Reign of Ivan 2. Ivan the Red. Zvenigorod Prince Ivan

- (Handsome) (30.3.1326 13.11.1359), Russian prince, second son of Ivan I Danilovich Kalita (See Ivan I Danilovich Kalita), father of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, prince of Zvenigorod and Ruz in 1340 53. After the death of his brother, Semyon the Proud , great... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (Beautiful) (1326 59) rus. Prince, second son of Ivan Kalita, Prince. Zvenigorod and Ruza in 1340 53. After the death of his brother, Semyon the Proud, he led. book Moscow and Vladimir in 1353 59; defended the right to grand dukes. throne in the fight against Suzdal... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Ivan II Ivanovich Miniature from the Tsar's titular book 5th Prince of Moscow ... Wikipedia

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Ivan II Ivanovich Miniature from the Tsar's titular book 5th Prince of Moscow ... Wikipedia

Ivan II Ivanovich Miniature from the Tsar's titular book 5th Prince of Moscow ... Wikipedia

- (John Ioannovich) Ivan Ivanovich the Red (1326 1359) Prince of Moscow and Grand Duke of Vladimir. Ivan Ivanovich Korotopol (d. 1343) Grand Duke of Ryazan. Ivan Ivanovich (1496 1533/1534) Grand Duke of Ryazan. Ivan... ... Wikipedia

Ivanovich Miniature from the Tsar's titular book 5th Prince of Moscow ... Wikipedia

IVAN II Ivanovich the Red (March 30, 1326 November 13, 1359), Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow (from 1353), second son of Ivan Kalita (see IVAN I Kalita), father of Dmitry Donskoy. In 1340-1353 he was an appanage prince of Zvenigorod and Ruza. After… … encyclopedic Dictionary

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IVAN II Ivanovich the Red (March 30, 1326 November 13, 1359), Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow (from 1353), second son of Ivan Kalita (see IVAN I Kalita), father of Dmitry Donskoy. In 1340-1353 he was an appanage prince of Zvenigorod and Ruza. After… … encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1326 59) Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow (from 1353), 2nd son of Ivan I. Continued the unification of Russian lands...

Ivan II the Red- (1326 1359), Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow (from 1353). Second son of Ivan I Kalita. He defended the right to the great reign of Vladimir in the fight against the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal prince Konstantin Vasilyevich. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Meek) (1326, Moscow 1359, ibid.), Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir from 1354. Second son of Prince Ivan I Kalita. In 1340, according to his father's spiritual wishes, he received the city of Zvenigorod and part of the income from the Moscow principality. After the death of his first wife... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

- (13261359), Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow from 1354. Son of Ivan I Kalita, brother of Semyon the Proud. In 134053 the prince of Zvenigorod and Ruza. Continued the unification of Russian lands around Moscow. Acted as an arbitrator in disputes... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Ivan II the Red (Meek) (1326, Moscow 1359, ibid.), Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir from 1354. Second son of the prince. In 1340, according to his father's spiritual wishes, he received the city of Zvenigorod and part of the income from the Moscow principality. After the death of the first... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

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Reign: 1353-1359

Ivan II the Red, the Meek, Prince of Moscow, Vladimir, Novgorod. Son of Ivan I Kalita. He was kind, merciful, beautiful (it is no coincidence that he was called that way - Red, that is, handsome). He was in power for a short time - only 6 years. What are the main directions of its activities and their results?

There was a strengthening of the power of the Moscow princes. Here he continued the policies of his father and brothers. He managed to retain power, although there were other contenders for the grand-ducal throne, for example, Prince Konstantin Vasilyevich of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal.

There was a further strengthening of the influence of the power of the Moscow prince, who not only received a label for the Great Reign (largely thanks to the smart policies of Alexy), but also the right of judicial power over other princes.

Another direction in domestic policy Ivan II was strengthening the state. He saw the way to this, like his father, in expanding the territory and attracting people to the principality. For this purpose, he attracted peasants, artisans, boyars, and invited military men into the army. The resettlement policy in the Volga region, Uglichesky field, Ustyuzhye and other lands of Rus' yielded results. The population of the principality increased significantly, agriculture and crafts began to develop more efficiently. The Moscow Principality included the Kostroma and Dmitrov lands.

The result of this activity was the further strengthening of the principality, expansion of territory, and strengthening of economic power. Ivan II created a good economic basis for the principality for his son, Dmitry Donskoy.

Direction of foreign policy Ivan II's activities were to establish peaceful relations with neighbors. He tried to resolve all issues through diplomatic means. He maintained good relations with the khans of the Horde and tried not to conflict with Lithuania.

The result of the activity it became that under him there were no wars or raids by the Horde khans. There was silence in Rus'; a generation of people grew up who did not know the horrors of war.

Thus, Despite the short term of his reign, Ivan II managed to maintain peace in the lands of the principality, strengthen the grand-ducal power, and strengthen the economy. A peaceful foreign policy led to the absence of major military clashes and raids on Rus'. He handed over the strong principality to his son, Dmitry Donskoy.

Historical portrait of Dmitry Donskoy

Years of reign: 1359-1389

§ Dmitry Donskoy, son of Prince Ivan 2 the Red, grandson of Ivan Kalita. Dmitry received the throne at the age of 9

RESULTS OF ACTIVITY

§ Dmitry Donskoy was a recognized leader among the princes in Rus'.

§ Under him, the process of the rise of the Moscow principality became irreversible.

§ The territory of Rus' expanded significantly.

§ Dmitry became the head of the anti-Horde policy, won significant victories on Vozha and the Kulikovo field.

§ Conducted a thoughtful policy with the West. In clashes with Lithuania, he reliably defended Russian lands.

Chronology of the life and work of Dmitry Donskoy

Historical portrait of Vasily I.

Years of reign: 1389-1425

Vasily I is the son of Dmitry Donskoy. He reigned from 1389-1425. The label for the Great Reign was inherited by him, without the consent of the Golden Horde. Vasily I also inherited the strong Principality of Moscow. He was an intelligent, cautious prince, carefully considering all his actions, a far-sighted and wise politician.

One of the directions in domestic policy there was further strengthening of the principality.

The construction of cities, the development of culture, and the strengthening of the power of the state continued. During the reign of Vasily I, the famous icon painter Theophanes the Greek worked in Moscow, who painted many icons and painted three churches in the Kremlin: the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary (1395), the Archangel Cathedral (1399) and the Annunciation Cathedral (1405).

The result This activity was a significant expansion of the territory of Rus', strengthening of economic power, and further development of culture.

Direction of foreign policy activities Vasily I was establishing relations with the Horde. The victories of his father, Dmitry Donskoy, have not yet led to the end of the yoke. The raids of the khans continued. One of the largest was the raid of Khan Edigei in 1407-1408. Khan besieged Moscow, it all ended with reconciliation and ransom, although the Moscow principality was ruined.

One cannot help but recall the battle on the Vorsla River against the Horde Khan. The Principality of Lithuania under the command of Vytautas took part in the battle, and Rus' helped as an ally. However, the forces were too unequal. Khan Temir-Kutlug and Emir Edigei won the victory.

The result activity was that Vasily I was unable to achieve liberation from the yoke of the Horde, although he made military attempts to defeat the Horde. Therefore, he sought to establish calm, diplomatic relations with the Horde.

The Next Direction in Foreign Policy was the elimination of threats from external enemies. Here, the most significant events were related to the invasion of Rus' in 1395 by the Central Asian ruler Timur, who had previously ruined the Horde. According to legend, Rus' was saved by the Mother of God, since the icon of the Vladimir Mother of God was brought to Moscow.

Relations with Lithuania were also difficult. Thus, Prince Vitovt captured the cities of Vyazma and Smolensk in 1404.

The most important event was the victory of the joint Russian-Polish-Lithuanian army over the Teutonic Order in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, which led to the end of the aggression. In this battle, irreconcilable enemies formed an alliance, and this ensured victory.

Thus, The reign of Vasily I was successful. Under him, Rus' significantly expanded its territories and strengthened its position as the center of the state. Not all foreign policy goals were achieved; Rus' continued to be under the yoke of the Horde, but a number of victories showed that the Moscow Principality was a strong opponent with great international authority. Vasily I ruled for 36 years, and during this period there were no large-scale wars in Rus' was. He skillfully maintained peace in Russian lands.

Ivan Ivanovich - Prince of Moscow, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Vladimir.

Ivan II Ivanovich (baptized Ioann Ioannovich) the Red, from the family of Moscow Grand Dukes, was born on March 30, 1326 in Moscow. He is one of the sons of Ivan I Kalita and his first wife Princess Elena. According to the chronicles, Ivan received his nickname “Red” because of his exceptional appearance (i.e. from the word “beautiful”). But there are also his other nicknames - “Merciful” and “Meek”. However, according to the prominent historian N.S. Borisov, the nickname indicated the time of birth of the prince - “Red Hill” (Next Sunday, week after Easter)

Ivan II Ivanovich the Red, Prince of Moscow

After the death of his father in 1341, according to his spiritual will, Ivan received 23 cities and villages, the main ones being Zvenigorod and Ruza. And until 1353 he reigned in Zvenigorod, before the beginning of the pestilence - the plague that claimed the lives of his first wife, many relatives, including two older brothers - Semyon the Proud (ruler of Moscow, Grand Duke) and Andrei.

The thirty-three-year life of Ivan Ivanovich is relatively uneventful. Apparently, thanks to his character, quiet and peaceful. Before he became the Prince of Moscow, chronicles record only a few trips to the Horde and an unsuccessful campaign against the Swedes. In 1339, when he was 13 years old, together with his brothers Semyon and Andrey, he accompanied his father to the Horde. In the autumn of the same year, Ivan visited the Horde once again and left the Horde kingdom in the winter, with a grant and, as the chronicles write, with love. Then, with his brother Semyon, after the death of his father, he visited the Horde: in 1341, 1344 and 1351. In 1347 he went on a campaign against the Swedes. Arriving in Novgorod, Ivan learned that the Swedes had taken the Orekhov fortress, but for an unknown reason he returned back.

In 1353, Semyon the Proud passed away. The Grand Duke died of a “pestilence” (great plague epidemic). According to his father’s will, Ivan Ivanovich inherited the villages of Zvenigorod, Ruza and 21 other villages. Another third of the lands of the Moscow principality from the will of Ivan Kalita (the main cities of Mozhaisk and Kolomna) later also passed to Ivan Ivanovich, since both of his sons died in the plague along with Semyon Ivanovich. A third of the younger Ivanovich Andrei (primarily Serpukhov and Lopasnya), who also died during the plague, passed to his son Vladimir (the future Brave).

The widow of Semyon the Proud Maria gave Ivan the Red everything bequeathed by her husband, and in 1353 he became the ruler of the Moscow principality. In the same year, despite the resistance of the appanage princes, he received a label for the great reign in the Golden Horde. However, in the struggle for the right to receive the label, Ivan had a rival - the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince Konstantin Vasilyevich, who enjoyed the support of the Novgorodians. As a result of the struggle, Ivan the Red nevertheless became the Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir.

Prince Ivan II Ivanovich the Red

During his reign, he continued the policies of his father and older brother - the policy of strengthening the power of the Moscow princes in Rus' and unifying the Russian lands. Also, according to the chronicles, Ivan the Red was a “quiet, meek, merciful and unambitious” ruler. He lived in complete silence, and therefore had peace everywhere.” But, despite his gentle and calm character, Ivan had strong support from the boyars of Moscow and Metropolitan Alexy, whom he left to deal with state affairs. It was Metropolitan Alexy who traveled to the Horde several times during the reign of Krasny and maintained peaceful relations with it.

The period of Ivan the Red's reign was a period of relative weakening of Moscow and strengthening of its neighbors and opponents. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania achieved the approval of a separate metropolitan in Kyiv. Theognost's successor Alexy was arrested in 1358 by order of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd in Kyiv, where he stayed until 1360, and then escaped from custody. Olgerd captured the Bryansk principality and marched on Mozhaisk.

In Tver affairs, Ivan Ivanovich supported Prince Vasily Mikhailovich of Kashin, who occupied the Tver grand-ducal table. When in 1357 the Tver princes, uncle and nephew, Vasily Kashinsky and Vsevolod Alexandrovich Kholmsky, who was laying claim to the grand-ducal table, quarreled, the Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir supported Vasily. In 1358, the Moscow and Tver armies together went to take Rzhev from the Lithuanians, which they did. True, Lithuanian troops soon recaptured the city.

The Ryazan principality strengthened. Soon after Ivan Ivanovich left for the Horde, the Ryazan people with their young prince Oleg Ivanovich (the future famous commander) captured Lopasnya (Lopastna) with a sudden blow. The fortress was located on the right bank of the Oka at the confluence of Lopasnya, opposite the mouth of the latter, and was of strategic importance for the Moscow principality. Previously, Lopasnya was part of the Ryazan principality, like Kolomna. The Moscow governor, Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich, was captured and held until a ransom was received. Returning from the Horde, Ivan the Red did not start a war with Ryazan over the city, which belonged to the inheritance of his young nephew, Prince Vladimir Andreevich of Serpukhov, and transferred other lands to him.

Ivan Ivanovich Krasny.

Ivan Ivanovich reconciled with the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal Grand Duke Konstantin Vasilyevich only a year before his death. Khan retained the label for Ivan the Red. But after Ivan’s death, the label ended up in the hands of Dmitry Konstantinovich, and Ivan’s heir Dmitry had to return the great reign by force, also taking advantage of the unrest in the Horde.

The reign of Ivan the Red was weak, so Moscow was not able to take advantage of the beginning of the turmoil (“zamyatnya”) in the Horde at that time. Khan Chanibek, whom Russian chronicles called the Good, was killed in 1357 by supporters of his son Berdibek. Supporters of Khan Berdibek also killed 12 of his brothers, thus making Berdibek the only legitimate heir to the Golden Horde throne. Berdibek himself was killed already in 1359. As a result, from 1359 to 1380, more than 25 khans changed on the Golden Horde throne, and many uluses (regions) tried to become independent. A year before the death of Ivan the Red, the Horde prince Mamat-Khozha came to Ryazan and sent to Moscow to announce to the Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir that it was necessary to draw precise and inviolable borders between the Ryazan and Moscow lands. However, Ivan Ivanovich did not allow the prince into his land.

At the same time, it was under Ivan II that the Kostroma and Dmitrov lands became part of the Moscow principality, and the prince himself, with the help of Metropolitan Alexei, managed to achieve not only a label for the great reign, but also the right of judicial power over other Russian princes.

Grand Duke Ioan II Ioannovich the Red,

Ivan Krasny was married twice. In 1341, he married the Bryansk princess Feodosia, and after her death during the years of the plague in 1345, he remarried Alexandra Ivanovna, who bore him sons Dmitry (the future Dmitry Donskoy) and Ivan Maly (who lived only 10 years) and daughters - Love (according to other sources - Anna) and Mary.

Ivan II Ivanovich the Red died in Moscow on November 13, 1359, having adopted the schema before his death. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. After his death, his sons, young Dmitry and Ivan, were left in the care of Metropolitan Alexy, to whom Ivan II entrusted the management and protection of the principality.

IVAN II IVANOVICH RED(1326–1359) - Grand Duke of Zvenigorod and Ruz 1340–1353, Vladimir and Moscow (from 1353), son of Ivan I Ivanovich Kalita from Princess Elena. Born on March 30, 1326 in Moscow. Apparently, he received the nickname “Red” due to his exceptional appearance (red means beautiful). In the chronicles there are also other nicknames for this prince - “Merciful”, “Meek”.

In 1341 he was “married” by Princess Feodosia of Bryansk. In connection with her death during the years of the pestilence (plague), in 1345 he remarried a certain Alexandra Ivanovna (?–1364), who bore him a son, Dmitry (the future Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy), on October 12, 1350, and later another son, Ivan Ivanovich Maly (who lived only 10 years, 1354–1364), and two daughters - Lyubov (according to other sources - Anna, who became the wife of the famous commander, participant in the Battle of Kulikovo, Prince D.M. Bobrok Volynsky) and Maria (married Prince . Dmitry Olgerdovich).

According to his spiritual father, Ivan Kalita, Ivan inherited 23 cities and villages, the main ones being Zvenigorod and Ruza. He stayed in them until the outbreak of the pestilence, which claimed the lives of his first wife and many relatives, including his brother, the ruler of Moscow, Semyon the Proud and second older brother Andrei Ivanovich . The widow of Semyon the Proud, Maria, gave Ivan II everything bequeathed by her husband, and he accepted the reign of Moscow in 1353. He continued the policy of his father and brother to unite Russian lands. However, in the struggle for the right to receive a label for the great reign of Vladimir, Ivan quickly had a rival - the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal prince Konstantin Vasilyevich, who was supported by the Novgorodians. Despite this help, Ivan II managed to win and receive a label from the Horde Khan Janibek.

According to the chronicle, Ivan was a “quiet, meek, merciful and unambitious” ruler. He lived in complete silence, and therefore had peace everywhere.” But despite all the quietness, Ivan II had obvious support in the person of the Moscow boyars and Alexy, who had previously been the bishop of Vladimir, received the rank of metropolitan in 1354. It was Metropolitan Alexy who visited the Horde several times during these years, maintained peaceful relations with it and, according to legend, healed the khan’s wife Taidula from blindness, which allowed the metropolitan to dissuade the khan from another raid on Rus'. Ivan II at this time - according to the same legend - remained in his Moscow reign, where he ordered “not to allow” the Tatar prince Mamat-Khoja, who came from the already devastated lands of Ryazan. The prince allegedly obeyed, left with nothing, and the Moscow prince received the nickname “Meek.” As proof of his “meekness,” Ivan II did not offer military resistance to the offensive of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgierd. When he captured Bryansk and went to Mozhaisk, Ivan II, according to the chronicler, did not interfere with him and gave the Mozhaisks the opportunity to defend themselves. At the same time, under Ivan II, the Dmitrov and Kostroma lands became part of the Moscow principality, and the prince himself managed, through Metropolitan Alexei, to achieve not only a label for the great reign, but also the right of judicial power over other Russian princes.

Ivan II Ivanovich died in Moscow on November 13, 1359, having adopted the schema before his death. He was buried in the Kremlin Archangel Cathedral. After his death, the young Dmitry was left in the care of Metropolitan Alexy, to whom Ivan II also entrusted the administration and protection of the principality.

Natalia Pushkareva