Laryngeal cavity. Vestibule of the larynx. Glottis. Sound formation in the larynx. Where is the glottis located? Glottis

Interactive application

Vocal apparatus from bottom to top: diaphragm - lungs - trachea (bronchi) - larynx - vocal folds (ligaments) - soft palate (pharynx) - oral cavity. It should be noted that when we talk about the voice as a musical instrument, the body of which is the person himself, then almost the entire body can be safely included in the vocal apparatus - from the frontal sinuses and other voids in the skull to the lower abdominal muscles involved in proper singing breathing , and even lower. As experienced singers say, “you need to sing in such a way that you feel everything - from the top of your head to your heels resting on the floor.”

Diaphragm- (lat. diaphragma) - an unpaired broad muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, serving to expand the lungs. Conventionally, its border can be drawn along the lower edge of the ribs. It is formed by a system of striated muscles, which, apparently, are derivatives of the rectus abdominis muscle system.

The diaphragm contracts and relaxes, and just like other muscles in our body, it can be trained. It is often called a “vocal support,” hence the common expression of many teachers and vocalists: “singing on a support.” Literally this means: sing using your diaphragm.

The diaphragm is responsible for the evenness, stability of sound, and singing without trembling (not to be confused with vibrato); sound strength (dynamics); partially the brightness of the timbre.

Above the diaphragm are lungs, located in the chest area above the lungs trachea- a branched air duct connecting the lungs to each other and to the larynx.

Larynx(lat. larynx) - a section of the respiratory system that connects the pharynx to the trachea and contains the vocal apparatus. The larynx is located at the level of 4-6 cervical vertebrae and is connected by ligaments to the hyoid bone. Above, the larynx is connected to the pharyngeal cavity, below - to the trachea.

The larynx contains the vocal apparatus, which is represented by vocal cords- folds of the mucous membrane of the larynx, protruding into its cavity, containing the vocal cord and vocal muscle. The vocal cords arise from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages and are attached to the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage. Above the vocal folds, parallel to them, are the folds of the vestibule.

So what is the correct way to say: folds or ligaments?
In professional vocabulary and in old manuals, speech therapists, phoniatrists, and vocal teachers often use the term “vocal cords” or “cords” instead of “folds.” Thus both names are correct.

The vocal cords (lat. plica vocalis) are the organ responsible for the formation of a sound wave due to the vibration of the vocal muscles. The sound wave, passing through the space of the soft palate (borders: from the vocal cords to the small tongue) and the oral cavity (articulatory apparatus), is converted into a full-fledged scale that is accessible to ordinary hearing.

Oral cavity(articulatory apparatus) includes the lips, teeth and tongue - all of these organs are important in the production of sounds. Associated with them are concepts such as articulation and diction.

The process of voice formation looks like this: when you inhale, the diaphragm tightens, sagging downwards with the help of relaxation of the abdominal wall and rib muscles, the vacuum formed in the lungs is filled with air. During exhalation, the rib and abdominal muscles push the diaphragm upward, which in turn leads to compression and subsequent release of air from the lungs. Air under pressure passes through the trachea to the larynx, through the vocal cords, where, with the help of vibrations of the ligamentous muscles that restrain the air flow, it is converted into a sound wave. The sound wave passes through the soft palate (pharynx) and enters the oral cavity, where the sound wave is formed into individual sounds and sound combinations.

For some vocalists, the sound wave does not come out quite correctly, entering the nasopharynx and acquiring a characteristic nasal sound, which is very noticeable during performance. This occurs because the resulting sound is not given enough space to exit through the oral cavity and fills the only available space. To avoid this, you need to monitor the position of the soft palate (pharynx); it should be well open (as in a yawn).

Head resonators

What are resonators

The voice represents sound vibrations (mechanical vibrations of air molecules), that is, it propagates in the air. All organs that air passes through on the way from the lungs to the external space are cavities filled with air. These cavities constitute a system of resonators that creates a unique instrument - the human voice. Cavities - empty spaces - are very similar to the hollow body of other musical instruments: guitar, violin, piano, flute, bell, drum, trumpet... Throughout its entire path, the sound wave resonates inside our body, which ensures singing brightness and sharpness of sound.

The cavities located above the vocal folds are called top or head resonators. Together with the nasal cavity, they include four pairs of paranasal sinuses: maxillary (maxillary), frontal (frontal), main and ethmoid. Sometimes this includes the oropharyngeal cavity, consisting of the pharynx and oral cavity.

What our vocal folds look like when we sing

Larynx

The author of the article about the larynx is Olga Gurova, Candidate of Biological Sciences, senior researcher, associate professor of the Department of Human Anatomy of the RUDN University. (Original article)

The larynx is an organ of the respiratory system that performs the functions of air conduction and voice formation.

Larynx- This is a kind of musical instrument of the human body that allows you to speak, sing, express your emotions in a quiet voice or a loud cry. As part of the respiratory tract, the larynx is a short tube with dense cartilaginous walls. The rather complex structure of the walls of the larynx allows it to generate sounds of different heights and volumes.

The larynx is located in the anterior region of the neck at the level of the IV-VI cervical vertebrae. With the help of ligaments, the larynx is suspended from the hyoid bone, as a result of which it lowers and rises with it during swallowing. From the outside, the position of the larynx is noticeable by the protrusion, strongly developed in men and formed by the thyroid cartilage. In common parlance, this protrusion is called “Adam’s apple”, or “Adam’s apple”. Behind the larynx is the pharynx, with which the larynx communicates; large vessels and nerves pass along the side. The pulsation of the carotid arteries can be easily felt in the neck on the sides of the larynx. Below, the larynx passes into the trachea. In front of the trachea, reaching the larynx, is the thyroid gland.

The hard skeleton of the larynx consists of three unpaired cartilages - the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis - and three paired ones, the most important of which are the arytenoids. The cartilages of the larynx are connected to each other by joints and ligaments and can change their position due to the contraction of the muscles attached to them.

The base of the larynx forms the cricoid cartilage, which resembles a horizontally lying ring: its narrow “arch” faces forward, and its wide “signet” faces back. The lower edge of this cartilage connects to the trachea. The thyroid and arytenoid cartilages join the cricoid cartilage from above. The thyroid cartilage is the largest and is part of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx. It distinguishes two quadrangular plates, connected to each other at a right angle in men, forming an “Adam’s apple,” and at an obtuse angle (about 120°) in women.

The arytenoid cartilages are pyramid-shaped, their triangular base is movably connected to the plate of the cricoid cartilage. From the base of each arytenoid cartilage a vocal process extends forward, and a muscular process extends to the side. The muscles that move the arytenoid cartilage around its vertical axis are attached to the latter. This changes the position of the vocal process, to which the vocal cord is connected.

The top of the larynx is covered by the epiglottis, which can be compared to a “lifting door” above the entrance to the larynx (see Fig. 1). The lower pointed end of the epiglottis is attached to the thyroid cartilage. The wide upper part of the epiglottis descends with each swallowing movement and closes the entrance to the larynx, thereby preventing food and water from entering the respiratory tract from the pharynx.

All cartilages of the larynx are hyaline and can undergo ossification, except for the epiglottis and the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage, which are formed by elastic cartilaginous tissue. As a result of ossification, which sometimes occurs before the age of 40, the voice loses flexibility and acquires a hoarse, creaky tone.

For the production of sound, the vocal cords, which are stretched from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages to the inner surface of the angle of the thyroid cartilage, are of utmost importance (Fig. 2). Between the right and left vocal cords there is a glottis through which air passes during breathing. Under the influence of muscles, the cartilages of the larynx change their position. The muscles of the larynx are divided into three groups according to their function: they expand the glottis, narrow the glottis, and change the tension of the vocal cords.

The cavity of the larynx is lined with a mucous membrane, which is extremely sensitive: the slightest touch of a foreign body to it reflexively causes a cough. Covers the mucous membrane of the larynx, excluding only the surface of the vocal cords, ciliated epithelium with a large number of glands.

Under the mucous membrane of the larynx lies a fibroelastic membrane. The laryngeal cavity is shaped like an hourglass: the middle section is strongly narrowed and limited above by the folds of the vestibule (“false vocal folds”), and below by the vocal folds (Fig. 3). On the lateral walls of the larynx between the fold of the vestibule and the vocal fold, rather deep pockets are visible - the ventricles of the larynx. These are the remains of voluminous “voice sacs”, which are well developed in apes and, apparently, serve as resonators. Under the mucous membrane of the vocal fold are the vocal cord and vocal muscle, under the mucous membrane of the vestibular fold is the fixed edge of the fibroelastic membrane.

Functions of the larynx

It is customary to distinguish four main functions of the larynx: respiratory, protective, phonatory (voice-forming) and speech.

• Respiratory. When you inhale, air from the nasal cavity enters the pharynx, from it into the larynx, then into the trachea, bronchi and lungs. When you exhale, air from the lungs travels all the way through the respiratory tract in the opposite direction.
• Protective. The movements of the cilia covering the mucous membrane of the larynx continuously clean it, removing the smallest particles of dust that enter the respiratory tract. Dust surrounded by mucus is released as phlegm. Reflex cough is an important protective device of the larynx.
• Phonatornaya. The occurrence of sound is associated with vibration of the vocal cords during exhalation. The sound may vary depending on the tension of the ligaments and the width of the glottis. A person consciously regulates this process.
• Speech. It should be emphasized that only the formation of sound occurs in the larynx; articulate speech occurs when the organs of the oral cavity work: the tongue, lips, teeth, facial and masticatory muscles.

The first is the voice, the second is the melody

A person’s ability to produce sounds of different strength, pitch and timbre is associated with the movement of the vocal cords under the influence of a stream of exhaled air. The strength of the sound produced depends on the width of the glottis: the wider it is, the louder the sound. The width of the glottis is regulated by at least five muscles of the larynx. Of course, the force of exhalation itself, caused by the work of the corresponding muscles of the chest and abdomen, also plays a role. The pitch of the sound is determined by the number of vibrations of the vocal cords in 1 second. The more frequent the vibrations, the higher the sound, and vice versa. As you know, tightly stretched ligaments vibrate more often (remember a guitar string). The muscles of the larynx, in particular the vocal muscle, provide the necessary tension to the vocal cords. Its fibers are woven into the vocal cord along its entire length and can contract either as a whole or in separate parts. Contraction of the vocal muscles causes the vocal cords to relax, causing the pitch of the sound they produce to decrease.

Having the ability to vibrate not only as a whole, but also in individual parts, the vocal cords produce additional sounds to the main tone, the so-called overtones. It is the combination of overtones that characterizes the timbre of the human voice, the individual characteristics of which also depend on the condition of the pharynx, oral cavity and nose, movements of the lips, tongue, and lower jaw. The airways located above the glottis act as resonators. Therefore, when their condition changes (for example, when the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses swells during a runny nose), the timbre of the voice also changes.

Despite the similarities in the structure of the larynx of humans and apes, the latter are not able to speak. Only gibbons are capable of producing sounds that are vaguely reminiscent of musical sounds. Only a person can consciously regulate the force of exhaled air, the width of the glottis and the tension of the vocal cords, which is necessary for singing and speech. The medical science that studies the voice is called phoniatry.

Even in the time of Hippocrates, it was known that the human voice is produced by the larynx, but only 20 centuries later Vesalius (16th century) expressed the opinion that sound is produced by the vocal cords. Even now, there are various theories of voice formation, based on individual aspects of the regulation of vocal cord vibrations. Two theories can be cited as extreme forms.

According to the first (aerodynamic) theory, voice formation is the result of vibrational movements of the vocal folds in the vertical direction under the influence of an air stream during exhalation. The decisive role here belongs to the muscles involved in the exhalation phase and the muscles of the larynx, which bring the vocal cords together and resist the pressure of the air stream. Adjustment of muscle function occurs reflexively when the mucous membrane of the larynx is irritated by air.

According to another theory, the movements of the vocal folds do not occur passively under the influence of an air stream, but are active movements of the vocal muscles, carried out by command from the brain, which is transmitted along the corresponding nerves. The pitch of the sound, associated with the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords, thus depends on the ability of the nerves to conduct motor impulses.

Some theories cannot fully explain such a complex process as voice formation. In a person who has speech, the function of voice formation is associated with the activity of the cerebral cortex, as well as lower levels of regulation, and is a very complex, consciously coordinated motor act.

Larynx in nuances

A specialist can examine the condition of the larynx using a special device - a laryngoscope, the main element of which is a small mirror. For the idea of ​​this device, the famous singer and vocal teacher M. Garcia was awarded the title of honorary doctor of medicine in 1854.

The larynx has significant age and gender characteristics. From birth to 10 years of life, the larynx of boys and girls is virtually no different. Before the onset of puberty, the growth of the larynx in boys increases sharply, which is associated with the development of the sex glands and the production of male sex hormones. At this time, the boys’ voice also changes (“breaks”). Voice mutation in boys lasts about a year and is completed at the age of 14-15. In girls, the mutation occurs quickly and almost imperceptibly at the age of 13-14 years.

A man's larynx is on average 1/3 larger than a woman's, and the vocal cords are much thicker and longer (approximately 10 mm). Therefore, the male voice, as a rule, is stronger and lower than the female one. It is known that in the XVII-XVIII centuries. in Italy, 7-8 year old boys who were supposed to sing in the papal choir were castrated. Their larynx did not undergo any special changes during puberty and retained its child size. This achieved a high tone of voice, combined with masculine strength of performance and a neutral timbre (between childish and masculine).

Many organs and systems of the body take part in the formation of the voice, and this requires their normal functioning. Therefore, voice and speech are an expression not only of the normal activity of individual organs and systems, including the human psyche, but also of their disorders and pathological conditions. By changes in voice one can judge a person’s condition and even the development of certain diseases. It must be especially emphasized that any changes in hormonal levels in the body (in women - the use of hormonal drugs, menstruation, menopause) can lead to changes in voice.

The sound energy of the voice is very small. If a person talks continuously, it will take only 100 years to produce the amount of thermal energy needed to brew a cup of coffee. However, the voice (as a necessary component of human speech) is a powerful tool that changes the world around us!

OUR TRAINING MATERIALS

Cavity of the larynx, cavitas laryngis, opens with a hole - entrance to the larynx, aditus laryngis. It is limited anteriorly by the free edge of the epiglottis, posteriorly by the apices of the arytenoid cartilages along with the fold of the mucous membrane between them, plica interarytenoidea, on the sides - folds of the mucous membrane stretched between the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages - plicae aryepiglotticae. On the sides of the latter lie pear-shaped recesses of the pharyngeal wall, recessus piriformes.

The cavity of the larynx itself is shaped like an hourglass: in the middle section it is narrowed, widened upward and downward. The upper expanded section of the laryngeal cavity is called vestibule of the larynx, vestibulum laryngis. The vestibule extends from the entrance to the larynx to a paired fold of the mucous membrane located on the side wall of the cavity and called plica vestibularis; embedded in the thickness of the latter lig. vestibulare. The walls of the vestibule are: in front - the dorsal surface of the epiglottis, in the back - the upper parts of the arytenoid cartilages and plica interarytenoide a, on the sides - a paired elastic membrane, stretching from plica vestibularis to plica aryepiglottica and called membrana fibroelastica laryngis.

The most complex structure is the middle, narrowed, section of the larynx cavity - actually vocal apparatus, glottis. It is delimited from the upper and lower sections by two pairs of folds of the mucous membrane located on the lateral walls of the larynx. The upper fold is the already mentioned steam room plica vestibularis. The free edges of the folds limit the unpaired, rather wide fissure of the vestibule, rima vestibuli. Bottom fold, vocal, plica vocalis, protrudes into the cavity larger than the upper one and contains vocal cord, lig.vocale, And vocal muscle, m. vocalis. The depression between the plica vestibularis and plica vocalis is called ventricle of the larynx, ventriculus laryngis.

Between both plicae vocals a sagittally located glottis, rima glottidis. This gap is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity. It distinguishes the anterior large section, located between the ligaments themselves and called intermembranous part, pars intermembranacea, and the rear smaller one, located between vocal processes, processus vocalis, arytenoid cartilages - intercartilaginous part, pars intercartilaginea.

Lower extended department of the larynx, cavitas infraglottica, gradually narrows downwards and passes into the trachea.

In a living person, during laryngoscopy (examination of the larynx using a laryngeal mirror), you can see the shape of the glottis and its changes. When the act phonation (sound formation) pars intermembranacea appears in the form of a narrow slit, pars intercartilaginea has the outline of a small triangle; with quiet breathing pars intermembranacea The glottis expands and the entire glottis takes the shape of a triangle, the base of which is located between the arytenoid cartilages. The mucous membrane of the larynx looks smooth and has a uniform pink color, without local changes in relief and mobility. In the area of ​​the vocal cords it has a pink color, in the area of ​​lig. vestibulare - reddish.

Sound formation occurs during exhalation.

The reason for the formation of voice is the vibration of the vocal cords, which do not vibrate passively under the influence of air current, but due to a close relationship with mm. vocales, which contract actively under the influence of rhythmic impulses coming along the nerves from the centers of the brain with sound frequency. The sound generated by the vocal cords, in addition to the main tone, contains a number of overtones. Nevertheless, this “connective” sound is still completely different from the sounds of a living voice: the voice acquires its natural human timbre only thanks to a system of resonators. Since nature is a very economical builder, the role of resonators is performed by the various air cavities of the respiratory tract surrounding the vocal cords. The most important resonators are the pharynx and oral cavity.

Klevskaya Tamara Anatolevna

Head of the Department of Pediatrics. Professor. Cardiologist of the first degree

Articles written

Vocal fold(lat. plica vocalis) - a fold of the mucous membrane of the larynx, protruding into its cavity, containing the vocal cord and vocal muscle. The vocal folds begin from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages and are attached to the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage. Above the vocal folds, parallel to them, are the folds of the vestibule (false vocal folds).

In professional vocabulary (and in old speech therapy manuals), speech therapists often use the term vocal cords or "ligaments" instead of "folds".

True vocal folds

Two symmetrically located folds of the mucous membrane of the larynx, protruding into its cavity, containing the vocal cord and vocal muscle. True vocal folds have a special muscular structure, different from the structure of other muscles: bundles of elongated fibers go here in different mutually opposite directions, begin at the edge of the muscle and end in its depth, as a result of which the true vocal folds can vibrate either with their entire mass or just one any part, for example, half, third, edges, and so on.

False vocal folds

Also called vestibular folds or folds of the vestibule- two folds of the mucous membrane that cover the submucosal tissue and a small muscle bundle; Normally, the false vocal folds take some part in closing and opening the glottis, but they move sluggishly and do not come close to each other. False vocal folds acquire their significance during the development of false vocal folds and guttural singing.

Do you get sick often?

YesNo

Large medical dictionary. 2000.

See what “glottis” is in other dictionaries:

GLOTTIS- GLOTIZE, tube less than 25 mm in length; located between the vocal chords in the lower part of the pharynx, passes into the TRACHEA. When the vocal cords vibrate, its size changes ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

GLOTTIS- a horizontal gap across the larynx in the shape of an isosceles triangle with the apex anterior, limited on both sides by the true vocal folds ... Psychomotor: dictionary-reference book

gap- noun, f., used. often Morphology: (no) what? cracks, why? cracks, (see) what? gap, what? crevice, what about? about cracks and in cracks; pl. What? cracks, (no) what? cracks, what? cracks, (see) what? cracks, what? cracks, about what? about cracks and cracks 1. In wooden ... ... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary

CRITCH- CRITCH, gaps, plural. cracks, cracks, women. Narrow longitudinal well, through crack. “Lights began to glow in the windows of the houses and in the cracks of the shutters of the dugouts.” L. Tolstoy. A gap in the floor. It blows from all the cracks. Look through the door crack. || Narrow cavity (anat.). Voice... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

CRITCH- CRITCH, and, many. and, to her, wives. 1. Narrow longitudinal hole, borehole. Shield in the floor. Lookout (in the tank). 2. Shelter from fragments (2 values) in the form of a trench. Take shelter in the shield. Glottis (special) a narrow space between the vocal folds,... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

gap- and, sentence; about the crack/li, in the crack/and in the crack/li; pl. sche/li, e/y; and. see also lye, slot 1) a) A narrow oblong hole, well. A gap in the floor. Blows into all the cracks... Dictionary of many expressions

The throat is a human organ that is classified as the upper respiratory tract.

The throat helps move air to the respiratory system and food through the digestive system. Also in one part of the throat are the vocal cords and a protective system (prevents food from getting past its path).

Anatomical structure of the throat and pharynx

The throat contains a large number of nerves, important blood vessels and muscles. There are two parts of the throat - the pharynx and larynx. Their trachea continues. The functions between the parts of the throat are divided as follows:

• The pharynx moves food into the digestive system and air into the respiratory system.
• The vocal cords work thanks to the larynx.

Another name for the pharynx is pharynx. It starts at the back of the mouth and continues down the neck. The shape of the pharynx is an inverted cone.

The wider part is located at the base of the skull for strength. The narrow lower part connects to the larynx. The outer part of the pharynx continues the outer part of the mouth - it has quite a lot of glands that produce mucus and help moisten the throat during speech or eating.

Nasopharynx

The uppermost part of the pharynx. She has a soft palate, which limits her and, when swallowing, protects her nose from food getting into it. On the upper wall of the nasopharynx there are adenoids - a collection of tissue on the back wall of the organ. The nasopharynx is connected to the throat and middle ear by a special passage - the Eustachian tube. The nasopharynx is not as mobile as the oropharynx.

Oropharynx

Middle part of the pharynx. Located at the back of the oral cavity. The main thing this organ is responsible for is the delivery of air to the respiratory organs. Human speech is possible due to contractions of the muscles of the mouth. The tongue is also located in the oral cavity, which facilitates the movement of food into the digestive system. The most important organs of the oropharynx are the tonsils; they are the ones most often involved in various throat diseases.

Swallowing department

The lowest section of the pharynx with a self-explanatory name. It has a complex of nerve plexuses that help maintain synchronous functioning of the pharynx. Thanks to this, air enters the lungs, and food enters the esophagus, and everything happens at the same time.

The larynx is located in the body as follows:

• Opposite the cervical vertebrae (4-6 vertebrae).
• At the back is the immediate laryngeal part of the pharynx.
• In front, the larynx is formed thanks to a group of hyoid muscles.
• Above is the hyoid bone.
• From the side, the larynx is adjacent with its lateral parts to the thyroid gland.

The larynx has a skeleton. The skeleton has unpaired and paired cartilages. Cartilage is connected by joints, ligaments and muscles.

Unpaired: cricoid, epiglottis, thyroid.

Paired: corniculate, arytenoid, wedge-shaped.

The muscles of the larynx, in turn, are also divided into three groups:

• Four muscles narrow the glottis: the thyroarytenoid, cricoarytenoid, oblique arytenoid and transverse muscles.
• Only one muscle widens the glottis - the posterior cricoarytenoid. She is a steam room.
• Two muscles tense the vocal cords: the vocal cord and the cricothyroid.

The larynx has an entrance.

• Behind this entrance are the arytenoid cartilages. They consist of horn-shaped tubercles that are located on the side of the mucous membrane.
• In front is the epiglottis.
• On the sides there are aryepiglottic folds. They consist of wedge-shaped tubercles.

The laryngeal cavity is divided into three parts:

• The vestibule stretches from the vestibular folds to the epiglottis, the folds are formed by the mucous membrane, and between these folds there is the vestibular fissure.
• The interventricular section is the narrowest. Stretches from the lower vocal cords to the upper ligaments of the vestibule. Its narrowest part is called the glottis, and it is created by intercartilaginous and membranous tissues.
• Subvocal area. Based on the name, it is clear that it is located below the glottis. The trachea expands and begins.

The larynx has three membranes:

• The mucous membrane - unlike the vocal cords (they are made of squamous non-keratinizing epithelium) consists of multinucleated prismatic epithelium.
• Fibrous-cartilaginous membrane - consists of elastic and hyaline cartilages, which are surrounded by fibrous connective tissue, and provides this entire structure with the framework of the larynx.
• Connective tissue - the connecting part of the larynx and other formations of the neck.

The larynx is responsible for three functions:

• Protective - the mucous membrane has ciliated epithelium, and it contains many glands. And if the food gets past, then the nerve endings carry out a reflex - a cough, which removes the food back from the larynx into the mouth.
• Respiratory - related to the previous function. The glottis can contract and expand, thereby directing air flow.
• Vocal-formative - speech, voice. The characteristics of the voice depend on the individual anatomical structure. and the condition of the vocal cords.

The picture shows the structure of the larynx

• - village in Izhemsky district. Situated on an elevated right. bank of Izhma. On the map of 1846 - Rural. In the diary of V. Latkin, D.I. At 186! g.-skiy: rus. gap “high river bank, cliff”...

  Toponymic Dictionary of the Komi Republic

• - a narrow ditch 3-6 m long and 1.5-1.8 m deep, designed to protect personnel from bullets, shell fragments, mines and air bombs; also serves as the simplest shelter from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion...

  Glossary of military terms

• - X-ray apparatus unit for limiting the size and divergence of the X-ray beam: See also: - slit...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Metallurgy

• - a fold of the mucous membrane of the larynx, protruding into its cavity, containing the vocal cord and vocal muscle...

  Large medical dictionary

• - a horizontal fissure in the middle part of the larynx, bounded by two vocal folds and the medial surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages...

  Large medical dictionary

• - see vestibule fissure...

  Large medical dictionary

• - a short and deep ditch designed to shelter people during a nuclear explosion, artillery shelling, air raid, or tank attack. The shields are installed adjacent to the trenches or outside them...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - noun, f., used. often Morphology: what? cracks, why? cracks, what? gap, what? crevice, about what? about cracks and in cracks; pl. What? cracks, what? cracks, why? cracks, what? cracks, what? cracks, about what? about cracks and cracks 1...

  Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary

• - Obsesslav. Derived from the same base, but with a change o/e, as rock, rock, splinter. Wed. Polish skalina - “crack”...

  Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language

• - cracks, in cracks, about cracks...

  Russian word stress

• - See glottìde...

  Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

• - R., D. sche/li, Ave. oh sche/li, in sche/li/...

  Spelling dictionary of the Russian language

• - CRITCH, -and, plural. -and, -hey,...

  Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

• - -and, pl. -and, -ey, wives. 1. Narrow longitudinal hole, borehole. Shield in the floor. Lookout . 2. Shelter from fragments in the form of a trench...

  Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

• - cracks, plural cracks, cracks, women. Narrow longitudinal well, through crack. “Lights began to glow in the windows of the houses and in the cracks of the shutters of the dugouts.” L. Tolstoy. A gap in the floor. It blows from all the cracks...

  Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

• - slot I 1. Narrow oblong hole, through crack. Ott. Narrow hole for special purposes. 2...

  Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova

Chapter 12

From the book Feat 1972 No. 06 (Supplement to the magazine “Rural Youth”) author Likhanov Albert Anatolievich

Chapter 12. The Crack Oberst Grauberg, without taking his binoculars from his eyes, gave a short command. The telephone operator hurriedly shouted her into the receiver, she rushed along the communication cables, and a few seconds later the Gorelaya hill began to rumble. Machine-gun fire at point-blank range is scary... Stretch to the limit

CHAPTER 14. The gap

From the book A Brief History of the Priest by Ennig Jean-Luc

Email and voicemail

From the book Business Plan 100%. Effective business strategy and tactics by Rhonda Abrams

Email and Voicemail Much of your communication with potential funding sources will be via email and voicemail. Before you pick up the phone or press the Send button, you will need

Voicemail & Directory

From the author's book

Voicemail

From the author's book

Leaf gap

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (LI) by the author TSB

Gap

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (SHCHE) by the author TSB

Gap A gap, a short and deep (1.5-2 m) ditch designed to shelter people during a nuclear explosion, artillery shelling, air raid, or tank attack. Shields are installed adjacent to trenches or outside them; Available with open top or anti-splinter coating

fissura, ae f – fissure

From the author's book

fissura, ae f – gap Approximate pronunciation: fissura.Z: Standing, proFESSURA is wondering where FISSURA is in the building. Tectonic plates are not forgotten in the conversation. And the answer is banally simple: They couldn’t stand it.

rima, ae f – gap

From the author's book

rima, ae f – gap Approximate pronunciation: rIma.Z: We usually say: “All roads lead to Rome”! And what leads from ROME? Narrow

Voicemail Skype Voicemail

From the book Self-Teacher Skype. Free Internet connection author Yakovleva E. S.

Voicemail Skype Voicemail If the subscriber is busy, cannot talk on the phone or is simply not online, Skype Voicemail will do everything that is needed for him. Services include:? recording messages in the subscriber's absence;? free listening to recordings by the author Literary Newspaper

Shchel Television Shchel TV DISCUSSION Valery ROKOTOV On May 8, “Culture” showed a concert from the House-Museum of Bulat Okudzhava. The event was intended to remind of such a cultural phenomenon as the bard's song. But it reminded us of another phenomenon - social and

Gap- and. crack, crack, crack, cracks, crack, -nka, crevice, narrow and relatively long hole, through, narrow hole, along a groove, seam, or from a crack, in a single place.........
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Gap- cracks, plural cracks, cracks, g. Narrow longitudinal well, through crack. Lights began to glow in the windows of the houses and in the cracks of the shutters of the dugouts. L. Tolstoy. in the floor. It blows from all the cracks. Look........
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Slot, Tax— - tax
a loophole that allows legitimate
reasons to avoid or reduce
amount of taxation.
Economic dictionary

Electronic Voice Mail - Electronic Voice Mail- a system that records user voice messages, which can subsequently be listened to by the recipient. Messages can be forwarded to other telephone numbers........
Economic dictionary

Voice Mail - Voice [voice] Mail- a type of e-mail, when a voice message is stored in the form of a letter.
Economic dictionary

Gap— -and, prev. about the cracks, in the cracks and in the cracks; pl. cracks, -ey; and.
1. A narrow oblong hole, a well. Shield in the floor. It blows into all the cracks. View in fence Caulk the cracks in........
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary

Bochdaleka Shchel- (V. A. Bochdaiek) see Lumbar-costal triangle.
Large medical dictionary

Superior orbital fissure- see superior orbital fissure.
Large medical dictionary

Hyomandibular fissure— (recessus hyomandibularis) a depression between the mandibular and sublingual visceral arches of the embryo; in further development it differentiates into the wall of the tympanic cavity and the auditory tube.
Large medical dictionary

Glazerova Gap- (fissura Glaseri; J. N. Glaser, 1629-1675, Swiss anatomist) see Petrotympanic fissure.
Large medical dictionary

Eye Slit- see eyelid gap.
Large medical dictionary

Superior orbital fissure- (fissura orbitalis superior, PNA, BNA; fissura orbitalis cerebralis, JNA; synonym superior orbital fissure) a slit-like space bounded by the small and large wings of the sphenoid bone, connecting........
Large medical dictionary

Orbital fissure inferior- (fissura orbitalis inferior, PNA, BNA; fissura orbitalis sphenomaxillaris, JNA; synonym: inferior orbital fissure) a slit-like space bounded by the large wing of the sphenoid bone and the upper jaw, connecting........
Large medical dictionary

Vocal fold- (plica vocalis, PNA, BNA, JNA) a fold of the mucous membrane of the larynx, protruding into its cavity, containing the vocal cord and vocal muscle.
Large medical dictionary

Glottis- (rima glottidis, PNA, BNA, JNA; rima vocalis) a horizontal fissure in the middle part of the larynx, bounded by two vocal folds and (in the posterior section) the medial surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages.
Large medical dictionary

Glottis False- see vestibular fissure.
Large medical dictionary

Glottis— , tube less than 25 mm in length; located between the vocal chords in the lower part of the pharynx, passes into the TRACHEA. When the vocal cords vibrate, their size changes.
Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

Gill Slit- (fissura branchialis) through invagination of the ectoderm connecting the gill groove with the pharyngeal pouch; in humans Zh. participates, for example, in the formation of the external ear, auditory (Eustachian) tube.
Large medical dictionary

Petrostympanic Gap- (fissura petrotympanica, PNA, JNA; fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri), BNA; synonym Glaser’s fissure) a narrow space between the tympanic part of the temporal bone and the outward protruding edge of the roof of the tympanic........
Large medical dictionary

Stony-scaly gap- (fissura petrosquamosa, PNA, BNA; fissura petrosquamalis, JNA) a narrow space between the scaly part of the temporal bone and the protruding edge of the pyramid.
Large medical dictionary

Larrea Gap- (D. J. Larrey) see Sternocostal triangle.
Large medical dictionary

Lesgafta Gap- (P.F. Lesgaft) see Lumbar tendon interval.
Large medical dictionary