The drilling process, how it happens. Methods for self-drilling water wells

Getting to aquifers and finding water sources is not an easy task technologically, it is very labor-intensive and costly. And yet, as they say, “the game is worth the candle,” because they are not so actively exposed to human attacks and their indefatigable curiosity. Nature knows how to keep its secrets, from time to time giving people a piece of its treasures so that life on Earth continues. Man, in turn, invents new technologies in order to receive earthly gifts.

Since groundwater lies at different depths and has its own water boundaries and outlines, water well drilling technologies have their own technological algorithms. Availability technical means, equipment, mechanical equipment, in accordance with the developed project and agreed studies of rocks, soil composition, at the proposed drilling site, assumes the start of work in compliance with the technology of drilling water wells.

During the drilling process, the well is lined with special pipes that prevent the earth from collapsing and the well itself being pulled in by soil pressure. Upon completion of drilling the initial section, the first casing, the conductor, is lowered to cover weak, unstable rocks and upper aquifers. They pump into the annulus cement mortar. Drilling the well continues inside the casing pipes, but with a bit of a smaller diameter to the design mark, after which the next casing string is lowered into the well. When drilling a well, Bottom part The casing string is perforated and serves to improve the well flow rate. The flow rate of a well is a technical indicator of the amount of water dispensed. After opening the aquifer, water rises through the well and is established at the so-called static level.

Then, according to the technology of drilling water wells, a pump, a water-lifting pipe are installed and, if necessary, a caisson is installed. A caisson is a metal container 2 meters deep and 1 meter in diameter and serves to prevent water from freezing in the water pipe and connections. From the caisson, the pipe is brought into the ground to a depth of approximately 1.80 meters (the average depth of soil freezing in Moscow and the Moscow region) and is brought to the house or object.

Specialists of the AquaAlliance company have tested the technology for drilling water wells in practice and confirmed their reliability and quality of execution. You can use the company’s services at any time of the year and at a time convenient for you. on our website, you can get clarifications and answers to questions in the section or on the one dedicated to this issue.

The need for wells for water extraction has existed as long as civilization has existed. Various geological conditions, the depth of aquifers and potential water intake resources are factors that influence the choice of well drilling methods. Modern methods mechanization allows drilling deep wells, which are characterized by high water quality and flow rate for several decades.

Types of water wells and basic principles of their drilling

• Well– one of the “rare” methods of water extraction. The diameter of wells for wells is usually 800-1500 mm. Widespread use is justified by the possibility of minimal mechanization during the drilling process and the fact that water from a well can be obtained virtually anywhere. A relatively shallow well depth from 4-5 m to 10-12 m can be dug manually, although this is truly backbreaking and not always rewarding work due to the risk of hitting quicksand or massive solid inclusions. The method of drilling a well is to alternately install iron concrete rings and excavation of soil along the inner circumference of the ring.

• – a relatively shallow well to the aquifer, which, as a rule, is located at a depth of 15 to 40 m. D holes 76 mm - 215 mm. A filter is installed on coarse sands - perforated pipe with braided mesh winding. It is very difficult to predict the service life of a sand well. The effective service life of sand wells varies greatly depending on the level groundwater and can range from several years to several decades. Eat different ways drilling water wells: auger or rotary.

• Rotary drilling method(rope-rotary drilling) consists of destroying rock with a drill with a constant supply of water. The drill rotates due to a rotor installed on deck engines of drilling rigs or through a power take-off from vehicle engines, which serve as a platform for drilling rigs. To strengthen the walls of wells, casing pipes are used, and after their installation, drilling is continued with a roller bit of a smaller size than at the beginning of drilling. The rotary drilling method is used for those types of wells whose depth is no more than 55 m with the possibility of passing through limestone layers.

• Dry auger drilling(rotary drilling) is used for drilling shallow wells (up to 50 m, less often - up to 80 m) in soft loamy rocks. The screw is welded structure made of steel pipe and spiral-shaped tape. The auger destroys the rock, which is delivered to the surface to the wellhead by a screw conveyor. Simple cutters with rigid fixation are installed on the auger, which does not allow drilling particularly hard or loose rocks using the auger method. Core drills or a bit with 2 or 3 cutters are used as rock-cutting elements.

• - a well with a relatively shallow depth of up to 30 m. It is possible to organize Abyssinian wells, or rather wells, only when the piezometric level is set at a level of no more than 8 m, at which the pump is installed. If the water surface is deep, it is necessary to deepen the pump. Due to not large diameter Submersible pumps are not installed in Abyssinian wells.

Name the organization of the Abyssinian well in a standard way drilling wells is difficult. The passage of soil layers is carried out by driving pipes of not very large diameter (1/4 - 2 inches). Gas pipes by using threaded connections are connected into columns called needles. A cone-shaped tip with a slightly larger diameter than the “needle” itself is installed on the first pipe, so that the friction of the pipes against the walls of the well does not impede passage. In Abyssinian wells, it is optimal to install a 1-inch D pipe in 1-3 m sections, because well flow rate of this type does not depend on the diameter of concrete rings or pipes.

Type of drilling Abyssinian well –combined: the initial stage of drilling is carried out in dry soil to the watered horizon (quicksand). Initial borehole D – 50-80 mm. Next, the drill is replaced with a tip with a filter and all pipe segments, hermetically connected by couplings, are clogged. Previously, connections were sealed with construction flax (hemp), today - with the help of silicone sealants.

A mandatory element is a filter - perforated inch pipe, which is located on the next segment after the tip. The filter is wrapped with a galloon mesh to keep sand out. Normal water supply levels depend on regular pressure cleaning of the well. When the filter becomes silted after 8-10 years of operation which is observed in approximately 3% of cases, it is necessary to replace the filter.

Artesian wells are drilled in depth 50 – 80 m and more – up to 400 m. Artesian wells are mainly characterized by the ability to self-flow water, but not all can gush. Artesian - a type of water well in which there is no need for powerful pumping units due to the fact that the location of the water intake layer is above ground level.

Artesian wells are always located in limestone aquifers and the decision to drill an artesian well is justified by the fact that in limestone layers the presence of water is guaranteed in any area and its level does not depend on climatic and weather conditions.

Water intake from artesian wells is carried out over more high level than the depth of the well itself (usually at the sand level). Water can be pumped out from artesian wells at a rate of 5 m*3/hour, which significantly exceeds the water yield of sand wells. The water in artesian wells is clean, but may have increased mineralization, so it is always advisable to carry out chemical analysis water

Artesian wells can be drilled using the percussion-rope method of drilling water wells. This drilling method is suitable for drilling wells up to 300 m deep. The principle of cable percussion drilling is to hit a projectile from a certain height. Drilling using the cable-percussion method sandy soils using a bailer and loamy ones - using a driving glass. Drilling cartridges are used to penetrate layers with rocky inclusions. Artesian wells can also be drilled using a cable-rotary type of well drilling, provided that a telescopic structure is used drilling rig. Drilling is carried out with a hollow rod with a drill bit at the working end. Drilling is carried out with a solution containing bentonite clay, which allows you to immediately strengthen the walls of the well. They lower it into the finished well plastic pipes and filter.

Between the outer walls of the pipes and the well itself, it is necessary to carry out gravel filling with crushed stone of a fraction of 5-20 mm.

The choice of the type and type of organization of water intake should be determined only after a thorough geological study of the location of the well.

Organization autonomous water supply becomes a pressing issue when the site is remote from the central highway. There are several ways to provide water: from the use of specialized drilling equipment. Among them there are those that allow you to build a well on your own, and it will provide water High Quality in the required quantity.

Types of water wells

Well on sand

The well will provide the house with water

In this case, drilling is carried out to a depth of 15-30 meters until the horizon containing water is reached. Most often, the screw method is used for this. A pipe with a diameter of more than 100 mm, equipped with a filter, is a well. A perforated pipe is used as a filter. It is installed in coarse sand containing an admixture of pebbles. The yield of such wells is in the range of 0.6-1.2 cubic meters. m per hour, which makes it possible to provide water to a house with two intake points.

The service life of sand wells is within 5-10 years with constant use. In case of irregular operation of the well, this period is significantly reduced and amounts to 2-3 years. After which the silted well is cleaned under high pressure water pressure. If there is no required effect from flushing, a new well must be drilled.

Artesian well

The French province of Artois gave its name to this type of drilling. This is due to the fact that it was there that the first drilling into limestone was carried out, where the phenomenon of self-spill of water from the well took place. Practice shows that not all wells of this type are capable of flowing. During the drilling process, the need for installation mesh filter disappears. In this case, the waters lie in limestone, but not all of them may contain water. The flow rate of a well for limestone is in the range of 3-10 cubic meters. m. per hour. The amount of water is sufficient for at least 60 years, and its quality is at a high level. Drilling operations require the use of special equipment, which implies the need for space for its entry and deployment.

The cost of drilling an artesian well is quite high, but the quality and more than enough water, as well as its durability, compensate for the costs.

Drilling a water well

Drilling methods

Auger drilling

Auger drilling

Auger drilling of wells is characterized by simplicity and relatively low costs. Many small installations for drilling they work using this method. An Archimedean wheel is used to excavate soil; in technology it is called an auger. The depth of the wells obtained in this way is less than 10 meters. In this case, there is no need for water or drilling fluid used during flushing.

The use of auger drilling is limited by the characteristics of the soil. The method is widely used in dry or soft soil. It is not possible to operate the auger in floating rocks or rocks. To carry out drilling operations, appropriate qualifications are required, since in addition to the ability to punch a hole, it is necessary to be able to carry out measures to protect the water carrier from the penetration of perched water and wastewater.

Rotary drilling method

In this way, deep wells are obtained. A special drill pipe is used as a tool for drilling wells. In its cavity there is a shaft equipped at the end with a chisel powered by a hydraulic unit. This way you can reach any well depth. Drilling fluid is used to flush the well from soil. It can be submitted as follows:

• direct washing, in which a solution is supplied by a pump and it is brought to the surface by gravity;
• backwashing, when the solution enters by gravity and is pumped out along with the rock by a pump.

Flushing in reverse way makes it possible to have a significant well flow rate. This is due to a significant increase in the quality of opening the horizon containing water. At the same time, the cost of work increases significantly due to the use of expensive, complex equipment. In this regard, direct flushing is preferable.

Example of a triangular steel structure

Drilling using the percussion-rope method

Drilling for water in this way is already done a long period time. It is characterized by high labor intensity and low speed of work. At the same time, the quality of the well is at a high level; it can be operated for up to fifty years.

Drilling technology consists of crushing soil by impacting a projectile with significant mass. The projectile is raised to a certain height, and when it falls, the soil is destroyed. A bailer is used to remove rock that has been destroyed.

Drilling done this way does not require flushing with water or drilling fluid. This specific technology allows for precise opening of the aquifer, which ensures maximum flow rate and operational life of the well.

Device for this method

Cost of drilling work shock-rope method significant. The labor intensity in this case is significantly higher than with the rotary method. In addition, when reaching subsequent layers of aquifer, it is necessary to use casing columns to isolate higher horizons.

Manual drilling technology for water wells

Auger drilling method

The process of drilling operations using this method occurs with sufficient high speed. During this process, work is simultaneously carried out on pushing and laying the walls of the well, which prevents the soil from collapsing. The well is equipped with concrete or metal walls.

Tools for work

The main tool is a drilling auger, which uses a pipe wound with a metal tape. To implement technological operations mechanisms equipped with a movable rotator are used. Its connection to the auger occurs using a thread or due to the pairing of elements of a shaped section. The maximum feed pitch is 15 m.

Structurally, the auger is hollow and equipped with a reversible lock and various chisels.

High-quality steel of the locks is wear-resistant, which makes it possible to reduce the production cycle.

In the case of work on soil that has increased softness and looseness, the blades are positioned at an angle to the face of 30-60 degrees. Drilling work in dense rocks or on pebbles and gravel is carried out with the bit positioned at a right angle. The soil hardness index determines the corresponding angle.

During drilling, due to the friction of the working parts of the bit and the soil, they heat up significantly. The spiral surface of the auger helps move waste soil to the surface.
An auger for drilling wells with a central channel is the most effective. With its help, water or air is supplied via a pump, which significantly reduces the coefficient of friction. The use of this technology makes it possible to go deep to a level of 50 m. If it is necessary to construct wells of greater depth, auger drilling is combined with other methods of performing drilling operations.

Machines used to perform this type of work are equipped with cast heads, cutting elements and a shank. The blades are often overlaid with special alloys with high hardness, or equipped with industrial diamonds.

Auger drilling is carried out at a depth corresponding to the dimensions of the rod. Having reached it, the machine is turned off and the rod is disconnected for its removal and extension with another rod. After this, work resumes.

Rotary drilling

To carry out drilling operations, the use of two- or three-bladed milling bits is required. The chisel cuts the rock under the influence of the columns. This tool is suitable for constructing wells tubular type with soft ground. For hard rocks, diamond bits should be used. work surface. A universal tool is a roller bit that can work with rock types of different hardness.

Installation

The drilling process is based on the transmission of rotation from the motor to the rotor. First stage requires the use of a large chisel. The load, directed vertically, is transferred from the drill to the tool, which carries out the work of cutting and painting the soil. Upon completion of work, having reached a certain area, installation is carried out casing pipe. When excavating the next section, a tool and pipe with a smaller diameter are used compared to the previous section.

In progress

Reverse circulation drilling

To remove waste rock, water is supplied by gravity. In the process of flowing down the pipe and the surface of the barrel walls, the crushed soil is washed out. The resulting solution from the excavated soil and water is pumped out through the hole of the drilling tool using a pump or airlift. The liquid raised to the surface is moved through a pipe or tray into a special container for cleaning. When water is supplied, the instrument also cools. The depth of wells when using this method reaches one kilometer.

Direct circulation drilling

In this case, a clay solution is used, which is pumped into the mine along drill strings. In progress of this event The excavated soil is washed out and rises to the surface along with water. After which the solution is transferred to sediment in a container.

Percussion-rope drilling

In progress

To destroy the rock, a driving glass is used, which has a significant mass. In order to create the necessary force for drilling, the tool is raised to a certain height and then lowered. When it comes into contact with the ground, it is taken up by the cavity of the glass, and when lifted, the rock is removed. The labor intensity of such work is significant, but servicing such an installation is possible by one person. This technology is widely used in soft soil.
The designs of drilling rigs for rotary and cable percussion drilling are similar. It is a tripod, which has a height of 1.5 m greater than the length of the glass. A winch block is fixed at the top of the device. A driving glass or impact rod is attached to the cable. When using a glass, soil excavation occurs due to its own mass. Using a barbell means additional effort when driving.

The glass is made from a pipe with a length of 0.7-3 m, for the cutting edge of which high-strength steel is used. The edge is sharpened into a cone inside the glass. If an impact rod is used, its design is made of a pipe with an anvil welded at the top. During the immersion process, the glass is filled with rock, and when lifted through a hole on the side, it is cleaned.

gun

In the case of drilling work in soil that has high friability or moisture, the usual driving glass is replaced with a bailer. Its design includes a valve that opens when cutting into the ground and closes when it is lifted.

An undeveloped plot was purchased without any communications. There is a power line and a gas pipeline nearby, but there is no central water supply. The question arises about individual water supply. Without a constant supply of water it will not be possible to create comfortable conditions for living, caring for plantings and doing farming. To obtain a clean drinking water need to know which one O water well drilling technology is suitable for your site.

We will present you with several technologies that differ in the equipment used, the method of destruction and extraction of rocks, so that you can have an idea of ​​how long it will take to penetrate the shaft, how it will be done and with what installation.

Auger

This type of drilling is the most affordable and in a simple way extraction of clean water from underground rock layers. The screw (auger) rotates and bites into the ground. Auger technology is limited by its ability to drill in soft and dry soils. When the shaft height is less than 10 m, drilling fluid is not used. However, it is impossible to drill a well with an auger in quicksand and rocks.

During drilling, the rock is destroyed at the bottom by an auger and transported to the wellhead. This drilling technology is used for well diameters from 6 cm to 80 cm and a depth of up to 50 m. Sometimes work can be carried out to a depth of up to 100 m. During the lifting of the drill, the walls of the well are well secured. To prevent the walls from collapsing, the casing pipe is immediately immersed behind the auger.

Advantages:

• Installation mobility.
• Simple organization of drilling operations.

Flaws:

• Limitation of drilling depth.
• Cannot be used for drilling in rocks, viscous clays, quicksand, or quicksand.

Rotary

Rotary water well drilling technology - continuous rotational movement a bit that acts as a destructive tool, and the use of a clay solution to flush rock out of the wellbore. Self-propelled units are used for drilling using this technology. Rotary drilling can break up rocks with properly calculated loads and drill collars. To flush out soil from the borehole, a mud pump constantly pumps a solution into the drill pipe.

You can use backflushing by feeding clay solution into the annular cavity. In this case, the destroyed rock is washed out through the pipe, which makes it possible to reach the aquifer faster and better.

The price of rotary drilling is slightly higher than the price of auger drilling, but it will take less time to extract drinking water.

Advantages of the rotary method:

• High penetration rate.
• Reduced prices for work by saving casing pipes.

Flaws:

• It is almost impossible to take samples of the aquifer without casing the well and first lowering it.
• The need to insulate the circulation system in cold weather.
• The use of large amounts of clay and water, which contaminates the limestone formations.

Note! The greater the depth of the aquifer, the cleaner water will arrive at your site.

Shock-rope

Drilling shafts using the percussion-rope method is the most time-consuming, labor-intensive and oldest method of drilling, but at the same time remains one of the most quality technologies well construction. The rock is destroyed by the impact of a heavy projectile dropped sharply from a height. After each blow, the crushed rock is removed from the bailer.

The installation consists of a glass, a winch, a cable, a block or a tripod of a hammer bailer. A glass is a pipe pointed at one end. Using a winch, the glass is lifted above the face and sharply lowered. As it falls, it crashes into a layer of rock and picks up a small amount of it inside. In order to overcome the resistance of the soil layer as best as possible and penetrate into it, a special impact rod is used. When the bar hits the end of the glass, it is filled with rock.

A bailer works in exactly the same way. For hard rock layers, a drill bit is used that can crush or crumble the rock.

Advantages of the shock-rope method:

• There is no need to use clay solution to wash out rock from the well.
• The driller will learn about the opening of the aquifer almost immediately.
• Duration of well operation.

Flaws:

• High price level.
• The process is very labor intensive.
• The need to cover all quicksand and aquifers with a casing pipe.

Manual

With limited space, the most efficient and practical option drilling a well is considered manual drilling. Used for work hand drill, adapter rods, drill cleaning tools and handles. The diameter of the drill can be from 10 cm to 30 cm. The technology of manually drilling water wells is usually used for a hole depth of 10 m. To continue drilling further, you need to put in a lot of physical effort.

Note! If you ensure the development of a well with a winch, a block and hanging device, the depth of the barrel will increase significantly. At manual way two people can drill a 10 m hole in two working days.

Advantages of the method:

• Low price level.
• Repair work is carried out easily and quickly.
• Use of small-sized equipment.
• Heavy equipment that can cause damage to the plot is not used.
• Possibility of drilling wells in hard-to-reach places.
• Easy and fast organization of work.
• Drilling is carried out in a short time.

Flaws:

• Inability to reach deep aquifers with small-sized equipment.
• IN surface layers The water may not always be suitable for drinking.
• Drilling can only be carried out in soils of medium hardness and soft rocks.

You have become familiar with the basic technologies for drilling water wells and now you can choose what is most suitable for your site. If you only need process water, it is best to apply technology manual drilling. For deeper wells, it is better to use one of the first three technologies presented.

The decision to build your own water intake device on the site is justified by several reasons, including:

• lack of centralized water supply;
• the desire to have a source of water with increased quality without treatment with chlorinating compounds;
• there is a great need for water for watering the garden - at current prices for life-giving moisture from water supply network, running a household plot becomes an expensive pleasure, sometimes simply unprofitable.

Regardless of whether the work will be carried out by a third party or independently, the technology for drilling water wells should be as familiar as possible. This will help avoid deception by performers and extra costs for the implementation of the plan.

The choice of method depends on several factors:

1. Availability of water on site. To a first approximation, this can be determined by observations of environment, there are a number of signs indicating its presence or absence. You can also make several experiments with various items to get the answer to this question.
2. Characteristics of soil composition typical for a given area, which determines the choice of drilling method. Such data can be obtained from a local hydrogeological organization, where you also need to clarify your own forecast estimates for the presence of water in the area.
3. Depth of upper-water (sand) layers and assessment of the depth of artesian (limestone) aquifers.

If such data is available, we can conclude that it is preferable to use one or another drilling technology.

Varieties of methods for passing well bores

Rotary drilling

Fig.3. Rotary well drilling tool

Typically used in oil exploration drilling. Recently, with an increase in the need for wells, it is also used in the construction of water intakes.

A feature of the method is its high energy consumption and its applicability on heavy or especially heavy soils with the inclusion of rock formations, as well as on solid limestone.

When rotating, the rotor destroys the rock, which is carried to the surface by the washing solution. It also contains cement. As a result, part of the site will be hopelessly damaged. In addition, upon completion of work, such a well requires long-term flushing. clean water to remove cement contained in the solution from the pores of the rock.

For a small suburban area, such technology seems undesirable.

Hydraulic drilling

This is the easiest drilling technology. During the work process, the soil inside is washed away, which sinks under its own weight. Only at the beginning of the process, when the casing is still light, do you have to resort to turning it with a special wrench.

Fig.4. Drilling with soil erosion under pressure

To implement this method you will need:

• two pumps, one of them capable of supplying liquid under a pressure of at least 6 atm, the second - for pumping waste water back into the tank, corresponding to the performance;
• tank; capacity depends on the planned size and depth of the well and is calculated from the ratio:

V = Robs 2 (cm) x 3.14x H(cm), Where

V – tank volume,

R – internal radius of the casing,

3.14 – PI number.

So, for a well with a diameter of 273 mm (the maximum possible diameter of the wellbore with this drilling method), the internal diameter of the casing will be 260 mm (radius 13 cm), the estimated well depth is 15 meters (15,000 cm), the required tank volume will be:

13 2 x 3.14 x 1500 = 756000 (cm 3) = 756 (liters).

Considering that it is impossible to work if there is no water in the tank, we assume the required tank capacity is 2 cubic meters. This expense will not become a burden, since proper use of the site involves the use of an intermediate heating tank in the garden watering system.

• hydraulic monitor - hose with metal pipe at the end. The outlet hole of which should be about 20 mm.

The process runs as follows:

1. Drilling is carried out with a garden drill, the diameter of which is 30 - 40 mm larger than the diameter of the casing pipe. The depth of the preliminary hole is about 1.5 meters.
2. Installing the first section of casing into the drilled hole.
3. The hydraulic monitor is inserted into the casing hole and water is supplied under pressure. In this case, the casing pipe must be rotated around its axis, promoting its subsidence as the soil is washed away.
4. As the shaft deepens, flushing is periodically paused to install the next section of casing.
5. Water is pumped out as it accumulates, discharging the liquid back into the tank.

The disadvantage of this method is its applicability only on sandy and sandy loam soils, and there is also a limitation on the depth of the well. As a rule, they are no deeper than 12 - 15 meters, in rare cases they reach 20.

Impact method

Impact technology is one of the most ancient methods used back in ancient China. It consists of the following:

1. A pit with a depth of about 1.5 meters and dimensions of 1.5 - 1.5 meters is opened.
2. Drilling is being carried out to install the first section of casing pipe up to 2 meters deep.
3. A drilling derrick is installed - a tripod with a height of at least 3 meters. The height of the drilling rig depends on the length of the casing sections; their maximum size is 6 meters.

Rice. 5. Homemade percussion drilling rig

The impact part, suspended on a cable from the winch, is inserted into the hole in the casing and released into free fall. When it hits the ground, it actively destroys it and it, in crushed form, gets inside the impact part (made from a pipe). The end of the striker has teeth cut and set apart like on a saw.

There is a valve installed inside the striker that allows loose soil to enter, but prevents it from spilling out during the next ascent. When passing through wet clay layers, a hammer is used without additional devices (a glass); the wet clay holds well in it due to adhesion to the walls. After traveling a distance of about a meter, the firing pin must be removed from the barrel and its cavity cleaned.

In the arsenal of professional drillers, the number of modifications of impactors reaches 10 types or more. Various designs are used to pass through soils with different properties. Thus, wide choose The tool allows you to pass through almost any soil, except rocks. The quality of the wells remains the highest. Therefore, although not productive, impact punching technology remains the most popular.

Auger drilling

This technology for drilling a well under water is becoming increasingly popular due to its high productivity and ease of implementation.

In essence, this is drilling with a rotating tool, in which the cutting part destroys the soil in the direction of movement, and the spiral auger carries it out. About 40–50% of the soil is brought to the surface, the rest is used to compact the walls. Thus, it is possible to drill without simultaneously casing the walls. The casing is lowered into the hole after drilling is completed.

Fig.6. Auger drill

This method has certain disadvantages that do not allow it to be used on sandy and other loose soils, as well as a limitation on the depth of the tables to 50 meters. Further deepening is carried out with periodic removal of the working tool for cleaning.

Drilling is done using a wide variety of equipment, and often done manually for wells to high water. Thus, the industry has mastered and produced various miniature drilling rigs, with the help of which wells are drilled to a depth of up to 50 meters in light and medium-heavy soils, excluding sandy ones.

Such equipment is actively used for the construction of water intakes in suburban areas, there is often no need to purchase it, but can be rented.

At the same time powerful artesian wells with high debit are carried out using equally powerful drilling rigs.

Fig.7. Drilling rig for industrial drilling

Perforation drilling

It is made by driving a “spear” with a headstock or a barbell. Typically used for equipment Abyssinian wells With hand pump for pumping out water. The limited diameter of the well allows the work to be completed independently and in a short period of time.

In addition to the described methods, which are the most popular in practice, many techniques are used that combine the features of various methods.