Design of standard buildings. Development of standard projects. See what a “standard project” is in other dictionaries

Design of standard buildings. Development of standard projects. See what it is — Design of standard buildings. Development of standard projects. See what a “standard project” is in other dictionaries

11.10.2023

Reviews of the book The True, Mad, Guilty Moriarty l The True, Mad, Guilty

Life at Full Power - Jim Lauer, Tony Schwartz

Famous pirates of the Caribbean, next to whom the movie Jack Sparrow is just a boy

Which can be applied to a large number of different objects, used for implementation by many performers in different conditions.

Economics and law: dictionary-reference book. - M.: University and school. L. P. Kurakov, V. L. Kurakov, A. L. Kurakov. 2004 .

See what a “TYPICAL PROJECT” is in other dictionaries:

The project, which can be applied to a wide range of objects, has been used for implementation by many performers in different conditions. Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. 2nd ed., rev. M.: INFRA M... Economic dictionary

standard project- - [L.G. Sumenko. English-Russian dictionary on information technology. M.: State Enterprise TsNIIS, 2003.] Topics information technology in general EN standard project ...

standard project- tipinis projektas statusas T sritis automatika atitikmenys: engl. standard design vok. Standardausführung, f; Standardentwurf, m rus. standard project, m pranc. projet type, m … Automatikos terminų žodynas

standard project- a project that can be applied to a wide number of objects, used for implementation by many performers in different conditions... Dictionary of economic terms

Standard project- These are mainly houses made of reinforced concrete structures produced by local house-building factories (DSK). Typical, in this case, says that houses built from products of a specific DSK differ from each other, except... ... Housing Encyclopedia

Cinema "Pervomaisky" Typical project of cinemas - the project according to which cinemas were built ... Wikipedia

A project intended for the construction of similar structures. 11a f. Such projects primarily provide for mass construction projects, such as: artificial structures (pipes, bridges, overpasses), passage. buildings, stations... Technical railway dictionary

standard project- Project of an enterprise, building, structure and their complexes, intended for repeated use, by linking it to specific construction conditions [Terminological dictionary of construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy USSR)] Topics... ... Technical Translator's Guide

- (see TYPICAL PROJECT) ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

Model national law on the development of tolerance is a document prepared by a group of experts of the European Council for Tolerance and Reconciliation (ECTR) and legally regulating legal relations in such an area as tolerance in ... ... Wikipedia

Books

Prevention is a priority in clinical mammology, Andrey Dmitrievich Kaprin, N. I. Rozhkova, The book presents the latest achievements of scientific and practical medicine in the field of prevention of breast diseases. The modern disease screening system is described in detail... Category: Obstetrics and gynecology Publisher: Special Publishing House of Medical Books,
Istanbul, Becker Frank Stefan, Bergmann Jurgen, Ferner Manfred, “West is West, East is East...”. Not true. What do you say when you find yourself in Istanbul, the former capital of an undoubtedly Asian country, but at the same time the cultural capital of Europe in 2010? Among… Category: Guides Series: Guide. Nelles Pocket Publisher:

replication) - construction of a copy of an existing building.

The system for developing (mostly) construction projects is designed for repeated implementation in subsequent construction. The technology is used in particular in the construction of residential, industrial buildings and mass types of public buildings.

Currently in Russia the following terms are used: reuse design documentation and modified design documentation. From September 1, 2016, all documentation produced by order of the state or state companies is the exclusive property of the customer.

The use of reuse design documentation is mandatory for state and municipal customers, except in cases of the absence of such documentation or the construction of particularly dangerous, technically complex facilities and work to preserve cultural heritage sites.

Standard design and construction in Russia

Until 1713

Typical projects- “exemplary”, “exemplary”, “normal”, “highest proven”. They were used to build individual structures, fortresses, and even entire cities in an extremely short period of time. A striking example of such construction was Sviyazhsk. Under the leadership of the builder Ivan Vyrodkov in the winter of -1551. near Uglich, 18 towers and 3 km of walls were cut down, with a forest volume of about 21 thousand m3, then the numbered timber was floated over 1000 km along the Volga and within four weeks a city wall was assembled from it, and during the construction the fortress was expanded doubled using available materials. According to a standard design, the wooden walls of Arkhangelsk were built in 1584. In 1591-1592 A 16-kilometer wall was erected along the Zemlyanoy Val in Moscow, named “Skorodom” for the speed of construction.

1713-1928

In 1714, albums of standard projects by D. Trezzini were published. The decree of Peter I dated April 4, 1714 states: “In what manner should we build houses... take drawings from the architect Trezzini.” This is the first known mention of the introduction of a prototype “series” of standard residential buildings into construction. The Trezzini series consisted of several projects of residential buildings with one and two floors of different dimensions. The projects were engraved, printed and given to developers in this form. Each print contained the dimensions of the plot, the house plan, the facade with a gate and a brief explanation indicating the dimensions of the plot and the house.

When designing the development of Admiralty Island in St. Petersburg, Perevedenskiye Sloboda and Kolomna, it was planned to use buildings of the same type.

XX century

Notes

Standard design- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
GOST R 58033-2017 Buildings and structures. Dictionary. Part 1. General terms clause 7.1.47
"Design Technology" (undefined) (unavailable link). Retrieved January 1, 2011. Archived July 18, 2010.
Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation (as amended on July 3, 2016) (version effective from September 1, 2016) Article 48_2

This is the development of building projects and structures intended for repeated construction.
Standard design is used in the construction of residential, public buildings and industrial buildings.

HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPICAL DESIGN

Until 1928, standard designs were used for the construction of various structures, fortresses and even entire cities. Sviyazhsk became a striking example of such construction. According to a standard design, wooden walls of Arkhangelsk were built in 1584.
In 1714, albums of standard projects by D. Trezzini were published. The decree of Peter I dated April 4, 1714 states: “In what manner should we build houses... take drawings from the architect Trezzini.” This is the first known mention of the introduction of a prototype “series” of standard residential buildings into construction.

Sviyazhsk

The Trezzini series consisted of several projects of residential buildings with one and two floors of different sizes. The projects were engraved, printed and given to developers in this form. Each print contained the dimensions of the plot, the house plan, the facade with a gate, and a brief explanation indicating the dimensions of the plot and the house.
The unprecedented scale of housing construction in our country during the Soviet years became possible thanks to the steady increase in the level of industrialization of the country.
Soviet years
In the pre- and post-war years, residential buildings were actually built for communal settlement. In accordance with the base of building materials, residential buildings were built mainly from brick according to individual projects, in which standard layouts could be partially used.

A radical change occurred in 1951; a decision was made to create specialized design organizations for standard design.
The massive use of standard projects created a huge number of house-building factories that produced mass-produced building products.
Already 15 years later, it was not houses that were accepted as an object of typification, but the building products themselves, from which space-planning solutions for buildings were formed.
And despite the fact that a huge number of buildings are practically no different from each other, it was the industrialization of standard construction that provided the population with housing, schools, kindergartens and other public buildings.

CHALLENGES THAT CURRENTLY FACE THE APPLICATION OF A STANDARD DESIGN

1. Limited land area.
In the Soviet years, hectares of land were allocated on which a general plan was developed using standard series of houses. Nowadays, the developer often has a small plot on which it is possible to build 1-3 houses. In such limited conditions, choosing a ready-made standard project becomes much more difficult. But probably!
In dense urban conditions, it is not possible to apply a standard project due to the fact that every meter of land must be used for construction.
2. Frequently changing rules in regulatory documentation.
This is inexplicable, but it is a fact. Every year there are changes in regulatory documentation. Requirements for technological equipment, design features of buildings, etc. are changing.
Thus, a project that passed the examination in 2015 cannot be reused, without appropriate adjustments, already in 2016.

CURRENT TYPICAL DESIGN

Currently, the most widespread use of standard projects is in the construction of cottages.
The standards for the development of standard design documentation were abolished, however, registers of standard design documentation began to be created at the state level. Any design organization can submit its project to these registers.
The Ministry of Construction of Russia has developed a draft federal law “On amendments to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law “Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures”, a draft resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation “On amendments to certain acts of the Government of the Russian Federation”, creating a legal basis for the use standard design documentation.
The adoption of these draft regulatory legal acts will make it possible to create conditions for the use of standard design documentation, as a result of which the construction time of capital construction projects, including socially significant ones, the time frame for passing the state examination of design documentation will be reduced, as well as the costs of budget system budgets for the construction of capital projects will be reduced. construction.
In order to submit a project to the register, you must fill out the “Passport of Standard Design Documentation” and send it to the Ministry of Construction of Russia. On the website http://www.minstroyrf.ru

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPICAL DESIGN

In the previous chapter it was mentioned that standard projects are widely used in the construction of private residential buildings.
From this we can draw a simple conclusion, which generally characterizes the prospects for the development of standard design. Namely, a free economy will always choose the most rational solution.
Despite the fact that modern standard projects of apartment and public buildings are primarily developed as individual ones, the development and use of ready-made standard projects will also depend on the desire and capabilities of the developer in finding the most rational and economical solution.
House-building factories also continue to operate, producing a series of products both for the construction of panel buildings, and a separate range of standard products used in buildings made according to individual projects.
The prospect and need for the development of standard design will be relevant in the future, as it allows us to solve the main problem - construction savings.

Standard design is a system for the serial development of architectural and structural projects based on the typification of buildings, their fragments or individual elements for repeated repetition in construction. The standard design system is especially widely used for the construction of residential and public buildings as the only available means of providing design documentation for the colossal volume of mass housing and civil construction. At the same time, standard projects, the development of which is entrusted to the most qualified specialists, ensure the state standard of housing and service. The standard establishes the required quality level of these buildings for the period of the standard project (8-10 years). The main goal of standard design is to ensure the introduction of the most advanced (within the standard) architectural and structural solutions into mass construction. Standard design is a companion to mass construction in a short time. For the first time, the standard design methodology for residential buildings was used during the development of Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 18th century. Then archit. D. Trezzini developed three groups of standard designs for one- and two-story residential buildings for people of varying property status. These projects were mandatory for use when developing the streets (lines) of the island.

The best architects were involved in the development of standard projects - A. Zakharov, I. Staroe, V. Stasov and others. The possibility of creating stylistic unity of development under conditions of private ownership was achieved through construction using public funds with the subsequent sale of houses (sections) to the population (for example, standard houses on the Volga embankment in Tver). The repeated construction within one complex of the central city square of a number of administrative objects (with minor nuances in the arrangement of details) with their varied arrangement contributed to the creation of individual architectural ensembles of the centers of Poltava, Chernigov, Simbirsk and other provincial cities.

The method of standard design of facades for mass residential development was very widely used during the restoration of Moscow after the devastating fire of 1812. Developers used the products of the newly created state brick, stone processing, and sawmills. The stylistic unity of the development was ensured by the use of samples from albums of facade options developed under the leadership of O. I. Bove for buildings with various standardized schemes of space-planning solutions.

The standard design methodology was formed in a short time in parallel with the development of standard projects and was not free from shortcomings, which required its improvement based on the comparison of parallel development and improvement of two methodological paths - “closed” and “open” typification systems.

Closed system consists in the orientation of the production enterprise towards the complete production of prefabricated products for a series of several types of buildings required by urban planning conditions. This typification system makes it possible to focus production on the production of a relatively small range of products. Therefore, the closed system was the basis for the creation of the domestic house-building industry. This accelerated the commissioning of production capacity and made it possible to sharply increase the volume of housing construction. However, the formation of the development with only one-character standard houses has impoverished it aesthetically.

A departure from these shortcomings of a closed system is ensured by its modern version of block-sectional design, when fragments of the building - block-sections - primarily become objects of typification.

Every person knows that before creating anything (a film, a music track, a disc box, or even a paper clip), a fairly clear plan is needed, which outlines all the main characteristics of the object, its features, and much more.

The situation is similar with the house. Before construction begins, the most detailed plan for future work is drawn up. Where will the bath be located?

How many meters should be allocated for the hall? Where will the sewer be located? It is to answer these and many other questions that a work plan is needed. The details of the future home, however, depend not only on the wishes of the future home owner, but also on external factors.

Thus, the choice of materials will be influenced by the climate, and the foundation will be influenced by the approximate mass of the structure and the type of soil.

Standard project - a set of ready-made drawings with explanatory notes, notes and estimates

Most often, the first album with drawings corresponds to the architectural plan of the building, the second contains information about communications, and the third contains additional details and estimates.

Not only is a standard project necessary for future construction, it is also extremely convenient. It only takes a few minutes to rummage through the drawings and you can find any information you need. In addition, standard projects are usually created according to the same plan, so they are easy to compare with each other.

If a standard project was created without taking into account accurate information about the features of the construction site, then the drawings will have to be redone or changed. For example, some areas still do not have sewerage or central heating, and therefore need to be excluded from the second album. Due to changes in the location of communications, changes in the interior are possible. In addition, the redevelopment that has begun may affect the remaining communications. True, standard projects always provide for an inconspicuous piping system, so removing it from the drawings will not be a problem for the entire document.

It is necessary to select and modify a standard project in such a way that further costs for its improvement are minimal. Why spend money on building a house when in a year and a half you will have to replace the roofs or add something to the building? Take your time in choosing a project and adjust the project with the help of a professional designer.

It is worth noting that at the moment the number of country houses is growing in the country, so the range of standard projects is quite large. Drawings are increasingly optimized for use in cutting-edge construction materials. Thus, the number of standard projects for frame houses with external plaster and insulation is quite large.

Experts advise choosing two-story buildings

Firstly, their price is not much different from one-story houses. Secondly, communications work more reliably in two-story buildings. Thirdly, a two-story house, equal in living space to a one-story building, occupies less land on the site. However, no matter what type of building you choose, you need to take care of two exits: central and additional.

The next step in assessing a typical project is the layout of the rooms.

Here you need to take into account several factors such as the number of people living in the house, cardinal directions and wind direction. Bedroom windows should not be placed to the west, and for other living rooms it is best to choose south or east. In turn, windows that “look” to the northwest or north are ideal for a kitchen or restroom, since the restrooms should be warm. If your toilet is located on the street, then there is no particular difference in the location. To save money, almost all rooms of your country house should be illuminated by the sun. Exceptions include some interior hallways and closets.

The next stage of analysis of a standard project is the roof

Many simply do not notice this subtlety, but the shape of the roof determines the shadow that will fall on your site. The best option would be to darken the path around the house. This will free up more space for useful plants, trees, or even a small family garden.

If the plot has an oblong (narrow) shape, then the most practical option would be to build a house 2-3 meters from the side fence. In the case of a wide property, the side wall of the house must coincide with the middle of the entire plot.