Examples of rational environmental management in the world. Rational environmental management: principles and examples. Working to prevent the destruction of natural resources

Humanity has already for a long time satisfies its needs for food, warmth, rest due to natural resources. In some cases, our activities cause irreparable harm to the environment. Therefore, we must use natural resources rationally.

This will allow us to economically and justifiably consume the gifts that our planet gives us. Rational environmental management, examples of which will allow us to delve into this issue, require detailed consideration.

Concept of environmental management

Before considering examples of rational and irrational environmental management, it is necessary to define this concept. There are two main interpretations.

The first definition considers environmental management as a system of reasonable consumption of resources, which allows reducing the rate of processing and allows nature to recover. This implies that man does not infringe upon himself in the use of the gifts of the environment, but improves the technologies available to him for full use every natural resource.

The second definition states that environmental management is a theoretical discipline that considers ways to improve the rational use of available resources. This science is looking for ways to optimize this issue.

Resource classification

Rational environmental management, examples of which should be considered in more detail, requires thoughtful use of resources. It is necessary to understand what is meant by them. Natural resources are not created by man, but are used for his purposes.

These funds are classified according to different criteria. Depending on the direction of use, there are industrial, recreational, medicinal, scientific and other resources. There is also a division into renewable and non-renewable groups. The first category includes the energy of wind, sun, ocean water, etc.

Natural resources are non-renewable. First of all, this should include oil, gas, coal and other fuel raw materials.

These approaches to grouping are conditional. After all, even the energy of the sun will one day be inaccessible to us. After a huge number of years, our star will still go out.

Types of natural resources

Existing natural resources are usually divided into several groups. They need to be considered in more detail. First of all, water resources are widely used in the modern world. We consume them and use them for technical purposes. It is necessary to maintain the purity of these resources without disturbing the original habitats of underwater flora and fauna.

The second important group is land resources. An example of rational environmental management is the plowing, for example, of natural landscapes for crops that, after their growth, do not deplete the soil.

Natural resources also include minerals, forests, flora and fauna. Energy resources are very important to us.

Signs of rationality

Considering today's human actions, for example, industrial production, agriculture, tourism, changes in natural landscapes, it is sometimes difficult to say unambiguously which of the above is an example of rational environmental management. After all, human activities affect our environment.

Rational environmental management is the most harmonious interaction between us and the world. This concept has several characteristic features.

The use of the gifts of nature is rational if in the process of their activities a person uses new technologies, as well as intensive approaches to production. To achieve this, waste-free manufacturing methods for new products are being introduced, and all technological processes are being automated.

This approach to management is typical for developed countries of the world. They serve as an example for many other states.

Irrational environmental management

Examples of rational environmental management are found everywhere today. But there is also a reverse approach to farming. It is characterized by a mass of negative phenomena, representing a dangerous trend both for the producing country and the whole world.

Irrational use of environmental resources is characterized as unreasonable, predatory consumption. At the same time, people do not think about the consequences of their actions. The irrational approach also has its own characteristic features. First of all, this includes an extensive approach to conducting business activities. At the same time, outdated technologies and production methods are used.

Such cycles are illogical and not fully thought through. The result is a lot of waste. Some of them harm the environment, human health, and even lead to the death of entire species of living beings.

Irrational environmental management is leading humanity into the abyss, an ecological crisis. This approach to management is typical for the countries of Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe.

Basic examples

There are several main activities that can clearly be classified as one or another group of environmental resource use. An example of rational environmental management is the use of waste-free production technologies. For these purposes, closed or full cycle processing enterprises are created.

In this matter, it is important to constantly improve technology and approaches to manufacturing products. One of the main examples could also be the creation of protected areas, where measures are actively taken to protect and restore flora and fauna.

Human activity is depriving many species of animals and plants of their habitats. Changes are sometimes so strong that it is almost impossible to reverse them. Another example of rational environmental management is the restoration of natural resource development sites and the creation of natural landscapes.

Generally Accepted Principles

The world has adopted a general system according to which national principles of environmental management are recognized as appropriate. They must not cause irreparable damage to the environment. That's what it is main principle, putting the interests of nature above economic gain.

Several principles have been developed that can be an example of rational environmental management. Is the draining of swamps, thoughtless deforestation, destruction rare species animals, according to these postulates, a real crime? Undoubtedly! People must learn to consume the minimum amount of resources.

Ways to improve the situation

Considering the rational management of natural resources, examples of which were given above, it should be said about real methods its improvements. They are successfully used all over the world. First of all, enterprises conducting research in the field of increasing the comprehensiveness of natural resource development are financed.

Methods for the thoughtful placement of production facilities in each specific ecological zone are also being introduced. Production cycles are being changed to reduce waste as much as possible. Taking into account the characteristics of the region, the economic specialization of enterprises is determined and environmental protection measures are developed.

Also, taking into account the peculiarities of the environmental situation, monitoring and control of the consequences of one or another type of human activity is carried out. The global community is faced with the need to introduce the latest technologies and carry out environmental protection measures to maintain the environmental characteristics of the environment in which humanity can exist. After all, we are only a few steps away from the point of no return, when it will be impossible to restore the previous natural conditions.

Examples of the global community

A global example of rational environmental management is the organization of economic activities in New Zealand. This country has completely switched to inexhaustible sources energy, established the priority value of protected areas.

It is a leader in eco-tourism. Forests in this country remain unchanged; their cutting down, as well as hunting, are strictly prohibited here. Many economically developed countries are also gradually switching to solar and wind energy. Each state undertakes, to the extent possible, to apply methods that increase the rationality of environmental management.

Having considered the rational management of natural resources, examples of which were presented above, one can understand its importance. The future of all humanity depends on our attitude towards the world around us. Scientists say that an environmental disaster is already close. The world community is obliged to take all measures to improve the organization of economic activities carried out by humans.

Nature management- is an activity human society aimed at satisfying their needs through the use of natural resources.

There are rational and irrational use of natural resources.

Unsustainable environmental management is a system of environmental management in which readily available natural resources are used in large quantities and incompletely, which leads to rapid depletion of resources. In this case it is done a large number of waste and the environment is heavily polluted.

Irrational use of natural resources is characteristic of an economy developing through new construction, development of new lands, use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of workers. Such an economy initially brings good results at a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to a decrease in natural and labor resources.

Rational environmental management is a system of environmental management in which extracted natural resources are fully used, the restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured, production waste is fully and repeatedly used (i.e. waste-free production is organized), which can significantly reduce environmental pollution.

Rational use of natural resources is characteristic of intensive farming, which develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and good organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of rational environmental management would be waste-free production, in which waste is completely used, resulting in reduced consumption of raw materials and minimized environmental pollution.

One of the types of waste-free production is repeated use in technological process water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc. Used water is purified and reused production process.

Impact of Agriculture on the Environment

The agricultural industry is the basis of the life of human society, as it gives a person what life is impossible without - food and clothing (or rather, raw materials for the production of clothing). The basis for agricultural activity is the soil - the “day” or outer horizons of rocks (no matter what), naturally modified by the combined influence of water, air and various organisms, living or dead (V.V. Dokuchaev). According to W. R. Williams, “soil is the surface horizon of the earth’s land, capable of producing plant crops.” V.I. Vernadsky considered the soil to be a bioinert body, since it is formed under the influence of various organisms.

The most important property of soils is fertility, i.e. the ability to satisfy the needs of plants for nutrients, water, air, heat so that they (plants) can function normally and produce products that make up the harvest.

On the basis of soils, crop production is realized, which is the basis for livestock farming, and crop and livestock products provide humans with food and much more. Agriculture provides raw materials for food, partially light, biotechnological, chemical (partial), pharmaceutical and other sectors of the national economy.

The ecology of agriculture consists of the influence that human activity has on it, on the one hand, and, on the other, the influence of agriculture on natural ecological processes and on the human body.

Since the basis of agricultural production is soil, the productivity of this sector of the economy depends on the condition of the soil. Human economic activity leads to soil degradation, as a result of which up to 25 million m2 of arable soil layer disappears from the Earth's surface every year. This phenomenon is called “desertification,” i.e., the process of turning arable land into desert. There are several causes of soil degradation. These include:

1. Soil erosion, i.e. mechanical destruction of soil under the influence of water and wind (erosion can also occur as a result of human influence due to irrational irrigation and the use of heavy equipment).

2. Desertification of the surface - an abrupt change water regime, leading to drying and large loss of moisture.

3. Toxification - soil contamination various substances, negatively affecting soil and other organisms (salinization, accumulation of pesticides, etc.).

4. Direct losses of soil due to their diversion for urban buildings, roads, power lines, etc.

Industrial activity in various sectors leads to pollution of the lithosphere, and this primarily applies to soils. And agriculture itself, which has now turned into an agro-industrial complex, can have a negative impact on the condition of soils (see the problem of the use of fertilizers and pesticides). Soil degradation leads to crop loss and worsening food problems.

Technology optimal cultivation cultivated plants engaged in crop production. His task is to obtain maximum yield in this area with minimal costs. In the process of growing plants, nutrients are removed from the soil and cannot be replenished naturally. Thus, in natural conditions, the supply of bound nitrogen is replenished due to nitrogen fixation (biological and inorganic - during lightning discharges, nitrogen oxides are produced, which, under the influence of oxygen and water, are converted into nitric acid, and this (acid), entering the soil, turns into nitrates, which are nitrogen nutrition of plants). Biological nitrogen fixation is the formation of nitrogen-containing compounds due to the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen either by free-living soil bacteria (for example, Azotobacter), or by bacteria living in symbiosis with leguminous plants (nodule bacteria). Another source of inorganic nitrogen in the soil is the process of ammonification - the decomposition of proteins with the formation of ammonia, which, when reacting with soil acids, forms ammonium salts.

As a result of human production activities, large amounts of nitrogen oxides enter the atmosphere, which can also serve as its source in soils. But, despite this, the soils are depleted of nitrogen and other nutrients, which requires the application of various fertilizers.

One of the factors reducing fertility is the use of permanent crops - perennial cultivation the same crop in the same field. This is due to the fact that plants of this type remove from the soil only those elements that they need, and natural processes do not have time to restore the content of these elements in the same quantity. In addition, this plant is accompanied by other organisms, including competitive and pathogenic ones, which also contributes to a decrease in the yield of this crop.

The processes of soil toxication are facilitated by the bioaccumulation of various compounds (including toxic ones), i.e. the accumulation of compounds in organisms various elements, including toxic ones. Thus, lead and mercury compounds accumulate in mushrooms, etc. The concentrations of toxins in plant organisms can be so high that eating them can cause serious poisoning and even death.

Irrational use of fertilizers and plant protection products, irrigation and reclamation work, violation of the technology of growing agricultural crops, and the pursuit of profit can lead to the production of environmentally contaminated plant products, which along the chain will contribute to a decrease in the quality of livestock products.

When harvesting, plant waste is generated (straw, chaff, etc.), which can pollute the natural environment.

The condition of soils is greatly influenced by the condition of forests. A decrease in forest cover leads to a deterioration in the water balance of soils and may contribute to desertification.

Livestock farming has a significant impact on the natural environment. IN agriculture Mostly herbivorous animals are bred, so a plant food supply is created for them (meadows, pastures, etc.). Modern livestock, especially highly productive breeds, are very picky about the quality of feed, so individual plants are selectively eaten on pastures, which changes the species composition of the plant community and, without correction, can make this pasture unsuitable for further use. In addition to eating the green part of the plant, soil compaction occurs, which changes the living conditions of soil organisms. This makes it necessary to rationally use agricultural land allocated for pastures.

In addition to the impact of livestock farming on nature as a food supply, animal waste products (litter, manure, etc.) also play a large role in the negative impact on the natural environment. The creation of large livestock complexes and poultry farms led to the concentration of waste products of livestock and poultry. Violation of the technology of poultry farming and other livestock sectors leads to the appearance of large masses of manure, which is irrationally disposed of. In livestock buildings, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide enter the atmosphere, and an increased content of carbon dioxide is observed. Large masses of manure create problems with their removal from production premises. Manure removal wet method leads to a sharp increase in the development of microorganisms in liquid manure, creating the threat of epidemics. The use of liquid manure as a fertilizer is ineffective and dangerous from an environmental point of view, so this problem requires a solution from the standpoint of environmental protection.

Agriculture (agro-industrial complex) widely uses various machinery and equipment that make it possible to mechanize and automate the work of workers employed in this industry. The use of motor vehicles creates the same environmental problems as in the transport sector. Enterprises associated with the processing of agricultural products have the same impact on the environment as food industry enterprises. Therefore, when considering environmental activities in the agro-industrial complex, all these types of influence must be taken into account comprehensively, in unity and interconnection, and only this will reduce the consequences ecological crisis and do everything possible to get out of it.

Nature management

Nature management -the totality of human impacts on geographical envelope Lands considered as a whole

There are rational and irrational use of natural resources. Rational use of natural resources is aimed at ensuring the conditions for the existence of mankind and obtaining material goods, for the maximum use of each natural territorial complex, for the prevention or maximum reduction possible harmful consequences production processes or other types of human activity, to maintain and increase the productivity and attractiveness of nature, ensure and regulate the economical development of its resources. Irrational use of natural resources affects the quality, waste and depletion of natural resources, undermining the restorative powers of nature, polluting the environment, and reducing its health and aesthetic benefits.

Humanity's impact on nature has changed significantly in the process historical development society. In the early stages, society was a passive consumer of natural resources. With the growth of productive forces and changes in socio-economic formations, the influence of society on nature increased. Already under the conditions of the slave system and feudalism, large irrigation systems were built. The capitalist system, with its spontaneous economy, the pursuit of profits and private ownership of many sources of natural resources, as a rule, sharply limits the possibilities for rational use of natural resources. Best conditions for rational use of natural resources exist under the socialist system with its planned economy and concentration of natural resources in the hands of the state. There are numerous examples of improvements in the natural environment as a result of comprehensive accounting possible consequences certain transformations of nature (successes in irrigation, enrichment of fauna, creation of shelterbelt forests, etc.).

Environmental management, along with physical and economic geography, is closely connected with ecology, sociology, economics, and especially with the technology of various industries.

Rational environmental management

Rational environmental management is a system of environmental management in which:

Extracted natural resources are used quite fully and the amount of consumed resources is correspondingly reduced;

The restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured;

Production waste is fully and repeatedly used.

The system of rational environmental management can significantly reduce environmental pollution. Rational use of natural resources is characteristic of an intensive economy, that is, an economy that develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and better organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of rational environmental management would be a zero-waste production or a zero-waste production cycle, in which waste is completely used, resulting in reduced consumption of raw materials and minimized environmental pollution. Production can use waste from both its own production process and waste from other industries; Thus, several enterprises of the same or different industries can be included in the waste-free cycle. One of the types of waste-free production (the so-called recycled water supply) is the repeated use in the technological process of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc.; the used water is purified and re-entered into the production process.

The components of rational environmental management - protection, development and transformation of nature - are manifested in various forms towards various types natural resources. When using practically inexhaustible resources (solar and underground heat energy, ebbs and flows, etc.), the rationality of environmental management is measured primarily by the smallest operating costs, the highest coefficients useful action extractive industries and installations. For extractable and at the same time non-renewable resources (for example, minerals), the complexity and cost-effectiveness of production, waste reduction, etc. are important. The protection of resources that are replenished during use is aimed at maintaining their productivity and resource circulation, and their exploitation should ensure their economical, comprehensive and waste-free production and be accompanied by measures to prevent damage to related types of resources.

Irrational environmental management

Unsustainable environmental management is a system of environmental management in which the most readily available natural resources are used in large quantities and usually incompletely, resulting in rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted. Irrational use of natural resources is typical for an extensive economy, that is, for an economy developing through new construction, the development of new lands, the use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of workers. Extensive farming initially brings good results at a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to the depletion of natural and labor resources. One of the many examples of irrational environmental management is slash-and-burn agriculture, which is still widespread in Southeast Asia. Land burning leads to the destruction of wood, air pollution, poorly controlled fires, etc. Often, irrational environmental management is a consequence of narrow departmental interests and the interests of transnational corporations that locate their hazardous production facilities in developing countries.

Natural resources

The geographical envelope of the earth has huge and diverse reserves of natural resources. However, resource reserves are unevenly distributed. As a result, individual countries and regions have different resource endowments.

Resource availability is the relationship between the amount of natural resources and the amount of their use. Resource availability is expressed either by the number of years for which these resources should be sufficient, or by resource reserves per capita. The resource availability indicator is influenced by the richness or poverty of a territory in natural resources, the scale of extraction and the class of natural resources (exhaustible or inexhaustible resources).

In socio-economic geography, several groups of resources are distinguished: mineral, land, water, forest, resources of the World Ocean, space, climate and recreational resources.

Almost all mineral resources belong to the non-renewable category. Mineral resources include fuel minerals, ore minerals and non-metallic minerals.

Fossil fuels are of sedimentary origin and usually accompany the cover of ancient platforms and their internal and marginal bends. On globe More than 3.6 thousand coal basins and deposits are known, which occupy 15% of the earth's land area. Coal basins of the same geological age often form coal accumulation belts stretching for thousands of kilometers.

The bulk of the world's coal resources are located in the northern hemisphere - Asia, North America and Europe. The main part lies in the 10 largest basins. These pools are located in Russia, the USA and Germany.

More than 600 oil and gas basins have been explored, another 450 are being developed, and total number oil fields reach 50 thousand. The main oil and gas basins are concentrated in the northern hemisphere - in Asia, North America and Africa. The richest basins are the Persian and Gulf of Mexico and the West Siberian basin.

Ore minerals accompany the foundations of ancient platforms. In such areas, large metallogenic belts (Alpine-Himalayan, Pacific) are formed, which serve raw material bases mining and metallurgical industries and determine the economic specialization of individual regions and even entire countries. Countries located in these belts have favorable prerequisites for the development of the mining industry.

They are widespread non-metallic minerals , deposits of which are found in both platform and folded areas.

For economic development, the most advantageous are territorial combinations of mineral resources, which facilitate the complex processing of raw materials and the formation of large territorial production complexes.

Land is one of the main resources of nature, the source of life. The global land fund is about 13.5 billion hectares. Its structure includes cultivable lands, meadows and pastures, forests and shrubs, unproductive and unproductive lands. Cultivated lands are of great value, providing 88% of the food needed by humanity. Cultivated lands are mainly concentrated in forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones planets. Meadows and pastures are of considerable importance, providing 10% of food consumed by humans.

The structure of the land fund is constantly changing. It is influenced by two opposing processes: the artificial expansion of land by man and the deterioration of land due to a natural process.

Every year, 6-7 million hectares of land fall out of agricultural production due to soil erosion and desertification. As a result of these processes, the load on the land is constantly increasing, and the availability of land resources is constantly falling. To the least affluent land resources include Egypt, Japan, South Africa, etc.

Water resources are the main source of satisfying human needs for water. Until recently, water was considered one of the free gifts of nature; only in areas of artificial irrigation it always had a high price. The planet's water reserves amount to 47 thousand m3. Moreover, only half of the water reserves can actually be used. Resources fresh water constitute only 2.5% of the total volume of the hydrosphere. In absolute terms, this amounts to 30-35 million m3, which is 10 thousand times more than the needs of humanity. But the overwhelming majority of fresh water is conserved in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, in the ice of the Arctic, in mountain glaciers and forms an “emergency reserve”, which is not yet suitable for use. River waters (“water ration”) remain the main source of satisfying humanity’s needs for fresh water. It is not that significant and you can realistically use about half of this amount. The main consumer of fresh water is agriculture. Almost 2/3 of water is used in agriculture for irrigation. The constant increase in water consumption creates the threat of fresh water shortage. Countries in Asia, Africa, and Western Europe experience such a shortage.

To solve water supply problems, people use several ways: for example, constructing reservoirs; saves water by introducing technologies that reduce water losses; carries out desalination of sea water, redistribution of river flow in moisture-abundant areas, etc.

River flow is also used to obtain hydraulic potential. Hydraulic potential is of three types: gross (30-35 trillion kW/h), technical (20 trillion kW/h), economic (10 trillion kW/h). Economic potential is part of the gross and technical hydraulic potential, the use of which is justified. The countries of foreign Asia, Latin America, North America, Europe and Australia have the greatest economic hydraulic potential. However, in Europe this potential has already been used by 70%, in Asia - by 14%, in Africa - by 3%.

The Earth's biomass is created by plant and animal organisms. Plant resources represented by both cultural and wild plants. Among wild plants, forest vegetation predominates, which forms forest resources.

Forest resources are characterized by two indicators :

1) size of forest area (4.1 billion hectares);

2) standing timber reserves (330 billion hectares).

This reserve increases annually by 5.5 billion m3. At the end of the 20th century. forests began to be cut down for arable land, plantations and construction. As a result, forest area is reduced annually by 15 million hectares. This leads to a reduction in the wood processing industry.

The forests of the world form two huge belts. The northern forest belt is located in the temperate and subtropical zones. The most forested countries in this belt are Russia, the USA, Canada, Finland, and Sweden. The southern forest belt is located in the tropical and equatorial zones. The forests of this belt are concentrated in three areas: the Amazon, the Congo basin and Southeast Asia.

Animal resources also fall into the renewable category. Together, plants and animals form the genetic fund (gene pool) of the planet. One of the most important tasks of our time is the preservation biological diversity, preventing “erosion” of the gene pool.

The world's oceans contain a large group of natural resources. Firstly, it is sea water, which contains 75 chemical elements. Secondly, these are mineral resources such as oil, natural gas, solid minerals. Thirdly, energy resources (tidal energy). Fourthly, biological resources (animals and plants). Fourthly, these are the biological resources of the World Ocean. The ocean biomass includes 140 thousand species, and its mass is estimated at 35 billion tons. The most productive resources are the Norwegian, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas.

Climate Resources - This solar system, heat, moisture, light. The geographical distribution of these resources is reflected on the agroclimatic map. TO space resources include wind and wind energy, which is essentially inexhaustible, relatively cheap and does not pollute the environment.

Recreational resources are distinguished not by the characteristics of their origin, but by the nature of their use. These include both natural and anthropogenic objects and phenomena that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment. They are divided into four types: recreational and therapeutic (for example, treatment mineral waters), recreational and health (for example, swimming and beach areas), recreational and sports (for example, ski resorts) and recreational and educational (for example, historical monuments).

Division is widely used recreational resources to natural, recreational and cultural-historical attractions. Natural and recreational resources include sea coasts, banks of rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, mineral springs and medicinal mud. Cultural and historical attractions are monuments of history, archeology, architecture, and art.

Syktyvkar State University

Institute of Humanities

Faculty of International Relations

Test

Discipline: "Ecology"

Topic: "Differences between rational and irrational environmental management"

Completed by: Popov A.N., group 517

Checked by: Dorovskikh G.N.

Syktyvkar, 2014

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

From his very first appearance, man began to develop natural resources in the context of his needs, be it animal or plant species. As man developed, he moved from an appropriating economy to a producing one, that is, instead of hunting or gathering, he discovered certain patterns and subsequently, following these phenomena, began to produce means for his existence. Thus, man was able to domesticate a few species of animals and cultivate many varieties of plants. It was from that moment that people began to provide their own food.

However, due to the depletion of soils, people faced the need to develop new fertile territories that would provide them with the same yields and feed for livestock as before. Due to the emerging need, people began to move in search of favorable lands. Having found them, he was faced with another problem: now he needed to somehow protect himself from external conditions and adapt to environmental conditions, which required building a home. This led to massive development of forest resources. They began to build wooden houses, which provided relative protection from outside world and kept warm. But as a result, the large-scale use of wood as a resource also had a negative impact on the natural environment. It led to the problem of deforestation, which is still relevant today. However, the use of wood for construction was gradually reduced due to the emergence of various new materials, such as stone or brick. But at the same time, wood was still widely used as fuel for stoves. IN rural areas firewood is still the main source of heating, especially in winter period.

Later during the 18th century. due to the intensive development of technology and transport system There is a need in society to switch to qualitatively new resources, such as coal, natural gas and oil. This transition was marked by the fact that as these resources were developed, the further environmental situation in the world began to deteriorate, which in turn caused a number of problems in the environment. This was explained by the fact that at that time the level of scientific development was not high enough to organize environmental waste-free production, so industrial and agricultural resources still remained undeveloped and could not be recycled. In addition, due to the lack of processing, people had to constantly develop more and more new deposits and deposits. Thus, the untapped resources accumulated over many years began to have a direct impact on the world of our planet.

Constant human use of natural resources often had a negative impact on the environment and caused many environmental problems. Besides Live nature for many centuries it has been suffering from pollution from surpluses that were not processed and not included in production. And although scientific progress has already achieved sufficient development in the development of waste-free production, many difficulties arise in re-equipping enterprises. The main reason for the failure to implement high-tech environmental production- is the lack of adequate financial resources, thanks to which it would be possible to re-equip factories. However, thanks to investment, one can already see how actively such production is being introduced, which allows for rational and more efficient use of natural resources.

Rational environmental management

To consider all aspects this concept, first you need to try to explain it. So, what is environmental management and what does it involve?

Rational environmental management is a production activity aimed at meeting human needs through the full exploitation of extracted resources: the restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured and production waste is used, which in turn helps preserve the environment. In other words, rational environmental management is a waste-free, environmentally friendly production aimed at meeting the needs of society.

The main goal of rational environmental management is scientifically based efficient use natural resources, maximally contributing to the preservation of the natural environment and minimally disrupting the ability of biogeocenoses to self-heal. Therefore, rational use of natural resources should be extremely beneficial both to the person himself and to all living things around him. Firstly, it saves the environment from unprocessed surplus production and the release of harmful substances into it, which is important for the health of any living organism, secondly, it allows you to save and save resources, thirdly, it provides people with the means of subsistence and, fourthly, it pushes for the development of science and the emergence of new technologies.

So, rational environmental management allows us to protect nature from the negative impacts of production factors. How does this happen? In order to protect external environment from the harmful influence of enterprises, it is necessary to optimize production and find types of resources that could be maximally used by humans and would cause relatively little damage to nature.

Relatively environmentally friendly nuclear power plants can serve as one example of environmental management. Unlike thermal power plants, nuclear power plants do not emit harmful substances into the atmosphere. The second advantage nuclear power plants there may be a lack of oxygen consumption, while thermal power plants consume about 8 million tons of oxygen per year for fuel oxidation. Besides coal power plants emit more radioactive substances into the environment than nuclear power plants. Another advantage of nuclear power plants is the removal of energy for heating and hot water supply to cities, which also reduces unproductive heat losses.

In addition, another example could be wave power plants. This type of power plant can serve as wave suppressors, protecting ports, shores and harbors from destruction. In addition, wave power plants also save resources and are more profitable compared to wind power plants. They also protect the environment from harmful emissions.

Another type of environmental power plants is solar. Their main advantages, first of all, lie in the availability and inexhaustibility of the energy source in the context of constantly rising prices for traditional types energy carriers. In addition, at the current level of consumption, absolute safety for the environment is an exceptional advantage.

Also, waste-free production can be the repeated use in the technological process of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes and other sources, since the used water is purified and re-participated in the production process without harming the environment.

Irrational environmental management

Unsustainable environmental management is a production system in which easily accessible natural resources are developed on a large scale, but their rapid depletion occurs due to incomplete processing. Thus, a large amount of waste is distributed and the environment is polluted.

Such nature management is typical for the rapid development of the economy in the absence of sufficiently developed scientific and technical potential, and, although at first such activity can give good results, it later still leads to detrimental consequences in relation to ecological environment.

An example of irrational environmental management is the campaign to develop virgin lands in the USSR in 1955-1965. The reasons for the failure of this company were a number of factors: the development of virgin lands began without preparation and in the absence of infrastructure - there were no roads, no granaries, no qualified personnel. The natural conditions of the steppes were also not taken into account: sandstorms and dry winds were not taken into account, there were no methods of soil cultivation and no grain varieties adapted to this type of climate.

It is worth noting that the plowing of the land was carried out at an accelerated pace and at enormous expense. Thanks to such a colossal concentration of funds and people, as well as natural factors, the new lands in the first years produced extremely high yields, and from the mid-1950s - from half to a third of all bread produced in the USSR. However, stability was never achieved: in the lean years, it was hardly possible to raise a seed fund in the virgin lands. In addition, due to the disturbance of ecological balance and soil erosion in 1962-1963. Dust storms appeared. One way or another, the development of virgin lands has entered a stage of crisis, and the efficiency of cultivation has decreased by 65%.

All these data only indicate that the development of soils took place in an extensive way, but, nevertheless, this path did not lead to an effective result. On the contrary, the soil structure began to deteriorate, the level of harvest decreased noticeably, and the funds did not justify their investment. All this, of course, indicates an inefficient use of resources in an attempt to quickly and immediately solve all agricultural problems, without having either science, high-quality technology or an appropriate level of infrastructure as a solid support, thanks to which the outcome could have been completely different.

Differences between rational and irrational environmental management

Having previously compared the two concepts of rational and irrational environmental management and illustrated them with examples, we can correlate their meanings, compare and identify the fundamental differences between them. These differences can be essentially identified as two development paths: intensive and extensive.

The first way is fully consistent with rational environmental management. It points to the efficient use of resources, which makes a tangible contribution both to production in general and to high-quality waste-free technologies, thereby making production environmentally friendly and not harmful to nature. In addition, the intensive path often fully satisfies the cultural and material needs of society.

The second way, on the contrary, is applicable to the irrational use of natural resources. Its main features are a disproportionate relationship between the resources expended and the result, a focus on spatial (quantitative) rather than high-tech (qualitative) significance, and, most often, failure to meet social needs. And finally, the extensive path causes colossal damage by nature through actions that are not based on any scientific developments or technology, emissions of chemically harmful and hazardous substances, other production waste into the environment. Including sometimes this damage can reach an environmental catastrophe and be the cause of negative global processes and phenomena occurring throughout the world.

rational irrational use of natural resources

Conclusion

To summarize, it is necessary to note the priority importance of the future development of rational environmental management in order to ensure the once disturbed ecological balance. The development of science in this area will allow for efficient use of resources with minimal harm to ecosystems, which will restore some balance that existed long before the advent of industrial production. And although it is unlikely that it will ever be possible to completely normalize the environmental situation in the world, perhaps, thanks to a new path of development, we will be able to avoid some of the world’s problems and disasters, and then the environment will begin to regenerate again. We must not repeat previous mistakes and understand the full responsibility for our actions. It is also necessary to cultivate environmental consciousness and instill love for the world around us, and, therefore, support it, and, first of all, protect the nature of our homeland.

Bibliography

1.IN AND. Korobkin, L.V. Peredelsky - "Ecology"

2.S.I. Kolesnikov - "Ecology"

3.

Https://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power plant

Https://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power station

Https://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power plant

Https://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Development of virgin lands

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Nature management– the relationship between society and the geographic environment that has developed as a result of human economic activity in specific historical conditions.

Ideally, the coexistence of humans and the natural environment should be harmonious, and environmental management should become exclusive.

Rational use of natural resources is when it ensures conservation and enhancement natural resources, a certain balance between economic development society and the sustainability of the natural environment, preserving public health. Environmental management can only be rational if it is based on knowledge and accounting natural features territory and the stability of its nature to human influence. Rational environmental management covers several interrelated areas: the protection of non-renewable natural resources, the protection of wildlife, and environmental protection.

The protection of non-renewable natural resources involves the full and integrated use of secondary resources, resource conservation policies, disposal of inevitable waste, and the widespread use of new materials and fuels. Effective protection of non-renewable natural resources is closely related to low-waste production technology. The first stage in the development of such technology should be its low resource intensity. The second stage of development is the creation of production facilities closed loop. It lies in the fact that waste from some industries can be raw materials for others. The third stage of development of low-waste production technology is waste recycling, organization of burial and neutralization of irremovable waste.

Wildlife protection involves the development of a system of specially protected areas, artificial breeding of rare species of animals and plants, and other environmental measures of a legal, economic, and educational nature.

The third direction of rational environmental management involves the preservation and creation of favorable natural conditions for people’s life and health. This environmental activities implements the idea of ​​humanization of environmental management, that is, preserving the natural environment in such a state that it satisfies various human needs.

leads to a decrease in quality, depletion of natural resources and the restorative forces of nature, deterioration, especially pollution of the natural environment, and the emergence of

At the center of environmental problems is the correspondence of the natural environment to human living conditions. The severity of environmental problems is determined by three groups of indicators:

Main types of environmental problems:

• air pollution;
• depletion and pollution of land and sea waters;
• deforestation, degradation of forests and feeding grounds;
• depletion of biological resources;
• water and wind erosion, secondary soil salinization;
• violation of the permafrost regime of soils;
• complex disturbance of lands during the development of mineral raw materials, loss of productive lands;
• reduction and loss of recreational qualities of natural complexes, violation of the regime of specially protected areas;
• radiation damage to the territory.

Different territories differ in the set of environmental problems inherent in them and in their severity.

Irrational environmental management is also the cause of environmental disasters.

The environmental crisis is characterized not so much by an increase in human impact on nature, but by a sharp increase in the influence of nature changed by people on social development.