar to the inflorescences of dandelions. The large leaves of coltsfoot grow only after its fluffy fruits have matured and scattered. Yours unusual name coltsfoot received for the originality of the leaves. Their underside is covered with white, soft, felt-like hairs. Gentle and warm to the touch, they involuntarily make you remember the tender mother’s hands. And the upper side of the leaves, smooth and cold, resembles an inhospitable stepmother.

Coltsfoot blooms in early spring, before the leaves bloom, possibly because reserves have accumulated in its thick, long underground stems nutrients, postponed last summer. Feeding on these reserves, flower shoots grow and fruits are formed.

The third sign of spring is the flowering of perennial herbaceous plants in the deciduous forest. In the middle zone they also bloom in early spring, almost simultaneously with coltsfoot. The first to bloom in the forest are liverworts and azure or purple flowers and lungwort, then anemone, corydalis, chistyak and some others - herbaceous plants. All of them are photophilous and have adapted to flowering under the forest canopy, when there is no foliage on trees and shrubs.

Dig up the soil around some of the forest's early-blooming herbaceous plants and you'll understand why they grew and bloomed so quickly. It turns out that each early flowering plant has its own “pantry” with a supply of nutrients. In lungwort they are stored in a thick underground stem. In the corydalis - in a single small tuber, and in the chistyata - in root tubers, similar to small oblong nodules.

The most interesting thing in the life of some early flowering herbaceous plants of the forest is their growth under snow. Plants such as scilla or snowdrop grow under the snow in winter. In spring, many of them emerge from under the snow with green leaves and buds, and often bloom even before the snow melts. That's why these plants are called snowdrops.

Trees and shrubs pollinated by insects bloom much later, when their leaves have already blossomed. If you go from year to year

observe the progress of spring, you will be able to establish the sequence of spring development of plants in your area and draw up a spring calendar. So, usually 8 days after the flowering of the coltsfoot, lungwort begins to bloom, and 21 days later - dandelion and willow willow. The pear blooms on the 29th day, the yellow acacia on the 30th, and the linden on the 75th day after the coltsfoot begins to bloom. Deviations from these deadlines almost never happen.

Watching the flowering of plants and the blossoming of buds, you will be convinced that every year spring phenomena occur in strict order. Lungwort, for example, always blooms later than coltsfoot, but earlier than dandelion.

Observations of spring phenomena in plant life help to establish best timing carrying out agricultural work and preparing for it in a timely manner.

For example, it is known that in areas of the middle zone best harvest cucumbers are obtained by sowing their seeds during the flowering of lilac and yellow acacia, and the best harvest of turnips and beets is obtained by sowing them during the flowering of aspen. Knowing how many days after the flowering of the coltsfoot the lilac blooms, it is easy to set the date for sowing cucumbers and prepare for it.

But it is not enough to limit ourselves to observing the life of plants and the timing of their flowering. We must not only love nature, but also protect it and increase its wealth. Every schoolchild should protect the perennial plants of his area. Find out which rare trees and shrubs grow in the vicinity of the school. Pay attention to giant trees, durable and fast-growing species with light and durable wood. Protect plants from breakage and other damage, collect seeds rare plants, grow from seeds valuable trees and shrubs.

“Know, protect and multiply natural resources"- let these words become the motto of every pioneer and schoolchild.

In 1968, an All-Union meeting on plant protection was held in our country in Leningrad.

Introduction.

Spring, especially April and the first half of May, is a very suitable time for environmental research plants. During this period, the transition from winter to summer, you can see a wide variety of natural phenomena Moreover, in central Russia, where we live, all processes go so quickly that many of them can be traced in development, and sometimes even from beginning to end.
In spring, the ecological diversity of communities is extremely fully revealed, and some groups of organisms are only spring time and can be observed, for example, ephemeroids. And the conditions for research are favorable - at this time, as a rule, it is dry and warm weather.
Scientists identify several groups blooming in spring plants: (Biology at school No. 2, 1998 // Primroses: a research project for schoolchildren, p. 67)
1) Early spring plants, developing and flowering in early spring, soon after the snow melts or even simultaneously, long before the leaves bloom in tree and shrub species and most herbaceous plants, calendar - April and the first half of May (crested, goose onion, anemone, violets) .
2) Spring plants, producing flowers after the first group or at the moment of their flowering, calendar - in the second half of May (oxalis, raven's eye, Peter's cross).
3) Late spring plants, blooming already at the beginning and second decade of June (fragrant woodruff, two-leaved myringue, rose hips, honeysuckle, etc.) This paper presents the results of the study of the first group of plants, i.e. early spring plants.

Goal of the work: study of early spring flowering plants and their ecological groups.

Tasks:

• identify types of early spring plants;
• determine the frequency of their occurrence;
• compile a herbarium;
• give biological characteristics species;
• establish ecological groups of early spring flowering plants;
• identify plant species in need of protection;
• formulate recommendations for rational use and protection of early spring plants.

The study was carried out 2 kilometers east of the village of Kazachye, Prokhorovsky district, from April 1 to May 10.

Research methodology

The study of the territory to detect early spring flowering plants was carried out using the route method. The routes covered the eastern territory around the village and all the main habitats: forest edges, clearings, meadows, ditches along roads, wastelands. The research was carried out from April 1 to May 10, the route was taken twice a week.
In the process of working along the route, the frequency of occurrence of these plants was recorded, the records were carried out by eye, all types of plants were divided into three groups: found often and abundantly, found moderately often and found rarely.
Also, along the route, the habitats of plants and their need for certain environmental factors were noted for the subsequent determination of ecological groups.
Herbarium materials were collected. Herbaceous plants were collected without underground organs (except for those where this was necessary for species identification, for example, corydalis).
A plan of the surveyed territory has been drawn up, showing the habitats of the species. Each species is given a brief description of, photographs were taken. The results are presented in the form of herbariums and tables.

general characteristics early spring plants.

Plants require sunlight for normal functioning. It is in the light that the processes of photosynthesis occur, when inorganic substances organic ones are formed, which are then used by plants for their development.
IN April forest The trees and bushes have not yet put on leaves, and nothing prevents the sunlight from penetrating all the way to the ground. This is precisely the main reason that many plant species in the process of evolution “chose” for their development early spring.
In addition, after the snow melts, the ground is saturated with moisture, which is also a necessary condition for the normal development of the plant organism.
Already from the moment the snow melted in forest community in many plants you can observe already developed stems with young, slightly green leaves, as well as formed buds. This group of plants has another developmental feature. In the second half of summer and autumn, early spring flowering plants experience a significant increase in renewal buds with the separation of the inflorescences contained in them. The growth rate of dots increases as autumn approaches. During winter months In the flowers of early spring plants, both pollen grains and embryo sacs are formed. No impact for a certain period of time low temperatures early spring plants do not develop. Even in cases where the soil in the forest freezes for real, the young parts of the plants do not freeze. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that the freezing point of cell sap in overwintering plants is significantly below 0C. In wintering organs, starch is replaced with sugar. Sugar concentration is high, freezing point is lower.
All early spring flowering plants are perennials; many store reserve nutrients in tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, and the core of the stem for quick and early flowering.
Plants also use the “transparency” of a leaf-free forest for pollination. In a bare spring forest, nothing prevents the wind from transferring pollen from male flowers (collected in “dusty” earrings) to female flowers, consisting of only small sticky pistils. This is very typical for trees and shrubs that bloom in spring. Another interesting phenomenon is spring forest– wind-pollinated grasses, for example hairy grass. Its flowers are small and inconspicuous, but the absence of other herbs and the massive accumulation of these plants allows it to be pollinated. The pollen is light and very dry.
Low-growing insect-pollinated plants attract the first insects bright flowers. Who will notice their flowers in the dusk summer forest? And in the spring, when the lower tiers of the forest are well lit, yellow (anemone), blue (violets), purple (tennivora, corydalis) and pink flowers.
But all the favorable spring factors are most fully used by small plants classified as “ephemeroids”.
Ephemeroids– this is absolutely special group plants with unique habitats. In short, these are those plants that, having underground organs, go through their annual growing season as quickly as ephemerals. The word “ephemeral” is associated with something beautiful, but fleeting and short-lived. In our forests, their “hasty” life is associated with a sharp change luminous flux. If at the beginning of May the illumination and temperature in the forest are comparable to the illumination and temperature at open areas, then at the height of summer the forest is both darker and colder. This not only prevents normal development plants, but also normal life pollinators. (Biology at school. No. 1 1994 // Spring phenomena in the life of plants, p. 63)
An example of them could be different kinds corydalis, goose bows, anemones. They are born immediately after the snow melts. It is quite cool at this time of year, but the ephemeroids nevertheless develop very quickly. After a week or two they are already blooming, and after another two to three weeks their fruits and seeds are already ripening. At the same time, the plants themselves turn yellow, lie down on the ground, and then their above-ground part dries out.
All ephemeroids are perennial plants. After the above-ground part dries out, they do not die. Their living underground organs are preserved in the soil: tubers, bulbs, rhizomes. These organs are receptacles for reserve nutrients. It is due to this building material This is how ephemeroids develop quickly in the spring. With such a short growing season, and even with an unfavorable spring temperature conditions it is impossible to accumulate many nutrients necessary for the development of tall and powerful stems and large leaves. Therefore, all our ephemeroids have small sizes. (Petrov V.V. Vegetable world our Motherland. M: Enlightenment, 1991, p.63).
Perennial early spring flowering plants have another problem - seed dispersal. By the time their seeds ripen, the trees and shrubs have already become covered with leaves, and summer grasses have risen. There is practically no wind in the forest, so spreading seeds with its help is not effective, and you can’t reach animal fur. They also don’t have time to ripen juicy berries that forest animals would feed on. But what is always in abundance in the forest are ants. On the fruits or seeds of these plants special fleshy appendages rich in oil are formed - elaiosomes ( from Greek elaion - oil, soma - body), which attract ants. Plants that spread their seeds with the help of ants are called myrmecochores. Myrmecochores include all our ephemeroids, as well as approximately 46% of all forest herbaceous plants. (Biology at school. No. 2, 1998, p. 70).

Research results

During the research work 17 species of early spring flowering plants were identified:
1. Warty birch.
2.Veronica dubravnaya.
3. Anemone buttercup.
4. Goose onion.
5.English oak.
6. Creeping tenacious.
7. Chickweed.
8. Ash-leaved maple.
9. Lily of the valley in May.
10. Common hazel.
11.Coltsfoot.
12. Ozhika is hairy.
13 Spring compatriot.
14.Trembling poplar (aspen).
15. Dog violet.
16. The corydalis is dense.
17. Bird cherry.

Having studied the characteristics of these plants, I divided them into ecological groups 1) in relation to light; 2) in relation to hydration;
3) by pollination method; 4) ephemeroids; 5) by life forms.

By attitude towards light It is customary to distinguish three main groups of plants: 1. heliophytes– (from the Greek “helios” - sun, “phyton” - plant) plants of open spaces, well-lit habitats; 2. facultative heliophytes– species that can live in full sunlight, but also tolerate some darkness;

3. sciophytes-(from the Greek “skia” - shadow) species that do not grow on open spaces. (Life of plants, vol. 1 M: Enlightenment 1997, p. 65). These three categories of plants are, of course, not sharply differentiated. The growth of plants in illuminated (or shaded) places does not always indicate their actual need for light.

By in relation to hydration.
Based on their ability to retain moisture, plants are divided into

1. Poikihydride These plants easily absorb and easily lose water and tolerate long-term dehydration. As a rule, these are plants with poorly developed tissues (bryophytes, ferns, algae). 2. Homoyohydrides– plants that are capable of maintaining a constant water content in their tissues; among them there are different ecological groups (Life of Plants, vol. 1, p. 76):
- hydatophytes– aquatic plants completely or almost entirely immersed in water;
- hydrophytes– water-terrestrial, attached to the soil near water bodies and on abundantly moist soil far from water bodies;
- hygrophytes– plants living on abundantly moist soils and at high humidity;
-mesophytes– plants living with sufficient moisture;
- xerophytes– plants that are capable of obtaining moisture when there is a lack of it, limiting the evaporation of water or storing water.
Ecological groups of early spring flowering plants in relation to light and moisture.

Analyzing the collected data presented in the table, all the early spring flowering plants that I discovered - mesophytes, and all these plants are heliophytes, with the exception of the spring nomad, anemone buttercup - they sciophytes.

By pollination method
All early flowering plants They are cross-pollinated by wind and insects. It is necessary to bloom early for successful pollination, especially wind-pollinated ones, when there is no foliage on the trees and shrubs yet. Male inflorescences can be many times larger than female flowers, solitary or in groups, in order to produce as much fine, dry and very light pollen as possible. They say about such flowering that the plant “gathers dust.”
Ephemeroids

Plants that quickly go through their annual growing season.

Ecological groups of early spring flowering plants according to the method of pollination and the duration of the growing season.

By life forms.
The term “life forms” was introduced in the 80s of the 19th century by the famous Danish botanist E. Warming, one of the founders of plant ecology. Warming understood life form as “the form in which the vegetative body of the plant (individual) is in harmony with external environment throughout his entire life, from the cradle to the grave, from seed to death” (Life of Plants, vol. 1 p. 88). Speaking about the harmony of the plant with environment, implies the adaptation of plants to the complex historically developed during the evolution of external factors, which dominate the area of ​​its distribution.
The most popular among botanists is the classification of life forms proposed by the Danish botanist K. Rawinker (Life of Plants, vol. 1 p. 91). He singled out one feature - the location of renewal points from the surface of the earth, from which new shoots will develop:
1.Phanerophytes(Greek “phaneros” - open, obvious) - in this type of plant, the renewal points overwinter openly, quite high. They are protected by special bud scales. These are all trees and shrubs.
2. Geophytes(Greek “geos” - earth) – renewal buds are stored in the ground. The above-ground part dies off in the winter. New shoots develop from buds located on bulbs, tubers or rhizomes that overwinter in the soil.
3. Hemicryptophytes(Greek “hemi” - semi-, and “crypto” - hidden) are herbaceous plants, the renewal buds of which are located above the soil level, often under the protection of fallen leaves and other plant debris.

4. X amephytes(resume points at a height of 20-30 cm above the ground)

5. T erophytes(renewal buds in seeds). But I did not find such early spring flowering plants.

During the work, I carried out a visual accounting of the frequency of occurrence of species, which I displayed in the table.

Conclusions.

Based on the research:

1. 17 species of early spring flowering plants were discovered.
2. Most of these plants are found moderately often and often in the area around the village.
3.Basic environmental groups these plants are:
- in relation to light – heliophytes;
- relation to moisture – mesophytes;
- according to the method of pollination - wind-pollinated and insect-pollinated,
- according to life forms – phanerophytes, geophytes, hemicryptophytes.
4. The presence of ephemeroids was revealed.
5. No protected plants were identified among the early spring plants.

Conclusion.

During my research work, I did not identify rare and protected species among early spring flowering plants. But, nevertheless, they need protection. Appearing first after a long winter, they attract increased attention, which leads to mass collection, especially those species that have beautiful flowers(crested flowers, anemones, corydalis). Explanatory work can save them from thoughtless collection, and not only among children, but also among adults. Many of the species presented in this work are medicinal. It is very important that these plants are not included in the endangered lists.
I intend to continue my work, since it seems to me that I have not yet become acquainted with all the plants of this group.
The results of my work can be used by 6th grade students when studying the vegetation of our region in biology lessons.

List of used literature.
1. Plant life. Edited by Fedorov A.A. M: Enlightenment, 1974.
2. Petrov V.V. Flora of our Motherland. M: Education, 1991.
3. Tikhomirov V.N. Determinant higher plants Yaroslavl region. Yaroslavl, Verkhne-Volzhskoe book publishing house, 1986.
4. Biology at school No. 1. 1994 // Shipunov A.B. Spring phenomena in the life of plants.
5. Biology at school No. 2. 1998 //Klepikov M.A. Primroses.
6. Biology at school No. 2. 2002 //Antsiferov A.V. Early spring field trip with sixth graders.

For evidence-based research by Aries Nilsson from Swedish scientific center plants Umeå has revealed why plants bloom with flowers.

Every morning, when the sun sets over the horizon - regardless of the time of year - the clock begins to tick inside the trees.

• After a certain amount of time, plant cells begin to produce high levels molecules known as FT protein.
• This protein is responsible for initiating processes that help the plant grow.
• But the FT protein has a curious property: in the absence sunlight he pauses his release. Therefore, when the sun goes down, the protein becomes useless to the plant.

Scientists' opinion

Scientists believe this feature is key to the seasonality of some flowering plants, including most trees, which bloom in the spring.

If a plant is genetically programmed to produce large quantity FT protein starting say 13 hours after dawn, the molecule will be abundant during the last few hours daylight on longer days of summer. And these few hours are enough to begin critical growth processes.

As autumn progresses and the days shorten, the number of hours will vary depending on the species and even on the individual plant. Trees take this as a signal to drop their leaves and stop producing new buds.

When winter sets in, day length and temperature reach their annual minimum. At this stage, the plant goes through vernalization, a dormant period that is of great importance for the protection of the trees.

In spring, it can be assumed that the FT protein process is activated: the days become longer, the FT protein is produced in daytime, and the plant begins its process of growth and flowering.

If it warms up too early during the winter, the tree may take this as a sign that spring has arrived. However, when temperatures drop, as they always do in late winter, the tree's seeds do not germinate or grow, interfering with the trees' reproductive process.