Project on the environment 3 crop production. An open lesson on the surrounding world on the topic "Crop production" (3rd grade). Main grain crops

Caring for crops consists of destroying the soil crust with light harrows and rotary hoes, 2-3 times weeding with the use of herbicides, as well as pollinating crops with insecticides against flax flea beetle and other pests.

Important conditions for obtaining good flax are the uniform development and maturation of plants. Green early yellow, yellow and full ripeness occur after mass ripeness, respectively, after 15, 25-30, 35 40-50 days.

To obtain fiber, harvesting is carried out during early ripeness, and seeds and fiber - at yellow ripeness.

Unlike other row-sown crops, flax is not cut, but rather pulled out of the soil along with its roots. This technique is called tugging.

For such cleaning, special machines and combines are used. The harvested flax is knitted into small sheaves and dried for 4-6 days, after which the seed pods are combed or threshed (when harvested in yellow or full ripeness). After the seeds are separated, the remaining stalks are called flax straw and are further processed.

Mass harvesting of flax with combines should be carried out in the yellow ripeness phase in a short time (no more than 6-8 days).

When using oil flax on one side, it is harvested at full ripeness using conventional combine harvesters with simultaneous threshing. Threshed and thoroughly cleaned flax seeds are dried to a moisture content of 10-12% and sent for storage.

Oilseeds. Essential oil.

60. National Economy. sunflower meaning. Morphological features.

The amount of oil reaches 60% or more, high taste, the by-product cake contains 8-10% fat, 36-40% protein and 20% carbohydrates, used as a highly nutritional product. Concentrated Animal food. With the help of solvents, cake flour is obtained - meal. The baskets are threshed - for livestock feed, the stems are obtained - potash, from the husks - ethyl alcohol, feed yeast, furfural (for making plastic). Good honey plant, snow retention.

The annual cross-pollinated family is Asteraceae. The root is taproot (depth 2-3m), the stem is erect (1-3m), in silage (3-4m), the stem ends in an inflorescence - a basket (diameter 8-40cm), on the receptacle there are 600-1200 or more tubular flowers, blooms 8-10 days, the fruit is an achene enclosed in a hard pericarp, called a husk. According to the size of the achenes, huskiness and oiliness, subdivision for 3 grams:

Oilseed, gnawing, mezheumok (intermediate). Drought-resistant, critical point is the formation of a basket before flowering. t germinated 4-5*C, optimal 12-15*C. Demanding on heat, during flowering t 20-25*C, 30 and above - depressing. The plant is a short day plant and requires light intensity. Development phases: germination, budding, flowering, formation and filling of seeds, ripening. Soils – chernozem, chestnut, podzolized, gray forest.

Varieties: Voronezh 436, Kharkov 49, Don 22.

Predecessors: winter crops, in open or full fallow. After grain legumes. In Siberia, spring grain crops. To its original place in 8-10 years. (Suffers from powdery mildew and broomrape, gray rot, sclerotinia). You can’t – after beans, peas, rapeseed.

Soil cultivation includes pre-plow hulling 5-7 or 8-12 cm, plowing with harrowing 20-22 cm (light soils), 25-30 cm (heavy soils). Herbicides: treflan, prometrin are applied on leveled soil simultaneously with pre-sowing cultivation, as well as in a belt method when sowing

Fertilizers: The combination of organic and mineral fertilizers is especially effective. Responsive to manure and superphosphate during sowing.

Sowing: Sow early at temperature 8-10*C. Dotted method with row spacing of 70 cm using pneumatic seeders SUPN8A, SKPP12, SPC6M. Seeds are treated with downy mildew - apron (6 kg/t) followed by encrusting.

Silage is sown in the usual, row, wide-row and dotted method. The norm is 35-40 kg/ha. The crops are rolled, 2-3 cultivations between rows, cultivation depth 6-7 cm.

Harvest. 10-15% of plants have yellow heads. Combines - SK-5, PUN-5.

69. The technologist cultivated rapeseed for feed and seeds.

Oilseed, fodder, green manure crop. Annual herbaceous plant, cabbage family, inflorescence - loose raceme, fruit - pod, spherical seeds.

The predecessors are cereal grains, row crops and many grasses along the rotation of the layer, which will not take their original place earlier than 4 years. Thorough pre-sowing tillage and leveling. Excessive nitrogen retards seed growth. Sowing is usually row or wide row, seeding rate 12-15, or 6-8 kg/ha, depth 2-3. Remove separately. Mowing begins in the yellow-green phase of seed ripeness up to 30-33%. Thresh the wolves at a humidity of 8-12 with immediate cleaning and drying. Varieties - Galant, Lipetsk, Lugovsky.

64. People/household meaning essential oil cult. Air technologist anise, cariandra .

In Russia there are 30 types (coriander, anise, sage, mint) They produce essential oils that are used in perfumery, confectionery, and medicine.

Coriander– 1.2% essential oil, 18-22% fatty oil. Family: celeryaceae. Weight of 1000 seeds is 7-10g. Seedlings tolerate frost –7..-8 *C. No need for moisture or light. Vegetation – 90-110 days. In crop rotation after winter, spring grain, row crops. Tillage as for spring grains

It is responsive to fertilization, but manure must be applied under the predecessor, miner before sowing. They sow broad crops with an interspace of 45 cm at the earliest possible time at a sowing rate of 13-15 kg/ha, and row crops - 20-22 kg/ha. Seeding depth – 2-4. Care - rolling, harrowing before and after germination and 2-3 rows of cultivation. It crumbles easily - clean in a two-phase manner.

Anise– requires moisture and soil, light-loving, germinates at 4-5*C. Vegetation period is 120-130. In crop production Placed after winter and row crops. Responsive to fertilizers. They are sown in the early stages broadly like coriander, in strips or rows, seeding rates are 12, 14, 18 kg/ha, respectively, depth is 2-5 cm. Care - harrows and cultivation (in wide crops) Harvesting - one- and two-phase.

Grain legumes.

31. Agricultural technology for cultivating soybeans in Khakassia.

In the conditions of Khakassia it grows well. Heat-loving, minimum t for germination is +8*C, favorable for growth 12-14*C, tolerates –3*C, total active t*C is 1700-2000. Towards moisture – critical period – flowering, grain filling. Soils – fertile sandy loam and loamy chernozems, rich in calcium and organic matter, unsuitable – acidic, highly saline. Fertilizer – org. – 40-60 t/ha, when sowing – phosphorus and potassium, when sowing in rows – superphosphate. Before sowing, treat the seeds with nitrogin, risotphori (promotes the formation of nitrogen bacteria on the tuber root). Preceded by row crops, grains, not after grains and legumes, Sudanese. The seeding rate for wide rows is 60-50 kg/ha, for row rows – 90-100, planting depth – 6-7 cm. Before and after sowing, rolling, after harrowing, harrowing on seedlings with light harrows (across the rows), then inter-row cultivation 2-3 (cultivation). Fertilizers - phosphorus, herbicides - "Treflan" (4-6 kg/ha), and during the vegetative period. “furore-super.” When harvesting, use a single-phase or two-phase method, adjusting the cutting machine, the cutting height is not higher than 11 cm, reducing the drum speed to 400-600 revolutions.

44. Agricultural technology and chickpeas.

China– single legume, self-pollinated. Increased requirement for heat, but coldness. Seeds germinate - t-2-3*C, seedlings can withstand frost-free temperatures down to -8*C, drought-resistant, undemanding to soil, best chernozem, light loam. In crop rotation - after winter and row crops, tillage as for early spring crops

Sow early, in rows or narrow rows. Seeding rate – 150-250 kg/ha, depth – 4-6, on light soils and insufficient moisture – up to 8 cm. Before sowing, seeds are treated with rhizotorphin. After sowing, the field is harrowed before and after germination, and harvested in a two-phase manner when 80% of the beans are ripe.

Chickpeas- single legume, self-pollinated. Requires heat, but is very cold-resistant, seeds germinate at temperatures of 2-5*C, seedlings can withstand temperatures down to –6-11*C. It is very drought tolerant and has excellent heat tolerance in this category. It is not picky about soils, but the best ones are light loams, black soils, and chestnuts.

Previous – winter crops, row crops, fertilized spring crops.

Tillage of the soil as a rank, sow broad (120-150 kg/ha), row (200-250 kg/ha), depth of the village - 6-8, light - 10, after sowing roll. You can remove single-phase, two-phase.

50. The importance of grain legumes. A biologist is special.

Peas are the most important and most common grain legume. It has food, feed and agrotechnical importance. Pea grain contains up to 30% protein, vitamins A, B1, B2 and C and basic amino acids. Pea grain is easily absorbed by the human body. Green seeds are widely used for canning, and in this form they are a highly nutritious food. Pea hay contains up to 13, and straw up to 8% protein. They are readily eaten by animals. Peas are a good fallow crop and an excellent predecessor for all spring crops, and early varieties for winter crops. With a high level of agricultural technology, peas produce large and stable yields of grain and green mass. Among grain legumes, this is one of the most productive and economically profitable crops.

Self-pollinating pea, light-loving crop. Peas have little need for heat. Seeds begin to germinate at 1-2*C, the optimal temperature. For seedlings to emerge, temperature is 6-12*C. Seedlings tolerate frosts down to –8*C. High temp. During flowering, negative flowers affect the harvest. The culture is relatively moisture-loving. For swelling and germination of seeds, 110-115% of water by weight of the seeds is required. Peas consume a significant amount of moisture during the growing season. The best for peas are fairly moist, lime-rich chernozems and chestnut soils. Sandy, saline and acidic swampy soils are unsuitable for peas.

53. Technology for growing peas.

Tillage the soil as for early spring crops. Pre-sowing treatment – ​​moisture conservation. Convenient application under the predecessor. From mines - phosphorus and potassium, and lime on acidic soils, phosphorite flour, granulated superphosphate in rows when sowing. Adding nitrogen is not possible. For sowing - large and cleaned seeds, treated with rhizotrophin (nodule bacteria). Sow as early as possible. After sowing - rolled, except for loamy soils. Sowing method - narrow row, usually row and cross. Seeding rates when sufficiently moistened are 250-300g/ha for large seeds, 200-250kg/ha for small seeds; in arid regions the rate is reduced. It tolerates deep seeding well. With weeds, the top layer was loosened with light harrows across the rows. It ripens unevenly and lays down before harvesting, with the beans cracking, so it is necessary to carry out the harvesting in a timely and thorough manner, using a two-phase and single-phase method. When yellowing (browning) of 60-75% of the beans and moisture content of the seeds is 35-40%, the plant is mowed down with the reapers, and then, without allowing it to dry out, the wolves select the combine and thresh. A direct combine is used until full ripeness is achieved. The most efficient combination of both cleaning methods.

How do you understand the meaning of this word?

Crop farming is a branch of agriculture dealing with the cultivation of cultivated plants. Crop products are used as a source of food for the population, as feed in livestock farming, as raw materials in many industries, as well as for decorative (floriculture) and many other purposes.

What groups do you think crop production can be divided into?

Yes, guys, crop production is divided into several industries, let's talk about each separately.

1. Field crops

What plants do you think are included in this group?

That's right, guys. Field crops include, for example, sunflower, flax

The main field crops are grains

The most important branch of crop production is grain farming - growing grain crops. They provide the basis for human nutrition, as well as a significant part of the feed ration of farm animals.

Wheat grown in our country winter And spring. Winter wheat is sown in autumn. Young plants overwinter under the snow and continue to develop in the spring. Spring wheat is sown in the spring. At the end of summer, first winter wheat ripens, and then spring wheat.

Rye In our country, they mainly grow winter crops, and in areas with harsh winters, spring crops.

What do you guys think, why are crops grown?

Have you ever thought about how hard it is to give bread to a person? The land must be plowed, grains must be sown, grains must be protected from pests and diseases, crops must be harvested, flour must be ground, dough must be made, bread must be baked. Bread is the work of many, many people. Bread must be protected and under no circumstances thrown away. Don’t do it yourself and stop others if you see it.

Here it is - fragrant bread
With a crunchy twisted crust.
Here it is - warm, golden,
As if bathed in sunshine.
In every home on every table
He came - he came!
In it is health, our strength,
It has wonderful warmth.
How many hands raised him,
Protected, took care of.
After all, the grains did not immediately become
With the bread that is on the table,
People work long and hard
We worked hard on the ground!

Another one of the most recognized cultivated plants is – buckwheat.

Buckwheat porridge is a heroic porridge. It is tasty and nutritious. In ancient times, buckwheat porridge was called princess; it was served even at the royal table, as well as at the peasant and soldier’s table. In Rus' they said: “Our mother is buckwheat porridge, and rye bread is our dear father.”

From oats- make Hercules oatmeal. Do you know why they were called that?
Legend tells that there once lived an amazing hero who had no equal in strength. One on one he entered into battle with wild animals and terrible monsters. And he defeated them. And the hero’s name was Hercules. Eat oatmeal porridge and you will be strong and healthy.

You will find out which plants, in addition to grains, are considered field crops by solving the riddles.

What they dug out of the ground,
Fried, boiled?
What we baked in the ashes
Did they praise you?

Slide No. 8,9

People use potato tubers for food. And in factories, starch is obtained from potatoes. Potatoes appeared in Europe in the 16th century. It was brought from South America by Spanish sailors. Potatoes appeared in Russia later, at the end of the 17th century.

Now guess the riddle.

On a winding path
The sun grows on a leg.
As the sun ripens,
There will be a handful of grains.

Who knows why the sunflower was called that?

What does a sunflower give to a person?

Near the sunflower field you can breathe well. Its large leaves release a lot of oxygen.

Why do people engage in crop farming?

People engage in crop production not only to obtain food, but also to provide food for domestic animals. For this purpose, fodder crops are grown - timothy, clover, alfalfa, and fodder beets.

For another purpose, spinning crops are grown - cotton and flax.

Fiber is obtained from these plants at special industrial enterprises. Fiber is used to make threads, and threads are used to weave fabrics.

Flaxseed oil is also obtained from flax.
You see how much food we get from growing field crops.

Slide No. 10

2. Vegetable growing is the second branch of crop production.

What vegetables do you know?

That’s right, vegetable growing includes such cultivated plants as cabbage, carrots, onions, cucumbers, and garlic.

Where are vegetables grown?

Vegetables play an important role in human nutrition. They contain a lot of vitamins. What vegetables does your mother recommend you eat to avoid getting sick?

Slide No. 11

3. The next industry is fruit growing.

What does this industry do?

What fruit and berry trees and shrubs do you know?

What is growing here?

That’s right, fruit growing includes trees and shrubs with fruits such as apple, pear, plum, cherry, currant, raspberry, gooseberry, strawberry - these are the most common fruit crops in our country.

But our country is so big that in some countries there are orchards where apricots, peaches, and figs ripen.

Slide No. 12,13

4. Floriculture, this is the last branch of plant growing that we will talk about.

Floriculture - growing flower crops. open the textbook on page and read about it yourself.

Why are some flowers grown in open ground, others in greenhouses, and still others indoors? (flowers are grown in greenhouses and indoors all year round. And in open ground, plants are grown that have time to bloom before the cold weather. Flowers can be heat-loving or not.

Guys, people, what professions work in crop farming?

People of many professions work in crop production. These are grain growers, vegetable growers, gardeners, flower growers, cotton growers

They know well when to sow this or that plant, how to care for it, and when to harvest. They determine by appearance whether it is healthy or sick, and they know how to treat it. Plant growers are familiar with modern technology that is used in the field or in the greenhouse. But they do some of the work manually, and this requires strength, dexterity, and patience. The work of plant growers is not easy. And only those who love plants and the earth can do it truly well.

Lesson topic: Plant growing.

Lesson objectives: introduce one of the branches of agriculture – crop production; teach to distinguish cultivated plants; learn to analyze and generalize acquired knowledge; develop speech, cognitive activity, reasoning, drawing conclusions; cultivate a caring attitude towards crop products.

Tasks:
Personal
Development of cooperation skills with peers;
Promote the development of the ability to work in a group;
Help expand children's vocabulary.
Metasubject
Develop the ability to plan, control and evaluate educational activities in accordance with the task and the conditions for its implementation;
Teach children the actions of comparison, analysis, synthesis, establishing analogies and cause-and-effect relationships.
Subject
Systematize and expand children's knowledge about plant growing.

Lesson type: learning new educational material.

Equipment: ICT – presentation “Crop Growing”, drawings depicting agricultural crops, cards with names of crops.

During the classes

I . Organizing time.

Teacher:

The long-awaited call was given,

The lesson begins.

How would you like our lesson to be? (Interesting, educational)

What will this depend on? (On how we answer, listen to each other and the teacher).

What qualities do you need to have in order to learn something new in class, to make your own little discovery? (Attentive and observant)

Today we have guests at our lesson, and guests are always a joy, a good mood. Smile at each other and greet guests with a smile. To make today's lesson interesting and useful, I will ask you to be my assistants and listen carefully. And of course, do not remain silent, but answer questions. Let's mentally wish ourselves good luck and quietly sit down at our desks.

II . Checking homework.

Before we move on to learning new material, let's remember that

we studied in the last lesson.

Test on the topic: “Minerals”
1. What profession do people find mineral deposits in nature?
a) doctors
b) geologists
c) builders
2.Which minerals are used in construction?
a) sand, clay
b) granite, peat
c) coal, table salt
3. Which minerals serve as fuel?
a) tin and copper ores
b) coal, natural gas
c) graphite, sulfur
4. What minerals are extracted using drilling rigs?
a) marble, granite
b) natural gas, oil
c) gold

Peer review
III . Creating a problematic situation. Self-determination for activity

Look at the objects (pictures of fruits, vegetables,

trees)

What are these items? What common? (these are plants)

What's different about them? (some are fruits, others are vegetables, others are trees).

Are there any other differences? (some will answer NO, others will say yes

plants that people grow, and there are wild plants)

IV . Self-determination for activity

– Guess the riddles.

From the sky
The sun is golden
Golden rays are pouring.
In the field as a friendly wall -
Golden barbels.(Wheat.)

What turns green in two weeks,
It's been earing for two weeks,
It blooms for two weeks
It's been pouring for two weeks,
Does it dry out for two weeks?(Rye.)

– How are rye and wheat similar?(These are grain crops.)

– Which branch of agriculture deals with the cultivation of grain crops?(Crop production.)

V . Updating knowledge.

Introduction to a new topic.

– Let's look at the crop production industries(slide 2).

– To what branch of crop production can these crops be classified?(Field farming.) (slide 3)

– What grain crop gives us white bread?(Wheat.) (slide 4).

Wheat in our country is grown winter and spring. Farmers sow winter wheat in the fall. Young plants overwinter under the snow and continue to develop in the spring. Spring wheat is sown in the spring. At the end of summer, first winter wheat ripens, and then spring wheat(slide 5).

– Guess the riddle.

White belyana
I walked across the field,
I came home
She lay down in the ground.(Flour.) (slide 6).

– What grain crop gives us dark bread?(Rye.) (slide 7,8).

– Another one of the most recognized cultivated plants is buckwheat. Buckwheat porridge is a heroic porridge. It is tasty and nutritious. In ancient times, buckwheat porridge was called princess; it was served even at the royal table, as well as at the peasant and soldier’s table. In Rus' they said: “Our mother is buckwheat porridge, and rye bread is our dear father.”(slide 9,10).

VI . Physical education minute

Hands patted

They stomped their feet,

Turned around, turned around,

One - sit down, two - sit down,

They stretched out and sat down at their desks.

V II . Work on the topic of the lesson.

– Next to grain crops in importance is potatoes. Let's talk about potatoes in more detail. He is native to South America. In 1697, Tsar Peter I brought the first tubers to Russia. The peasants refused to grow potatoes for a long time. There were even potato riots. St. Petersburg fashionistas decorated their hairstyles with flowers(slide 11).

– We will also focus on one of the most common crops in our region - sunflower, from the seeds of which wonderful sunflower oil is obtained.(Slide 12)

– People engage in crop production not only to obtain food, but also to provide food for domestic animals. For this purpose, fodder crops are grown - timothy, clover, alfalfa, fodder beet(slide 13).

– For another purpose, spinning crops are grown - cotton and flax. Fiber is obtained from these plants at special industrial enterprises. Fiber is used to make threads, and threads are used to weave fabrics.(slide 14).

– The next branch of crop production is vegetable growing(slide 15).

– What does this industry do?

– What vegetable crops do you know?

– Where are vegetables grown?

– What is called open and protected ground?

– How many of you have a garden plot, a summer house or a house in the village?

– Do your parents grow anything in greenhouses?

– Why are greenhouses built?

– Another branch of crop production is fruit growing.(slide 16).

– Try using word formation to explain the meaning of the word fruit growing.(Fruit breeding.)

– What plants bear fruit?

– Why do people grow fruit crops?

– Why do they grow flowers?

– What is the name of the branch of plant growing that produces flowers?(Floriculture.) (slide 17).

Working with the textbook (pp. 51 – 53)

V III . Consolidation of the studied material.

1. Work using tables and cards. (Work in groups)

The class is divided into three groups. Each group is given an envelope with pictures of cultivated plants. The first group must select pictures with grain crops, the second – with fodder crops, the third – with spinning crops.

Cereals: rye, oats, barley, wheat.

Feed: timothy, clover, alfalfa, fodder beet.

Spinning: flax, cotton.

2. Imagine that you are foremen on a farm where they are harvesting a large crop of apples and pears. Tell us about your work.

Story plan.

What do you suggest for better storage and use of the crop?

What kind of enterprise needs to be built on this farm?

What is your profession?

IX . Lesson summary.

– What is crop production? (growing cultivated plants)
– Why do people grow cultivated plants? (in order to obtain food, animal feed, material for industry)
– What professions do people work in crop production? (gardeners, grain growers, vegetable growers, melon growers, cotton growers)
X . Performance reflection. Self-esteem .
Game "Recognize the plant"

Guess the plant and name the branch of crop production that grows it.

1. For a curly tuft

I dragged the fox out of the hole.

Very smooth to the touch

Tastes like sweet sugar (Carrots, vegetable growing).

We will collect the spikelets,

What grows in the field.

Let's bake black bread.

And sprinkle with salt. (Rye, field cultivation).

Wonderful flower

Like a bright light

Magnificent, important,

Like a gentleman

Delicate, velvety... (Tulip, floriculture)

The young lady sat down in the garden bed,

Dressed in noisy silks.

We are preparing tubs for her

And half a bag of coarse salt. (Cabbage, vegetable growing)

Low and prickly

Sweet but not smelly.

Pick the berries -

You'll rip off your whole hand (Gooseberries, fruit growing)

Well done! Today we worked very well, we worked actively in class.

There are different lessons.

What was our lesson?

We agree - I hear a clap,

If you don’t agree, keep quiet

And sit quietly.

Our lesson was:

Interesting;

Unusual;

Boring-boring;

Delicious-delicious;

Warm-warm;

Very light;

Sad-sad;

Very lethargic;

Appetizing;

Vitamin.

Reading the output in the textbook on page 58
X I. Homework. (Slide 19)

1. pp. 51-53, study; answer the questions in the “Test yourself” section, page 54.

2. Complete the tasks in the workbook pp. 32 - 34

Letskikh L.A.
primary school teacher
MAOU secondary school No. 21, Kungur
Lesson of the surrounding world in 3rd grade on the topic: “Crop production.” UMK
"School of Russia"
TEACHER'S PURPOSE:
Educational: create conditions for students to develop concepts about
methods of cultivating soil for spring sowing, methods of propagating vegetables
crops and planting vegetables by seeds.
Developmental: promote the development of educational, social
labor and communicative competence of students; formation
skills in working with hand-held agricultural tools when sowing
vegetables; updating and summarizing the life experience of students.
Educational: create optimal conditions for students’ education
respect for work, desire to participate in the labor process.
EQUIPMENT: herbarium of cultivated plants, pictures of plants;
saucers with cereals (buckwheat, rice, barley, pearl barley, etc.); tests.
Lesson scenario
I. Organization of the beginning of the lesson.
So the bell rang -
Lesson begins
II. Updating basic knowledge.
Frontal survey:
– Guys, what section of the textbook “The World Around Us” are we working on?
They looked at each other
And they sat down quietly at the desk.
(“What Economics Teaches.”)
– What are needs? (That's all a person needs.)
– What does a person need? (In the air, food, clothing, etc.)
– Name the “three pillars” of the economy. (Natural wealth, capital, labor.)
– What refers to natural resources? (Air, water, beneficial
fossils, earth (soil), plants and animals.)
– So, an integral part of the economy, or industry, is agriculture
farming. What do agricultural workers do?
We all love fresh vegetables picked from the garden. But for a beautiful fruit
fell into your hands, you need to do a lot of work to grow

plants, which begins with preparing the soil and sowing seeds. Outside
Spring is the time to think about the future harvest.
III. Message of the topic, purpose of the lesson.
– Let’s remember into what groups all plants are divided. You are walking in the forest,
meadow and you are surrounded by plants that we call... wild. Why?
(They grow on their own. No one planted them. They are not looked after.)
– We came to the garden, and there they grew... cultivated plants (they were planted by a man
and looks after them).
“That’s what we’ll talk about today in class.” Topic of our lesson:
"Crop production".
IV. Learning new material.
Teacher's story with elements of conversation about the history of the origin
crop production
– Did you know that once upon a time there were no cultivated plants on Earth? Were
only wild ones. Let's go back a few centuries,
to our ancestors.
In ancient times, primitive man was engaged in hunting and
gathering. After all, in order to live, a person needs to eat. Hunting success and
gatherings largely depended on the vagaries of nature: then a forest fire
destroys trees with edible fruits and drives away animals, then drought will destroy
grass that gave people grains and roots... And then one day the women
noticed that in the place where grains were usually ground on a stone grater,
spikelets with the same grains grew. They guessed that it had sprouted
randomly scattered grains. We tried to specially scatter the grains -
It happened, and how: where the grain fell, a whole spikelet grew, or even several.
Now it was possible to grow grains near the house, and not wander in
searching through forests and meadows.
Years passed, man developed, agriculture improved, everything
The plants that people grew became more diverse.
– How did man make wild plants cultivated? He's not just
grew plants near his house, and selected the best, preserved and
propagated them.
Growing a good harvest is not an easy task, it takes a lot
know. Know when to plow the land, when to plant, water, what is necessary
plants for good growth, when to remove ripe fruits.
– Responsible for breeding cultivated plants and their cultivation
crop production

In S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary this word is interpreted as follows: “Crop growing -
the science of breeding cultivated agricultural plants, as well as the
such breeding."
– Crop production is divided into several main parts (branches):
field cultivation, vegetable growing, fruit growing and floriculture.
V. Practical work.
Work in groups.
Students receive herbarium materials: wheat, rye, oats, barley,
buckwheat. Examine cultivated plants, compare with each other,
make up an oral description of each plant according to the plan.
Help card:
1. Name of the plant.
2. Which group does it belong to (tree, shrub, herbaceous plant)?
3. Where is it grown (in the garden, field, vegetable garden)?
4. What parts do you see in the plant? How do they look?
5. How does a person use this plant?
Discussion.
– These plants are grown in fields, which means they are field crops. From
wheat and rye receive flour and bake bread. These plants differ in shape
spikelets, while rye has long, hard whiskers of different heights. Rye is higher than wheat.
Rye and wheat grains differ in shape, but are similar in color.
VI. Continue learning new material.
1. Cereals.
– Wheat can be winter or spring. Farmers sow winter wheat
in the fall. Young plants overwinter under the snow and continue to grow in the spring.
develop. Spring wheat is sown in the spring. Ripens first at the end of summer
winter wheat and then spring wheat.
Rye is the most frost-resistant crop of all cereals. About
40 types of cultivated rye. Rye is used to make bread, alcohol,
starch, animal feed.
Barley is used to make beer, is used as a fodder crop, from
It is used to make pearl barley. In some countries they make bread from it.
Oats are a forage plant. Oat grains are elongated and make porridge. IN
food is consumed in the form of oatmeal, which is very beneficial for the stomach.
Corn is used to prepare starch, vegetable oil, glucose,
flour products, it is canned.

Millet is a valuable cereal crop; after processing, millet is obtained from it,
It ranks first in protein content among other cereals. Millet –
valuable food for birds, and straw, threshing waste, as well as green mass -
good feed for cattle.
Buckwheat is distinguished by grains that are brown in color and have an unusual shape. From her
get buckwheat.
2. Forage crops.
– Field farming also involves the cultivation of fodder crops. What is this
culture?
– The name itself tells us the answer. They feed them. Only who?
– A person must take care not only of himself, but also of those animals that he
grows. In summer, many animals can find food in meadows and pastures. A
what to feed them in winter?
Not all animals can find food on their own even in the warm season, so
people occupy entire fields for fodder crops. Have you ever seen such fields?
What do they grow on them?
– A popular proverb says: “Milk is on the cow’s tongue.” What is this
Means?
The cow will not have good nutrition, which means the person will not have dairy products.
products. The main food for a cow is grass. In river valleys
there are water meadows on which meadow and common bluegrass grow,
timothy grass, foxtail grass, mouse peas, hedgehog grass, chin and much more.
When mowing these perennial grasses, hay is obtained, which is
good food for pets. They contain a lot
amount of proteins, vitamins and mineral salts. These herbs also improve
soil, enrich it.
Growing forage grasses is a specialized area
modern agriculture.
– But in addition to forage grasses, fodder root crops are grown. What means
"root vegetable"? For animal feed, fodder beets, rutabaga,
turnips, turnips, carrots.
3. Spinning crops.
– This is a very interesting culture. Flax fiber is obtained from flax. IN
In ancient times, canvas was woven from this fiber and clothing was made. Flax stalks
they are specially processed and pulled, and then also twisted into threads.
Previously, linen fabrics were woven on looms in homes,

and now in large factories.

Lesson. The world around us “Crop production”. 3rd grade.

Introduction.

Our school is a Russian national cultural school. Therefore, in the basic plan of the school, in order to solve the problems of instilling pride in the national heritage, the spiritual uniqueness of Russia, interest in Russian history and culture, the development of national-historical and patriotic principles among students of the first level school, electives “Nature of the Trans-Urals” were introduced into the variable part of the plan "(2nd grade), "The City and Its People" (3rd grade), "History in Persons" (4th grade). During elective classes in 3rd grade, children get to know people who have glorified our city. One of them is Terenty Semyonovich Maltsev. With Maltsev T.S. Students at our school begin to get acquainted with it from the 1st grade in lessons and in extracurricular activities. By the third grade, students are quite familiar with this outstanding personality. The use of local history material in lessons develops interest in the subject being studied and helps to solve educational problems.

I consider it relevant at the present time, using the example of famous personalities, to arouse in students the need to actively work on themselves, to develop and improve their personal properties and qualities and to overcome existing shortcomings.

Destination: 10 years old, 3rd grade.

Lesson Objectives:

learn about one of the branches of agriculture - crop production;

teach to distinguish cultivated plants, analyze, group, generalize acquired knowledge;

develop children's speech;

cultivate a caring attitude towards crop products;

cultivate a sense of pride for your small homeland.

Basic ideas, approaches: work in groups and the ability to independently obtain knowledge according to the teacher’s instructions.

Equipment:

Herbariums: rye, oats, barley, wheat;

Pictures depicting agricultural professions;

Cards with names of crops: grains, feed, spinning.

Wheat and other seeds.

Jars with soil.

Photos by T.S. Maltseva.

During the classes

I . Organizing time

II. Introduction to the topic of the lesson

— Guess the riddles:

White belyana

I walked across the field,

I came home

She lay down in the ground.

(Flour)

Not living, but breathing.

(Dough in a kneader)

Everyone needs

But not everyone will do it.

(Bread)

Teacher:

How tasty and fragrant the bread is! But to bake bread, you need flour. What is flour made from? (From wheat, oats, rye, barley.)

Who knows where they get wheat and rye to grind a lot of flour and feed us all? (Wheat is grown in the fields.)

What does it mean - grown? (They prepare the soil, sow, fertilize, fight weeds and pests, and harvest.)

What are the names of the plants that people grow? (Plants that people grow are called cultivated)

What is the name of the industry that grows plants? (Crop production).

Right. The topic of our lesson is “Plant Growing”.

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with plants that are grown in agriculture. Let us remember our famous fellow countryman, whose life was connected with bread.

III Studying new material..

The children are divided into 3 groups. They work in them throughout the entire lesson.

1.Work in groups using the textbook.

Read the text in the textbook on page 53 and find answers to the questions:

1st group. What is crop production? What does it do?

2nd group. Check the correctness of the statement: “Winter wheat is sown in the fall.”

3rd group. Check the correctness of the statement “Spring wheat is sown in the spring.”

Examination. Children read the answers from the textbook.

Remember our famous fellow countryman, field farmer. What was he doing? (T.S. Maltsev).

2. Students’ story about the experiments of T.S. Maltseva.

The whole life of the peasant Maltsev was connected with the land.

Back in 1921, having taken up the plow after German captivity, Maltsev sowed his plot of land with large seeds, personally selected grain by grain from a local variety. From this moment comes the understanding of the inseparability of the link: land - plant - variety.

In 1927, he brought the first varieties - "Albidum-604" and "Kitchener" - for testing from the Shadrinsky experimental field. And from the same year, with 200g of grains sent from Leningrad, the propagation of the Cesium-III variety begins.

Interest in the set of varieties grew more and more. Terenty Semenovich read a lot, requested and received numerous bags of grain from all over the country: from Omsk, Saratov, Leningrad and other cities. By 1935, 30 varieties of spring wheat, 5 varieties of barley, more than 40 varieties of peas, 30 varieties of peas, etc. were already sown at the variety testing site.

Something from these plots did not fit, it was swept aside immediately, but something took root.

Based on long-term observational data from Cesium-III. can be characterized as follows: the variety is quite drought-resistant in comparison with other varieties, more resistant to pests.

In the spring of 1933, new varieties of wheat obtained from Omsk were sown on the collective farm: Gostium 303, Milturum 351. These and other varieties took root in our region.

3.Practical work in groups. Children are given bags of grain and other seeds.

— Today in class we will do the experiment of our fellow countryman T.S. Maltsev, in order to feel for yourself how Terenty Semyonovich loved the land, valued every grain and was a real master on the earth.

Separate large seeds from small ones. Label the seed boxes and plant the sorted seeds in different boxes. You guys will need to keep a diary where you will write down the results of your experience.

4. Work in groups using the textbook ( page 54-Look at cultivated plants. Compare them with each other. Write a description of each plant according to plan

(1st group – tree, 2nd group – shrub, 3rd group – herbaceous plant):

Name of the plant.

Which group does it belong to (tree, shrub, herbaceous plant)?

Where is it grown (in the field, in the garden, in the garden)?

What parts do you see in the plant? How do they look?

How does a person use this plant?

Examination. A student from the group answers.

5. The story of previously prepared students.

Wheat

Many useful plants are grown in the fields. But our most important breadwinner is wheat.

Wheat is the very first grain plant that man began to grow. It is sown in all countries of the world.

The most common types of wheat are hard and soft. Durum wheat has a hard grain, while soft wheat has a soft, mealy grain. Durum wheat varieties are the most valuable, but they are afraid of frost. This type of wheat is grown in countries with warm climates. Soft wheat is hardier and ripens faster. It is sown in countries with colder climates,

Wheat is used to make flour, semolina and pasta. If you make pasta from soft wheat, it will spread out when cooked and turn into porridge. The best pasta and the fluffiest buns are made from durum wheat.

It is very difficult to grow good and productive wheat. To do this you need to know a lot and work hard.

Rye

Rye is a grain plant. Of all the grain plants, rye tolerates frost the best and ripens the fastest. Therefore, it is sown where the summer is cold - in the north.

Rye has a tall stem, taller than wheat. Therefore, weeds do not prevent it from growing: it outgrows them. Its stem is taller than a human being.

In our country, rye grows better than wheat, so many fields are sown with it. Rye grain is used to produce flour from which black bread is baked. This bread is more nutritious and healthier than wheat bread. We all love delicious rye bread. Foreigners who come to us from Africa and Australia look at our black bread with surprise: they have never seen anything like this. In England, black bread is very expensive, it is considered the bread of the rich.

In addition to flour, rye produces bran, straw and chaff, which are used to feed domestic animals. And beautiful summer hats are made from long straw stems.

IV. Physical education minute

V. Work using tables and cards. R work in groups.

Each group is given an envelope with pictures of cultivated plants. The first group must select pictures of grain crops; the second - with forage crops; the third - with spinning crops.

Cereals: rye, oats, barley, wheat.

Feed: timothy, clover, alfalfa, fodder beet.

Spinning: flax, cotton.

Examination.

VI. Work according to the textbook. Consolidation of what has been learned.

Children read the text in the textbook on pp. 56 -57 about these cultures.

What professions do people work in crop production? (Vegetable growers, grain growers, gardeners, cotton growers).

A Russian proverb says: “It’s a bad lunch when there’s no bread,” so “Take bread for lunch in moderation, Bread is a treasure, don’t waste it.” Guys, don’t forget that in order to grow a grain, sew clothes or build a house, people put in a lot of work. Therefore, learn to treat other people's work with care.

Now imagine that you are a foreman on a farm where a large harvest of apples and pears is being harvested. What do you suggest for better storage and use of the crop?

What kind of enterprise needs to be built on this farm?

What is your profession?

Student answer:“I'm a gardener. This year, in August-September, our farm harvested a large fruit crop. And in order to preserve the harvest, we have built a mini-factory for processing apples, pears, and cellars for storing fruit. They have low temperatures. Fruits are stored well there.”

VII . Acquaintance with local history material « Meeting of T.S. Maltsev with I.V. Michurin." Teacher's story.

Life moved forward. The name of the experimenter became more and more famous. 1931 The board decided to send T.S. Maltsev to the city of Kozlov to the great naturalist I.V. Michurin.

It was not possible to meet Michurin right away: he was either busy or unwell. The laboratory staff advised me to go to Michurin on Sunday. Imagine the surprise when Terenty Semenovich discovered a crowd near the house, more than ten people, all, by appearance, townspeople.

“Where can he talk to everyone,” Terenty began to burn. And he came to this decision: he was introduced to the works of Ivan Vladimirovich, now at least to see him from afar in order to tell about him at home...

After a while Michurin appeared. In a white suit, a straw hat and a cane in his hand. His dog trotted nearby. Having caught up with the newcomers, he pretended that he did not know that they were coming to him, grumbled inaudibly in response to the greeting and continued to walk his way.

One of those waiting exclaimed:

-Ivan Vladimirovich! We wanted to see your garden.

Michurin angrily asked: “What didn’t you see? Is there anyone from the village?”

Terenty leaned forward:

I, Ivan Vladimirovich, a collective farmer, from Siberia!

From Siberia? - Michurin raised his eyes in surprise. - Especially for me or also...

The collective farm sent me on assignment. Specially.

They walked until lunch. Terenty spoke about his native Trans-Urals, about the soils, about the weather conditions. He talked about his experiments with wheat, how 200 grams of Cesium wheat turned into tons. For three days I.V. Michurin took Terenty Semenovich around his garden.

Even after the first meeting, Maltsev asked Michurin for several seedlings in order to plant an orchard in his Trans-Ural region. But Michurin immediately cut him off:

- Varieties must be created on site; ready-made ones will not be stable. You need to create varieties there that you won’t find in my garden.

When leaving, Maltsev promised Ivan Vladimirovich to start a garden on his collective farm. Michurin said: “You are also a natural scientist. And you need to understand especially well that a natural scientist must not only explain living nature, but also change it in a planned, targeted manner in the interests of man.”

We should probably be proud of the successes of T.S. Maltsev, our compatriot, whose ideas are being successfully implemented in many other countries.

VI I I. Lesson summary

What plants do people grow for food?

Which plants are used to feed domestic animals?

VIII. Homework

Complete the tasks in the “Think!” section. (textbook, p. 58);

Tasks 1, 2 (textbook, p. 58);

Watch the seeds.

Conclusion

Taking into account the peculiarities of our school, I systematically use local history material in class and extracurricular activities. The Maltsev lesson system was developed at our school. It also works in regular lessons.

In the new 2010 – 2011 academic year, the anniversary year for T.S. Maltsev year I will continue to work in this direction.

The result of the work is the development of elementary independent search and research activities of students according to the instructions or instructions of the teacher, the development of national character.

Literature

Pleshakov A.A. The world around us. Textbook For 3rd grade. beginning school At 2 o'clock Part 2/ A.A. Pleshakov. – 5th ed.-M.: Education, 2006.

Tselousova T.Yu., Maksimova T.V. Lesson developments for the course The World around us. 3rd grade.

Smetanin A.M. Lessons from the People's Academician. - Kurgan: Trans-Urals, 2005.

Surovtsev P.V. The magician of Russian fields. From the notebooks of a journalist. – Shadrinsk: PA “Iset”, 1995.