“How minerals are mined” - Granites play a huge role in the structure of the crust of the Earth’s continents. In metallurgy, limestone is used as a flux. In Western Siberia, the depth of the well is 1.5 - 2.5 km, in the Volga region it can be. Closed. Corridors called drifts extend from the trunk in different directions. Peat. How iron ore is mined. Types of sand. How coal is mined. There are currently 60 oil and gas enterprises operating in Yamal. How natural gas is produced.

"Oil" - Hydrocarbons are collected in sections according to boiling points. Physical properties. In America, the first experiments on oil distillation were carried out in 1833 by Silliman. Oil distillation. With the advent of lamps, the demand for kerosene increased. The mixture of hydrocarbon vapors from the furnace enters the lower part of the column. Oil has been known for a very long time. Complex, painstaking work is constantly going on in the column. At the end of the 18th century, the lamp was invented.

“Natural gas in the world” - Interesting facts. Smell of gas. Humanity has known about the existence of natural gas for a long time. How natural gas is produced. The depth at which the gas is located ranges from 1000m to several kilometers. What birds helped the miners? It is thanks to odorization that gas leaks can be easily detected. The depth of the well can reach 12 kilometers. Natural gas rises through the well using natural energy.

“Composition and refining of oil” - Catalytic cracking. Average elemental composition of oil. Composition, oil refining and environmental problems. Thermal cracking. Top ten countries in the world in oil production in 1996. Distribution of the world's proven oil resources by major region. Oil distillation. Top ten countries by proven oil resources. What does oil give us? Composition of oil. Lesson objectives. Composition of exhaust gases. Refinery.

"Mining" - - Oil. A dump is an artificial embankment made of waste rock. 1-Taimyr pool. - Graphite. Mine is an enterprise for the extraction of minerals by open or underground methods. - Salt. 4-hangaro-pitsky swimming pool. -Brown coal. 3-Kansko-Achinsky basin. - Nickel ores. -Coal. - Copper ores. Minerals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. - Gold. 2-Tunguska pool. - Natural gas. - Aluminum ores.

“Use of mineral resources” - Oil extraction. Limestone. Glass. Name. Sand. Minerals. Granite. Construction. Clay. Decoration of metro stations. Mining. Coal. Fine suspension. Usage. Basic properties. Iron ore.

20.01.2018

Krasnoyarsk Territory is the second largest subject of the Russian Federation, occupying 2366.8 thousand square meters. km (or 13.86% of the country's territory). Krasnoyarsk Territory is part of the Siberian Federal District. In the east, the region borders on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Irkutsk region, in the south - on the Republic of Tyva and the Republic of Khakassia, in the west - on the Kemerovo and Tomsk regions, as well as on the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed on December 7, 1934 by a resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) of the RSFSR. The region includes 31 districts, the Khakass Autonomous Region, the Taimyr and Evenki national districts. The city of Krasnoyarsk became the center. The region was formed almost within the boundaries of the former Yenisei province, its area was over two million square kilometers.

In 1991, the Khakass Autonomous Region seceded from the region and formed an independent subject of the Russian Federation - the Republic of Khakassia. Two autonomous okrugs became independent subjects of the Russian Federation: Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenki, although they were territorially part of the region.

In 2007, as a result of a referendum, the region included two autonomous okrugs - Evenki and Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets), which were transformed into municipal districts with a special status. The day of the referendum - April 17 - has been declared a holiday in the region - Unity Day.

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is located mainly within Eastern Siberia, in the Yenisei River basin. Along the left bank of the Yenisei there is a low-lying valley, and along the right bank there is the Central Siberian Plateau, the height of which reaches 500-700 m above sea level. In the north, the region is washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea.

The length of the territory from the north to the mountainous regions of Southern Siberia is almost 3000 km. The geographical center of Russia is located on the territory of the region in the vicinity of Lake Vivi in ​​Evenkia. In addition, on the territory of the region there is Cape Chelyuskin - the northernmost point of mainland Russia and all of Asia. The Krasnoyarsk Territory includes the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, the islands of Nordenskiöld, Vilkitsky, Sibiryakov, Dikson, etc.

The relief of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is varied. Over a large stretch of the northern part, the Yenisei River carved out a valley at the junction of two tectonic structures. From the right bank to the river valley, the Central Siberian Plateau and the Yenisei Ridge, composed of ancient rocks, descend in ledges. On the left bank of the river is the West Siberian Lowland, which in the north meets the vast Yenisei-Khatanga Lowland, which occupies part of the Taimyr Peninsula. The south of the region is occupied by mountains and intermountain depressions of the Altai-Sayan mountainous country. The Central Siberian Plateau is composed of sandstones, limestones, limestones, shale, coal, which in many places are covered by magmatic outpourings - traps. In the northwestern part of the plateau rises the Putorana plateau, the heights of which in some places exceed 1600 m, and the highest point is Mount Kamen - 1701 m.

The eastern part of the West Siberian Lowland is located on the left bank of the Yenisei. It was repeatedly covered by glaciers, so the terrain is mostly flat and hilly, there are many lakes, swamps and rivers.

The Central Siberian Lowland occupies most of the Taimyr Peninsula. Hills and ridges up to 12 m high stretch far away. In the north of the peninsula, from the Yenisei Gulf to the Laptev Sea, stretch the low Byrranga Mountains, the average height of which is 400-600 m.

In the southern part of the region rise the ridges of the Eastern and Western Sayans and the Kuznetsk Alatau. At the foot of the ridges lies the famous Minusinsk Basin, where the climatic conditions are favorable. The Eastern Sayan begins a little west of the city of Krasnoyarsk and runs in the southeast to the mountains of Transbaikalia. This vast mountainous region consists of many mountain ranges, depressions and high plateaus. There are several flat-topped ridges up to 900 m high, which are called “Belogorya” - Manskoye, Kanskoye, Pezinskoye and others. The name "Belogorye" comes from Russian pioneers, who called it that way in the 17th century. "mountains covered with snow in summer." There are many karst and speleological areas in the Eastern Sayan Mountains. Today, on the territory of the region, the largest number of caves in the country is recorded - about 150, among them is the longest cave in Russia, Bolshaya Oreshnaya, with a length of over 50 km.

The Western Sayan stretches on the southern border of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for more than 650 km. It consists of many ridges - Ergaki, Sayansky, Kurtushibinsky, Tazarama, Dzhebashsky, Aradansky, etc.) and ancient alignment surfaces. In the southwest stretches the Kuznetsk Alatau, separating the Minusinsk depression from the Kuznetsk depression.

CLIMATE

The region is divided into arctic, subarctic and temperate climatic zones. Due to the large extent of the region, the climate of the region is very heterogeneous. The average January temperature ranges from -36 0 C in the north to -18 0 C in the south, the average July temperature ranges from +13 0 C in the north to +20+25 0 C in the south.

The region is divided into northern, central, southern, western and eastern climatic regions. The climate of the northern part is especially harsh. The long, harsh winter is accompanied by strong winds and high humidity. The cool northern summer is very short. On the Taimyr Peninsula there is practically no frost-free period - almost every day the air temperature can drop to zero or below degrees. In the flat central region, the climate is characterized by relatively hot and short summers, long cold winters, and significant temperature fluctuations. The southern part of the region has warm summers and moderate winters. Dry and clean air, plenty of sunny days, healing waters create favorable climatic conditions for treatment and relaxation. The western part of the region receives more precipitation.

The northernmost, island part of the region is occupied by a zone of ice and arctic deserts. In terms of relief, it is a hilly-ridge plain. The tundra and forest-tundra zone is 1000-1200 km wide and includes the Taimyr Peninsula and the Byrranga mountain region. The typical tundra has a hilly topography with many lakes. The taiga zone occupies a significant part of the territory of the region. A typical steppe is located in the south of the region and occupies most of the Minusinsk depression and the Chulym-Yenisei basin.

Agriculture in the region is possible up to approximately the latitude of Yeniseisk, and to the north - only in patches.

POPULATION

The population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, according to Krasnoyarskstat as of January 1, 2018, is 2,876,360 people. The population density is 1.21 people/sq km. The urban population is 77%. About 80% of the region's population live south of the Angara - on one tenth of the region's territory. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 570 municipalities have been formed, including 17 urban districts and 44 municipal districts, 27 urban and 482 rural settlements. In total, there are more than 1,700 settlements in the region.

Main cities and urban settlements: Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk, Achinsk, Yeniseisk, Divnogorsk, Kansk, Lesosibirsk, Minusinsk, Dudinka, Sosnovoborsk, ZATU Zelenogorsk, ZATO Zheleznogorsk, Zaozerny, Bogotol, Borodino, Uyar, Ilansky, Kodinsk, Uzhur, Nazarovo, Sharypovo, Igarka, Artyomovsk, ZATO village Solnechny, ZATO village Kedrovy.

Representatives of 159 nationalities live in the region. The national composition of the population of the total population, according to the 2010 All-Russian Census, is: Russians (88.08%), Ukrainians (1.34%), Tatars (1.23%), Germans (0.79%), Azerbaijanis (0.58%), Belarusians (0.35%), Chuvash (0.38%), Armenians (0.38%), Kyrgyz (0.30%), Uzbeks (0.23%), Tajiks ( 0.23%), Mordovians (0.15%), Mari (0.12%), Bashkirs (0.11%), Tuvans (0.10%), Lezgins (0.10%), Moldovans (0. 10%), Khakassians (0.15%), Estonians, Setu Estonians (0.08%), Latvians (2.184 - 0.07%).

The number of indigenous peoples of the North, according to the 2010 census, is: Dolgans (0.21%), Evenks (0.16%), Nenets (0.13%), Yakuts (0.05%), Kets (0. 03%), Nganasans (0.02%), Selkups (0.01%), Enets (0.01%), Chulyms (0.01%).

MINERALS

The Krasnoyarsk Territory occupies one of the leading places in Russia in terms of reserves of mineral resources and minerals. In its depths there are oil, gas, iron ores, coal, non-ferrous and rare metals, and non-metallic minerals. In total, there are more than 1,200 mineral deposits in the region, including 106 deposits of brown and hard coal, 193 deposits of peat, 66 ferrous and non-ferrous metals, 15 rare and trace elements, 301 precious metals, 94 deposits of non-metallic minerals (abrasives) , clays, flux limestones, magnesite, nepheline ores, natural facing stones, piezo-optical raw materials, molding raw materials, colored stones), more than 360 deposits of common minerals (building stone, sand-gravel mixtures, expanded clay mixtures, sand), 119 fresh underground deposits waters, 12 mineral deposits of groundwater, 33 deposits of hydrocarbon raw materials.

The region contains the main reserves of platinum and platinoids, copper-nickel ores, the main deposits of which are located in the north of the region, including on the Taimyr Peninsula. The Norilsk mining region (Norilsk-1, Oktyabrskoye and Talnakhskoye deposits) is world famous, where copper, nickel, cobalt, and platinum are mined.

There are 33 hydrocarbon deposits in the region. The region's largest oil and gas fields are located in the Turukhansky and Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) regions - these are the fields of the Vankor group (Vankorskoye, Suzunskoye, Tagulskoye, etc.) and in the south of the Evenkiy district - the fields of the Yurubcheno-Tokhomsky zone (Yurubchenskoye, Kuyumbinskoye, Sobinskoye, Paiginskoye, Imbinskoe, Beryambinskoe, etc.).

The region holds a leading position in Russia in terms of total geological coal reserves - about 70%, which are concentrated in the Kansko-Achinsk, Tunguska, Taimyr and Minusinsk coal basins. The reserves of the Kansk-Achinsk brown coal basin, unique in terms of its economic-geographical location and reserves, located along the Trans-Siberian Railway, are being most actively developed.

In terms of the overall gold potential and gold mining, the region is traditionally one of the leaders in the Russian Federation - about 300 primary and placer deposits have been explored in the region. The main developed gold reserves are concentrated in the North Yenisei and Motyginsky districts (Olympiadinskoye, Blagodatnoye, Eldorado, Vasilyevskoye, etc.).

The Angara-Yenisei province (Yenisei Ridge and the adjacent Siberian Platform) and the Lower Angara region are rich in bauxite and nepheline ores for aluminum production, as well as iron ores, which are in the state reserve.

The territory of the Lower Angara region occupies a leading position in Russia in terms of magnesite reserves, concentrated in large deposits. On the territory of the region, the Gorevskoye deposit of polymetals is being developed - unique not only in terms of reserves, but also in terms of lead and zinc content (up to 6% and higher lead in the ore). Silver, cadmium and other metals are simultaneously extracted from lead-zinc ores.

Among the non-metallic minerals in the region, deposits of fluxing limestone, table salt, talc, graphite, refractory and refractory clays, apatite, vermiculite and molding materials, as well as building materials are being developed.

In the north of the region, within the Popigai ring structure, unique deposits of impact industrial diamonds were discovered (Udarnoe, Skalnoe). In terms of total diamond reserves, this group of deposits exceeds all known diamond-bearing provinces in the world.

In addition, deposits of jadeite (Borusskoye) and jade (Kantegirskoye and Kurtushibinskoye), chrysolite, quartz and quartzites have been explored in the region. Pink tourmaline (rubellite) and pink talc were found on the Yenisei Ridge. In the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there is amber and datolite (Norilsk industrial region). In the Minusinsk Basin - rhodusite-asbestos. In the central regions of the region - amethyst (Nizhne-Kanskoye, Krasnokamenskoye), serpentine (Verkhnesolevskoye, Berezovskoye) and marble onyx (Torgashinskoye).

Three mineral water deposits are also exploited on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: Kozhanovskoye (Balahtinsky district), Nanzhulskoye (outskirts of Krasnoyarsk) and Tagarskoye (Minusinsk region).

WATER RESOURCES

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is the richest region in Russia in terms of water resources. From north to south, the region is crossed by the Yenisei River - the most abundant river in the country. The waters of the Yenisei have a warming and desalinating effect on the Kara Sea, which washes the northern territories of the region along with the Laptev Sea. The most striking feature of the northern seas is the year-round presence of ice.

Every year, the rivers of the region pour about 20% of the total flow of Russian rivers into the northern seas. The river network of the Krasnoyarsk Territory includes more than 150 thousand rivers and streams. The largest river is the Yenisei. It is formed from the confluence of the Big Yenisei (Biy-Khem) and the Small Yenisei (Ka-Khem). In Kyzyl, at the site of their confluence, there is an obelisk “Center of Asia”. The Yenisei with its numerous tributaries, as well as the Pyasina, Taimyr, Khatanga rivers, flowing into the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea, form a natural transport system. The Mana, Tuba, Kazyr and Kizir, Amyl, Kan, Biryusa, Podkamennaya Tunguska, Nizhnyaya Tunguska, Angara, Chulym, Ket, Kem and others flow through the region. The rivers have huge reserves of cheap hydropower - the Krasnoyarsk and Ust-Khantayskaya hydroelectric power stations operate in the region Hydroelectric power station, Kureyskaya hydroelectric power station, Enashiminskaya hydroelectric power station. In this regard, the region is an energy-rich territory. With the commissioning of the Boguchanskaya HPP, the capacity of the region’s energy facilities increased by 35%, and at the beginning of 2016 it amounted to 18.1 GW.

The rivers connect the northern regions of the region with Krasnoyarsk - the industrial and transport center of Central Siberia, and through the Yenisei the region has access to the Northern Sea Route. In the lower reaches of the Yenisei there are the ports of Igarka and Dudinka, equipped to receive sea vessels. Navigation in the north is possible only in the summer, but when accompanied by icebreakers it is possible all year round. The ports of Krasnoyarsk and Lesosibirsk, located in the middle reaches of the Yenisei, allow the entry of river-sea class vessels.

There are many lakes in the region - there are more than three hundred thousand of them. Lake Taimyr is the largest lake in the north. Most of the lakes are located in the southwest of the region - in the Sharypovsky district, as well as in the south - in the Minusinsk depression. Lakes Tagarskoye, Uchum, Bolshoye, Krugloye, Plakhino, Ingol and others are popular among tourists in the summer.

BIORESOURCES

The Krasnoyarsk Territory ranks second in Russia in terms of forest resources. The region's forest area is 158.7 million hectares, or 42.6% of the forest area of ​​the Siberian Federal District. More than 450 species of plants grow on the territory of the region, including industrially valuable species. More than 50% of the region's forests are larch, about 17% are spruce and fir, 12% are pine and more than 9% are cedar. 88% of the forests consist of coniferous species, including 30% of all cedar forests in the country.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are three state nature reserves of federal significance and 36 state nature reserves of regional significance. Among the largest and most famous parks and reserves are “Stolby”, “Ergaki”, “Taimyrsky”, “Big Arctic”, “Putoransky”, “Central Siberian”, “Tungussky”, “Sayano-Shushensky” and “Shushensky Bor”.

The fauna of the region is diverse and unique (342 species of birds and 89 species of mammals, among the latter the most significant is the population of reindeer, numbering 600 thousand heads). In the Arctic desert live the polar bear, seal, walrus, seal, in the tundra - the mountain hare, reindeer, arctic fox, lemming, snowy owl, tundra swan, partridge, fox, red-breasted goose; in the Yenisei taiga - brown bear, musk deer, sable, weasel, wolverine, lynx, otter; In the southern taiga there are red deer, roe deer, badger, mole, sparrowhawk, eagle owl, gray and white-backed woodpecker, and finch. The Sayan mountain taiga is famous for its sable lands. In the highlands of the Sayan Mountains one can find such rare mammals as the red wolf, snow leopard, mountain goat, mountain sheep, and among birds - Altai snowcock, mountain snipe, Siberian and mountain finch, red-throated blackbird, etc. In the northern regions of the region there are about 60 species of fish . Among whitefishes, muksun, omul, vendace, smelt, and nelma are of commercial importance.

ECONOMY

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the supporting, most economically developed regions of Russia. Among the 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the region ranks 9th in terms of gross regional product and is one of the ten regions that form more than 50% of the total GRP of Russian regions.

The basis of the region's economy is the industrial complex - its share in the structure of the gross regional product is about 60%. Industrial enterprises of the region, relying on the use of its rich mineral resource base and energy resources, produce products both for the regional market and for supply to other regions of Russia, as well as to countries near and far abroad.

In the structure of industrial production of the region, the leading positions are occupied by: non-ferrous metallurgy (its share is more than 40%), mining (about 30%), hydropower and solid fuel power (more than 10%). Large metallurgical enterprises are the Polar Division of PJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel and JSC RUSAL Krasnoyarsk, OJSC Krastsvetmet. Primary aluminum processing products are produced by LLC Krasnoyarsk Metallurgical Plant, LLC LPZ "SEGAL", LLC "KiK", LLC "Liteino" -mechanical plant "SKAD".

The main enterprises of the oil production industry in the region are the companies of the Rosneft group (JSC Vankorneft, JSC East Siberian Oil and Gas Company), LLC Slavneft-Krasnoyarskneftegaz. The leading enterprises in the coal industry are JSC SUEK-Krasnoyarsk and JSC Krasnoyarskkraigol.

The leader in gold mining in the region is Polyus Krasnoyarsk JSC; Sovrudnik LLC and Vasilyevsky Mine CJSC also make a major contribution. LLC Novoangarsk Concentrating Plant at the Gorevskoye deposit provides almost 80% of lead ore production in the Russian Federation.

Machine-building enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk Territory produce products for both civil and defense purposes. Among the largest enterprises in the industry are JSC Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant, JSC Krasnoyarsk Refrigerator Plant Biryusa.

The region is one of the country's largest producers of timber products, a significant part of which is exported. In terms of the number of jobs created, the forestry industry ranks fourth in the region after metallurgy, mechanical engineering and mining. More than 700 organizations operate in this area, the largest of which are JSC Lesosibirsk LDK-1, CJSC Novoeniseisky LHK, LLC Priangarsky LPK, JSC Kraslesinvest and others.

The region produces petroleum products - gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel (JSC Achinsk Oil Refinery VNK), innovative production and nuclear energy are concentrated in Zheleznogorsk (JSC Information Satellite Systems named after Academician M.F. Reshetnev, Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Mining and Chemical Plant") and Zelenogorsk (JSC "PO "Electrochemical Plant").

Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the leaders among Russian regions in terms of investment activity. Among the sectors of the region's economy in which funds are invested, the first place is occupied by the extraction of fuel and energy minerals, and the second place by metallurgical production. Investors are also showing interest in the transport and communications industries and are financing development projects in the energy sector.

As part of the implementation of the largest investment projects in the region, oil production is developing - in September 2016, industrial oil production began at the Suzunskoye field of the Vankor group, at the beginning of 2017, the Kuyumba-Taishet oil pipeline with a length of 700 km was put into operation, which made it possible to begin oil production in the fields of the south of Evenkia. Aluminum production in the region increased by 15% due to the Boguchansky Aluminum Plant CJSC reaching the design capacity of the first start-up complex in 2016; by the end of 2018, construction of the first stage of the plant with a capacity of 298 thousand tons was completed. The modernization of oil refining production at JSC Achinsk Oil Refinery VNK continues, aimed at increasing the depth of oil refining and the volume of light oil products.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is a major transport, distribution and transit hub of the Siberian Federal District. The Trans-Siberian Railway (with branches Achinsk - Lesosibirsk, Reshoty - Karabula, Achinsk - Abakan), the South Siberian Railway and the Norilsk Railway, federal highways P255 "Siberia" and P257 "Yenisei" pass through the region. The main highways of the region also include the Yenisei Tract (Krasnoyarsk - Yeniseisk) and the Achinsk-Uzhur-Troitskoye highway. There are four river ports on the territory of the region - in Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk, Dudinka and Igarka. The largest airport in the region is Krasnoyarsk International Airport.

The region is a major producer of agricultural products in the Siberian Federal District: in 2018 it ranked fourth. The gross grain harvest in the region annually is about 2 million tons. The Krasnoyarsk Territory is among the leaders in the yield of grain and leguminous crops among the regions of Siberia. In recent years, farmers have been successfully cultivating crops new to the region: rapeseed and corn for grain. Stability of indicators in livestock farming was noted. Dairy enterprises in the region are working to increase the productivity of cattle. The region is one of the three leaders in the Siberian Federal District in terms of daily milk yield per cow.

Major investment projects are being implemented. In 2018, a modern dairy complex opened in the Kansky district. Large-scale livestock breeding facilities are being built in the Shushensky district. Over the past few years, there has been an annual increase in production volumes of the main types of food products: pork, poultry, butter, cheese, flour, cereals, bread, sausages and confectionery. A course has been set for the development of grain and oilseed processing capacities in the region, including deep processing of grain. A lot of work is being done on the issue of marketing products produced by agricultural producers. More than 50% of the regional agricultural production occurs in the regions of the southwestern and central parts of the region: Uzhursky, Nazarovsky, Kuraginsky, Shushensky, Krasnoturansky, Minusinsky, Bolshemurtinsky, Emelyanovsky, Sukhobuzimsky, Berezovsky, Balakhtinsky.

The Krasnoyarsk Economic Forum is held in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, where all-Russian minimum tactical programs and maximum strategic programs for the development of the entire country are traditionally discussed.

EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

The priority areas for the development of education in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are the accessibility and quality of education, the organization of work with gifted children, the development of vocational education institutions, and improving the quality of professional training for the regional economy.

Currently, there are more than 1,000 preschool educational institutions, more than 140 institutions of additional education for children, and more than 1,000 general education institutions in the region. An information and resource network has been created in the region to search for, support and accompany talented children, consisting of 12 centers for working with gifted children in the intellectual, sports, artistic and aesthetic spheres in the cities of Achinsk, Yeniseisk, Minusinsk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Dudinka, in the village Tura. Large companies, corporations and enterprises operating in the region create specialized classes on the basis of general educational institutions - Norilsk Nickel classes, Rosneft classes, Rosatom classes, SUEK classes, etc., provide further support for students’ training in universities, attract practical training and internship.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, a system of cadet and women's gymnasium education has been developed, which includes seven cadet boarding schools optimally located in the region, one cadet school, two Mariinsky women's gymnasiums, and the Honor and Glory of Krasnoyarsk additional education center.

A network of specialized classes in mathematics, natural science, engineering and technology is being developed in the region. The first 25 specialized classes were opened in 2015 in Achinsk, Zheleznogorsk, Zelenogorsk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk, Minusinsk, Nazarovo, Norilsk and Sosnovoborsk. Students are trained in specialized classes with the participation of teachers from leading universities located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The regional vocational education network consists of 65 educational institutions of primary vocational education, 38 educational institutions of secondary vocational education, subordinate to the Ministry of Education and Science of the region.

The scientific and educational potential of the region is represented by the Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of the SB RAS and state universities, including the Siberian Federal University, the Siberian State Aerospace University named after. ak. M. F. Reshetnev, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after. prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Siberian State Technological University, Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after. V. P. Astafiev, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, Siberian Law Institute and others.

There are two higher educational institutions in the field of culture in the region - the Krasnoyarsk State Academy of Music and Theater and the Krasnoyarsk State Art Institute.

In total, more than 92 thousand students study in more than 330 specialties in higher educational institutions of the region in the areas of bachelor's, specialist, and master's degrees.

CULTURE

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are more than 4.5 thousand historical and cultural monuments and objects of archaeological heritage. The Shalobolinskaya pisanitsa, Paleolithic sites on Afontovaya Mountain in Krasnoyarsk, the mounds of the Minusinsk Basin, the remains of fortifications are evidence of the life of ancient people in the region.

The city of Yeniseisk is a unique monument of urban planning art of the 18th - early 20th centuries, which has preserved the planning structure and the main fund of historical buildings. By the 400th anniversary of the city, which will be celebrated in 2019, 21 cultural heritage sites will be restored here. Yeniseisk is included in the preliminary UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. Architectural monuments are also concentrated in Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Kansk, Minusinsk, Shushenskoye, and in the villages of Taseevo and Ermakovskoye.

There are unique museum complexes in the region: the historical and ethnographic museum-reserve "Shushenskoye" - a historical, architectural, ethnographic complex in which part of an ancient Siberian village of the 19th and 20th centuries is preserved; Krasnoyarsk Regional Museum of Local Lore is one of the oldest museums in Siberia and the Far East, one of the largest museums in Russia; Minusinsk Museum named after. Martyanova is the oldest museum in Siberia, in the likeness of which museums were created in Yeniseisk, Nerchinsk, Irkutsk, Yakutsk and other cities of the Siberian region; The Permafrost Museum in Igarka is the only museum in the world that has a unique underground structure in the thickness of the permafrost soil.

The Krasnoyarsk region has rich cultural traditions. The names of Vasily Surikov, Toivo Ryannel, Boris Ryauzov, Pyotr Slovtsov, Viktor Astafiev, Andrey Pozdeev, Mikhail Godenko, Dmitry Hvorostovsky, Areg Demirkhanov, Ekaterina Iofel and many other Krasnoyarsk cultural figures are iconic not only for the Krasnoyarsk region.

There are 17 professional theaters in the region - 9 regional state, 5 municipal and 3 private theaters. All main types of theaters are open in large cities of the region: Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk, Achinsk - and in six settlements with a population of up to 100 thousand inhabitants: the cities of Kansk, Lesosibirsk, Minusinsk, Sharypovo, Zheleznogorsk, Motygino. The only theater in Russia beyond the Arctic Circle is also located in the region - the Norilsk Polar Drama Theater named after. Mayakovsky.

In the regional center there are the Krasnoyarsk Regional Puppet Theater, the Krasnoyarsk Theater for Young Spectators, the Krasnoyarsk Drama Theater named after. A.S. Pushkin, Krasnoyarsk Musical Theater and Krasnoyarsk State Opera and Ballet Theater named after D.A. Hvorostovsky.

In the 2017-2018 season. By decision of the Golden Mask expert council, the region's theaters received 21 nominations for the main theater award in Russia.

Many creative groups are world famous, among them the Krasnoyarsk Academic Symphony Orchestra conducted by Vladimir Lande, the Krasnoyarsk Philharmonic Russian Orchestra. A.Yu. Bardin, Krasnoyarsk State Academic Dance Ensemble of Siberia named after. M.S. Godenko et al.

The regional scientific library's holdings include more than 3 million items, including collections of handwritten and early printed books, rare publications on local history, books from the library of the famous bibliophile merchant G.F. Yudina.

The Krasnoyarsk region hosts the international forum "Ballet XXI Century", the international festival "Parade of Stars at the Opera", the international music festival of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, organizes fine art exhibitions and theater festivals. It has already become a tradition in the region to hold days of national cultures, folk art festivals, and cultural events.

Every year, large cultural projects are implemented in the municipalities of the region, such as the cultural and educational route "Yenisei Express", "Cultural Capital of Krasnoyarsk", a film forum of domestic films in Nazarovo, dedicated to the legendary Soviet theater and film actress, People's Artist of the USSR Marina Ladynina. The Shushensky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory annually hosts the world-famous international festival of ethnic music and crafts "WORLD OF Siberia".

TOURISM

The region has enormous recreational resources, which makes it possible to develop almost all types of tourism: reindeer and dog sled safaris, ecotourism, equestrian tourism, cross-country and ski trips, and sanatorium and resort treatment. Today, in the region, well-known sanatorium-resort complexes throughout the country successfully heal their guests: “Sosnovy Bor” on Lake Tagarskoye, “Shushensky” on the banks of the mountain river Oya, “Lake Uchum”, “Krasnoyarsk Zagorye” in the foothills of the Western Sayan Mountains.

Beach holidays are represented by the most popular places on the coast of the Krasnoyarsk Sea - Balakhtinsky, Krasnoturansky, Novoselovsky, Shumikhinsky Bay near the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station.

Hunting and fishing, cultural, educational and pilgrimage tourism, business and event tourism are in great demand (All-Russian festival of folk culture "Siberian Maslenitsa", Kansky Video Festival, "Yenisei Ukha" holiday, Yenisei August Fair, Minusinsk Tomato Day, All-Russian festival "Vysotsky and Siberia", International Festival of Ethnic Music and Crafts "WORLD of Siberia", exhibitions, forums, etc.).

OIL AND GAS

Within the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in whole or in part, there are 12 oil and gas bearing areas of three oil and gas bearing provinces – West Siberian, Khatanga-Vilyui, and Leno-Tunguska Established recoverable oil resources amount to 8.3 billion tons, natural gas – 24.2 trillion. m3 and condensate – 1.6 billion tons.
Within the West Siberian province, five oil and gas fields have been discovered in the region - Suzunskoe, Lodochnoye (oil - 43 million tons, gas -70 billion tons) , Tagulskoe (oil - 53 million tons, gas -37 billion tons) , Vankorskoe (oil - 125 million tons, gas -77 billion tons) .
Six hydrocarbon deposits have been identified on the territory of the Leno-Tunguska province - Kuyumbinskoe (oil - 515 million tons, gas -124 billion tons), Yurubcheno-Takhomskoe (oil - 267 million tons, gas -534 billion tons) , Omorinskoye, Sobinskoye (oil - 75 million tons, gas -158 billion tons) , Paiginskoe (oil - 20 million tons, gas -8.8 billion tons) and Agaleevskoe (gas -30 billion tons) .
Gas gases have been identified within the Khatanga-Vilyui province Dzhangodskoe, Zimneye, Messoyakha, Nizhnekhetskoe, Khabeiskoe, Balakhninskoe and gas condensate - Deryabinskoye, Kazantsevskoye, Nanadyanskoye, Ozernoye, Pelyatkinskoye, Severo-Soleninskoye, Ushakovskoye Place of Birth. Installed here Payakhskoye, Ilimskoye, Kozhevnikovskoye and Nordvikskoye oil fields.
In addition to several gas condensate fields that meet the needs of the Norilsk plant ( Messoyakha, Pelyatinskoe ), production is carried out only in oil fields Yurubchenskoye field in Evenkia.

Currently, the construction of mini refineries for on-site processing of oil and condensate is widely used. 4 such plants were built in the Krasnoyarsk Territory - at Kuyumbinsky, Paiginsky, Yurubchensky deposits of a mini refinery for oil refining and in Dudinka a mini refinery for condensate processing. However, only two actually operate - Paiginsky and Dudinsky.

COAL
The Krasnoyarsk Territory contains about 40% of Russia's qualified coal resources and almost 25% of proven reserves. The total coal reserves in the region amount to more than 4 trillion tons. They are concentrated in four coal basins - Taimyr, Tunguska and Kansk-Achinsk. Hard coals make up 85%, brown coals – about 14%, anthracites – less than 1.4% of all coal reserves.

The Kansk-Achinsk basin is one of the largest in the world, located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (80%), Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions. The coal-bearing deposits of the basin are an excellent energy fuel, raw material for the chemical industry, the production of liquid motor and boiler fuel, and the production of artificial combustible gas by underground gasification.

The Kansk-Achinsk basin is the largest base for the coal and chemical industries of Russia. Its potential capabilities allow it to produce 1 billion tons of coal per year. Huge coal resources (over 140 billion tons), along with favorable conditions for open-pit mining and relatively low ash content (14%), allow us to consider this coal basin as the most promising fuel base for the Russian energy industry. 38% of all proven coal reserves in the country suitable for open-pit mining are concentrated here. The industrial coal content of the basin is associated with Jurassic deposits. The area of ​​coal deposits is 60 thousand km2. Mining is carried out at 3 large and a number of small coal mines. Total power Borodinsky, Nazarovsky and Berezovsky-1 open pit production is up to 100 million tons per year. Three small cuts - Pereyaslovsky, Balakhtinsky and Abansky supply fuel to rural areas. Prepares for industrial development Sayano-Partizanskoye field hard coals (reserves 1 billion tons).

Tunguska basin occupies an area of ​​about 1 million km2. In terms of potential resources, it is the largest in the world, but its remote location in hard-to-reach areas has led to its poor exploration, especially in the northern part. Within the basin, 48 coal deposits are known, located at a great distance from each other. Kayerkanskoye field (Norilsk) (open-pit mining). The deposit supplies coal to the Norilsk MMC and nearby settlements. Operated for local needs Kotuyskoye field (324 million tons). On Noginskoye field (6.4 million tons) construction of a mine is planned. On the southern edge of the Tunguska basin is Kokuyskoye field (Motyginsky district). It is developed in an open way.
Taimyr coal basin poorly studied. Several deposits have been identified ( Chernoyarskoye, Pyasinskoye, Peasantskoye, Syrdasaiskoye ), but none of them have been explored in detail.

For people who are not closely familiar with the Krasnoyarsk Territory, this area is associated primarily with the endless Siberian expanses, huge rivers and, of course, the Tunguska meteorite. The main river of this territory is the Yenisei, which serves as a natural border dividing Siberia into Western and Eastern. Based on this, we can say that the Krasnoyarsk Territory is Central Siberia.

Huge riches of a vast territory

We can briefly evaluate the Krasnoyarsk Territory: mining is a city-forming factor here. The territory of the region is huge, it makes up almost fourteen percent of the area of ​​Russia, which is much larger than most states on the planet. But this area is practically uninhabited. The southern part of the region is populated and, locally, there are places where minerals are extracted. But with the reserves of the earth's subsoil in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, everything is in perfect order. More than ten thousand deposits and ore occurrences of various mineral resources have been discovered here. The Krasnoyarsk Territory is rich in metals: out of seventy known metals, deposits of sixty-three have been found. And deposits of nickel and platinum group metals account for almost ninety-five percent of all-Russian reserves. Nickel-containing polymetallic ores are the most famous minerals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Photos of them are presented in the article.

More than twenty percent of gold-bearing ores in Russia are located within the region. In addition, there are significant deposits of quite rare cobalt and nepheline ores. Magnesites, Iceland spar, thin quartzite sands, refractory clays and graphite were also found here. Large coal reserves are developed mainly in two coal basins - Kansk-Achinsk and Tunguska.

The region is rich in oil and gas deposits. A total of twenty-five fields have been discovered, the largest of which is Vankorskoye, as well as the Yurubchensky block. Lead deposits of one of the largest deposits in the world - Gorevsky - account for more than forty percent of all-Russian reserves. The Meimecha-Kotui apatite province is rich in apatite raw materials, where over twenty percent of all apatite in the country is concentrated. The largest Chuktukon deposit of rare earth metals in Russia is promising. In the near future, the development of deposits of manganese, aluminum and

Coal resources

In terms of the presence of the main twenty-three species, the Krasnoyarsk Territory ranks first in Russia. Fossils related to fuel and energy (coal, oil, gas) are of overwhelming value, followed by deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and, finally, reserves of rare and precious metals. You should consider these resources in more detail.

The region's geological coal reserves account for seventy percent of all-Russian reserves. The bulk of the more than one hundred coal deposits in the region are located in the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin. The remaining deposits are part of the Tunguska, Taimyr and Minussa basins. Minerals of this type in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are estimated at seventy-five billion tons. Given current production volumes, the resources are considered virtually inexhaustible; they will last for a millennium. The increased development of Kansk-Achinsk coal compared to other regions is explained by the location of this basin next to the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Hydrocarbons

Mineral resources of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, rich in hydrocarbons, number more than twenty deposits. Most of them are considered large. The largest hydrocarbon deposits are located in the fields of the Vankor group, which belong to the Turukhansky and Taimyr regions, as well as in the fields of the Yurubcheno-Takhomsky zone in the southern part of Evenkia.

Proven oil reserves in the region are almost one and a half billion tons, and gas reserves are almost two trillion cubic meters. At the current rate of production, oil will last for twenty years, and gas, like coal, will last for a whole millennium.

Sixty-six deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals have huge reserves. Iron ore reserves are estimated at more than four billion tons. The content of lead and zinc in the depths of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is estimated at several million tons, and copper-nickel ores at tens of millions of tons. When answering the question of what minerals are mined in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, I would immediately like to mention nickel.

But besides this, copper, cobalt, and platinum are mined in the world-famous Norilsk mining region. a lot too. The mineral resources of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, contained in fifteen polymetallic deposits, number tens of thousands of tons. There is cobalt, niobium, selenium, cadmium and other metals. with the adjacent Siberian platform, in addition to gold, it is rich in deposits of bauxite and nepheline ores - raw materials for the production of aluminum. A unique content of lead and zinc was discovered in the Gorevsky polymetallic deposit - more than six percent. In addition, other metals, including silver, are extracted from the same ores. For example, silver reserves in the Krasnoyarsk Territory alone amount to fifteen thousand tons.

There are more than three hundred deposits. The main deposits of platinum group metals are concentrated in the northern regions.

Edge gold

Gold mining is carried out in more than one hundred countries around the world. In terms of its production volumes, Russia is in fifth place, although in terms of the volume of explored reserves it is in third place. A fifth of Russian gold reserves come from minerals in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Gold has been explored in three hundred deposits here. The leading place among them belongs to the deposits located on the Yenisei Ridge. The unofficial capital of the region's gold miners is located in the North Yenisei region.

Another place for gold deposits are deposits of polymetallic ores near Norilsk and in the Taimyr-Severozemelsky regions. There are small placers of the precious metal in small northern rivers, but mining it is not economically profitable. And given the fact that all known gold deposits have been in development for decades, the resource base is narrowing.

Nonmetals

The reserves of non-metallic minerals in the depths of the Krasnoyarsk land are sufficient for hundreds of years of active production. In more than 100 deposits of the region, fluxing limestone, graphite, apatite, refractory and refractory clays, quartz and molding sand are mined. Graphite deposits are important for the economy of the entire country. It is mined mainly in the Noginskoye and Kureyskoye deposits. The Popigai ring structure in the northern regions of the region is rich in unique deposits of industrial diamonds. These deposits have very high potential and are under development. The region has explored deposits of jadeite and jade. In addition, peridots, quartzites and tourmaline were found here. In the region's bins there are reserves of amber and datolite, serpentine and marble onyx.

Construction minerals and mineral waters

Minerals and construction materials are mined in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Their reserves, like other minerals, are very significant, but are lost against the background of metal and energy deposits. But here the extraction of building and facing stones, construction sand and crushed stone, gypsum and many other building materials is carried out.

There are more than three hundred deposits of these minerals in the region. Granite and limestone are mined literally near Krasnoyarsk. Against this background, the presence of twelve deposits with saturated groundwater in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is practically unnoticeable. Active operation is carried out in three: Kozhanovsky, Nanzhulsky and Tagarsky.

The future of oil in the region

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The problem of nickel, copper, cobalt mining

The problem of mining and production of nickel, copper, cobalt and platinum group metals in the Krasnoyarsk Territory directly relates to its northern territories. The mineral and raw materials potential of the north of the region - the Norilsk industrial region and adjacent areas - is defined as unique...

Oil shale in Krasnoyarsk

Oil shale was found on the territory of the region by accident. No special search work was carried out. All information about them was obtained during geological surveys of various scales and work to verify applications from local residents.

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