28. Types of syllables. Syllable division in Russian

In a word, where there is a drop in sonority, there is a syllable division. For example: s 1 h 1 a 4 / s 1 t 1 l 3 and 4 / in 2 s 4 y 3, o 4 / b 2 r 3 s 4 in 2

The syllable division may not coincide with the transfer.

There are languages ​​in which consonants can form syllables.

In accordance with d dynamic According to the theory, a syllable is a wave of force, intensity. The strongest is the syllabic sound, less strong are the non-syllabic sounds.

Based on the beginning of a syllable, a distinction is made between closed and uncovered syllables. Covered syllable begins with the consonant sound mo/lo/ko, po/da/rock. Uncovered syllable starts with a vowel. For example: a/pelsin, o/bryv, e/electron.

At the end, syllables are open and closed. An open syllable ends with a vowel - ve/che, ko/ro/va; closed - consonant. For example: house, fight/cat.

The division of the speech stream into syllables is observed in all languages ​​of the world. However, it is not always possible to detect boundaries between syllables by ear. Except for those cases when a person deliberately divides phrases into syllables. Compare: “Fry the potatoes” or “Fry the potatoes.”

29. Supersegmental means of speech flow. Features of Russian accent.

Supersegmental language units- this is stress, intonation.

Their main difference from sounds is that they do not exist separately from the material shells of linguistic units; they characterize these material shells as a whole, as if built on top of them. Therefore, supersegmental units cannot be pronounced separately. They, like sounds, are involved in distinguishing words and sentences.

Wed: mú ka – flouŕ , Ó rgan - orgań n(the meaning of the word depends on the place of stress).

We will go to the theater today. - We will go to the theater today?(different purposes of these sentences are conveyed by different intonations)

word stress- a supersegmental unit that combines syllables into a phonetic word. A phonetic word has one stressed syllable and may have unstressed syllables. A stressed syllable may differ from unstressed syllables in greater duration, strength, tone, and a special quality of sounds. The ratio of the durations of different vowels in a word creates the rhythmic structure of the word. The types of this structure are different in different dialects.

For the Russian literary language A.A. Potebnya proposed a formula that conditionally evaluates the “tonic strength” of stressed and unstressed vowels: 1-2-3-1, where 3 units correspond to a stressed vowel, 2 to the first pre-stressed vowel, 1 to the rest unstressed, for example We'll cut it, she said. However, in dialects there are other types of rhythmic word structure.

In Northern Russian dialects 2-3-3-1 is found. In Central Russian 1-3-3-1. In South Russian dialects 1-1-3-1, 1-3-3-1. Dialect differences can also relate to the place of stress in words and in individual grammatical forms.

Differences in stress can characterize a word in all its forms: krap And va, speck And ve, speck And You. These are actually lexical differences. Differences in stress may relate to individual grammatical forms, in O du-vod y, R at ku-ruk at.

Intonation- a supersegmental unit that combines phonetic words into speech beats and speech beats into phrases. The main means of intonation is the rise and fall of tone at different points in the speech beat. Northern Russian speech is often more melodious, while Southern Russian speech is more monotonous. Intonation helps to divide the speech flow into segments - speech beats and phrases. In many Northern Russian dialects there is a tendency to turn each phonetic word into a separate bar.

1. Stress in Russian is free and can fall on any syllable.

2. Russian stress can be mobile or fixed in different words. If in different forms of a word the stress falls on the same part, then it is motionless: I speak, I speak, I speak, I speak, I speak, I speak. An accent that changes its place in different forms of the same word is called movable. : run out - run out, grass - grass.

The emphasis may change over time. Not long ago it was considered the correct pronunciation metalUrgy, industry, printing. Now the normative ones are metallurgy, industry, and printing.

Some words in the Russian language show fluctuations in stress. In most dictionaries, the stress variants in the following words are recognized as equal: Augustovsky - Augustovsky, Dzhinsovy - JeansOvy, KazAki - KAZAKI, Keta - KetA, etc.

Variability and mobility are important means of distinguishing between word forms and words. For example, the words take on different semantic meanings: protein and protein, flour and flour, tongue (barrier) and tongue (sausage), glacier (cellar) and glacier, book (fasten) and book (door), busy person and busy place

From the point of view of sonority, from the acoustic side, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound stands out with the greatest sonority in comparison with its neighbors - the preceding and following ones. Vowels, as the most sonorous, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllabic, but sonorants (r, l, m, n), as the most sonorous of the consonants, can form a syllable. Syllables are divided into open and closed depending on the position of the syllabic sound in them. An open syllable is one that ends with a syllabic sound: va-ta. A closed syllable is a syllable that ends with a non-syllable sound: there, bark. An open syllable is a syllable that begins with a vowel sound: a-orta. A covered syllable is a syllable that begins with a consonant: ba-tone.

The structure of a syllable in the Russian language obeys the law of ascending sonority. This means that the sounds in a syllable are arranged from least sonorous to most sonorous.

The law of ascending sonority can be illustrated in the words below, if sonority is conventionally designated by numbers: 3 - vowels, 2 - sonorant consonants, 7 - noisy consonants. Water: 1-3/1-3; boat: 2-3/1-1-3; ma-slo: 2-3/1-2-3; wave: 1-3-2/2-3. In the examples given, the basic law of syllable division is implemented at the beginning of a non-initial syllable.

The initial and final syllables in the Russian language are built according to the same principle of increasing sonority. For example: summer: 2-3/1-3; glass: 1-3/1-2-3.

When combining significant words, the syllable division is usually preserved in the form that is characteristic of each word included in the phrase: us Turkey - us-Tur-tsi-i; nasturtiums(flowers) - na-stur-tsi-i.

A particular pattern of syllable separation at the junction of morphemes is the impossibility of pronouncing, firstly, more than two identical consonants between vowels and, secondly, identical consonants before the third (other) consonant within one syllable. This is more often observed at the junction of a root and a suffix and less often at the junction of a prefix and a root or a preposition and a word. For example: odessite [o/de/sit]; art [i/sku/stvo]; part [ra/become/xia]; from the wall [ste/ny], therefore more often - [so/ste/ny].

In the flow of speech, stress differs between phrasal, tactic and verbal.

Word stress is called emphasis when pronouncing one of the syllables of a disyllabic or polysyllabic word. Word stress is one of the main external signs of an independent word. Function words and particles usually do not have stress and are adjacent to independent words, forming one with them phonetic word: [under the mountain], [on the side], [here z].

The Russian language is characterized by forceful (dynamic) stress, in which a stressed syllable stands out compared to unstressed syllables with greater tension in articulation, especially the vowel sound. A stressed vowel is always longer than the corresponding unstressed sound. Russian stress is varied: it can fall on any syllable (in go out, go out, go out). Variation of stress is used in Russian to distinguish between homographs and their grammatical forms ( o organ - organ n) and individual forms of various words (m oh my), and in some cases serves as a means of lexical differentiation of a word (x and os - hao s) or gives the word a stylistic coloring (young e c - well done). The mobility and immobility of stress serves as an additional means in the formation of forms of the same word: the stress either remains in the same place in the word (or o d, -a, -y, -om, -e, -s, -ov etc.), or moves from one part of the word to another (g o genus, -a, -y, -om, -e; -a, -o in etc.). The mobility of stress ensures the distinction of grammatical forms (to u pite - buy those, but gi - legs and so on.).

In some cases, the difference in the place of verbal stress loses all meaning: cf.: TV oh horn and creativity oh and so on and in what, oh boom and about y x and so on.

Words can be unstressed or lightly stressed. Usually, function words and particles are unstressed, but they sometimes take on stress, so that a preposition with an independent word following it has the same stress: [n a-winter], [z and the city], [P oh d-evening].

Two- and three-syllable prepositions and conjunctions, simple numerals in combination with nouns, connectives be and become, and some of the introductory words can be weakly stressed.

Some categories of words have, in addition to the main one, an additional, side stress, which is usually in the first place, and the main one in the second, for example: drêvner in Russian. These words include:

1) polysyllabic, as well as complex in composition ( aircraft manufacturing),

2) complex contractions (gostelets e ntr),

3) words with prefixes post-, super-, arch-, trans-, anti- and etc. ( transatlantic, post-October),

4) some foreign words (postskr and ptum, postfa ctum).

Bar accent is called the emphasis in pronunciation of a more semantically important word within a speech beat. For example.

From the rhythmic-intonation side, our speech represents a speech flow, or a chain of sounds. This chain is divided into links, or phonetic units of speech: phrases, bars, phonetic words, syllables and sounds.

A phrase is the largest phonetic unit, a complete statement in meaning, united by a special intonation and separated from other phrases by a pause.

A speech beat (or syntagma) most often consists of several words united by one stress.

The speech beat is divided into phonetic words, i.e. independent words together with adjacent unstressed function words and particles.

Words are divided into actual phonetic units - syllables, and the latter - into sounds.

Syllable division, types of syllables in Russian. Accent

52. Concept of syllable

From the point of view of education, from the physiological side, a syllable is a sound or several sounds pronounced with one expiratory impulse.

From the point of view of sonority, from the acoustic side, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound stands out with the greatest sonority in comparison with its neighbors - the preceding and following ones. Vowels, as the most sonorous, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllabic, but sonorants (r, l, m, n), as the most sonorous of the consonants, can form a syllable. Syllables are divided into open and closed depending on the position of the syllabic sound in them. An open syllable is one that ends with a syllabic sound: va-ta. A closed syllable is a syllable that ends with a non-syllable sound: there, bark. An open syllable is a syllable that begins with a vowel sound: a-orta. A covered syllable is a syllable that begins with a consonant sound: ba-tone.

A syllable is a minimal phonetic-phonological unit, intermediate between sound and speech tact. The “sphere of habitation of a syllable” is the speech tact. Wed: the bro-she-were all-strong in the fight. In terms of articulation, the syllable is indivisible and therefore it is considered the minimum pronunciation unit. There are different points of view on determining the essence of a syllable and establishing the principles of syllable division. Different approaches to determining a syllable depend on which side of speech is taken into account - articulatory or acoustic.

From an articulatory point of view, a syllable is a sound or combination of sounds that is pronounced with one expiratory impulse.

From these positions, the syllable in school textbooks is determined. This is not entirely true, because... The phonetic side of speech and its sound are not taken into account. From an acoustic point of view, the division of words into syllables is related to the degree of sonority of adjacent sounds.

Syllable theories

There are 4 syllable theories.

1) Expiratory theory: a syllable is created by one moment of exhalation, a push of exhaled air. The number of syllables in a word is the number of times the candle flame flickers when the word is pronounced. But often the flame behaves contrary to the laws of this theory (for example, with a two-syllable “ay” it will flutter once). Thus, a syllable is one expiratory impulse (Thompson, young Vasily Alekseevich Bogoroditsky).

2) Dynamic theory: syllabic sound is the strongest, most intense. This is the theory of muscle tension (Grammont, France; L.V. Shcherba, Russia). A syllable is an impulse of muscular tension. The rules of syllable division are related to the place of stress: PRAZ - DNIK.

3) Sonorant theory: in a syllable, the most sonorous sound is the syllabic. Therefore, in order of decreasing sonority, syllabic sounds most often are vowels, sonorant voiced consonants, noisy voiced consonants, and sometimes voiceless consonants (tss). Thus, a syllable is a combination of a more sonorous element with a less sonorous one (Otto Espersen, Denmark). He developed a sonority scale of 10 steps. The famous linguist R.I. Avanesov (MFS) created a scale of 3 levels:

1. least sonorous (noisy)
2. more sonorous (sonorous)
3. maximally sonorous vowels.

A syllable is built according to the principle of a wave of ascending sonority.

4) Open syllable theory(L.V. Bondarko, PFS) – the connection in the “consonant + vowel” group is closer than in the “vowel + consonant” group. G/SSG. All syllables are open, i.e. must end in vowels. Exceptions are final syllables - the syllable can close with J.

In Soviet times, Shcherba's dynamic theory dominated. In modern Russian linguistics, the sonorant theory of the syllable, based on acoustic criteria, is most recognized. In relation to the Russian language, it was developed by R.I. Avanesov.

Syllable formation according to Avanesov's sonorant theory

Speech sounds are characterized by varying degrees of sonority (sonority). The most sonorant sounds in any language are vowel sounds, then on a descending scale are the actual sonorant consonants, followed by noisy voiced sounds and, finally, noisy voiceless ones. A syllable, according to this understanding, is a combination of a more sonorous element with a less sonorous one. In the most typical case, this is a combination of a vowel forming the vertex (the core of a syllable) with consonants adjacent to it on the periphery, for example, go-lo-va, sti-hi, country-na, art-tist, o-ze-ro, ra -evil.

Based on this, a syllable is defined as a combination of sounds with varying degrees of sonority.

Sonority- This is the audibility of sounds at a distance. A syllable has one most sonorous sound. It is syllabic, or syllabic. Less sonorous, non-syllabic, or non-syllabic sounds are grouped around the syllabic sound.

Vowels are the most sonorous in the Russian language, and they are syllabic. Syllabics can also be sonorants, but in Russian speech this happens rarely and only in fluent speech: [ru-bl"], [zhy-zn"], [r"i-tm], [ka-zn"]. This happens because for the formation of a syllable, it is not the absolute sonority of the syllable that is important, but only its sonority in relation to other nearby sounds.

Sonority can be conventionally designated by numbers: vowels - 4, sonorant - 3, noisy voiced -2, noisy voiceless - 1.

[l "i e sa]́, [^d"iń]
3 4 14 4 2 43

Types of syllables in Russian

According to their structure, syllables are:
1) open if they end in vowels;
2) closed if they end in consonants;
3) covered if they begin with consonants;
4) undisguised if they begin with vowels.

Syllables are divided into open and closed depending on the position of the syllabic sound in them.

Open called a syllable ending with a syllabic sound: va-ta.
Closed a syllable ending with a non-syllable sound is called: there, bark.
Undisguised A syllable starting with a vowel is called a-orta.
Covered up a syllable that begins with a consonant is called: ba-ton.
A syllable can consist of one vowel, being naked and open (o-ze-ro, o-rel, o-ho-ta, u-li-tka).

The study of the problem of the syllable in languages ​​of the phonemic structure, which includes the Russian language, presents special difficulties due to the fact that the syllable here does not correlate with any significant units and is identified only on the basis of phonetic characteristics (cf. the discrepancy between syllabic and morphological boundaries in examples such as no-ga and nog-a, yellow and yellow, zay-du and za-yd-u).

Basic rules of syllable division

Syllable- the minimum unit of pronunciation of speech sounds into which you can divide your speech by pauses. The word in speech is divided not into sounds, but into syllables. In speech, it is syllables that are recognized and pronounced.

From the point of view of sonority, from the acoustic side, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound stands out with the greatest sonority in comparison with its neighbors - the preceding and following ones. Vowels, as the most sonorous, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllabic, but sonorants (r, l, m, n), as the most sonorous of the consonants, can form a syllable.

Syllable division- the boundary between syllables following each other in a speech chain.

Existing definitions of a syllable provide different reasons for determining the location of the syllabic boundary. The most common are two theories of syllable division. Both of them are based on the fact that the Russian language is characterized by a tendency towards open syllables, and the differences between them are due to an understanding of the factors that control syllable division.

The first theory is Avanesov's theory is based on the understanding of a syllable as a wave of sonority and can be formulated in the form of a number of rules: with the sequence SGSSGSG (S - consonant, G - vowel), the syllable division passes between the vowel and the next consonant (mo-lo-ko, po-mo-gu, etc.) d.).

When between vowels there is a combination of two or more consonants - SGSSG, SGSSSG, etc., then with the general tendency to form an open syllable, the law of ascending sonority must be taken into account, according to which in Russian. In a language, in any non-initial syllable of a word, sonority (sonority) necessarily increases from the beginning of the syllable to its apex - the vowel.

Based on its own sonority, Avanesov distinguishes three large groups - vowels, sonants and noisy consonants, so that in a non-initial syllable the sequences “sonant + noisy consonant” are prohibited: division into the syllables su + mka is impossible (in the second syllable the law of ascending sonority is violated, because . m is more sonorous than k), it is necessary to divide the bag, but the cat (both consonants are noisy and do not differ in sonority, so their combination in one syllable does not prevent the tendency to form open syllables).

R.I. Avanesov’s rules are simple, but some of the starting points are controversial: firstly, the opposition of initial syllables to non-initial syllables is not very justified, because It is traditionally believed that combinations possible at the beginning of a word are also possible at the beginning of a syllable within a word. In the initial syllables, combinations of sonants with noisy ones occur - ice floe, rusty, mercury, etc. The very division of sounds into three groups according to sonority does not take into account the real sonority - in the “allowed syllable” -shka (ko-shka) is actually a consonant [ w] is more sonorous than [k], so here too the law of ascending sonority is violated.

The second theory of syllable division, formulated by L. V. Shcherba, takes into account the influence of stress on syllable division. Understanding a syllable as a unit characterized by a single impulse of muscular tension, Shcherba believes that the syllable division passes at the place of the least muscular tension, and in the sequence SGSSG it depends on the place of the stressed vowel: if the first vowel is stressed, then the consonant that follows it is strong-initial and is adjacent to this vowel, forming a closed syllable (shap-ka, cat-ka); if the second vowel is stressed, then both consonants go to it due to the effect of the tendency to form open syllables (ka-pkan, ko-shmar). Sonants, however, are adjacent to the preceding vowel, even if it is unstressed (and this also brings together the theories of Avanesov and Shcher6a).

However, to date there are no sufficiently clear definitions of the phonetic essence of the “muscular tension impulse” that underlies Shcherbov’s theory of syllable division.

Law of Ascending Sonority

The division into syllables generally obeys the law of ascending sonority, common to the modern Russian language, or the law of the open syllable, according to which the sounds in a syllable are arranged from less sonorous to more sonorous. Therefore, the boundary between syllables most often passes after the vowel before the consonant.

The law of ascending sonority is always observed in non-initial words. In this regard, the following patterns are observed in the distribution of consonants between vowels:

1. The consonant between vowels is always included in the subsequent syllable: [р^-к"е-́тъ], [хъ-р^-шо]́, [лкв"ие-ти]́, [с^-ро-́къ].

2. Combinations of noisy consonants between vowels refer to the following syllable: [b"i-́tv", [zv"i e-zda]́, [p"e-́ch"k].

3. Combinations of noisy consonants with sonorant ones also extend to the subsequent syllable: [r"i-́fmъ], [tra–́ vmъ], [brave-́bryį], [wa-́fl"i], [greedyį].

4. Combinations of sonorant consonants between vowels relate to the subsequent syllable: [v^-lna], [po-mn"u], [k^-rman]. In this case, syllable division options are possible: one sonorant consonant can go to the previous syllable : [v^l – on]́, [remember"].

5. When combining sonorous consonants with a noisy consonant between vowels, the sonorant
goes back to the previous syllable: [^р–ба]́, [poĺ–къ], [н “ел”–з”а]́, [к^н-ти]́.

6. Two homogeneous consonants between vowels go to the next syllable: [va-́нъ̅], [ka-́съ̅], [dro-́ж٬̅и].

7. When [ĵ] is combined with subsequent noisy and sonorant consonants, [ĵ] goes to the previous syllable: [ch"aį́-къ], [в^į-на]́, .

Thus, from the examples it is clear that the final syllable in the Russian language turns out to be open in most cases; It is closed when it ends in a sonorant.

The law of ascending sonority can be illustrated in the words below, if sonority is conventionally designated by numbers: 3 - vowels, 2 - sonorant consonants, 1 - noisy consonants.

Water:
1-3/1-3;
boat:
2-3/1-1-3;
oil:
2-3/1-2-3;
wave:
1-3-2/2-3.

In the examples given, the basic law of syllable division is implemented at the beginning of a non-initial syllable.

The initial and final syllables in the Russian language are built according to the same principle of increasing sonority. For example: summer: 2-3/1-3; glass: 1-3/1-2-3.

When combining significant words, the syllable division is usually preserved in the form that is characteristic of each word included in the phrase: us Turkey - us-Tur-tsi-i; nasturtiums (flowers) - na-stur-tsi-i.

A particular pattern of syllable separation at the junction of morphemes is the impossibility of pronouncing, firstly, more than two identical consonants between vowels and, secondly, identical consonants before the third (other) consonant within one syllable. This is more often observed at the junction of a root and a suffix and less often at the junction of a prefix and a root or a preposition and a word. For example: odessite [o/de/sit]; art [i/sku/stvo]; part [ra/become/xia]; from the wall [ste/ny], therefore more often - [so/ste/ny].

A syllable usually has a peak (core) and a periphery. As a core, i.e. The syllabic sound is usually a vowel, and the periphery consists of a non-syllabic sound or several such sounds, usually represented by consonants. Peripheral vowels are non-syllabic. But syllables may not have a vowel, for example, in the patronymic Ivanovna or in the interjections “ks-ks”, “tsss”.

Consonants can be syllabic if they are sonants or occur between two consonants. Such syllables are very common in the Czech language: prst “finger” (cf. Old Russian finger), trh “market” (cf. Russian bargaining).

Rules for syllable division in Russian

1) the combination of noisy consonants goes to the subsequent syllable:
SH + SH O - OCTOBER

2) The combination of noisy and sonorant also goes to the non-initial syllable:
Sh + S RI - FMA

3) The combination of sonorants goes to a non-initial syllable:
C + C PO – FULL

4) The combination of sonorant and noisy is divided in half:
W // S CORK

5) The combination of J followed by a sonorant is divided in half:
J // WITH VOY - ON

Word hyphenation rules

The question arises: does division into syllables always coincide with the rule of word transfer in the Russian language?

It turns out not. The rules for word hyphenation are as follows:

1. Words are transferred into syllables: city, to-va-risch, joy (not possible: joy).

2. You cannot leave one letter on a line and transfer it to another: clear (you can’t: ya-sny), lightning (you can’t: lightning-ya).

3. When consonants coincide, the division into syllables is free: ve-sna, ve-na; sister, sister, sister.

4. The letters b, b, j cannot be separated from the previous letters: fighters, big, pod-ezd.

5. When hyphenating words with prefixes, you cannot transfer the consonant at the end of the prefix if the same consonant follows: pod-khod (cannot: po-podhod), untie (cannot: untie).

6. If after the consonant prefix there is a letter Y, you cannot transfer the part of the word starting with Y: ras-iskat (cannot: ras-iskat).

7. You should not leave at the end of the line the initial part of the root that does not form a syllable: send (cannot: send), remove (cannot: remove), five-gram (cannot: five-gram).

8. You cannot leave at the end of a line or transfer to another two identical consonants standing between vowels: zhuzh-zhat (you can’t: zhu-zhat), mass-sa (you can’t: ma-sa), kon-ny (you can’t: k-ny ).

* This rule does not apply to double consonants - initial roots: co-burnt, po-quarrel, new-introduction.

If a word can be translated in different ways, you should prefer a translation that does not break up the significant parts of the word: cool is preferable to cool, crazy is preferable to crazy.

9. When transferring words with a one-syllable prefix to a consonant before a vowel (except ы), it is advisable not to break the prefix by transfer; however, transfer is also possible in accordance with the rule just given, crazy and insane; irresponsible and irresponsible; disappointed and disappointed; no-emergency and 6e-emergency.

Note. If the prefix is ​​followed by the letter s, then it is not allowed to move the part of the word starting with s.

HYPHENATION.

TYPES OF SYLLABLES

Determining a syllable presents certain difficulties, although every speaker can pronounce words in syllables. The most commonly used definition of a syllable isarticulatory point of view: syllable – part of a beat consisting of one or more sounds and pronounced in one exhalation. However, pronouncing syllables without exhaling in the language is possible, for example, when the sound of a kiss or the smacking of horses is depicted, but one syllable cannot be pronounced in more than one exhalation. Based on this, L.V. Shcherba suggestedpulsation theory, according to which syllables are segments of speech corresponding to alternations of pumping and releasing muscular tension of the speech apparatus during pronunciation. WITH acoustic From a point of view, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound stands out with the greatest sonority in comparison with others. Syllabic , i.e. forming a syllable, in modern Russian the vowels are the most sonorous. Consonants, as the sounds of the least sonority, do not form syllables, although sonorant consonants have the ability to form syllables. In modern Russian, the syllabic property of sonorants is manifested in the ability to replace a disappeared weak consonant, for example, in colloquial fluent speech the combination actually sounds like [fsa ´ m d ´ e ´ l ´ b], instead of<о>between two [m] the syllabic became [m]. Sometimes even voiceless consonants become syllabic, for example, when pronouncing the interjection ks-ks-ks.

Syllables are delimited by syllable divisions. Syllable division - this is a real or potential boundary between syllables. In speech, we encounter syllable divisions when chanting, clearly pronouncing, or dictating words. The structure of the syllable in Russian is subject tothe law of ascending sonority, those. The sounds in a syllable are arranged from least sonorous to most sonorous. Sonority can be indicated by numbers: 1 – noisy voiceless, 2 – noisy voiced, 3 – sonorant, 4 – vowels. In accordance with this law, we will make syllable division:

In the Russian language, the syllable division usually occurs between the sounds that are most contrasting in sonority. In the examples given, the syllable separation occurred at the site of the greatest decline in sonority: in the word cotton wool the syllable division passes between the sound [a], which has a sonority of 4, and the sound [t], the sonority of which is assessed by a score of 1, the same is observed in the words space and sunrise; in the word girl the syllable division passes between the sounds [e] (sonority 4) and [v] (sonority 2), between [u] (sonority 4) and [w] (sonority 1), in the word smash – between (sonority 4) and [z] (sonority 2), in words flight, stern, throat between a vowel (sonority 4) and a sonorant (sonority 3); in a word sing – between sounds with sonority 4 and 3 and 4 and 1.

The syllable division may or may not coincide with the division of words into syllables during transfer. Yes, word young woman can be transferred: girl, i.e. the way the syllable division goes, or young woman; however, in a number of cases, division into syllables for hyphenation is strictly regulated by the rules: word hyphenation sunrise does not correspond to the syllable division, the word can only be translated like this: sunrise , since when transferring one letter cannot be torn off from the prefix and attached to the root, the syllable division of the word smash also different from word hyphenation break, since it is impossible to tear off one letter from the root and attach it to a prefix; many words that contain two vowels, therefore, from an articulatory and acoustic point of view, consisting of two syllables, cannot be transferred from one line to another, for example:lunch, autumn, deer, perch and etc.

As we can see, syllables are really built according to the law of ascending sonority, and since vowels have the greatest sonority, most often syllables end in a vowel, i.e. is open . This applies primarily to non-final syllables; final syllables can be open and closed , i.e. end in a consonant: hi [pr ´ i|v ´ e ´ t], lunch, bear [m ´ i e |dv ´ e ´ t ´].

However, non-final syllables can also be closed. This applies to words in which after the vowel there is a sonorant, and then a noisy consonant: shelf [by ´ l|k], burka [bu ´ r|k], brand [ma ´ r|k], tape [l ´ e ´ n|t], flask [ko ´ l|b], brick [k ´ ir|p ´ and ´ h ´], barrel organ [w/\|rma ´ n|kъ], [a ´ r|kt ´ и|къ]. Despite the fact that in the above words the first syllable is not open, nevertheless, in them the syllable division occurs at the place of the greatest decline in sonority: in the wordsshelf, burka, stamp, tapethe syllable division was not between a vowel, which has sonority 4, and a sonorant, which has sonority 3, but between a sonorant (sonority 3) and a voiceless consonant (sonority 1); in a word flask the syllable division passes between a sonorant (sonority 3) and a voiced consonant (sonority 2).

The same applies to combinations [j] (this sound is more sonorous) and a noisy consonant: sink [mo ´ й|къ], husky [la ´ й|къ], washer [sha ´ й|бъ].

In the Russian language there are non-finite syllables ending in noisy consonants [zh] and [sh]. This is possible when after [zh], [sh] there is a noisy one, and the indicated sibilants are after the sonorant [r], with which they have close articulation ([r], [zh], [sh] are anterior lingual palatodental), and therefore, when pronouncing, they add to it: [g/\рш|к´ and ´], but [g/\p|sho ´ k].

The characteristics of syllables take into account not only the final sound of the syllable, but also the initial one. The syllable may be covered , if it begins with a consonant: in words [book´ and ´| gъ], [pr ´ and|vy ´| h ´ kъ], [l/\|zu ´| rn]; the initial syllable can be naked: , [ and ´| въ], . Note that a syllable beginning with an initial iotated vowel is covered: apple, if, fir tree.

When characterizing a syllable, its position in the word is taken into account (initial, middle, final); presence or absence of accent (stressed or unstressed).

Please note that the syllable division is made in transcription. As already indicated, phonetic syllables often do not coincide with the morphological parts of the word. Only in transcription can a phonetic syllable be characterized correctly: this applies to both syllable boundaries and basic characteristics (open / closed, covered / uncovered). So, in words with e, e, yu, i at the absolute beginning of a word, after vowels or afterъ and ь syllables with [j] are covered, they can be both open and closed: if , trees , knows [know ´| jьм], drive up [p/\|дje ´| хът ´]. In a word if a syllable characterized as initial, open, covered, shock; in a word Christmas tree syllable is also initial, stressed, covered, but it is closed; in a word knows a syllable is a final, covered, closed, unstressed syllable; in a word drive up [dje ´] – median, covered, open, stressed syllable. It is obvious that the structure of a syllable, and therefore its characteristics, depends on the sounds adjacent to it, their qualitative characteristics (whether the sounds can be syllabic-forming, whether the articulatory characteristics of adjacent sounds are different or not, etc.).