Surface drainage of the site. Surface drainage. Point drainage system

Every experienced builder or landscape designer knows that on a purchased and undeveloped site it is necessary to drain the site. This involves a very large amount of work with the ground, it is advisable to do it right away, so as not to disturb the harmony of the landscape later.

The drainage system is designed to drain excess water from the site

The need for work

Of course, the easiest way is to pay specialists to carry out all the drainage work. But then you will have to pay a large amount of money. Therefore, it is worth thinking about how to make drainage on the site yourself, as this will provide an opportunity to save a lot of money. Moreover, in most cases this is a completely accessible procedure for any site owner.

Many developers, after reading the calculations and price lists related to site drainage, begin to question the rationality of such procedures. And the key argument is that no one had done this before, and everything was fine. But it should be noted that the quality and comfort of modern life has increased significantly.

This video shows how to make drainage with your own hands:

Now no one will live in a damp room with earthen floors. No one wants to look at the cracks in the walls and paths that appear after another cold winter. Each of the homeowners strives to improve their own plot, resorting to landscape design, so that it is not only convenient, but also beautiful. After a rainstorm, no one wants to “knead mud” in deep puddles. And if the owner agrees with these statements, then, of course, it is necessary to install drainage on the site. You can refuse it only in very rare cases.

Drainage is the removal of excess moisture from a plot of land - both from the surface and from deeper layers. In the process of carrying out this kind of work, moisture is removed from basements and lower floors, and the possibility of its further appearance is blocked. Experience shows that no matter how successful waterproofing is, excess liquid penetrates through building structures.

In the house and utility rooms, as well as basements and ground floors, without drainage, dampness can occur, which, in turn, will give impetus to the appearance and development of mold and other fungi. In addition, weather precipitation in combination with salts in the soil often creates aggressive organic compounds that adversely affect building materials and contribute to the deterioration of their strength.

Using drainage, you can remove excess water not only from the surface of the site, but also from underground rooms

Elimination of liquid from the soil

It is necessary to understand that there are situations when it is impossible to do without drainage, and if you put this issue on the back burner, problems will inevitably arise. It will not be possible to save money on this issue: excess moisture in the future will certainly cause such damage to both the house and its repairs that you will have to spend more money on dealing with difficulties than on preventing them. It is worth considering those cases when drainage is inevitable:

According to the laws of physics, moisture always goes under the influence of gravity to the lowest place, and on a smooth landscape it will begin to intensively fill the soil, seeping into the lower layers and causing waterlogging.

Preliminary collection of information

Today's construction requirements imply that planning any work on a site should begin only after geological and geodetic studies have been carried out, which are accompanied by the development of special reports, which will indicate various data, the main part of which is clear only to professionals. If this information is deciphered for ordinary people, then they can be interpreted in this way:

How to carry out the procedure yourself

The presence of heavy clay soils is often associated with high groundwater levels. But this can be easily corrected with drainage. Before you start planning and executing it, you should study the space for surface type of soil and groundwater level.

Each site has a unique topography, soil composition and groundwater location. Even two areas located nearby can differ significantly from each other, although they usually have a lot in common. Therefore, situations often arise when apparently identical areas require different drainage systems, and if this is not carried out, the result will be the same - waterlogging with all the ensuing consequences.

First of all, before construction, you need to determine the type of drainage system that is suitable for your site.

From a drainage point of view, a site with a slight slope is considered advantageous. If it is located in a lowland, then it is definitely necessary to install drainage systems, otherwise water will flow onto it from higher places.

Areas with a significant slope similarly require drainage, because rapidly flowing water will carry with it the upper fertile layers of the earth. Then it is advisable to direct these jets into the channels of the drainage system or into pipes. In this case, the main part of the moisture will descend along them, preventing the necessary layers from being washed out.

If clayey and loamy soils dominate the site, then after rain or melting snow masses, water will stagnate on them. This kind of land prevents its advancement into the deeper layers. For this reason, drainage is also mandatory. If the height of groundwater in the area is less than 1 meter, then drainage is also indispensable.

Before starting drainage work, it is necessary to establish the level of groundwater flow. Information has been preserved about the ancient method of finding the groundwater level, which our ancestors used before starting to build houses.

To do this, a piece of turf was removed from the selected area for construction and a shallow hole was dug. They put two kind of markers on its bottom - wool, on it - an egg, and on top they covered it with an inverted clay vessel and returned the removed turf back. The next morning we dug up the pot, took it off and looked at how the dew behaved. If the egg and wool are covered with it, then water is nearby; if there is only wool in the droplets, then water is flowing, but at a safe depth. If both markers are dry, then the water is very deep.

Types of drainage systems

There are a lot of them. At the same time, their classification often varies greatly in different sources. The simplest and most consistent ways to create drainage with your own hands are the following methods:

• surface drainage;
• deep.

A deep-type drainage system is quite complex to construct, but in the end it will not be visible under the soil layer

Surface method of drainage from the soil

This is the simplest, but quite effective method. It is intended to remove moisture that arrives in the form of precipitation or melting snowdrifts, as well as to remove excess water during some production processes, for example, when washing cars or garden paths.

Surface drainage is carried out in any case next to buildings or other structures, on sites, and places of departure from parking lots. Surface drainage of the site can be:

• point (local);
• linear.

Point - a drainage system from a specific location or area. Drainage is usually located under gutters, near the porch or entrance door to the house, near watering taps.

A point type drainage system is used to drain water from the roof drains of buildings during rain.

Linear - designed for a large area. Includes a combination of trays and channels, which are mounted with a slope and equipped with special elements:

• sand filters;
• grilles that perform a cleaning, protective and decorative role.

Gutters and trenches can be made from different materials. It can be plastic, polypropylene, or low-density polyethylene. Concrete and materials based on it can be used. Work on establishing linear drainage requires a concrete base.

Deep method of moisture removal

Most often it is impossible to get by with surface drainage alone. For a high-quality solution to the problem, a second type is required - in-depth. It is an organization of special drainage pipes (drains), which are laid in those places where it is necessary to reduce the height of groundwater or remove water from the site.

Drains are laid with an inclination towards the collector, well, artificially created or naturally located next to a reservoir on the site or beyond its borders. Of course, they are laid under the level of the base of the building’s foundation or along the contour of the site. As a rule, this is 0.8-1.5 m.

Drains can also be placed in the center of the site at specific intervals. The distance is calculated by experts for each specific case. But usually it is within 10-18 meters. They are placed in the form of a herringbone, which is directed towards the main collector pipe.

To prevent the formation of waterlogging areas around a residential building, surface drainage is performed. Surface drainage consists of special structures (modular channels), pipework, which makes it possible to lower the level of groundwater and groundwater. Water is collected from the site, paths and platforms, roofing, and open terraces. Depending on the method of moisture collection, removal is carried out: Point - for local collection of rain and melt water into door pits. It is mounted under drainage systems equipped for collecting water from the roof.In the form of a drainage main for the disposal of atmospheric precipitation over a large area. A system of in-depth trays, gutters, sand traps which, like drains, must be cleaned periodically. The gutters and containers that retain sand are covered with cast iron or metal gratings.

As a rule, the greatest effect is achieved when a comprehensive drainage scheme is used: point and linear. If the soil on the site is sandy and well-drained, the site itself is located high, the groundwater level is 1.5 m or even lower, you can use only surface drainage without installing deep drainage.

Surface drainage of the site.

Surface drainage of an area is the easiest and cheapest way to deal with excess moisture in a particular area. Surface drainage of a site begins with an inspection of the site and at the same time drawing up a diagram of the location of the trenches. Typically it includes main ditches around the perimeter and additional ones in places where water accumulates. The depth of the ditch is up to 70 cm, the width is up to half a meter. The walls are made with a bevel of 30 degrees. Additional trenches relative to the main ones are made with a slope towards the collecting tank. The bottom of the trenches can be covered with a 10-centimeter layer of sand - it must be compacted tightly. Next, trays are laid and covered with sand traps. To give such structures a presentable appearance, fit them organically into the overall landscape design of the area and protect them from large debris, the top is covered with gratings. If wastewater is discharged into a sewerage system, then the volume of the receiving septic tank must take into account such a load, especially in terms of the magnitude of the salvo discharge. A team of professionals will complete surface drainage of the site in one day, including excavation work and installation of structural elements.

Surface drainage around the house.

Surface drainage of the site is intended for the accumulation and removal of upstream flow at a depth of up to 0.7 m. To collect and remove waters with an increased level of groundwater level or those that exceed it during peak periods, surface drainage of the site is also done to a depth of more than 1.5 m, which is below the soil freezing mark. The area is drained, which makes it comfortable to be in the green zone of the site. Green plantings do not rot due to waterlogging of the roots.

Open water drainage operates only in the warm season. Freezing of the layer-by-layer soil “pie” stops the action. It resumes only after thawing. To carry out the work, it is necessary to inspect the land area allocated for management in advance: find out the source of excess moisture, the characteristics of the soil and develop a detailed design for the installation of all parts of the drainage chain, indicate the points where the water stands, and proposals for its disposal. Surface drainage of a site will be effective only if the correct approach to its arrangement is used.

Surface drainage cost.

The preliminary price will differ for surface drainage: the final price will be determined after all measurements. The cost of surface drainage directly depends on: area of ​​the site and its vertical orientation,type of soil pie and groundwater,remoteness of the object from the material base of the construction company andwork on landscaping after installation.

Knowing these initial parameters, the total length of the drainage route is calculated. It is assumed that 1 l.m. Drenov collects water from 10 square meters. area of ​​“problem” (clay, loamy) areas. From 11-15 sq.m. – for sandy loam and sandy soil. Surface drainage - installation cost - can be increased with additional payment for related work:dismantling of fundamental structures that impede the arrangement of drainage,disposal of excavated soil from the site,arrangement of storm drains andcable connection, etc.

Turnkey surface drainage in the optimal version can be performed professionally and with a guarantee only by specialists. They evaluate turnkey surface drainage for each linear meter.

The system design must be carried out taking into account the calculated load. Its value depends on the specifics of the soil, its saturation with water, the degree of filtration at different times of the year, and the amount of water absorbed. Accurate calculations by specialists will determine the sufficiency of plastic lattice elements and polymer pipes for a household drainage system. If the load increases, such materials will not withstand them; metal gratings will have to be used. Proper arrangement involves concrete wells, gutters, and channels.

Drainage of the site is carried out only after signing the contract and approving the estimate. From this moment, all work, from drawing up a project, carrying out calculations, to putting the facility into operation, passes to the executing company. This standard list includes: soil survey,approval of the drainage project andterrain analysis.Laying of drainage (pipes, trays, storm water inlets) is carried out in accordance with GOST R ISO 14001.

Turnkey surface drainage is recalculated at a lower or higher cost if its depth differs from the catalog value.

Schedule for calculating the cost of surface drainage of a site.

Example for surface drainage: We have a plot of 15 acres that needs to be drained. We look at the length shown above, we get 150 meters.The price per linear meter of surface drainage is 1,400 rubles. We multiply the length of the drainage by the number of acres and get an amount of 210,000 rubles. If there are no options for water drainage, then you need to install a collector well with a pump costing 30,000 rubles. Total turnkey RUB 240,000.

Make surface drainage of the area.

SNiP 3.05.04-85 will help to make surface drainage of the site according to all the rules. They give the depths, main dimensions, pipe materials, installation methods, without which it is impossible to make surface drainage of the area. The following work algorithm will help to arrange a linear type of drainage system.

• - Divide the area into equal segments.
• - Dig narrow trenches approximately 0.5 m deep (it all depends on the terrain and slope requirements) towards the main flow of water.
• - Cover the bottom with a small layer of sand (0.1 m).
• - Trays are installed and secured with stones on both sides.
• - The joints are filled with concrete mixture for sealing.
• - The free space between the walls of the trench and trays is filled with soil or crushed stone.
• - The backfill is compacted.
• - If necessary, the required slope is achieved for that part of the site that borders the linear highway. The discharge efficiency will increase if the surface is asphalted or covered with concrete.
• - The drainage network is connected to the general system.
• - Water intake grates are installed on the top of the trenches.

If it is necessary to make surface drainage of an area by connecting the channels at an angle, they are cut with a hand saw with a diamond blade, capturing both of its walls in the tray at once.

from 1000 rub. m p.

The bulk of land plots in the Moscow region are subject to flooding and groundwater to varying degrees. Heavy loamy and clayey soils, along with heavy rainfall in our region, create extremely unfavorable conditions for growing both garden and ornamental plants. Excessive moisture destroys landscape design elements, sharply shortens the life of the building, negatively affecting its foundation. It is impossible to imagine normalizing the water balance of a land plot without creating an effective drainage system.

A well-designed and well-equipped drainage system ensures the removal of melt and rainwater from the surface layers of the soil and at the same time sharply reduces the groundwater level in its lower layers. Thanks to this, in areas with proper drainage, puddles disappear much faster than in neighboring areas; moving around the site becomes more comfortable; the plants are not oppressed and delight their owners with rich greenery and rich harvests.

When should you think about installing surface drainage for a site?

• the site is located in a low-lying area in relation to neighboring landholdings;
• the site is dominated by clay soil or a water-resistant clay horizon lies close to the surface;
• there is a pond nearby;
• the site is located in an area of ​​heavy flood waters;
• there is a high groundwater level at the summer cottage;
• Along the perimeter of the site there are neighboring foundations and concrete buildings.

Types of jobs

Surface drainage around the house is one of the elements of general drainage from the site. Using the SoftRock rubble-free system, you can organize effective removal of moisture from the foundation of residential and commercial buildings, eliminate basement flooding, and significantly reduce soil erosion. Compared to traditional systems that use a layer of crushed stone, SoftRock significantly reduces financial costs and reduces installation time. Surface drainage of the site is 50% more efficient using Softrock drainage blocks. Installation is so simple that you can do it yourself.

Application of surface drainage

Surface water drainage will help solve many problems:

• drainage of water from the foundation of residential and commercial buildings in order to protect against shrinkage, the appearance of unsightly damp spots, mold, mildew, and basement flooding;
• removing moisture from footpaths and parking areas;
• avoiding saturation of the soil with water, followed by frost heaving and squeezing of the building from the ground;
• reduction of cracking of the soil surface;
• reducing the processes of erosion and washout of the fertile layer from the site;
• on the site, surface drainage prevents septic tanks from exiting cesspools;
• reducing the occurrence of aggressive chemical compounds due to the interaction of moisture with salts contained in the soil;
• maintaining the attractive appearance of the site and the general landscape of the territory.

Regardless of the soil composition and surface topography, drainage must be installed for any area.

Advantages of the SoftRock system

The most effective option is a surface drainage system using Softrock drainage blocks. It has numerous advantages compared to traditional analogues using a crushed stone layer:

• light weight of the blocks, making it possible to install the system without the use of equipment;
• high flexibility of the perforated pipe, allowing you to bypass obstacles and folds of the terrain;
• drainage efficiency is 50-65% higher;
• high strength, maintaining the functionality of the system at a height of the bulk layer of up to 25 meters and the passage of vehicles weighing up to 25 tons;
• there is no damage to the area during installation;
• high reliability and operation for 100 years.

Softrock linear drainage is easy to install and can be done by one person. The price of installing a drainage system is determined only by purchasing blocks ready for use and depends on their quantity. There is no need to purchase other materials, saving money and time. If you want to install surface drainage yourself, then you need Softrock blocks. Its unique capabilities will eliminate the negative consequences of excess moisture in the soil on any site for many years.

Design features of the surface drainage system

Structurally, each block of the SoftRock surface drainage system consists of a perforated flexible pipe 3 meters long and with a diameter of 110 to 200 mm. High flexibility allows you to easily bypass obstacles in the form of plants, buildings, folds of relief and not spoil the appearance of the site. Around the pipe there is a layer of foam plastic, each granule of which has a special drainage hole to improve water permeability. The foam layer is held in place by a woven geotextile mesh, and the entire structure is wrapped in geotextile material that prevents siltation. The cost of a surface drainage system depends on the diameter of the pipe and the number of blocks required.

In order to improve the land area, it is necessary to carry out surface drainage of the site. This is a very important event and is one of the main ones.

Even in cases where the soil does not accumulate liquid, it is still necessary to install drains, ditches and drain the land.

This will protect the building’s foundation from the aggressive effects of groundwater during floods and intense rainfall. But when it comes to areas where there were previously swamps, peat bogs, alumina fields or sand pits, a powerful drainage system is needed.

Specifics of the problem

Before arranging drainage, you need to assess each specific situation and identify the reasons for the appearance of water, and they can be very different:

• flooding and prone to flooding;
• marshy soil and a high percentage of groundwater content;
• terrain;
• close location of rivers and reservoirs;
• high groundwater level, etc.

To protect against floods, seasonal or short-term, dams are used, built for several settlements at once.

To solve the problem of waterlogging, the ground level is raised by constructing embankments. In this case, the issue is resolved for several seasons. Therefore, for greater efficiency and reliability, it is necessary to construct a drainage system.

When there is oversaturation with moisture, when there is an underground river or reservoir nearby, as well as during the rainy season and snowmelt, groundwater occupies all free areas. In such a situation, the water will stand until it evaporates.

On soils such as clay and loam, the so-called “overwater” is formed. These soils do not have good permeability and from a large amount of water their particles expand, forming a single waterproof layer and the water remains until it dries completely.

There are two ways to combat this:

1. Improve clay soils by making them looser, adding sand and organic fertilizers. This is not difficult to do in small areas.
2. Drainage of water outside using a dehumidification system.

There is a method of vertical or horizontal soil drainage. The vertical one prevents moisture from escaping into the soil and accumulating near the waterproof clay layer, and the horizontal one does not allow water to accumulate on the surface.

What are the features of drainage communications

Drainage is a network of communications designed to drain groundwater from the soil in order to improve soil quality (which is especially important when creating good conditions for crop production) and the safety of operation of any structures.

In the absence of natural drainage, artificial systems are used. There are two types:

1. Deep.
2. Superficial.

They are a complex of water intakes and drainage systems - special trays and ditches. To install deep vertical networks, special pipes with holes are used as drainage systems, installed vertically and passing through aquifers of the soil.

Water is directed to the lower layers of the soil or removed outside the territory. This type of drainage requires serious geological and geodetic surveys so that the costs are not in vain. Vertical drainage is not suitable for areas with mixed, heterogeneous soils.

The deep horizontal drainage system is based on the structure of drainage layers, which includes:

• perforated pipes for drainage;
• gravel fraction 20-40;
• geotextiles;
• assembled drainage wells;
• coarse river sand;
• prefabricated reinforced concrete well.

For the drainage system to work satisfactorily, the following conditions must be met:

• The calculation of the depth and width of the trench is carried out in such a way that water cannot pass through it. The drainage ditch is filled with material with an optimal filtration coefficient;
• the permissible slope of the system must be at least 0.5 cm per 1 m; the bottom of the trench is filled with sand from 150 mm, followed by a separating layer of geotextile with outlets (between sand and crushed stone);
• it is necessary to correctly select the diameter of the drainage pipe that is laid on the gravel, taking into account the specified slopes. Gravel is selected in a fraction of 20-40 mm. This helps retain heat due to the presence of air gaps between the stones, as well as the rapid drainage of water into the pipes;
• the finished system is wrapped in a pre-laid filtration layer (geotextile) and covered with coarse-grained washed river sand;
• Drainage wells are installed in corners and straight sections (more than 25 meters in length) to monitor and check the system and for its further cleaning.

How to choose a drainage system

With any method of draining the soil, the principle of the drainage system is to remove excess liquid from the site. Pumps are used only in cases of extreme necessity, when it is not possible to drain water by gravity.

The drainage system should be selected based on the following features:

• Is there any excess moisture in the area where construction or planting is planned, in what volume, and is it necessary to remove it;
• is there a natural slope in the area;
• soil composition and its capacity;
• reasons for excess water in the soil;
• Is the area landscaped (tiles, asphalt, lawn);
• is there a local sewage system nearby, since this fact will affect the design features of the drainage system.

Most specialists involved in drainage systems are proponents of using combined types of drainage.

This is the most budget-friendly type of drainage work, and it is simply aimed at removing excess liquid directly from the soil surface. It is popular due to the lowest costs (both physical and material) for arrangement. Most often it is used when large puddles often form and during floods.

As a rule, in most cases, minimal work is sufficient: small trenches that you can dig yourself using primitive mechanisms. Only in special cases is large construction equipment used. Sometimes ditches are equipped with trays for collecting liquid.

The surface drying system consists of the following:

• single channels around the perimeter of the site;
• bypasses - throughout the entire planned territory;
• Trench-furrows are shallow channels located between flower beds or beds.

Devices that drain water away from buildings (roof gutters and gutters) are part of the drainage system. They can be open or closed.

The water collector can be:

• street ditches and ravines;
• storm sewer collectors;
• natural bodies of water.

Surface drainage systems are most often used on land intended for gardening and vegetable gardening. In other cases (for the construction of buildings and structures), more constructive methods are needed.

Point drainage

This drainage method allows you to collect excess water:

• near the paths;
• under and around watering taps;
• under roof gutters;
• near the garden fountains.

This method complements the linear drainage method. And when using this combination, you must first develop a general drainage plan so that the connection to the general storm sewer system is correct.

Biodrainage

The presence of plants on the territory allows for natural drainage. If there are more problematic areas, then channels are built there, filled with filter layers: gravel, sand, etc. Plants are planted above these channels that can naturally dry (drain) the soil. If necessary, you can additionally use tubes for drainage.

This method, like others, requires taking into account the characteristics of the soil, layout, and the nearby proximity of buildings and plantings.

Design and installation of surface drainage

The most difficult thing to design is the linear drainage system. This is a network of channels laid at a shallow angle, running throughout the territory in places with the greatest accumulation of water.

First, they draw up a design for the entire system, where the main thing is the central ditch for general water collection. It ends in some kind of ravine or storm drainage system. During design, all expected flood areas must be taken into account in order to correctly lay channels from these areas to the central trench.

If calculated correctly, the water will move well in the right direction. The slope of the pipes must be at least 0.03, for clay soils - 0.02.

Types of surface drainage:

1. Open. Such drainage is a network of trenches dug according to a pre-created pattern, where the angle of inclination is 30°, the width is 0.5 m, and the minimum depth is 0.7 m. These structures are quite light, but not very aesthetic.
2. Closed. With closed surface drainage, drainage trays (plastic or concrete) are used, which are installed inside the trench and covered with gratings (protection from contamination). The system is protected from soil sliding.

The efficiency of communications is also ensured by an angle of inclination from 0.005 to 0.01.

If the soil is excessively loose, then crushed stone is used for sprinkling, where the coarse fraction is used for the bottom of the ditch, and the fine fraction for the top.

If all technologies are followed, the drainage system will certainly be productive and will allow the site to be used for any planned purposes. And by turning to qualified specialists, you will protect yourself from unpleasant surprises that arise as a result of mistakes and ignorance of the nuances and subtleties of these works.