Completeness of knowledge always means some misunderstanding of examples. "The fullness of knowledge always means some misunderstanding of the depth of our ignorance." (R. Milliken) (USE social science). Opinions on possible knowledge of the world

In this statement, the author raises the problem of relative truth and its criteria. The problem posed is especially relevant for the modern world, when the share of scientific discoveries has increased many times over in comparison with previous centuries.

The American physicist and Nobel Prize winner wrote: “The fullness of knowledge always means some misunderstanding of the depth of our ignorance.” In other words, he argued that truth is never absolute, there is always something that a person does not yet know. On the way to achieving absolute truth, that is, complete and exhaustive knowledge of the world, a person receives relative truths. Relative truths as incomplete, inaccurate knowledge about the world, corresponding to a certain level of development of society, which determines the ways of obtaining this knowledge, may not correspond to the real picture of the world, therefore, complete conviction in their reality indicates ignorance of certain facts.

The relativity of truth is determined by a number of reasons - the infinity and variability of the cognizable world, the level of development of production, spiritual culture and available means of observation, as well as the real historical conditions of the time. It can be said that relative truth is true, but incomplete knowledge about something, and each discovery is a step towards absolute truth. Relative truth, unlike absolute truth, is a product of human cognitive activity and includes only empirically verified data. It is distinguished by theoretical validity and evidence. Over time, relative truth can become a particular rule or even turn out to be a delusion, that is, erroneous or distorted knowledge.

In addition to theoretical justifications, specific examples can be given. A prime example of relative truth would be the pre-existing belief of humans that the earth is flat. However, later, with the invention of ships capable of sailing long distances, it turned out that the Earth actually has the shape of a ball. Thus, people realized that the world is actually very complex and they still have a lot to learn.

Another example is the fact that, until recently, many citizens of our country were convinced of the high effectiveness of homeopaths. However, modern studies have shown that these drugs do not affect the course of the disease in any way and are dummies. This means that people took on faith the assurances of the manufacturers and did not check the information about the drugs in any way.

Therefore, one should not perceive the existing picture of the world as truly true. You should develop critical thinking in yourself and independently check the knowledge gained.

The problem of misunderstanding the general meaning of knowledge is relevant today.

I see the meaning of this statement in the fact that sometimes the truth differs from what a person sees and understands. I will try to consider this idea and prove it.

But sometimes we get information that doesn't match what we can observe.

This can be confirmed by the following examples. For example, we all know that March is a spring month, which should be accompanied by birdsong, snow melting and gradually warmer weather. But a person, waking up on the morning of March 3, sees snow outside the window and -15 on the thermometer. In this case, we are convinced of the correctness of the words of R. Milleken.

Let me give you one more example. Imagine that we see a girl with fiery red hair. This color suits her very well, she calmly combs her hair, but after some time, we notice that thin blonde strands peek out from behind. This example again confirms the correctness of the author's words.

Thus, we can say that R. Millinken was right in his statement that the completeness of knowledge always means some misunderstanding of the depth of your knowledge.

In this essay, I analyzed the author's proposed quote and tried to highlight the main aspects that the author wanted to convey to us using this aphorism in his speech, because there is no doubt that such a brilliant person could not pronounce this idea without hidden subtext.

Updated: 2018-03-10

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Then, having studied the descriptions left by his predecessors, he suggested that this strait should be to the south. He explored every bay, every bay - and discovered the strait (later named after him) between the mainland and the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego. What methods of scientific knowledge did Magellan use? Specify three methods. Answer: The content of the correct answer and instructions for scoring Score (other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning) The following methods should be named in the answer: 1) hypotheses (hypothesis); 2) theoretical analysis; 3) practical research (observation). Three methods are indicated 3 Two methods are indicated 2 One method is indicated 1 Wrong answer 0 Maximum score 3 (p. 17) Read the text and do tasks C4 - C7. 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Burlatsky). C8.6 Jurisprudence “Laws should have the same meaning for everyone” (Ch. Montesquieu). © Federal Service for Supervision of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Essay Topics:

1. "Life has exactly the value we want it to have." (I. Bergman)

2. "It's not what they made of me that matters, but what I myself made of what they made of me." (J.P. Sartre)

3. "The fullness of knowledge always means some misunderstanding of the depth of our ignorance." (R. Milliken)

1.3 Types of knowledge

We already know that the need to acquire new knowledge about the world, man and society is an important need in the structure of human needs. From this point of view, the entire history of mankind seems to be an accelerating process of obtaining, processing and systematizing knowledge. The faster society develops, the more ways to obtain new knowledge appear, the higher this knowledge is valued. In such conditions, the problems of cognition acquire great significance.

Cognition 1 – the process of human activity aimed at obtaining reliable knowledge about the world, man and society.

Cognition 2 – the process of human creative activity aimed at reflecting the objective world in subjective concepts, judgments and conclusions, the purpose of which is to obtain knowledge about the world, man and society.

1 In this case, you can use both definitions as equivalent, but it is recommended to know both, since the second option will be used to explain the essence of the concept of "knowledge".

Knowledge – it is a form of information obtained as a result of cognition. Knowledge is the result of knowledge.

Before talking about the results of cognition, it is necessary to understand the processes directly.

levels of knowledge

Opinions on possible knowledge of the world

1. Agnosticism - denies full or partial knowledge of the world, that is, knowledge does not provide true information about the world. The world is unknowable.

2. Skepticism - does not deny the possibility of knowing the world, but casts doubt on the reliability of all cognitive processes.

3. Rationalism - the world is fundamentally cognizable and it is possible.

4. Sensationalism - the world is cognizable through sensual

Types of knowledge

1. Everyday (ordinary) knowledge;

2. religious (mythological);

3. scientific;

4. artistic (a person learns through an artistic image);

5. public;

6. philosophical.

None of these cognitions is formed, and can be realized through the other.

Sensual and rational forms of cognition

Sense cognition	rational cognition
Sense cognition- cognition through the senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch).	rational cognition- knowledge with the help of reason, thinking.
DO NOT CROSS THE STEP!	DO NOT CROSS THE STEP!
Feeling- reflection of individual properties of an object, process or phenomenon. Perception- a sensual image of an object, process or phenomenon. Performance- a sensually visual image of an object, process or phenomenon that remains in memory. The whole process takes place in seconds.	concept- a reflection of the essential properties of an object, process or phenomenon. Judgment- a combination of concepts, one of which - subject– is defined and revealed through the other – predicate. inference- a thought process during which one or more judgments, called messages, a new proposition is derived, called conclusion, or consequence.Types of reasoning: · inductive (from particular to general); deductive (from general to particular); · Similarly.
Features of sensory cognition: 1. Immediacy and visibility (you need to feel or see to know). 2. Objectivity and purposefulness (cold is cold). 3. Reproduces external properties.	Features of rational knowledge: 1. Reliance on the results of sensory knowledge. 2. Abstraction and objectivity. 3. Reproduction of internal laws and connections.

Knowledge is the unity of sensory and rational knowledge, that is, without sensory knowledge, the world is practically unknowable ( if you are blind and deaf, then it will be difficult for you to know the world, and if a person is stupid, then it will be extremely difficult for him to know the world).

Intuition– obtaining any knowledge as a result of insight, i.e. in an incomprehensible way. Intuition is:

1. Mystical (religious revelation; deja vu).

2. Intellectual (discovery of Mendeleev's periodic table)

Knowledge– the result of cognitive activity (knowledge as a result of cognition).

The meaning of the term "knowledge"

1. Knowledge as an ability or skill (I know karate)

2. Knowledge as the cognitive value of information (I know how to get marijuana)

3. Knowledge as a special cognitive unit = knowledge as ingenuity

Kinds of knowledge

1. Worldly - based on common sense and personal experience. (It is empirical in nature. Based on common sense and everyday consciousness)

2. Scientific - is built on concepts. (Understanding reality in its past, present and future, reliable generalization of facts).

3. Religious (mythological) - based on the perception of faith.

4. Rational - a reflection of reality in logical concepts, based on rational thinking.

5. Irrational - a reflection of reality in emotions, passions, experiences, intuition, will, abnormal and paradoxical phenomena; does not obey the laws of logic and science.

6. Philosophical comprehension of the world is the highest form of theoretical knowledge.

The concept of truth, its criteria

True- knowledge that corresponds to its subject and coincides with it.

OBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE

(Does not depend on the person (Depends on the person)

and humanity as a whole) and humanity)

Basic properties are true

1) Truth is a process, but not a one-time act of knowing the formulation of a specific question (truth is known for a long time).

2) Truth is always specific (i.e. associated with a specific place and specific time)

3) Truth is always one, that is, it includes 3 aspects:

a) objective;

b) absolute;

c) relative.

objective truth- this is the content of knowledge that does not depend either on man or on humanity.

Thus, the difference between absolute and relative truth is in the degree of accuracy and completeness of the reflection of reality.

The concept of "lie"

1. Lies as a delusion (unconscious distortion of reality). Fallacy plays a big role in the history of science, as fallacies are overcome sooner or later: they either leave the stage or become the truth. Accordingly, delusions contribute to new criteria.

2. Lies as a deliberate act (deliberate lies - a conscious distortion of reality).

Not everything in our lives lends itself to evaluation in terms of truth or error.

Truth Criteria

1. Compliance with the laws of logic. For example, Petrov created a perpetual motion machine.

2. Compliance with previously discovered laws of science

3. Compliance with fundamental laws. For example, the law of conservation of energy

4. Practice- a system of human activity aimed at transforming the surrounding reality.

Practice Forms:

A) labor (material production);

B) as a social action (reform, revolution);

B) as a scientific equivalent

Practice Functions:

1. As a source of knowledge;

2. as the basis of knowledge;

3. as the goal of knowledge;

4. as a criterion of truth.

Other definitions of truth:

· Truth as something that is confirmed by practical experience.

· Truth as correspondence of knowledge to reality.

· Truth as a kind of agreement between people (convention), for example, call a chair a CHAIR, not a sofa.

· Truth as a property of self-consistency of knowledge, when several sciences or different positions in one science come to the same conclusion.

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“Look at my children. My former freshness is alive in them. They are the justification for my old age.” W. Shakespeare

"A woman, like a caryatid, props up the family hearth." I.N. Shevelev

"Everyone wants to be the exception to the rule, and there is no exception to this rule." M. Forbes

"The roots of nationalism are in the division of the population into indigenous and non-indigenous." I.N. Shevelev

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"Personality is a person as a carrier of consciousness." K.K. Platonov

"People are born only with pure nature, and only then do their fathers make them Jews, Christians or fire worshipers." Saadi

"People exist for each other." M. Aurelius

“We must always try to look not for what separates us from other people, but for what we have in common with them.” D. Reskin

“We need to stand on our own feet and look the world straight in the face…see the world for what it is and not be afraid of it.” B. Russell

“We are shaped by the things we do.” Aristotle

“Independence and freethinking are the essence of creativity.” F. Mitterrand

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"Having obeyed the law of the crowd, we return to the stone age." S. Parkinson

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“It is easy to preach morality, it is difficult to justify it.”A. Schopenhauer

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“To decipher a person means, in essence, to try to find out how the world was formed and how it should continue to form” P. Teilhard de Chardin

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“Children give their debt to their parents to their children.” I.N. Shevelev

"Family interests almost always ruin the interests of the public." F. Bacon

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"The family is the crystal of society." V. Hugo

"The family is the primary womb of human culture." I. Ilyin

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"Becoming part of an organized crowd, a person descends several steps down the ladder of civilization." G. Lebon

"He who, turning to the old, is able to discover the new, is worthy of being a teacher." Confucius

"Each nation - great or small - has its own unique crystal, which must be able to highlight." I.N. Shevelev

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“Man is a being who rushes towards the future and realizes that he is projecting himself into the future.” J.P. Sartre

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"I'm too proud of my country to be a nationalist." J. Wolfrom