Physics devices at home. Experiences, experiments, theory, practice, problem solving. Materials: alcohol, water, vegetable oil
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DIY Tesla coil. Tesla's resonant transformer is a very impressive invention. Nikola Tesla perfectly understood how spectacular the device was, and constantly demonstrated it in public. Why do you think? That's right: to get additional funding.
You can feel like a great scientist and amaze your friends by making your own mini-reel. You will need: a capacitor, a small light bulb, a wire and a few other simple parts. However, remember that the Tesla resonant transformer produces high voltage, high frequency - read the technical safety rules, otherwise the effect may turn into a defect.
Potato cannon. An air gun that shoots potatoes? Easily! This is not a particularly dangerous project (unless you decide to make a giant and very powerful potato weapon). The potato cannon is a great way to have fun for those who love engineering and mischief. The super weapon is simple to make - you just need an empty aerosol spray bottle and a couple of other spare parts that are easy to find.
High power toy machine gun. Remember children's toy machines - bright, with different functions, bang-bang, oh-oh-oh? The only thing that many of the boys lacked was for them to shoot a little further and a little harder. Well, that can be fixed.
Toy machines are made of rubber to make them as safe as possible. Of course, manufacturers have made sure that the pressure in such pistols is minimal and cannot cause harm to anyone. But some craftsmen have still found a way to add power to children's weapons: you just need to get rid of the parts that slow down the process. From which ones and how - says the experimenter from the video.
Drone with your own hands. Many people think of a drone solely as a large unmanned aerial vehicle used in military operations in the Middle East. This is a misconception: drones are becoming an everyday occurrence, in most cases they are small, and making them at home is not that difficult.
Parts for a “home” drone are easy to obtain, and you don’t have to be an engineer to assemble the whole thing – although, of course, you will have to tinker. The average handmade drone consists of a small main part, a few additional parts (can be purchased or found from other devices) and electronic equipment for remote control. Yes, it’s a special pleasure to equip a finished drone with a camera.
Theremin- music of the magnetic field. This mysterious electro-musical instrument is of interest not only (and not so much?) to musicians, but to mad scientists. You can assemble this unusual device, invented by a Soviet inventor in 1920, at home. Imagine: you simply move your hands (of course, with the languid air of a scientist-musician), and the instrument makes “otherworldly” sounds!
Learning to masterly operate a theremin is not an easy task, but the result is worth it. Sensor, transistor, speaker, resistor, power supply, a couple more parts, and you're good to go! This is what it looks like.
If you don’t feel confident in English, watch a Russian-language video on how to make a theremin from three radios.
Remote controlled robot. Well, who hasn't dreamed of a robot? And even self-assembled! True, a fully autonomous robot will require serious expertise and effort, but a remote-controlled robot can be created from scrap materials. For example, the robot in the video is made of foam, wood, a small motor and a battery. This “pet”, under your guidance, moves freely around the apartment, overcoming even uneven surfaces. With a little creativity, you can give it the look you want.
Plasma ball I've probably already attracted your attention. It turns out that you don’t need to spend money on purchasing it, but you can gain confidence in yourself and do it yourself. Yes, at home it will be small, but still one touch to the surface will cause it to discharge with the most beautiful multi-colored “lightning”.
The main ingredients are an induction coil, an incandescent lamp and a capacitor. Be sure to follow safety precautions - this spectacular device operates under voltage.
Solar powered radio- An excellent device for lovers of long hikes. Don't throw away your old radio: just attach a solar panel to it and you'll be independent of batteries and other power sources other than the sun.
This is what a solar-powered radio looks like.
Segway today it is incredibly popular, but is considered an expensive toy. You can save a lot by spending only a few hundred dollars instead of a thousand, adding your own time and effort, and making a Segway yourself. This is not an easy task, but it is quite possible! Interestingly, today Segways are used not only for entertainment - in the United States they are used by postal workers, golfers and, most strikingly, experienced Steadicam operators.
You can get acquainted with the detailed almost hour-long instructions - however, it is in English.
If you doubt that you have understood everything correctly, below are the instructions in Russian - to get a general idea.
Non-Newtonian fluid allows you to do a lot of fun experiments. It's absolutely safe and exciting. A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose viscosity depends on the nature of the external influence. It can be made by mixing water with starch (one to two). Do you think it's easy? Not so. The “tricks” of a non-Newtonian fluid begin already in the process of its creation. Further more.
If you take a handful of it, it will look like polyurethane foam. If you start throwing it up, it will move like it’s alive. Relax your hand and it will begin to flow. Squeeze it into a fist and it will become hard. It “dances” if you bring it to powerful speakers, but you can also dance on it if you stir enough for this. In general, it’s better to see it once!
Artificial tornado. One of N. E. Zhukovsky’s books describes the following installation for producing an artificial tornado. At a distance of 3 m above the vat of water, a hollow pulley with a diameter of 1 m is placed, which has several radial partitions (Fig. 119). When the pulley rotates quickly, a spinning waterspout rises from the vat to meet it. Explain the phenomenon. What is the reason for the formation of a tornado in nature?
“Universal barometer” by M. V. Lomonosov (Fig. 87). The device consists of a barometric tube filled with mercury, having a ball A at the top. The tube is connected by a capillary B to another ball containing dry air. The device is used to measure minute changes in atmospheric pressure. Understand how this device works.
Device N. A. Lyubimov. Moscow University professor N.A. Lyubimov was the first scientist to experimentally study the phenomenon of weightlessness. One of his devices (Fig. 66) was a panel l with loops, which could fall along the guide vertical wires. On the panel l a vessel with water is strengthened 2. A large stopper is placed inside the vessel using a rod passing through the lid of the vessel 3. Water tends to push out the stopper, and the latter, stretching the rod. 4, hold the pointer arrow on the right side of the screen. Will the needle maintain its position relative to the vessel if the device falls?
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This school year I began to study this very interesting science that is necessary for every person. From the very first lesson, physics captivated me, lit a fire in me with a desire to learn new things and get to the bottom of the truth, drew me into thought, led me to interesting ideas...
Physics is not only scientific books and complex instruments, not only huge laboratories. Physics also means magic tricks performed among friends, funny stories and funny homemade toys. Physical experiments can be done with a ladle, a glass, a potato, a pencil, balls, glasses, pencils, plastic bottles, coins, needles, etc. Nails and straws, matches and cans, scraps of cardboard and even drops of water - everything will go into use! (3)
Relevance: physics is an experimental science and creating instruments with your own hands contributes to a better understanding of laws and phenomena.
Many different questions arise when studying each topic. A teacher can answer many things, but how wonderful it is to get the answers through your own independent research!
Target: make physics devices to demonstrate some physical phenomena with your own hands, explain the principle of operation of each device and demonstrate their operation.
Tasks:
Study scientific and popular literature.
Learn to apply scientific knowledge to explain physical phenomena.
Make devices that arouse great interest among students.
Replenishment of the physics classroom with homemade devices made from scrap materials.
Take a deeper look at the practical use of the laws of physics.
Project product: DIY devices, videos of physical experiments.
Project result: interest of students, formation of their idea that physics as a science is not divorced from real life, development of motivation for learning physics.
Research methods: analysis, observation, experiment.
The work was carried out according to the following scheme:
Formulation of the problem.
Studying information from various sources on this issue.
Selection of research methods and practical mastery of them.
Collecting your own material - collecting available materials, conducting experiments.
Analysis and synthesis.
Formulation of conclusions.
During the work the following were used physical research methods:
I. Physical experience
The experiment consisted of the following stages:
Clarification of the experimental conditions.
This stage involves familiarization with the conditions of the experiment, determination of the list of necessary available instruments and materials and safe conditions during the experiment.
Drawing up a sequence of actions.
At this stage, the procedure for conducting the experiment was outlined, and new materials were added if necessary.
Conducting the experiment.
Modeling is the basis of any physical research. When conducting experiments, we simulated the structure of a fountain, reproduced ancient experiments: “Tantalus’ Vase”, “Cartesian Diver”, created physical toys and instruments to demonstrate physical laws and phenomena.
In total, we modeled, conducted and scientifically explained 12 entertaining physical experiments.
MAIN PART.
Physics, translated from Greek, is the science of nature. Physics studies phenomena that occur in space, in the bowels of the earth, on the earth, and in the atmosphere - in a word, everywhere. Such common phenomena are called physical phenomena.
When observing an unfamiliar phenomenon, physicists try to understand how and why it occurs. If, for example, a phenomenon occurs quickly or occurs rarely in nature, physicists strive to see it as many times as necessary in order to identify the conditions under which it occurs and establish the corresponding patterns. If possible, scientists reproduce the phenomenon being studied in a specially equipped room - a laboratory. They try not only to examine the phenomenon, but also to make measurements. Scientists - physicists call all this experience or experiment.
Observation does not end with observation, but only the beginning of the study of a phenomenon. The facts obtained during observation must be explained using existing knowledge. This is the stage of theoretical understanding.
In order to verify the correctness of the explanation found, scientists test it experimentally. (6)
Thus, the study of a physical phenomenon usually goes through the following stages:
Observation
Experiment
Theoretical background
Practical use
While carrying out my scientific fun at home, I developed the basic steps that allow you to conduct a successful experiment:
For home experimental assignments, I put forward the following requirements:
safety during carrying out;
minimal material costs;
ease of implementation;
value in learning and understanding physics.
I have conducted many experiments on various topics in the 7th grade physics course. I will present some of them, in my opinion, the most interesting and at the same time simple to implement.
2.2 Experiments and instruments on the topic “Mechanical phenomena”
Experience No. 1. « Reel - crawler»
Materials: wooden spool of thread, nail (or wooden skewer), soap, rubber band.
Sequencing
Is friction harmful or beneficial?
To understand this better, make a crawling reel toy. This is the simplest toy with a rubber motor.
Let's take an ordinary old spool of thread and use a penknife to notch the edges of both its cheeks. Fold a strip of rubber 70-80 mm long in half and push it into the hole of the reel. In the elastic loop that peeks out from one end, we will place a piece of a match 15 mm long.
Place a soap washer on the other cheek of the coil. Cut a circle from hard, dry soap about 3 mm thick. The diameter of the circle needs about 15 mm, the diameter of the hole in it is 3 mm. Place a new, shiny steel nail 50-60 mm long on the soap washer and tie the ends of the elastic band on top of this nail with a secure knot. Turning the nail, we wind the crawler coil until a piece of the match begins to scroll on the other side.
Let's put the reel on the floor. The rubber band, unwinding, will carry the reel, and the end of the nail will slide along the floor! No matter how simple this toy is, I knew guys who made several of these “crawlers” at once and staged entire “tank battles.” The reel that crushed the other one under itself, or knocked it over, or threw it off the table, won. The “vanquished” were removed from the “battlefield.” Having played enough with the crawling reel, remember that this is not just a toy, but a scientific instrument.
Scientific explanation
Where does friction occur here? Let's start with a piece of a match. When we wind the rubber band, it tightens and presses the fragment more and more tightly to the cheek of the reel. There is friction between the fragment and the cheek. If this friction did not exist, the piece of the match would spin completely freely and the crawler coil would not be able to be wound up even one turn! And to make it start even better, we make a hollow in the cheek for a match. This means that friction is useful here. It helps the mechanism we made work.
But with the other cheek of the coil the situation is completely opposite. Here the nail should rotate as easily as possible, as freely as possible. The easier it slides along the cheek, the farther the crawler reel will go. This means that friction is harmful here. It interferes with the operation of the mechanism. It needs to be reduced. That is why a soap washer is placed between the cheek and the nail. It reduces friction and acts as a lubricant.
Now let's look at the edges of the cheeks. These are the “wheels” of our toy; we’ll notch them with a knife. For what? Yes, so that they adhere better to the floor, so that they create friction and do not “slip,” as drivers and drivers say. This is where friction is helpful!
Yes, they have such a word. After all, in rain or ice, the wheels of the locomotive slip, spin on the rails, and it cannot move a heavy train. The driver has to turn on a device that pours sand onto the rails. For what? Yes, in order to increase friction. And when braking in icy conditions, sand also pours onto the rails. Otherwise you won’t be able to stop it! And special chains are put on the wheels of the car when driving on slippery roads. They also increase friction: they improve the grip of the wheels on the road.
Let's remember: friction stops the car when all the gas runs out. But if there were no friction of the wheels on the road, the car would not be able to move even with a full tank of gasoline. Its wheels would turn and slip, as if on ice!
Finally, the crawler reel has friction in one more place. This is the friction of the end of the nail on the floor along which it crawls following the coil. This friction is harmful. It interferes, it delays the movement of the coil. But it's difficult to do anything here. Unless you sand the end of the nail with fine sandpaper. No matter how simple our toy is, it helped to figure it out.
Where parts of the mechanism must move, friction is harmful and must be reduced. And where parts must not move, where good adhesion is needed, friction is useful and must be increased.
And friction is also needed in the brakes. The crawler doesn't have them; she can barely crawl anyway. And all real wheeled cars have brakes: driving without brakes would be too dangerous.(9)
Experience No. 2.« Wheel on a slide»
Materials: cardboard or thick paper, plasticine, paints (to paint the wheel)
Sequencing
It's rare to see a wheel roll up on its own. But we will try to make such a miracle. Glue a wheel from cardboard or thick paper. On the inside we will stick a large piece of plasticine somewhere in one place.
Ready? Now let's put the wheel on an inclined plane (slide) so that a piece of plasticine is at the top and slightly on the uphill side. If you now let go of the wheel, then due to the additional load it will calmly roll upward! (2)
It really is going up. And then it stops altogether on the slope. Why? Remember the Vanka-Vstanka toy. When Vanka deviates and tries to put him down, the toy’s center of gravity rises. That's how it's made. So he strives for a position in which his center of gravity is the lowest, and... stands up. It looks paradoxical to us.
It's the same with a wheel on a slide.
Scientific explanation
When we stick plasticine, we shift the center of gravity of the object so that it will quickly return to a state of equilibrium (minimum potential energy, lowest position of the center of gravity) by rolling upward. And then, when this state is achieved, it stops altogether.
In both cases, there is a sinker inside the low-density volume (we have plasticine), as a result of which the toy tends to occupy a position strictly defined by the design, due to a shift in the center of gravity.
Everything in the world strives for a state of balance.(2)
Experiments and instruments on the topic “Hydrostatics”
Experiment No. 1 “Cartesian diver”
Materials: bottle, pipette (or matches weighted with wire), figurine of a diver (or any other)
Sequencing
This entertaining experience is about three hundred years old. It is attributed to the French scientist Rene Descartes (his last name is Cartesius in Latin). The experiment was so popular that a toy was created based on it, which was called the “Cartesian diver.” The device was a glass cylinder filled with water, in which a figurine of a man floated vertically. The figurine was in the upper part of the vessel. When the rubber film covering the top of the cylinder was pressed, the figure slowly sank down to the bottom. When they stopped pressing, the figure rose up.(8)
Let's make this experiment simpler: the role of the diver will be played by a pipette, and an ordinary bottle will serve as the vessel. Fill the bottle with water, leaving two to three millimeters to the edge. Let's take a pipette, fill it with some water and lower it into the neck of the bottle. Its upper rubber end should be at or slightly above the level of the water in the bottle. In this case, you need to ensure that with a slight push with your finger the pipette sinks, and then floats up on its own. Now, placing your thumb or the soft part of your palm on the neck of the bottle so as to close its opening, press on the layer of air that is above the water. The pipette will go to the bottom of the bottle. Release the pressure of your finger or palm and it will float up again. We slightly compressed the air in the neck of the bottle, and this pressure was transferred to the water.(9)
If at the beginning of the experiment the “diver” does not listen to you, then you need to adjust the initial amount of water in the pipette.
Scientific explanation
When the pipette is at the bottom of the bottle, it is easy to see how, as the pressure on the air in the neck of the bottle increases, water enters the pipette, and when the pressure is released, it comes out of it.
This device can be improved by stretching a piece of bicycle inner tube or balloon film over the neck of the bottle. Then it will be easier to control our “diver”. We also had matchstick divers swimming along with the pipette. Their behavior is easily explained by Pascal's laws. (4)
Experience No. 2. Siphon - "Vase of Tantalus"
Materials: a rubber tube, a transparent vase, a container (into which the water will go),
Sequencing
At the end of the last century there was a toy called “Tantalus Vase”. She, like the famous “Cartesian Diver,” enjoyed great success with the public. This toy was also based on a physical phenomenon - on the action of a siphon, a tube from which water flows even when its curved part is above the water level. It is only important that the tube is first completely filled with water.
When making this toy you will have to use your sculpting abilities.
But where does such a strange name come from - “Vase of Tantalus”? There is a Greek myth about the Lydian king Tantalus, who was condemned to eternal torment by Zeus. He had to suffer from hunger and thirst all the time: standing in the water, he could not get drunk. The water teased him, rising all the way to his mouth, but as soon as Tantalus leaned a little towards it, it instantly disappeared. After some time, the water appeared again, disappeared again, and this continued all the time. The same thing happened with the fruits of the trees, with which he could satisfy his hunger. The branches instantly moved away from his hands as soon as he wanted to pick the fruits.
So, the toy that we can make is based on the episode with water, with its periodic appearance and disappearance. Take a plastic container from the cake packaging and drill a small hole in the bottom. If you do not have such a vessel, you will have to take a liter jar and very carefully drill a hole in its bottom with a drill. Using round files, the hole in the glass can be gradually enlarged to the desired size.
Before sculpting a figurine of Tantalus, make a device for releasing water. A rubber tube is tightly inserted into the hole in the bottom of the vessel. Inside the vessel, the tube is bent into a loop, its end reaches the very bottom, but does not rest against the bottom. The upper part of the loop will need to be at the chest level of the future Tantalus figurine. After making notes on the tube, for ease of use, remove it from the vessel. Cover the loop with plasticine and shape it into a rock. And in front of it place a figurine of Tantalus sculpted from plasticine. It is necessary for Tantalus to stand at full height with his head tilted towards the future water level and his mouth open. Nobody knows how the mythical Tantalus was imagined, so don’t skimp on your imagination, even if it looks like a caricature. But in order for the figurine to stand steadily at the bottom of the vessel, sculpt it in a wide, long robe. Let the end of the tube, which will be in the vessel, peek out imperceptibly near the bottom of the plasticine rock.
When everything is ready, place the vessel on a board with a hole for the tube, and place a vessel under the tube to drain the water. Drape these devices so that it is not visible where the water disappears. When you pour water into the jar of Tantalum, adjust the stream so that it is thinner than the stream that will flow out.(4)
Scientific explanation
We have an automatic siphon. Water gradually fills the jar. The rubber tube is also filled to the very top of the loop. When the tube is full, water will begin to flow out and will continue to flow out until its level is lower than the outlet of the tube at Tantalus's feet.
The flow stops and the vessel fills again. When the entire tube is filled with water again, the water will start flowing out again. And this will continue as long as a stream of water flows into the vessel.(9)
Experience No. 3.« Water in a sieve»
Materials: bottle with cap, needle (to make holes in the bottle)
Sequencing
When the cap is not opened, the atmosphere forces water out of the bottle, which has tiny holes in it. But if you tighten the cap, only the air pressure in the bottle acts on the water, and its pressure is low and the water does not pour out! (9)
Scientific explanation
This is one of the experiments demonstrating atmospheric pressure.
Experience No. 4.« The simplest fountain»
Materials: glass tube, rubber tube, container.
Sequencing
In order to build a fountain, take a plastic bottle with the bottom cut off or glass from a kerosene lamp, select a stopper to cover the narrow end. We will make a through hole in the cork. It can be drilled, pierced with a faceted awl, or burned through with a hot nail. A glass tube bent in the shape of the letter “P” or a plastic tube should fit tightly into the hole.
Pinch the hole in the tube with your finger, turn the bottle or lamp glass upside down and fill it with water. When you open the exit from the tube, water will flow out of it like a fountain. It will work until the water level in the large vessel is equal to the open end of the tube.(3)
Scientific explanation
I made a fountain that works on the property of communicating vessels .
Experience No. 5.« Floating bodies»
Materials: plasticine.
Sequencing
I know that bodies immersed in liquid or gas are acted upon by a force. But not all bodies float in water. For example, if you throw a piece of plasticine into water, it will drown. But if you make a boat out of it, it will float. This model can be used to study the navigation of ships.
Experience No. 6. "Drop of Oil"
Materials: alcohol, water, vegetable oil.
Everyone knows that if you drop oil on water, it will spread in a thin layer. But I placed a drop of oil in a state of weightlessness. Knowing the laws of floating of bodies, I created conditions under which a drop of oil takes on an almost spherical shape and is located inside the liquid.
Scientific explanation
Bodies float in a liquid if their density is less than the density of the liquid. In the volumetric figure of a boat, the average density is less than the density of water. The density of oil is less than the density of water, but greater than the density of alcohol, so if you carefully pour alcohol into water, the oil will sink in the alcohol, but float at the interface between the liquids. Therefore, I placed a drop of oil in a state of weightlessness, and it takes on an almost spherical shape. (6)
Experiments and instruments on the topic “Thermal Phenomena”
Experience No. 1. "Convection currents"
Materials: paper snake, heat source.
Sequencing
There is a cunning snake in the world. She senses the movement of air currents better than people. Now we will check whether the air in a closed room is really so still.
Scientific explanation
The cunning snake really notices what people don't see. She feels when the air rises. With the help of convection, air flows move: warm air rises. He twirls the cunning snake. Convection currents constantly surround us in nature. In the atmosphere, convection currents are winds and the water cycle in nature.(9)
2.5 Experiments and instruments on the topic “Light phenomena”
Experience No. 1.« Pinhole camera»
Materials: cylindrical box of Pringles chips, thin paper.
Sequencing
A small camera obscura can easily be made from a tin, or better yet, from a cylindrical box of Pringles chips. On one side, a neat hole is pierced with a needle, on the other, the bottom is sealed with thin translucent paper. The camera obscura is ready.
But it is much more interesting to take real photographs using a pinhole camera. In a matchbox painted black, cut a small hole, cover it with foil and pierce a tiny hole no more than 0.5 mm in diameter with a needle.
Pass the film through the matchbox, sealing all the cracks so as not to expose the frames. The “lens”, that is, the hole in the foil, needs to be sealed with something or covered tightly, simulating a shutter. (09)
Scientific explanation
The camera obscura operates on the laws of geometric optics.
2.6 Experiments and instruments on the topic “Electrical phenomena”
Experience No. 1.« Electric panty»
Materials: plasticine (to sculpt the head of a coward), ebonite shelves
Sequencing
Make a head out of plasticine with the most frightened face you can, and put this head on a fountain pen (closed, of course). Strengthen the handle in some kind of stand. From a staniol wrapper from processed cheese, tea, chocolate, make a hat for the coward and glue it to the plasticine head. Cut the “hair” from tissue paper into strips 2-3 mm wide and 10 centimeters long and glue it to the cap. These paper strands will hang out in disarray.
Now thoroughly electrify the wand and bring it to the panty. He is terribly afraid of electricity; the hair on his head began to move, touch the staniol cap with a stick. Even run the side of the stick along the free area of the staniol. The horror of the electric panty will reach its limit: his hair will stand on end! Scientific explanation
Experiments with the coward showed that electricity can not only attract, but also repel. There are two types of electricity "+" and "-". What is the difference between positive and negative electricity? Like charges repel, and unlike charges attract.(5)
CONCLUSION
All phenomena observed during entertaining experiments have a scientific explanation; for this we used the fundamental laws of physics and the properties of the matter around us - the laws of hydrostatics and mechanics, the law of straightness of light propagation, reflection, electromagnetic interactions.
In accordance with the task, all experiments were carried out using only cheap, small-sized available materials; during their implementation, home-made devices were made, including a device for demonstrating electrification; the experiments were safe, visual, and simple in design
Conclusion:
Analyzing the results of entertaining experiments, I was convinced that school knowledge is quite applicable to solving practical issues.
I have carried out various experiments. As a result of observation, comparison, calculations, measurements, experiments, I observed the following phenomena and laws:
Natural and forced convection, Archimedes' force, floating of bodies, inertia, stable and unstable equilibrium, Pascal's law, atmospheric pressure, communicating vessels, hydrostatic pressure, friction, electrification, light phenomena.
I liked making homemade devices and conducting experiments. But there is a lot of interesting things in the world that you can still learn, so in the future:
I will continue to study this interesting science;
I hope that my classmates will be interested in this problem, and I will try to help them;
In the future I will conduct new experiments.
It is interesting to observe the experiment conducted by the teacher. Carrying it out yourself is doubly more interesting. And conducting an experiment with a device made and designed by yourself arouses great interest among the whole class. In such experiments it is easy to establish a relationship and draw a conclusion about how this installation works.
List of studied literature and Internet resources
M.I. Bludov “Conversations on Physics”, Moscow, 1974.
A. Dmitriev “Grandfather’s Chest”, Moscow, “Divo”, 1994.
L. Galpershtein “Hello, physics”, Moscow, 1967.
L. Galpershtein “Funny Physics”, Moscow, “Children’s Literature”, 1993.
F.V. Rabiz "Funny Physics", Moscow, "Children's Literature", 2000.
ME AND. Perelman “Entertaining tasks and experiments”, Moscow, “Children’s Literature” 1972.
A. Tomilin “I want to know everything”, Moscow, 1981.
Magazine "Young Technician"
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Slide 1
Topic: DIY physics devices and simple experiments with them.
Work completed by: 9th grade student - Roma Davydov Supervisor: physics teacher - Khovrich Lyubov Vladimirovna
Novouspenka – 2008
Slide 2
Make a device, a physics installation to demonstrate physical phenomena with your own hands. Explain the operating principle of this device. Demonstrate the operation of this device.
Slide 3
HYPOTHESIS:
Use the made device, a physics installation for demonstrating physical phenomena with your own hands in the lesson. If this device is not available in the physical laboratory, this device will be able to replace the missing installation when demonstrating and explaining the topic.
Slide 4
Make devices that arouse great interest among students. Make devices that are not available in the laboratory. make devices that cause difficulty in understanding theoretical material in physics.
Slide 5
With uniform rotation of the handle, we see that the action of a periodically changed force will be transmitted to the load through the spring. Changing with a frequency equal to the frequency of rotation of the handle, this force will force the load to perform forced vibrations. Resonance is the phenomenon of a sharp increase in the amplitude of forced vibrations.
Slide 6
Slide 7
EXPERIENCE 2: Jet propulsion
We will install a funnel in a ring on a tripod and attach a tube with a tip to it. We pour water into the funnel, and when the water begins to flow out from the end, the tube will bend in the opposite direction. This is reactive movement. Reactive motion is the movement of a body that occurs when some part of it is separated from it at any speed.
Slide 8
Slide 9
EXPERIMENT 3: Sound waves.
Let's clamp a metal ruler in a vice. But it is worth noting that if most of the ruler acts as a vice, then, having caused it to oscillate, we will not hear the waves generated by it. But if we shorten the protruding part of the ruler and thereby increase the frequency of its oscillations, then we will hear the generated Elastic waves, propagating in the air, as well as inside liquid and solid bodies, but are not visible. However, under certain conditions they can be heard.
Slide 10
Slide 11
Experiment 4: Coin in a bottle
Coin in a bottle. Want to see the law of inertia in action? Prepare a half-liter milk bottle, a cardboard ring 25 mm wide and 0 100 mm wide and a two-kopeck coin. Place the ring on the neck of the bottle, and place a coin on top exactly opposite the hole in the neck of the bottle (Fig. 8). After inserting a ruler into the ring, hit the ring with it. If you do this abruptly, the ring will fly off and the coin will fall into the bottle. The ring moved so quickly that its movement did not have time to be transferred to the coin, and according to the law of inertia, it remained in place. And having lost its support, the coin fell down. If the ring is moved to the side more slowly, the coin will “feel” this movement. The trajectory of its fall will change, and it will not fall into the neck of the bottle.
Slide 12
Slide 13
Experiment 5: Floating Ball
When you blow, a stream of air lifts the balloon above the tube. But the air pressure inside the jet is less than the pressure of the “quiet” air surrounding the jet. Therefore, the ball is located in a kind of air funnel, the walls of which are formed by the surrounding air. By smoothly reducing the speed of the jet from the upper hole, it is not difficult to “plant” the ball in its original place. For this experiment you will need an L-shaped tube, for example glass, and a light foam ball. Close the top hole of the tube with a ball (Fig. 9) and blow into the side hole. Contrary to expectation, the ball will not fly away from the tube, but will begin to hover above it. Why is this happening?
Slide 14
Slide 15
Experiment 6: Body movement in a “dead loop”
"Using the "dead loop" device, it is possible to demonstrate a number of experiments on the dynamics of a material point along a circle. The demonstration is carried out in the following order: 1. The ball is rolled along the rails from the highest point of the inclined rails, where it is held by an electromagnet, which is powered by 24 V. The ball steadily describes loop and flies out at a certain speed from the other end of the device2. The ball is rolled down from the lowest height, when the ball just describes the loop without falling off from its top point3. From an even lower height, when the ball, not reaching the top of the loop, breaks away from it and falls, describing a parabola in the air inside the loop.
Slide 16
Body movement in a "dead loop"
Slide 17
Experiment 7: Hot air and cold air
Stretch a balloon onto the neck of an ordinary half-liter bottle (Fig. 10). Place the bottle in a pan of hot water. The air inside the bottle will begin to heat up. The molecules of the gases that make up it will move faster and faster as the temperature rises. They will bombard the walls of the bottle and ball more strongly. The air pressure inside the bottle will begin to increase and the balloon will begin to inflate. After a while, transfer the bottle to a pan of cold water. The air in the bottle will begin to cool, the movement of molecules will slow down, and the pressure will drop. The ball will wrinkle as if the air has been pumped out of it. This is how you can verify the dependence of air pressure on ambient temperature
Slide 18
Slide 19
Experiment 8: Tension of a rigid body
Taking the foam block by the ends, stretch it. The increase in distances between molecules is clearly visible. It is also possible to simulate the occurrence of inter-molecular attractive forces in this case.
Municipal educational institution
Ryazanovskaya secondary school
PROJECT WORK
MANUFACTURING PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT WITH YOUR OWN HANDS
Completed
8th grade students
Gusyatnikov Ivan,
Kanashuk Stanislav,
Physics teacher
Samorukova I.G.
RP Ryazanovsky, 2019
Purpose of the device;
tools and materials;
Manufacturing of the device;
General view of the device;
Features of the device demonstration.
Introduction.
Main part.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
INTRODUCTION
In order to carry out the necessary experiment, instruments are needed. But if they are not in the office laboratory, then some equipment for the demonstration experiment can be made with your own hands. We decided to give some things a second life. The work presents installations for use in physics lessons in grade 8 on the topic “Pressure of Liquids”
TARGET:
make instruments, physics installations to demonstrate physical phenomena with your own hands, explain the operating principle of each device and demonstrate their operation.
HYPOTHESIS:
use the made device, installation in physics for demonstrating physical phenomena with your own hands in lessons when demonstrating and explaining the topic.
TASKS:
Make devices that arouse great interest among students.
Make instruments that are not available in the laboratory.
Make devices that cause difficulty in understanding theoretical material in physics.
PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The significance of this work lies in the fact that recently, when the material and technical base in schools has weakened significantly, experiments using these installations help to form some concepts when studying physics; devices are made from waste material.
MAIN PART.
1. DEVICE For demonstration of Pascal's law.
1.1. TOOLS AND MATERIALS . Plastic bottle, awl, water.
1.2. MANUFACTURING THE DEVICE . Make holes with an awl from the bottom of the vessel at a distance of 10-15 cm in different places.
1.3. PROGRESS OF THE EXPERIMENT. Partially fill the bottle with water. Press down on the top of the bottle with your hands. Observe the phenomenon.
1.4. RESULT . Observe water flowing out of the holes in the form of identical streams.
1.5. CONCLUSION. The pressure exerted on the fluid is transmitted without change to every point of the fluid.
2. DEVICE for demonstrationdependence of liquid pressure on the height of the liquid column.
2.1. TOOLS AND MATERIALS. Plastic bottle, drill, water, felt-tip pen tubes, plasticine.
2.2. MANUFACTURING THE DEVICE . Take a plastic bottle with a capacity of 1.5-2 liters.We make several holes in a plastic bottle at different heights (d≈ 5 mm). Place the tubes from the helium pen into the holes.
2.3. PROGRESS OF THE EXPERIMENT. Fill the bottle with water (pre-close the holes with tape). Open the holes. Observe the phenomenon.
2.4. RESULT . Water flows further from the hole located below.
2.5. CONCLUSION. The pressure of the liquid on the bottom and walls of the vessel depends on the height of the liquid column (the higher the height, the greater the liquid pressurep= gh).
3. DEVICE - communicating vessels.
3.1. TOOLS AND MATERIALS.The lower parts of two plastic bottles of different sections, tubes from felt-tip pens, a drill, water.
3.2. MANUFACTURING THE DEVICE . Cut off the bottom parts of plastic bottles, 15-20 cm high. Connect the parts together with rubber tubes.
3.3. PROGRESS OF THE EXPERIMENT. Pour water into one of the resulting vessels. Observe the behavior of the surface of the water in the vessels.
3.4. RESULT . The water levels in the vessels will be at the same level.
3.5. CONCLUSION. In communicating vessels of any shape, the surfaces of a homogeneous liquid are installed at the same level.
4. DEVICE to demonstrate pressure in a liquid or gas.
4.1. TOOLS AND MATERIALS.Plastic bottle, balloon, knife, water.
4.2. MANUFACTURING THE DEVICE . Take a plastic bottle, cut off the bottom and top. You will get a cylinder. Tie a balloon to the bottom.
4.3. PROGRESS OF THE EXPERIMENT. Pour water into the device you have made. Place the completed device in a container of water. Observe a physical phenomenon
4.4. RESULT . There is pressure inside the liquid.
4.5. CONCLUSION. At the same level, it is the same in all directions. With depth, pressure increases.
CONCLUSION
As a result of our work, we:
conducted experiments proving the existence of atmospheric pressure;
created home-made devices demonstrating the dependence of liquid pressure on the height of the liquid column, Pascal's law.
We enjoyed studying pressure, making homemade devices, and conducting experiments. But there is a lot of interesting things in the world that you can still learn, so in the future:
We will continue to study this interesting science,
We will produce new devices to demonstrate physical phenomena.
USED BOOKS
1. Teaching equipment for physics in high school. Edited by A.A. Pokrovsky-M.: Education, 1973.
2. Physics. 8th grade: textbook / N.S. Purysheva, N.E. Vazheevskaya. –M.: Bustard, 2015.