Design documentation for the construction of a facility sample. Development of design and estimate documentation for construction

Estimate- a document representing a calculation (plan) of upcoming income and expenses for carrying out any activity. There are estimates for financing the activities of any enterprise, institution, or for performing any work (design, construction, repair, etc.).

Estimate- a document in which the amount of costs for the project is calculated, broken down by expense items (salaries, taxes and payroll deductions, business expenses, purchase of components, etc.).

Determination of the Russian estimate

Estimated cost - amount Money necessary to carry out construction in accordance with design materials. The estimated cost is the basis for determining the size of capital investments, financing construction, and forming contract prices for construction products, payments for completed contract (construction and installation, repair and construction, etc.) work, payment of expenses for the acquisition of equipment and its delivery to construction sites, as well as reimbursement of other costs from the funds provided for in the consolidated estimate.

Estimates are developed or used in the following cases:

1. Financing of budgetary organizations
2. New construction. Depending on the stage of development of the project, estimates are prepared for:

• Conducting a tender (bidding)
• Draft design
• Working draft

• Repair of buildings and structures
• Repair of equipment
• Maintenance of roads and railways
• Restoration of architectural monuments and works of art

Estimate calculations are usually at the intersection of the interests of the Customer (Payer) and the Contractor (Executor), with the possible exception of the case when the Customer and the Contractor are combined into one person. Accordingly, the economic interest of the Customer is to minimize estimated cost(result of the estimate), and the Contractor, on the contrary, to increase this cost to the maximum possible extent. A compromise solution is usually achieved in one of three ways:

1. An item-by-item discussion of the estimate, taking into account the arguments and supporting materials put forward by the parties. The estimate in this case is an open document agreed upon by the parties. The decisive voice in such discussions usually belongs to the Customer.
2. On a competition basis. The Customer selects the most attractive offer, taking into account the stated cost and reputation of the Contractor. The estimate in this case is a closed document intended to determine the positions of bidders.
3. The decision on the cost of the project is made at the political level, and the estimate is charged with the task of formal justification. In this case, the art of the estimator is expressed in the competent adjustment of the total estimate to the given cost.

Estimates are prepared by professional estimators, who must have a good understanding of the technology of the work for which the estimate is being prepared. Qualified and large estimating units are concentrated in design institutes.

Western estimates

In England there is Royal Society estimators; In Germany, calculating the cost of resources or final products is called “costing”. In Russia, estimates are under the jurisdiction of the Federal government agency « Federal Center pricing in construction and the building materials industry."

Unlike their Russian colleagues, Western estimators do not calculate (take) the time frames for each operation from those standardized for the entire country ( Soviet Union, Russia) data on the execution of certain operations, and from those specific to a particular enterprise ( good practice). These calculations are carried out by Western estimators during the period of absence of work on the formation of estimates, being more economists and accountants in essence of the work. In addition, a common practice is to calculate suitable formulas for combinations of transformation of specialist labor into the completed volume of work by a given enterprise ( production functions). As part of risk management, calculations of the main possible deviations are carried out (risk management). And last but not least, the difference: Western estimators take into account the time component of all resources of the entire project when accounting production schedule(project management). The process of estimating a project is often called costing.

Critical comparison of different approaches

The result of the Western approach is an order of magnitude more accurate budget planning for the contractor’s enterprise and an accurate total (non-fragmentable according to the estimated work items) price of all work for the customer. The contractor knows exactly how much he can lower the price during negotiations with the customer to the break-even point. The Russian (Soviet) cost estimate approach does not provide as accurate data on the work performed (for example, the break-even point) as the Western one. The Russian approach forces Russian business to inflate estimates for complex and voluminous projects in order to correspond to the real state of affairs.

There is also a functional shift in organizational structure Russian organizations project approach and Western ones. Some functions of the Western approach disappear under the Russian approach, other functions, as not specified, are shifted to performers (at a construction site, for example, to foremen, foremen, accounting, etc.). In addition to Western estimators, some of the functions of financial assessment (financial planning) in the West are performed by those involved in management accounting and financial planning (economists, accountants, controllers). An active participant in the formation of a Western “estimate” (costing) is a project manager or other responsible person who owns the temporary production schedule.

Estimate documentation - The very concept of estimated cost arose during a planned economy and was essentially equivalent to the price of construction, but one should not think that in a market economy this concept has become irrelevant, although the functions of estimated cost have changed, however, the need for it remains, and its role even to some extent has increased, this is due to the fact that estimate documentation is a guideline for establishing a contract price for the customer and the contractor and in this role is necessary for optimal planning and cost analysis for both parties, as well as for carrying out intermediate cash settlements between them.

The estimated cost of construction is the planned amount of expenses required to create the facility in strict accordance with the project. Based on the full estimated cost, capital investments are distributed over the years of construction, sources of financing are determined, and contract prices for construction products are formed.

It is worth noting that when concluding a contract, estimate documentation is not mandatory; only a protocol of agreement on the contract price is required. However, the customer has the right to request estimate documentation in any form, with any degree of detail, and most customers usually exercise this right in practice, especially if the customer is a government organization.

The basis for estimate calculations at this stage, as noted, is the design documentation and the current estimate and regulatory framework of 2001, or 1991, or 1984 prices with the introduction of appropriate correction factors. In the absence of estimate standards, individual prices compiled directly for such cases are used.

At the “Working Documentation” (DD) stage, site and local estimates are drawn up, and SNiP 11.01-95 allows them not to be drawn up if the contract for the execution of DD does not provide for this.

In the market conditions of the Russian Federation, four methods of calculating the estimated cost are used:

• - resourceful
• - resource-index
• - base-index
• - basic compensation

Resource method- this is calculation in current (forecast) prices and tariffs of resources (cost elements). With this method, the costs of materials and products, the time spent on operating machines, the labor costs of workers are established separately in natural measurements (m3, ton, piece, man-hour, etc.), and the current prices for these resources are accepted (at the time of compilation estimates). As regulatory framework Standard indicators of material consumption (NPRM) are used. This method allows you to accurately recalculate the estimated cost to new prices in the future.

Resource index method is a combination of the resource method with a system of resource price indexes. Price indices are the ratio of current prices to base prices. As noted, prices for 2001 and 1991 are taken as base prices. and it is permissible to use 1984 prices. as amended.

Basis-index method- this is the use of a system of current and forecast price indices in relation to the value determined at the base level or the level of the previous period. Unlike the resource-index method, a separate determination of resource consumption in physical terms is usually not done. Reduction to current prices is performed by multiplying the base cost for each line of the estimate by the corresponding index.

Basic compensation method consists in the fact that the base cost is determined taking into account expected changes in prices and tariffs, and during the construction process it is clarified depending on the actual changes in these prices and tariffs.

The choice of method for drawing up estimate documentation is not regulated by law and is carried out in each specific case depending on the terms of the agreement (contract) and the general economic situation. The most promising are the resource and resource-index methods, however, currently the base-index method predominates in construction.

Estimated cost of construction installation work is divided into three main parts:

• - direct costs
• - overhead costs
• - estimated profit (planned savings)

Direct costs include the cost of materials, products, operating costs of machines and mechanisms, and workers' wages. They are determined based on estimated standards and prices, volumes of structures or types of work, i.e. any of the above calculation methods.

Overheads reflect the costs associated with the creation general conditions construction production, i.e. include the costs of organizing, managing and maintaining the construction site. They are most often determined as a percentage of direct costs in accordance with federal regulations overhead costs, or according to individual standards for a specific construction organization. It is also possible to determine them using a system of indicators of overhead costs by type of construction and installation work or aggregated indicators for the main types of construction.

Estimated profit (planned savings) is the amount of funds necessary to cover expenses not directly related to this construction, but necessary for the further functioning of the construction organization. These are expenses for paying taxes, developing production and its infrastructure, for material incentives and support favorable conditions workers' lives. Estimated profit is usually determined as a percentage of total or labor costs (for example, 50% of labor costs or 12% of the estimated cost of the job). For this purpose, industry-wide standards or individual standards of a specific organization are used.

The estimated cost of individual objects and types of work included in the consolidated estimates for industrial and housing and civil construction is determined according to price lists, according to estimates for standard and re-used economical and individual projects, tied to local construction conditions, and in their absence - according to estimates drawn up according to working drawings.

It must be borne in mind that for unique buildings and structures, as well as for objects whose construction will be carried out according to experimental or first-time individual projects using standard design solutions, standard designs and parts (for which there are no list prices and estimates for previously developed projects for similar buildings and structures cannot be used), the estimated cost is determined according to estimates for the technical project, drawn up, as a rule, according to enlarged estimate standards (USN), and only in in exceptional cases in the absence of enlarged estimate standards - according to unit prices for construction work, put into effect on January 1, 1969, and price lists for the installation of equipment, put into effect on January 1, 1972, and for technical work projects - according to estimates drawn up according to working drawings.

The cost of certain types of construction (general construction), special (plumbing, electrical, etc.) and general area (vertical land planning, landscaping, etc.) works, as well as individual species costs (for the organized recruitment of workers, compensation in connection with the seizure of land for development, etc.) are calculated according to the estimate f. No. 3.

The estimated cost of construction and installation work, agreed upon and accepted by the contracting organization before the start of construction of the facilities, determined in the consolidated estimate based on the site estimates f. No. 2, as well as estimates and estimates for certain types of work and costs (form No. 3) ", is final and is not subject to clarification at the stage of development of working drawings; it serves as the main document for payment between the contractor and the customer for the work performed.
The estimated cost of the equipment necessary for the facilities under construction and the costs associated with its installation are reflected in the estimate f. No. 4, for housing and civil construction.

Since in f. No. 4 amount wages for installation work is calculated for each item of the estimate by calculation and is labor-intensive work, then from January 1, 1973 it was established new order determination of wages. Thus, when drawing up estimates for electrical installation work, the amount of wages is determined using coefficients from the estimated cost of these works, calculated at the prices of sections 1-6 and 16-24. The use of these coefficients makes it possible to link wages (basic and for operating machines) to local conditions of work. Increase in estimated cost electrical installation work, caused by increased wages due to difficult local conditions for performing work, is determined by the following formula: Ds = C x (P-1) x K.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 31.05.00 No. 420, letter of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation dated 10.03.98 No. VB-20-82/12 “On payment of expenses for voluntary insurance of construction risks.”

Letter of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation dated October 27, 2003 No. NK-6848/10 “On the procedure for allocating costs for commissioning work.”

Resolution of the Gosstroy of Russia dated August 18, 1997 No. 18-44 “The procedure for determining the cost of work to carry out the examination of pre-design and project documentation for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures on the territory of the Russian Federation."

Design and estimate documentation (DED) is a package of documents that reveal the main content of the project with justification for the possibility of its implementation and feasibility in general. Design documentation is a variety of documents made in text and graphic form - regulatory, technical, functional, architectural, office work.

Based on them, construction work, reconstruction, major renovation objects. The design and estimate documentation is being developed in accordance with the provisions of the Town Planning Code and Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 87 of 2008 and No. 360 of 2013 (amendments), which talks about necessary composition its sections, instructions on their content are given.

When is design and estimate documentation required?

Compilation design and estimate documentation necessary during the construction, overhaul, reconstruction of all types of objects, excluding those related to individual buildings that have no more than 3 floors, stand separately and are intended for one owner.

Such documentation should be developed during the construction of objects for various purposes - industrial, commercial, social, communal, cultural. It is also necessary during construction residential buildings, linear objects, which include roads, power lines, various pipelines, bridges. If it is necessary to carry out a number of construction works, partial reconstruction, or repairs at the listed objects, then it will also be necessary to prepare a design and estimate documentation.

The preparation of such documents allows the customer to get an idea of ​​the future result at an early stage of the project and give the task to correct it (if necessary) before the start of construction. Design documentation contains a text description of the details of the object with detailed drawings, which allows you to avoid errors during the construction period and accurately complete regulatory requirements in this domain.

Drawing up an estimate is also a prerequisite for carrying out any work related to the new construction of a facility or its improvement (reconstruction, major repairs). Its presence is required so that the customer receives a preliminary estimate of the cost of the work itself and the entire volume building material, which will be required during their implementation at the site.

Why is drawing up design documentation necessary?

The basic basis for any construction is design and estimate documents. Even work on single objects requires costing and design, not to mention large-scale projects. It is necessary to work with them at every stage of construction, which begins only after the developed design and estimate documentation has been agreed upon, approved and has a positive conclusion from the state examination.

Thanks to the presence of design documentation based on it:

• a permit is obtained for all construction work on sites, which must be obtained, regardless of whether a new building is being erected or an old one is being updated;
• quality control of the work performed is carried out;
• the rational use of materials used during construction and the procedure for handing over finished objects are monitored.

The advantage of design documentation is that it makes projects with all its technical decisions “transparent”. Having such documents available, you can save money and time in the future if you need to make repairs at this facility, modernize it, or apply new technologies.

Composition of design and estimate documents

Any design and estimate documentation consists of design, working documents, and estimates. Each of them is important integral part. It is always performed in 2 versions - graphic and text. Creation of a project can be one-stage or two-stage. In the first case, the design documentation is provided in full (used when working with simple objects), then working documents are not required. And the most common two-stage method involves step-by-step work with the project. First, design documents are drawn up, and then working documents, but more detailed ones.

Project documents

At the first stage of project development, they take general solutions— the location of the object, its purpose, future architecture, layout are indicated, design features without further details. The construction method is selected, communication solutions are identified, technological schemes, an estimate is drawn up. After the state examination and elimination of comments (if any), the document is submitted to the customer for review and approval.

The standard package of design documents for all construction projects, except for linear structures, usually includes:

• explanatory note;
• information on site planning organization schemes (SPOZU);
• technical information about all engineering communications— electricity, water and gas supply, heating, ventilation, drainage, as well as communication and air conditioning systems;
• a list of measures required to prepare communications;
• decisions on the architecture of the facility, planning, constructive proposals.

The design and estimate documentation also includes plans for dismantling works, liquidation of capital facilities, ecology, fire-fighting and energy efficiency measures, creation of measures to make buildings accessible for people with disabilities. When drawing up design documentation it may contain additional projects provided by local legislative acts for each specific type objects.

Work documents

At the creation stage working documentation decisions made at the project stage - sketches, estimates, other documents are developed more accurately and in detail. Working documentation is already a text description and drawings used directly on construction sites. The advantage of a phased system is that there are no costs for redoing documents at the project stage if decisions on it are considered unsuccessful.

Working documentation is attached to the project. It includes graphic image object with text documents, specifications of materials, equipment, other documents necessary for carrying out construction (repair, restoration) work at the object. The content of this section is specified by the customer in the technical specifications.

Estimate documentation

The consolidated estimate consists of local and object estimate documents, calculations, and a plan for individual expenses. It is compiled taking into account the amount of work prescribed during the preparation of working documentation. Local estimates, calculations are considered primary species estimate documents. They are drawn up for individual types of work, and then combined into a consolidated estimate to calculate the preliminary cost of the work. In this way, possible construction costs are determined.

Stages of design and documentation development

Design and estimate documentation is developed sequentially in 3 stages. First, a preliminary design of the future building is made with its external and inside. This allows the customer to imagine its overall appearance with the main architectural elements, design, planning. The image is more clearly presented in three-dimensional form, which developers can prepare. Often the customer is given several sketches of the object so that he can choose the most suitable one. The sketch is then finalized until it is agreed upon.

The technical stage of the project consists of conducting surveys. If a design estimate is drawn up for a new facility, then the landscape and soil type at the site of its construction are studied to determine the possibility of construction here in accordance with the law. During reconstruction or major repairs at this stage, specialists consider the feasibility of such work, and if the assessment is positive, a design and estimate documentation is created.

The last stage is the development of working documentation, when, based on the sketch and technical projects Detailed drawings of objects are made. Local and consolidated estimates are drawn up and calculations are carried out. The design documentation undergoes approval by regulatory authorities and state examination, and is approved by the customer. Then the entire set of design documentation is given to the builders, who can begin work.

Order design documentation

Construction is a costly undertaking, so it is important that the development of the main document is carried out by a professional team of designers with extensive experience in drawing up design and estimate documentation. For our design company, this is one of the main areas of activity. Our specialists will competently draw up a project and estimate for an object of any complexity, taking into account all the subtleties of the process and legal requirements in this area. The customer will receive from us full set Design and documentation documentation with all required approvals and the conclusion of the state examination.

Any business, whether building a house, business or road, starting production new products or investment, begins with the development of design and estimate documentation, which stipulates all aspects of production and the cost of each type of work. High-quality execution This work speeds up the creation of the project and increases economic benefits.

What is called design and estimate documentation?

Design and estimate documentation is a package of documents that substantiates the feasibility of the recommended program and the ways of its implementation. With the help of this documentation, specialists can understand the essence of the plan, which allows them to see ways of bringing it to life.

When preparing this package, we are guided by the legislative standards provided for this type of project.

When developing design and estimate documentation, they take as a basis technical and economic justifications, as well as a business plan, which is drawn up based on the results of the preparatory stage.

Work on the production of this documentation can be carried out in one, two or three stages, depending on the complexity of the project. It can be carried out both legally and an individual. But during licensing, much attention is paid to the level of qualifications, so licenses are often obtained by specialized design organizations.

Preparatory work for the preparation of design and estimate documentation

The quality of the result of the work done depends on the correctness, clarity and consistency of the project. Will the deadlines for its implementation be met, and will it be possible to reach the limits of the allocated funding?

Drawing up design and estimate documentation is important, versatile and responsible work. The level of professionalism in its implementation determines the efficiency, manufacturability and simplicity with which the project for which it is manufactured is implemented.

To carry out design and estimate documentation, contracts are concluded between customers and contractors, according to which the customer provides the necessary information and assignment for the design. He can make it himself or delegate it to a performer.

When preparing a construction task, the customer must contact the architecture department to obtain technical specifications, which represent a number of requirements for the future building in terms of providing water and gas supply, sewerage, external lighting, fire department and so on.

The contractor, in turn, must qualitatively prepare a package of documents, taking into account all the information received from the customer about the project being designed.

On the composition of design and estimate documentation

Design and estimate documentation for construction, according to current legislation, is divided into two sections: design and working documentation.

1. Project documentation contains information that is decisive for architectural, functional-technological, engineering and technical constructive solutions, ensuring the manufacturing process, production of products or construction provided for by the project. In the case of a multi-phase project, documentation is developed for each phase. This package of documents is submitted for verification and expert assessment.

2. Working documentation is prepared when the design documentation is already in the hands of the experts; this allows all comments to be taken into account in a timely manner when developing these documents, which are regulating when performing construction and installation work.

The design and estimate documentation also includes a set of necessary estimates.

Construction permit

The document legitimizing construction is a permit. It confirms that the design and estimate documentation corresponds to the urban planning plan of the given territory and gives the contractor the right to carry out the work.

The PDS submitted for obtaining a permit must also include the results of an examination with a positive conclusion.

In some cases, an examination is not required to obtain a permit:
1. When preparing for the construction of individual housing, no more than three floors.
2. When developing a project for the construction of a residential building, which will have no more than three floors, consist of less than ten blocks, each of which can accommodate one family.
3. For construction apartment buildings, no higher than three floors, consisting of four or less block sections, having several apartments and entrances.

To obtain permission to carry out construction work for the above buildings, the authorities are provided with a plan of a plot of land, where the planned location of the future facility is indicated.

Engineering surveys for the development of design and estimate documentation

The development of design and estimate documentation is based on information obtained as a result of engineering and survey work.

During their implementation, the state of the terrain of the site, buildings located near the site of future work, and other elements of the plan are clarified.

Also, special attention is paid to the condition of the soil, which will be the foundation of the future structure, and the possibility of arranging underground communications. Special attention is devoted to the study of soil stability on slopes and slopes.

Conducting an examination of design and estimate documentation

Design and estimate documentation must undergo an examination before falling into the hands of a construction organization. This is a set of measures that involves studying a package of documents that will be used during construction work. An analysis is carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulations in force on the territory of the Russian Federation in order to guarantee the safety of future buildings and structures. The quality of architectural resolution and the reasonable use of all necessary resources are also monitored.

To carry out construction work on a large scale, a state expert opinion is required, the basis for which is design and estimate documentation. If the construction is small, then it is enough to obtain a positive result of a non-state examination.

Local estimates- primary estimate documents are compiled for certain types of work and costs based on the volumes determined during the development of the detailed design, working documentation (working drawings).

Local estimates are also compiled for individual types of work and costs in cases where the scope of work and costs have not been finally determined and are subject to clarification on the basis of working documentation.

Object estimates- combine data from local estimates for the object as a whole and are estimate documents, on the basis of which calculations are made between the customer and contractors for the estimated cost of construction products.

Object estimate calculations - They also combine data from local estimates and local estimates for the object as a whole and are subject to clarification, as a rule, on the basis of working documentation.

Estimates for individual types of costs necessary to determine the estimated limit, if these types of costs are not taken into account in the estimated standards, are compiled in a similar way to the preparation of local estimates. In this case, it is recommended to use samples of local estimate calculations (estimates).

Summary estimates of construction costs enterprises, buildings, structures (or their queues) - determine the volume of financial costs for construction as a whole and include data from object estimates, object estimates and estimates for individual types of costs.

Cost Summary - an estimate document determining the cost of construction of enterprises, buildings and structures or their queues in cases where, along with industrial facilities, design and estimate documentation is drawn up for: housing and civil facilities; construction industry bases; objects of subsidiary agriculture and consumer services population, urban ground passenger transport facilities, roads, overpasses and similar engineering structures.

If the project provides for the commissioning of an enterprise (institution) with start-up complexes, then as part of the estimate documentation, statements of the estimated cost of construction of facilities included in the launch complexes.

In cases where during the construction of an enterprise, building and structure it is planned to carry out environmental protection measures, a statement of the estimated cost of objects and work to protect the natural environment.

Local estimates. General provisions

Local estimates for certain types of construction and installation work, as well as the cost of equipment, are compiled based on the data presented in the table:

If there are territorial unit rates (TER) in the region, registered with the State Construction Committee of Russia in accordance with the established procedure, they should be used when drawing up estimate documentation and payments for work performed on all objects and construction sites, regardless of the sources of financing, including for objects and construction sites , financed from the federal budget.

Federal unit rates (FER) should be used only in cases where in any region there are no collections of territorial unit rates (TER), either in whole or in part. In cases where TER collections are available, but not for all types of work, for work for which TER collections are not available, the use of collections of federal unit prices (FER) is allowed, along with the use of TER collections for other works.

Local estimates can also be prepared according to FER-2001:

when preparing investor estimates and tender documentation;

by government decision customer with government funding. budget.

Traditionally, within each estimate, individual types of work are grouped into sections by structural elements of the building (structure), types of work and devices.

The order of arrangement of work in estimates and their grouping into sections must correspond to the technological sequence of work and the specialization of the contractor. When drawing up local estimates for the construction of buildings, as a rule, work related to the underground and above-ground parts of the building should be separated into separate sections of the estimates.

Design and estimate documentation is a package of documents that makes up basic foundation any proposed construction. This documentation substantiates the economic efficiency of the project and its investment attractiveness. The package of design and estimate documents includes calculations that determine the volume of construction work and its cost. Preliminary preparation design and estimate documentation helps the customer: determine the timing of certain construction and installation works, their cost and the real cost of the finished facility. The estimate documentation fully reflects necessary costs for the project and allows for subsequent monitoring and analysis of cash expenditures. Design and estimate documentation is required for construction, reconstruction, major repairs in which redevelopment with changes is planned load-bearing structures building. In all data construction work The Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation obliges investors or developers to develop a whole set of documents.

The procedure for developing design and estimate documentation

Development of design documentation after coordination and approval of the assignment for construction or major repairs of a building. In the process of designing a building or a complex of buildings, the solutions prescribed in master plan terrain. The development of projects and estimates for complex or unique buildings is carried out with the involvement of expert organizations and research laboratories. " GlavRegionProject » has a long and successful experience of working on relic buildings. Our specialists have established connections with laboratories high level- this significantly reduces the time required for approval and development of design and estimate documentation. All sections are presented according to a clear structure and are divided into two categories: text and graphic. The first contains justifications for design decisions, and the second is general and specific indicators used in the work and calculation data - all this is presented in tables and graphs.

Design and estimate documentation cost and terms

Cost and time frame for developing a finished package necessary documents depends on many factors, the main ones include: the need to conduct an examination of design and estimate documentation. When an examination is required, the period is slightly longer compared to the preparation of documents that do not require additional actions. In cases where an examination is not required, it is possible to obtain a permit for the construction of an object with a package of seven documents. There are also documents that must be provided in case of registration of construction within the city, for example, " Technological regulations for the management of construction waste." Development of design and estimate documentation is carried out with minimal costs and within strictly specified time frames.

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