Despite the resistance of most conifers to diseases, some varieties, in particular dwarf ones, are very susceptible to disease and require periodic inspection and preventive spraying. First of all, diseases and pests coniferous plants reduce their decorative value, but in addition they can cause diseases of other plants in the garden.

This article will help you recognize diseases and pests. In it you will find information about the most popular diseases and insects that can cause harm to coniferous trees and shrubs. Using the information from the article, you will learn to recognize pathologies and take measures to treat and prevent diseases.

Hermes pest on coniferous trees

The danger of Hermes is that it spreads quite quickly and can completely destroy the plant in one season if the garden owner does not take measures to combat the pest.

Causes

Hermes can settle on any coniferous crop. It is difficult to determine the cause of the spread of the pest, since it spreads freely and can even affect conifers growing far from other similar crops.

Excessive watering and lack of fertilizers in the soil can provoke an invasion of pests. But most often, insects appear in the garden after purchasing low-quality seedlings infected with larvae. Therefore, it is recommended to purchase planting material only in specialized nurseries, and all seedlings are carefully inspected before planting.

Figure 1. Signs of Hermes pest damage

Despite the fact that Hermes itself does not pose a very serious danger, it must be destroyed. A plant weakened by insects becomes more susceptible to disease and other pests.

Symptoms

Determining the presence of Hermes on a crop is quite simple. With massive damage, the needles begin to bend and turn yellow, and the plant itself is significantly retarded in growth.

To accurately determine the type of pest, just carefully examine the underside of the needles. This is where the female Hermes settle. They look like small fluffy balls of cotton wool. Small black insects are usually found next to them. If these signs are detected, you must immediately begin treatment, since insects constantly drink the sap of the plant and quickly spread to neighboring crops.

Treatment

There are several types of Hermes with different periods of exposure. So, at the end of June, conifers are affected by an early type of pest, which forms galls at the ends of the branches. A second wave of infection is possible in August, when yellow Hermes is active (large green galls form on the branches). In September, a late type of pest appears, as a result of whose activity spherical galls appear at the ends of the branches.

A disease of coniferous plants, which results in blackening of the needles, is called schutte. This fungal disease, which not only changes color, but also leads to premature death of branches (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Blackening of needles on various crops

Schutte can appear at any time of the year, but most often symptoms appear on young, immature plants. Schutte comes in several types, but regardless of the type, it causes blackening of the needles, spreads quickly and can cause the death of the plant.

Causes

The main reason for blackening of needles is the incorrect selection of seedlings from a climate point of view. A young plant that has not been grown correctly will be too weak and susceptible to fungal diseases.

Note: To prevent the onset of disease, you must initially select healthy planting material. A seedling purchased from a nursery must be strong and tolerate transplantation well.

Excessive shading and humidity are considered to be provoking factors for the development of conifers. This is why the disease often appears in dense coniferous forests. Therefore, when planting conifers on a site, you need to place them evenly and periodically inspect them in order to take therapeutic measures in time.

The author of the video will tell you more information about diseases of coniferous crops.

Symptoms

As mentioned above, blackening of needles is most often caused by the fungal disease Schutte.

The disease comes in several types, each of which is characterized by certain symptoms.(Figure 3):

1. Real Schutte causes brown spots on needles. They gradually spread, and the pathogen remains viable even on fallen needles.
2. Ordinary shutte provokes yellowing of needles. Gradually it turns bright orange and falls off. The disease spreads very quickly, especially in warm and temperate climates.
3. Snow shutte begins to develop in winter, under the snow, since the pathogen retains vital activity even in frost. In the spring, it becomes more active, causes the needles to darken and become brittle, and spreads quickly, greatly weakening the crop.
4. Brown Schutte- one of the most popular types of disease. It affects all types of coniferous plants, both in nurseries and in natural conditions. In the spring the needles turn brown, during the summer the plant gradually weakens and may die in the fall.

Figure 3. Types of shutte: 1 - real, 2 - ordinary, 3 - snowy, 4 - brown

This fungal disease can appear on any type of coniferous plant. Therefore, it is necessary to observe certain preventive measures, and when the first signs are detected, treatment must be carried out.

Treatment

To prevent the development of the disease, varieties of conifers that are resistant to the fungus are selected. In addition, young seedlings should, if possible, be isolated from adult crops. In autumn, all the needles from the ground are collected and burned along with dry and damaged branches.

Other prevention and treatment options include:

• Spraying with Bordeaux mixture or other copper preparations during the summer;
• In the spring, a thorough inspection and pruning of all damaged branches is carried out. Waste must be burned;
• Biofungicides and phytosporin can be used as a remedy.

When spraying, it is necessary to treat not only the tree itself, but also the soil around it, since fungal spores that fall into the ground along with the needles remain viable for a long time and can cause re-infection.

Coniferous tree disease: rust

Rust is also a fungal disease of conifers. On initial stage When infected, the needles become covered with yellow-orange spots, which gradually become brown and cause the needles to fall off (Figure 4).

Rust is not an independent disease, and includes several subspecies, each of which has characteristic symptoms.

Causes

Among the causes of pine needle rust include too dense planting of crops. Since the disease spreads very quickly, just one infected plant can cause damage to all other conifers growing nearby.

Figure 4. Signs of rust coniferous trees

In addition, the fungus goes through some stages of development on herbaceous plants and spreads across areas with strong winds. Increased humidity in the area is also considered a provoking factor for the development of fungus.

Symptoms

Depending on the type of fungus that caused the rust, the signs of the disease are determined. Discoloration of needles can be caused by spruce spinner (cone rust), pine spinner and pine needle rust.

The main symptoms of these diseases are:(Figure 5):

1. Spruce spinner affects scales located on inside cones. They are covered with a characteristic dark dust Brown. The cones stop bearing fruit, but do not fall off, causing further development of the disease. As a result of infection, not only the color of the needles changes, but also young shoots become bent.
2. Pine spinner manifested by severe curvature of the shoots. With severe damage, the top dies off.
3. Pine needle rust begins to develop in warm, humid weather. It changes the color of the needles, and when simultaneously exposed to other diseases or pests, it can even cause the death of the plant.

Figure 5. Main types of rust: 1 - spruce spinner, 2 - pine spinner, 3 - pine needle rust

Treatment

If you find signs of rust on a coniferous tree or shrub, you need to carry out repeated treatment with Topaz and Strobi fungicides. To consolidate the effect, spraying is carried out 2-3 times with a break of 20 days.

Note: To prevent the development of rust, young seedlings should not be planted near mature or potentially infected trees.

In case of a single lesion (for example, several branches), they are simply cut off and burned, and the plant is fed with special microfertilizers and immunostimulants for conifers.

Beetle: pest of coniferous trees

Among beetle pests of conifers, several species are distinguished. All of them are capable of causing significant harm to plants and require certain control methods.

The main pest beetles of coniferous trees are:(Figure 6):

1. Bark beetles- small dark insects that live in the bark or thickness of wood and gnaw passages in it. Insects lay larvae, which, after hatching, gnaw new tunnels and, if massively infested, can cause the death of the tree.
2. Spider mites settle on the branches of deciduous and coniferous trees and suck out tree sap. During their life, mites cover the tree with a thin white web.
3. Scale insects and false scale insects They mainly affect thujas and junipers, but sometimes they can also settle on yew trees. Female insects lay larvae, which begin drinking the plant sap immediately after hatching. Pests spread massively and quickly, and can cause the death of a tree in a short time.
4. Sawflies settle on spruce and pine trees. The danger comes from insect larvae that eat young shoots. As a result, the needles fall off, the branch becomes bare, and the plant itself gets sunburned and may die.

Figure 6. The main pest beetles of coniferous trees: 1 - bark beetles, 2 - spider mites, 3 - scale insects, 4 - sawfly larvae

Pests can be recognized by regular visual inspection. If adults or larvae are detected, spraying should be started immediately.

Causes

Most beetles that harm coniferous trees settle on young, weakened plants. Therefore, when planting seedlings, it is necessary to fertilize the soil and periodically feed young plants with special fertilizers for pine needles.

The spread of spider mites is facilitated by low humidity, therefore, in the absence of sufficient natural precipitation, young plants should be sprayed with clean water.

Symptoms

Most pest beetles settle either on the surface of branches and trunks, or under the bark. In any case, their presence is easy to notice. In any case, insects will be present on the surface of the bark (as is the case with bark beetles) or their metabolic products (for example, white spider mites).

Scale insects and sawflies are found on the surface of branches, and since they spread en masse, their presence is easy to notice. In other words, if insects appear on the branches, trunk or needles of a tree, it is advisable to spray to remove pests.

Treatment

Each type of beetle pest of coniferous trees requires a special approach to treatment. The most difficulties arise in the fight against bark beetles. If they have settled on many trees, a special pheromone trap is hung on the weakest plant. The beetles will flock to the smell and can be easily uprooted and burned along with the affected plant. The remaining trees are sprayed special drugs containing antipheromones. They repel beetles and protect plantings from their re-invasion (Krona-Antip, Bifentin, Clipper).

Figure 7. Spraying coniferous trees to combat diseases and pests

To eliminate spider mites, acaricides are used (Apollo, Envidor, Agravertin, Actellik, etc.). Spraying is carried out several times to destroy all generations of mites.

You can get rid of scale insects and sawflies using insecticides (Actellik, Decis, Fury, Admiral, etc.). Spraying is carried out 2-3 times with a week break, using new preparations each time (Figure 7).

Features of processing conifers are given in the video.

The resin of coniferous trees is called resin. The resin received this name for its healing properties, which were widely used by our ancestors.

Externally, the resin of coniferous trees resembles honey, but its consistency is thicker and very sticky. Resin appears at the site of damage to branches or trunk. In this way, the tree is protected from the penetration of fungus or infection into the wound.

Resin is widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. We will consider the most popular methods and means below.

Methods

Our ancestors invented several ways to use the resin of coniferous trees. First of all, it was used as an external remedy to treat wounds and stop bleeding. In addition, oleoresin was used to produce natural turpentine, which was later used for inhalation during plague epidemics.

Among more modern methods When using resin, it is worth mentioning the external use of resin. It was first used by Pirogov, who made compresses and lotions to heal wounds after amputation. During World War II, oleoresin was also often used in hospitals to speed up the healing of wounds and eliminate gangrene. For this purpose, both pure resin and a balm based on it were used.

Methods

Traditional medicine knows many methods of using resin in medicinal purposes. First, pure resin was used to cover wounds and cuts to prevent contamination and infection from entering (Figure 8).

Secondly, the resin has the ability to stop bleeding, since it contains antiseptics, and its thick consistency prevents air and water from entering the wound, speeding up the healing process.

Note: In Siberia and the Urals, oleoresin was used to treat fractures. The resin was applied to the damaged area to help the bones heal faster.

In addition, pieces of resin were applied to the gums to treat toothache and inflammation of the oral cavity. Incense made from pine resin, used for fumigation in the treatment of insomnia and nervous disorders.

Treatment rules

Resin does not age, that is, it can be used long time after collection. Now it is included in lotions and balms to relieve pain and inflammation.

The resin can be used in the following cases:

• For the treatment of sore throat They put a small piece of resin in the mouth and suck it. Saliva mixed with resin will quickly eliminate a sore throat. In addition, it can relieve gum inflammation and treat ulcers of internal organs.
• For the treatment of liver and pancreas The resin is consumed internally in the form of tinctures and balms. This remedy also helps eliminate toxins, stabilize blood pressure and improve metabolism.
• For healing wounds and ulcers resin is used in pure form. To do this, just drop it on the wound.

Figure 8. Methods of using oleoresin (pine resin) in folk medicine

It is important that the resin of coniferous trees has an invigorating effect, so internal use can only be carried out in the morning. For internal use The resin is mixed with any vegetable or cedar oil. The finished product can not only be drunk, but also used for compresses and therapeutic massage.

Beloshapkina Olga Olegovna,
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences

Coniferous trees and shrubs do not lose their attractiveness all year round, especially if they grow well, develop and do not get sick. For timely detection of diseases, it is necessary to regularly conduct phytopathological monitoring. Then, based on its results, evaluating specific situation, the degree of damage and the feasibility of taking protective measures, as well as meteorological conditions, choose protective measures against specific diseases.

Visual diagnosis of most conifer diseases is quite problematic, which is associated with the so-called phenomenon. phytopathological convergence, when the same symptoms arise as a result of different causes. Such general symptoms primarily include drying out of branches, yellowing, browning and falling or dying of needles.

When they appear, general preventive measures should be started: remove needles, cut out affected branches and try to create favorable conditions for plant growth and development, including treatments with immunomodulators and foliar and root fertilizing with fertilizers for conifers. Consultation with a plant protection specialist is often required.

The development of diseases often depends on the health of the planting material, the presence of mechanical injuries, insect damage, as well as the correct planting and further care. Young plants are generally less resistant to a complex of non-infectious and infectious diseases; with age, their resistance increases.

Be careful when purchasing seedlings. The bark should be uniformly and characteristically colored, without cracks or sagging. The ends of the branches and roots are elastic, not dry. The buds and needles of healthy plants are alive and not dried out; a greenish layer of living tissue is visible under the bark; On the cut, the vessels of the shoots are light, evenly colored.

CREATE THE RIGHT CONDITIONS

Unfavorable environmental conditions have a negative impact on the growth and development of conifers.
environment. Excessive moisture associated with natural waterlogging of the soil, rising groundwater, heavy autumn rainfall or excessive watering of container plants, leads to yellowing and necrotization of the needles. The same symptoms often appear due to lack of moisture in the soil and low air humidity.

Low temperatures In winter and spring frosts cause the crown and roots to freeze, and the needles may become reddish in color, become dry, die, and the bark of the shoots cracks. In spring sundial When the soil has not yet thawed completely and the roots are not functioning, browning and burning of thuja and juniper needles is often observed. If possible, such plants should be shaded in February-April. To protect against sunburn and peeling of the bark, it can be whitened with lime or a special whitewash in early spring or late autumn. In the first year after planting, it is advisable to spray young plants with water in the evening and shade them in the heat. Many conifers are shade-tolerant, when grown in open sunny places they may be stunted in growth, their needles may turn yellow and even die. On the other hand, light-loving pines, larches and even junipers do not tolerate heavy shading.

Thuja burn

FEEDING STRENGTHENS IMMUNITY

The condition and appearance of plants largely depend on the supply of nutrients and their balance. Thus, a lack of iron in the soil leads to yellowing and even whitening of needles on individual shoots; with phosphorus deficiency, young needles acquire a red-violet hue; With a lack of nitrogen, plants grow noticeably worse and become chlorotic.

It is recommended to carry out root and foliar feeding, preferably with special fertilizers intended for conifers. There is positive experience in the use of biologically active drugs, incl. growth regulators that increase plant resistance to adverse factors and errors in care. Preparations such as super humisol, zircon, epin-extra, siliplant, nikfan, immunocytophyte, used in concentrations recommended by manufacturers for spraying and watering at the root, increase the survival rate of seedlings, strengthen plant immunity to temperature, water and even pesticide stress, and improve the consumption of elements nutrition.

Fusarium and Root Rot

Conifers are not often affected by infectious diseases, although in some cases they can suffer greatly from them. Significant declines or growth retardation of young container plants and seedlings in schoolhouses are caused by species of soil-dwelling fungi, most often genera Pythium And Rhizoctonia, leading to gradual browning, death of roots and lodging of seedlings.

Seedlings and young plants coniferous species are also susceptible to Fusarium drying out (the causative agents are anamorphic fungi of the genus Fusarium). This disease is also called tracheomycosis wilt. The pathogen penetrates from the soil into the roots, which turn brown and partially rot; then the fungus penetrates the vascular system and fills it with its biomass, making access difficult nutrients. In this case, on a cross section of the affected branch, continuous, and more often intermittent, darkening of the xylem ring and pith is clearly visible. The needles turn yellow, red and fall off, the crown partially thins, and the plants themselves gradually dry out. At first, the disease may occur in a latent form.

Risk factors. The pathogen persists in plants, in infected plant debris, and is often spread through contaminated planting material from nurseries or contaminated soil.

Juniper fusarium

Protective measures. Treatment of affected trees is almost impossible; after a few years they die. To prevent root rot and fusarium, it is necessary to use healthy planting material; Promptly remove all dried specimens with roots and affected plant debris. For preventive purposes, young plants with an open root system are also soaked in a solution of one of the drugs: Fitosporin-M, Vitaros, Maxim. At the first symptoms, water the soil with solutions of biological products: phytosporin-M, agate-25K, gamaira, you can use the fungicide foundationzol.

ALTERNARIOSIS, MOLD AND DRYING OF BRANCHES

Gray mold, or rot (pathogen is a fungus Botrytis cinerea) and Alternaria (pathogens are fungi sort of Alternaria) affect the above-ground parts of young juniper and thuja plants. The shoots become gray-brown or blackish, as if covered with a layer of dust with conidia, which re-infect the plants during the growing season. Plants are weakened and their decorative properties are lost.

Risk factors. These diseases develop especially often in unventilated areas with very dense plantings and insufficient lighting.

Protective measures. As protective measures, it is recommended to timely thin out and cut out affected branches, disinfect all cuts with a solution of copper sulfate and treat them oil paint on natural drying oil or rannet type putty. Preventive spraying is effective in spring and autumn Bordeaux mixture, abiga-pik, fast, pure flower. In case of severe damage to summer time spraying is repeated.

Thuja and juniper often experience infectious drying of branches. It is called by several
pathogens from the department of anamorphic fungi. The bark dries out, and numerous fruiting bodies are formed on it - pycnidia, brown and black in the form of dots and tubercles. The needles turn yellow and fall off, the branches of the bushes turn brown and dry out. The infection persists in the bark of the affected branches and unharvested plant debris. The development of the disease is facilitated by dense plantings and the use of infected planting material. Control measures are similar to protection against gray rot.

SCHUTTE - BROWN, SNOWY, REAL

Conifers have diseases that are unique to these species. First of all, this is schutte, the causative agents of which are certain types of ascomycete fungi.

Signs of damage on juniper Schutte(causative agent - Lophodermium juniperinum) appear in early summer on last year’s needles, which acquire a dirty yellow or brown color. From the end of summer, round black fruiting bodies up to 1.5 mm in size (apothecia) are noticeable on the surface of the needles, in which the marsupial sporulation of the fungus is preserved. The disease develops intensively on weakened plants and in humid conditions can lead to their death.

Brown shutte, or brown snow mold (fungi of the genus Herpotrichia), in addition to juniper, affects pines, fir, spruce, cedars, cypress, thuja. It is found more often in nurseries, young stands, self-seeding and young growth. The disease develops under snow at temperatures not lower than 0.5°C. The lesion is discovered after the snow melts: a black-gray cobwebby coating of mycelium is noticeable on the brown dead needles, and then the pinpoint fruiting bodies of the causative fungus. The needles do not fall off for a long time, thin branches die off.

Risk factors. The development of the disease is facilitated by high humidity, the presence of depressions in crop areas, and dense plants. The harmfulness of the shutte increases with high snow cover and prolonged melting.

A real chute the causative agent of which is a fungus Lophodermium seditiosum- one of the main reasons for premature needle drop in pine trees. Young plants are mainly affected, incl. V open ground nurseries, and weakened trees, which can lead to their death due to severe needle drop. During spring and early summer the needles turn brown and fall off. In autumn, small yellowish dots are noticeable on the needles, gradually growing and turning brown; later, on the dead, crumbling needles, pinpoint black fruiting bodies are formed - apothecia, with which the fungus
is saved.

The mushroom has similar symptoms and development cycle Lophodermium pinastri, pathogen common Schutte pine. In the fall or more often in the spring of next year, the needles turn yellow or become reddish-brown and die. Then, the fruiting bodies of the fungus form on the needles in the form of small black streaks or dots, turning black and enlarging by autumn.

Risk factors. Moderately warm weather, drizzling rains and dew contribute to the dispersal of spores and infection of needles. Weakened plants in nurseries and conifers up to 3 years of age, as well as self-seeding pine, are most often affected and killed.

Snow shutte caused by a fungus Phlacidium infestans, affecting mainly pine species. It is especially harmful in snowy areas, where it sometimes completely destroys the regeneration of Scots pine; develops under snow cover, even at temperatures around 0°C. The mycelium grows from needle to needle and to neighboring plants. After the snow melts, the dead needles and often the shoots turn brown and die, becoming covered with a grayish, quickly disappearing coating of mycelium. During the summer, the needles die off, become reddish-red, and later light gray. It crumbles, but almost never falls off. By autumn, fruiting bodies - apothecia, in the form of small dark dots - become visible on it. Ascospores from them are distributed by air currents to living needles immediately before the establishment of snow cover.

Risk factors. The development of the fungus is favored by drizzling rains, falling and melting snow in the fall, mild, snowy winters, and a long spring.

Protective measures against Schutte must be carried out as a whole. It is necessary to remove fallen diseased needles; If possible, brush off snow from lower branches. Even individual mature pine and spruce trees are not allowed to grow near the nursery. Although now the priority is to preserve plant health with the help of environmentally and economically sound protection measures, fungicidal treatments against schutte are mandatory in nurseries. Spraying with copper-containing preparations, skorom, and pure flowers during the summer effectively reduces the development of diseases.

Shaded and weakened specimens are most susceptible to shutte, so it is necessary to give
plants as much resistance as possible, which is possible with wider use of immunomodulators. A combination of fungicidal treatments with biologically active preparations and microfertilizers is effective.

The harmfulness of Schutte varies greatly in its ability to infect certain species and varieties, so it is necessary to have information about such resistant forms, giving them preference when planting.

In areas where Schutte damages Scots pine, lodgepole pine or Norway spruce can be used, which are rarely affected. In forests and parks, instead of natural regeneration, it is recommended to plant seedlings of the required origin; they are more evenly distributed over the area, making it difficult for the mycelium to infect one plant from another, and quickly reach a height above the critical level.

DANGEROUS RUST DISEASES

Of particular importance for conifers are rust diseases caused by fungi of the Basidiomycota division, class Uredinomycetes. Pathogens most often infect needles and the bark of shoots; in fact, all of them are different hosts and spread from conifers to other plants. Below is a description of the most common ones.

Rust of pine needles cause several species of fungi of the genus Coleosporium. They mainly affect 2-coniferous pine species, mainly in nurseries and young stands. The aeciostage of the fungus develops in the spring on pine needles in the form of yellow, vesicular pustules located randomly on both sides of the needles. When the disease spreads strongly, the needles turn yellow and fall off prematurely, and the plants lose their decorative properties. Uredinio- and teliospores are formed on coltsfoot, godson, thistle, bellflower and other herbaceous plants.

Pine resin cancer, seryanka cancer (Cronartium flaccidium and Peridermium pini). The development of the first fungus involves intermediate hosts - bluegrass and impatiens, on the leaves of which uredinio- and teliostages develop. The second fungus spreads only in the ethial stage from pine to pine. The tree is infected through the branches, from where the mycelium spreads into the trunk. Fungi infect the bark of young trees, or the tops and branches of old pines, where the bark is smooth and thin. The mycelium penetrates wood cells and resin passages and destroys them. The affected part is abundantly saturated with resin and acquires a grayish-black color. Developing in cambium cells, the mycelium stops wood growth 2-3 years after infection.

Various host mushroom Cronarium ribicola causes pine spinner, blister rust, or currant columnar rust. First, the needles become infected, and gradually the fungus spreads into the bark and wood of the branches and trunks of cedar and Weymouth pine (5-conifers). The stems of the seedlings bend. In older plants, the bark cracks in the affected areas, resin is released from the gaps, and aetia appear in the form of yellow-orange bubbles. Under the influence of the mycelium, a thickening is formed, the overlying part of the shoot dries out or becomes bent. The intermediate hosts are currants and gooseberries, whose leaves are severely affected.

Pathogens juniper rust (fungi of the genus Gymnosporangium) affect cotoneaster, hawthorn, apple, pear, and quince, which are intermediate hosts. In spring, the disease develops on the leaves, causing the formation of yellowish growths (pustules) on their undersides; and from the top round orange spots with black dots are noticeable (aecial stage). In the fall, and sometimes in the spring, yellow-orange gelatinous masses of teliospores of the pathogen fungus appear on the needles and branches of juniper. The affected parts of the shoots are spindle-shaped and swollen.

Protective measures. As protective measures against rust diseases, spatial isolation from affected plants that have a common pathogen can be recommended. So, you should not grow poplar and aspen next to pines; 5-conifer pines should be isolated from black currant plantings.

Spraying with phytosporin M and abiga-pik preparations reduces the prevalence of diseases. The affected shoots are cut out. Increasing plant immunity, possible through the use of microfertilizers and immunostimulants, significantly reduces the harmfulness of rusts.

​Similar articles​

​Pine spinner, rust of cones. This disease is caused by a rust fungus​Fungus​

​It should be noted that​ Branches often fall and plants die. The scutellum of the female is slightly expanded towards the posterior end, grayish, 1.5-2 mm long. Scale insects are difficult to eradicate pests, since the females develop under the shield and are also hidden under the needles. Control measures: before the pine buds open, spray with insecticidal preparations. The pine moth is a pest of Scots pine and sometimes damages spruce and cedar.​

Sources of infection of pine trees

​Do nothing. For adult pine trees, hermes are not fatal dangerous misfortune. However, they weaken the plant, slow down its growth, and spoil the needles. Young pines may die.

The disease is caused by a variety of fungi

Pine: diseases and pests

​The disease is caused by a fungus​

​- living under the bark and in the trunk (large and small pine beetle, pine longhorned beetle, pine elephant, pinpoint pine beetle).​

​The most common diseases of coniferous trees (photos are presented in the article) are fungal. Among them, the most common ailments are pine fusarium (dangling needles and further redness and drying); Schütte vulgare (yellowing of needles); brown schutte (appearance of mycelium on needles); Schutte snowy (gray-ashy coating); Schutte gray (mass loss of needles); pine dotistromosis (red spots on the needles); pine needle rust; barrel rust blister; necrosis of the cortex; ulcerative cancer

Pine rust

​Infection can persist for a very long time in damaged needles. And ripening fungal spores infect herbaceous perennials.​

​All existing pine diseases are divided into infectious and non-infectious.​

Melampsora pinitorqua

​Lophodermium seditiosum​

Nectria necrosis of the cortex

​pine diseases

Pine spinner

The flight of butterflies usually begins at the end of May and continues until July. The female lays eggs in rows (7-32 pieces in each) on old needles. The fertility of one female is 150-230 eggs. The egg develops in 20 days. Caterpillars usually appear at the end of June and feed in the crowns until the end of September or October. Not only old, but also young needles, as well as buds, suffer, and the pine is in danger of drying out. Control measures: spraying against caterpillars younger ages biological product "Lepidotsid" - Zl/ha or other approved insecticidal preparations.​

​Option 2.​

Melampsora pinitorqua

​Phlacidium​

Common Schutte pine

​How to eliminate plant diseases​

​Prevention and treatment of Schutte diseases​

​To combat rust, copper-containing preparations are used (“Abiga-pik”, “Kuproksat”, “Khom”, “Oksikhom”).​

udec.ru

Pine diseases and pests

​Non-communicable diseases​

​. The first symptoms of a fungal infection are the death of the shoot tip and an S-shaped curvature of the trunk. At the same time, the cones open wide and dry.

​is the causative agent of such a disease as true Schutte, which is considered one of the main causes

​are not always infectious. Trees often get sick due to unfavorable external conditions, for example, waterlogging or drying out of the soil. Conifers are also sensitive to a lack of iron or phosphorus in the soil. In this case, the needles turn yellow or acquire a red-violet hue. In addition, these evergreen trees do not respond well to air pollution from automobile and industrial gaseous emissions. Such factors lead to the death of needles and slower growth. Very often illnesses are a secondary factor. Pathogens are carried by insect pests.​

​The pine cutworm feeds on May needles, eats away the buds, and gnaws at the shoots.​

​Pour Aktara under the root, treat the crown with one of the insecticides - Fufanon, Decis, or Actellik. Spray with insecticide: karbofos (90 g per 10 liters of water), Iskra (1 tablet per 10 liters), Komandor, actellik, actara. Since 3-4 generations of this pest are born per season, treatments along the crown must be repeated every 3-4 weeks to destroy insects at different stages of development. Aktara at the root - if necessary. After processing white coating may remain, but this does not mean that the insects are alive.​

​and is developing quite quickly. As they pass through the aecial stage, the pine shoots bend and the top dies off altogether.​

​infestans​

​This is not a complete list of pine pests; more than 130 species of these insects are known. To combat them, spraying, stem injections, and vaccinations are used. Solutions of actellik, karbofos, akarin, and foundationzol help well. Only comprehensive measures will help prevent diseases and pests of pine. Firstly, it is necessary to create optimal conditions for plant growth, use both chemical and biological methods of insect control, collect seeds correctly, store them at a low temperature, treat them with a solution of potassium permanganate before sowing, and disinfect the soil.​

​To avoid such problems, select planting material with special care, and promptly and efficiently thin out plants that have already taken root. To treat these diseases, it is recommended to spray coniferous trees with various fungicidal solutions (sulfur or copper containing). Trim affected branches in a timely manner and remove fallen needles.​

This fungal disease forms on the bark of the shoot and is considered pine cancer. The disease causes browning of needles and stems. Young shoots dry out quickly. And orange raised spots become noticeable on the bark, darkening over time. The infection persists even in the bark of a dead tree. Therefore, in order to prevent the spread of infection, such pines must be cut down, removed and burned.​

​caused by conditions unfavorable for the growth of a given crop: excessively high or low air and soil levels, lack of lighting and soil nutrition.​

The causative agents of pine needle rust are fungi of the genus

​falling needles​

​Pines have a certain immunity to infectious diseases, although under some conditions they suffer from them quite severely. However, disease resistance increases as the plant matures. And, conversely, it decreases as the tree ages or is exposed to unfavorable factors. environment(eg construction).​

​The development of caterpillars under optimal conditions (25-27°C) is completed in 25-30 days; in unstable weather it can take up to 40 days. Despite short period being in the damaging stage, the pine cutworm is a serious pest of pine plantations. Destroying needles, damaging shoots and buds, it causes plantings to dry out, especially in dry areas. Plantations damaged by armyworms are infested with stem pests, accelerating their death.​

​Option 3, environmentally friendly.​

fb.ru

Diseases of coniferous plants: schutte, rust diseases, prevention

​Rust occurs in almost all types of coniferous plants. Its nature is classical, development takes place in a certain, warm and humid environment. The disease affects the needles of trees and the plant loses its decorative look. Sometimes, when mixed with other diseases, needle rust can lead to the death of the plant.​

​, most often striking different types pine trees It develops under snow cover and can lead normal life activities even at temperatures below zero degrees. In the spring, when the snow melts, the mushroom begins to grow more intensively, and every moment it captures the next needle. The needles darken, gradually change color to brown, and become very fragile.​

Schutte diseases

Gray mold disease

​Diseases of conifersConiferous plants for a long time do not lose their attractiveness and can delight you with their appearance, located throughout summer cottage. Such plants can not only decorate the territory, but also excellent material for creating various types of wood compositions. Such trees are distinguished by their longevity and uniform appearance all year round, but just like other plants, they can suffer from pests and various diseases.​

Real Schutte

​Treatment of rust diseases​​This is a pine disease caused by rust fungi Melampsora pinttorgua. The disease is characterized by curvature of young pine shoots. Pine spinner is found both on seedlings and on young pine trees up to 10 years old. Infectious diseases

Ordinary shutte

​Coleosporium​​. Like almost all pine diseases, true pine disease mainly affects young or weakened plants. The first signs of infection are a change in the color of the needles in spring and early summer - the needles become brown and fall off, and in the fall yellow dots appear on the needles, which gradually grow and turn brown. The causative agent of this disease is well preserved under fallen needles and infects other plants. Common pine diseases are some types of soil-dwelling fungi

Snow shutte

​The fight is carried out in the spring against younger caterpillars. Processing of plantings is timed to coincide with the period of bud break. The biological product "Lepidocid" 3 l/ha or other insecticidal preparations is used. Treat the plants with green soap, tobacco, garlic infusion or ash. If the damage is serious, these methods, alas, are ineffective.​ ​Experts recommend the following measures. Plants need to be isolated from affected specimens. Young coniferous trees should not be grown near possible pathogens or vectors of diseases. If the disease already occurs, then the affected areas must be cut off and destroyed. The resistance of coniferous plants to rust diseases can be increased through the use of special immunostimulants or microfertilizers. It is also recommended to spray conifers during the growing season with aqueous suspensions. This could be Bordeaux mixture, copper oxychloride, Privent, Abiga Peak. It won't hurt to spray autumn period, when the drug must fall not only on the plant, but also on its discarded needles, as a source of infectious infection. Brown schutte is also a fairly well-known fungal disease of coniferous plants. It is most common among trees such as fir, pine, spruce, cedar, and juniper. Most often, brown schutte affects young plants in nurseries or self-seeding in open ground. The reason for the development of the fungus Nerpotrichia nigra is the weakness of the young plant. Infection occurs with sacspores immediately after the snow melts. The needles are dark, dead, covered with a cobwebby coating. During spring and summer, the plant weakens, the needles of the entire plant become diseased and thin branches begin to die. This disease develops well in conditions high humidity and shade, as well as in unthinned forests and shelter belts.​

Brown Schutte

​In order to keep plants healthy, they need proper care and some knowledge that will help to recognize or even prevent the occurrence of the disease. There are plenty of similar diseases and every coniferous plant, be it pine, spruce or thuja, can suffer from it.​

Juniper Schutte

To prevent them, it is worth isolating diseased trees from healthy ones. Affected plants will have to be completely cut out, otherwise infection is inevitable. Treatment is the same as for Schutte diseases. It is recommended to fertilize the soil and use high-quality immunostimulants.​

How to protect plants from Schutte diseases

​The disease is very dangerous for annual seedlings and can cause their mass death. Infection of shoots is typical in the second half of May.​

Rust diseases of conifers

​Rhizoctonia​

Spruce spinner or cone rust

​The pine silkworm is one of the most serious pests of pure pine plantations, capable of causing their death over large areas.​

Pine spinner

Seryanka (tar cancer, pine blister rust) is a pine disease caused by rust fungi. In fact, there are many more diseases of coniferous trees and their pathogens than can be listed at all. Often there is an overlap of diseases, when a tree or bush suffers from several diseases at once, and in order to bring the plant back to life, it is necessary not only to treat it, but also to initially identify the disease or their complex, so as not to make a mistake with the medications. Fortunately, everything you need for this is now on sale. But there are other recommendations that say that in order for the plants on the site to be healthy, it is necessary to carry out prevention, and not to treat already diseased plants, and the first thing to start with is healthy planting material. Only if you buy strong seedlings, immediately treat them with preventative agents, plant them in prepared soil and then, throughout the entire period of growth of coniferous trees or shrubs, you will properly care for them, fertilize the soil, ensure it is watered or dried, and sprinkle and so on, you will be able to enjoy the majestic, coniferous garden. If not, then believe me, in the future the plant will experience needle rust, root rot, and drying out of the root system, which will be quite difficult to deal with and, ultimately, quite expensive.​ ​The disease is very similar to those described above. The first signs appear in the spring, affecting the plant needles with the fungus Lophodermium juniperinum. Gray, black, yellow, bright brown, it can be quite different depending on the region, and the disease develops on the plant throughout the summer. Next, the plant becomes overgrown with mushrooms, the size of which reaches 1.5 mm. They survive even in conditions low temperature. This disease, under conditions of heat and humidity, can completely kill the plant.​

Pine needle rust

​A disease of coniferous plants, such as gray mold, most often affects young plants, or rather, their above-ground parts. This disease occurs in dense parks and forest belts, in unkempt nurseries, where trees grow very densely and are poorly ventilated. The disease can also be caused by insufficient lighting. It manifests itself quite simply - affected shoots, which are covered with a peculiar gray-brown coating.

Treatment and prevention of plant rust diseases

Pine pests

Infection occurs by basidiospores formed on last year's fallen leaves (litter).

DachaDecor.ru

Diseases and treatment of cedar, pests, photos

Pine hermes

Pine trees can become diseased due to poor environmental conditions, the presence of a source of infection, or the presence of pests. The development of diseases is facilitated by the accumulation of viral and fungal infections in the litter (the so-called infectious beginning).

The pine spinner pest is a fungus. This fungus belongs to the class of rust basidiomycetes and has a complete development cycle. Pine whirligig on pine affects seedlings, shoots, and young pine trees. Vertun also destroys poplar and aspen leaves. Poplar and aspen are intermediate hosts for it. It causes in pine trees: branches - curvature, shoots - drying, shoots - needles dying. This disease of conifers can be found in the Caucasus, Western Siberia, in the central regions, and is also found in the steppe regions of Russia. Lophodermium pinastri

​and​​Most often it affects Scots pine, which is its main food species. Very rare on other conifers.​

​It is characterized by the formation of irregularly spindle-shaped swellings on the trunks and branches, on the surface of which in the spring numerous dry sulfur-yellow formations (aecidia) appear. When the aecidium shell ruptures, a sulfur-yellow dusty mass of spores spills out. The mycelium of the fungus spreads over (bark, bast, cambium, wood, in which it causes local death. The dead bark peels off and falls off, exposing the affected wood and causing an abundant flow of resin (popularly called “serka”, hence the name of the disease).​

How to deal with Hermes:

​This pest is easy to spot on branches and needles by its white coating.​ In fact, there are drugs for these diseases, and there are various methods of prevention. which allow you to keep the plant healthy throughout its life. The first protective measures against shutte are the selection of correct and initially healthy planting material. It must be prepared for a specific region, properly grown and cared for, that is young plant should already be strong. We would like to note and recall the fact that plants in the shade, in a humid environment, for example in dense forests when the snow melts, are most susceptible to diseases. If you want to avoid such diseases, then the first prevention will be the correct, uniform fertilization of coniferous trees in the area, as well as timely care. It is also necessary to spray the plants with preparations that contain sulfur or copper - Abiga-Pik, Bordeaux mixture, HOM or, in general, a lime-sulfur decoction. The products must be applied in the spring and be sure to repeat the spraying in the summer if diseases suddenly appear.​

​This disease of coniferous plants is fungal. Basically, the disease is manifested by darkening of the needles and their premature falling off. Mostly young, immature plants are affected and quite often die. The disease is active all year round and begins in the spring with a coating on the needles, but continues until late autumn, when it covers the needles with brown spots and gradually grows. Pine pests do not appear just like that; there are many sources of their occurrence. They can come from a neighboring park where there are conifers, or from a forest, if there is one nearby. In addition, pests can be brought in with the soil or purchased along with planting material. Wind, birds, even a person himself can carry harmful insects onto a pine tree.​

Seryanka

​At the end of May - in June, the first signs of this disease begin to appear. In the bark of the apical shoot, whitish dots (inconspicuous) appear - spermogonia; after a few days they turn yellow. They develop spores - spermatia, which do not cause plant infection, but play a significant role in the further development of the fungus. Around the same period, the causative agent of the disease (aecidium) appears on the needles, young shoots and stems. They are golden-yellow oblong swellings.​ ​ - the causative agent of the disease is the common Schutte. The symptoms of this disease are similar to those caused by the previous disease. In autumn or spring, the needles of young plants become red-brown, dark transverse lines appear on the needles, after which the plant gradually dies. Most often, weakened trees in nurseries and self-seeded pine trees suffer.

Control measures:

​In case of mass reproduction of the pest, control is carried out against younger caterpillars by spraying with the biological product "Lepidotsid" - Zl/ha or other approved insecticidal preparations.​

Pine aphid

​The disease is very harmful. The overall growth of a diseased tree decreases, the crown thins out, the tree weakens, and is infested with pine beetles and other stem pests, which accelerate its death. The disease often occurs chronically, on average up to 30 years. Pine trees get sick at any age, but more often in older ones. ​ ​Hermes (Adelgidae) is an insect, aphid.​

Control measures:

​In this section of the article we will consider a special series of diseases of coniferous plants. They are caused

Common pine scale insect

The disease continues to live even on pine needles that have fallen to the ground What are the types of pests of conifers?

​A fungal disease, which is characterized by an autumn appearance on young needles yellow spots, increasing in size and having an irregular shape.​

Pine armyworm

​Like all representatives of coniferous trees, Scots pine is susceptible to various kinds of diseases. A tree can become sick as a result of pests settling on it or violation of growing conditions. Also common infectious diseases Scots pine. From the aecidia protrude (aecidiospores) - a bright yellow mass (this happens at the moment when the epidermis bursts). In places where aecidia appears, elongated ulcerations begin to form on the shoots, the shoots begin to bend due to the weight of their upper part, at the same time, the upper part continues to grow. As a result, the shoot of a coniferous tree bends, taking the shape English letter S. Sores appear on the shoots and become covered in resin. Mature spores are carried by the wind, they fall on the leaves and infect other trees. Spores begin to germinate after overwintering.​

Control measures:

​Diseases such as brown and snow shute are also common. The symptoms of these diseases are somewhat different from each other, but all of them, if not treated in a timely manner, lead to the death of trees and the massive spread of infection.​

Pine silkworm

​. Infection with them often leads to the roots of young trees rotting and dying and, as a consequence, to the death of the trees. Anamorphic fungi (belonging to the category of soil pathogens) are the causative agents of tracheomycosis wilt. The roots affected by the fungus acquire a brown tint, the mycelium penetrates deep into the vascular system of the plant and fills it with its biomass, which is why the access to nutrients is almost completely blocked, and the tree withers. pine needles turn yellow, then turn red and fall off, and the plant itself gradually dries out. Like all pine diseases, spores of the pine silkworm (a butterfly from the family of leafrollers), the larvae of which invade young shoots or buds.

Control measures:

​removal of diseased trees, destruction of intermediate hosts; currants and gooseberries, which are intermediate hosts, should not grow nearby.

Pine moth shoot

​Hermes larvae, very small, are covered with long waxy hairs, so we see the colony as a white coating on branches and needles. The larvae suck the juices from the plant, which leads to yellowing of the needles. Adult insects are larger and brown in color; they are easy to see with the naked eye. Overwinters on pine in the larval stage.​ ​Basidiomycota fungi​

Control measures:

zpitomnik.ru

Pine diseases

All pine pests are divided into the following types:​In spring, diseased needles acquire a yellow tint. After this, the needles turn red and dry out. The fungus forms on the underside of the needles, covering them in parallel rows. In summer, black pads are formed that contain spores that disperse the fungus into the wind. Thus, infection of neighboring trees occurs.

​Quite often, pine trees are attacked by scale insects, which is characterized by the falling of needles. It is quite difficult to combat this pest, since the females’ body is protected by a shield (hence the name). The tree must be treated at the moment when the larvae emerge. This is usually May-June. At this time, the pine needs to be treated with Akarin at the rate of 30 g/10 l of water. The main preventive measure against rust diseases is the spatial isolation of healthy trees from infected plants. Very often the reason is preliminary damage to pine trees by pests, such as sawflies. Timely treatment of pests, cutting out affected pine trees, and the use of immunostimulants and microfertilizers prevent the spread of diseases. If it is impossible to remove the affected pines, treatment of rust diseases is carried out by spraying systemic fungicides or stem injections under the bark of a tree. In order to prevent the spread of these diseases, it is necessary to carefully select planting material and thin out rooted plants in a timely manner. Fungicidal spraying (treatment with sulfur, copper and other systemic fungicides) gives a good effect. It is recommended to immediately trim dried branches and remove fallen needles. Good result gives a method of stem injections to pine trees.​

The most common fungal diseases

​Fusarium oxysporum​

The buds dry out, the shoots become bent. Pine aphids are oblong-ovate, highly hairy, grayish insects that sit in rows on the needles of Scots or mountain pine.​Hermes easily migrate from tree to tree, infecting entire forests.​ ​, which affect the bark of shoots and needles. The disease is quite contagious and can quickly spread even to other plants.​ Shutte in conifersThe disease is caused by the same fungus - sucking (pine aphids, hermes, pine scale insects, pine scale insects, pine bugs, spider mites); For prevention purposes, it is recommended to spray young seedlings and trees with Bordeaux mixture or the Abiga-Pik substitute. In conditions of massive spread of the disease, trees are treated in summer and autumn. When the tops dry out, growth decreases, or the needles become faded, it is necessary to check the tree for the presence of a subbark bug. This pest overwinters in litter. Therefore, in spring and autumn trunk circle sprinkled with dust (no more than 25 g per pine tree). And in May, the tree can be treated with Actellik solution (15g/10 l of water). 250 g of solution is consumed per tree. Also, leaves that fly into the nursery must be collected and burned. It is recommended to treat pine three times with eighty percent zineb at 0.8 percent concentration or seventy-five percent polycarbacin (one percent). The first spraying is carried out from the fifteenth to the twentieth of May. We repeat after six to seven days, carry out the second spraying and after the same period of time after the second, carry out the third spraying. Treatment can be carried out from a generator (aerosol LAGO), or from a tractor sprayer (with a flow rate of twenty-five liters per thousand plants).​

Our grandmothers, growing garden strawberries, or strawberries, as we used to call them, did not particularly worry about mulching. But today this agricultural technique has become fundamental in achieving high quality berries and reducing crop losses. Some might say it's a hassle. But practice shows that labor costs in in this case pay off handsomely. In this article, we invite you to get acquainted with the nine best materials for mulching garden strawberries.

Succulents are very diverse. Despite the fact that “little ones” have always been considered more fashionable, the range of succulents with which you can decorate modern interior, it’s worth taking a closer look. After all, colors, sizes, patterns, degree of prickliness, impact on the interior are just a few of the parameters by which you can choose them. In this article we will tell you about the five most fashionable succulents that amazingly transform modern interiors.

The Egyptians used mint as early as 1.5 thousand years BC. It has a strong aroma due to the high content of various essential oils, which are highly volatile. Today, mint is used in medicine, perfumery, cosmetology, winemaking, cooking, ornamental gardening, in the confectionery industry. In this article we will look at the most interesting varieties of mint, and also talk about the features of growing this plant in open ground.

People began growing crocuses 500 years before our era. Although the presence of these flowers in the garden is fleeting, we always look forward to the return of the harbingers of spring next year. Crocuses are one of the earliest primroses, whose flowering begins as soon as the snow melts. However, flowering times may vary depending on the species and varieties. This article is dedicated to the earliest varieties of crocuses, which bloom in late March and early April.

Cabbage soup made from early young cabbage in beef broth is hearty, aromatic and easy to prepare. In this recipe you will learn how to cook delicious beef broth and cook light cabbage soup with this broth. Early cabbage cooks quickly, so it is placed in the pan at the same time as other vegetables, unlike autumn cabbage, which takes a little longer to cook. Ready cabbage soup can be stored in the refrigerator for several days. Real cabbage soup turns out tastier than freshly prepared cabbage soup.

Blueberry – a rare and promising berry crop in the gardens. Blueberries are a source of biologically active substances and vitamins and have antiscorbutic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and tonic properties. The berries contain vitamins C, E, A, flavonoids, anthocyanins, microelements - zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, as well as plant hormones - phytoestrogens. Blueberries taste like a mixture of grapes and blueberries.

Looking at the variety of tomato varieties, it is difficult not to get confused - the choice is very wide today. Even experienced gardeners are sometimes confused by it! However, understanding the basics of selecting varieties “for yourself” is not so difficult. The main thing is to delve into the peculiarities of the culture and start experimenting. One of the easiest groups of tomatoes to grow are varieties and hybrids with limited growth. They have always been valued by those gardeners who do not have much energy and time to care for their beds.

Once very popular under the name of indoor nettle, and then forgotten by everyone, coleus today is one of the brightest garden and indoor plants. It is not for nothing that they are considered stars of the first magnitude for those who are primarily looking for non-standard colors. Easy to grow, but not so undemanding as to suit everyone, coleus require constant supervision. But if you take care of them, bushes made of velvety unique leaves will easily outshine any competitor.

Salmon backbone baked in Provençal herbs provides tasty pieces of fish pulp for a light salad with fresh wild garlic leaves. The champignons are lightly fried in olive oil and then poured over apple cider vinegar. These mushrooms are tastier than regular pickled ones, and they are better suited for baked fish. Wild garlic and fresh dill get along well in one salad, highlighting each other’s aroma. The garlicky pungency of wild garlic will permeate both the salmon flesh and mushroom pieces.

A coniferous tree or shrub on a site is always great, but a lot of conifers is even better. Emerald needles of various shades decorate the garden at any time of the year, and phytoncides and essential oils, released by plants, not only aromatize, but also make the air cleaner. As a rule, most zoned mature conifers are considered very unpretentious trees and shrubs. But young seedlings are much more capricious and require proper care and attention.

Sakura is most often associated with Japan and its culture. Picnics under the canopy of flowering trees have long become an integral attribute of welcoming spring in the Land of the Rising Sun. The financial and academic year here begins on April 1, when the magnificent cherry blossoms bloom. Therefore, many significant moments in the life of the Japanese take place under the sign of their flowering. But sakura also grows well in cooler regions - certain species can be successfully grown even in Siberia.

I am very interested in analyzing how people's tastes and preferences for certain foods have changed over the centuries. What was once considered tasty and was an item of trade, lost its value over time and, conversely, new fruit crops conquered their markets. Quince has been cultivated for more than 4 thousand years! And even in the 1st century BC. e. About 6 varieties of quince were known, and even then methods of its propagation and cultivation were described.

Delight your family and prepare themed cottage cheese cookies in the shape of Easter eggs! Your children will be happy to take part in the process - sift the flour, combine all the necessary ingredients, knead the dough and cut out intricate figures. Then they will watch with admiration as pieces of dough turn into real Easter eggs, and then with the same enthusiasm they will eat them with milk or tea. How to make such original cookies for Easter, read our step-by-step recipe!

Among tuberous crops, there are not so many decorative deciduous favorites. And caladium is a true star among the variegated inhabitants of interiors. Not everyone can decide to own a caladium. This plant is demanding, and first of all, it requires care. But still, rumors about the extraordinary capriciousness of caladiums are never justified. Attention and care can avoid any difficulties when growing caladiums. And the plant can almost always forgive small mistakes.

We have prepared a hearty, incredibly appetizing and simply easy-to-prepare dish for you today. This sauce is one hundred percent universal, as it goes with every side dish: vegetables, pasta, or anything. Chicken and mushroom gravy will save you in moments when you don’t have time or don’t want to think too much about what to cook. Take your favorite side dish (you can do this in advance so everything is hot), add some gravy and dinner is ready! A real lifesaver.