The first school known to written history appeared in. History of the school in the world

September 1 is the beginning of each new school year. Do you know why all schoolchildren begin their studies on this day? But, at the very beginning, I would like to talk a little about the emergence of the school itself. When did the first school appear?

Back in the Middle Ages, in Ancient Greece, Rome and Egypt, or maybe even earlier? School and first teacher - two important words, which are closely related. Perhaps we can safely talk about school from the time when the first teachers first appeared. Remember from the history course the time called primitive society. Already from the very beginning early stage the development of all humanity has already begun to be taught to children. True, those first teachers had no idea at all about the main literacy, but with early years They taught children to live according to the main rules that were already generally accepted in one community or another. Even the life of a child often depended on this important knowledge and rules. Children were especially taught the more complex rules of a good greeting: in some tribes it is customary to squat down at the sight of a stranger as a sign of complete peacefulness, in others it is customary to remove their hats; by the way, the custom has survived to this day among many nations. There were also tribes in which, when meeting, you need to rub noses or extend your hand only with your open palm up, which also testified to the best intentions. Today, when we meet a good friend, we often exchange a light, friendly kiss, but in the past, many tribes considered any kiss a form of cannibalism, which was strictly prohibited. When the period of early childhood passed, boys actively learned the art of exciting hunting and warfare, all girls had to learn how to spin and sew good clothes, cook delicious food. Afterwards, the children “passed” a difficult exam - the main rite of passage. The boys treated initiation as a difficult test: They could even be beaten, severely tortured with fire, or cut their skin. Often after the exam the subject could lose consciousness. But only after “passing the exam” did the boy become an adult member of society and was very proud of it.

Years and centuries passed, schools that resembled modern ones began to appear.

Information about the very first schools can be found in rich history Ancient East.

The Sumerians, a long-vanished people, were discovered only in the 19th century. Those Sumerians lived in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, creating a high culture. They knew quite a lot: irrigating fields, spinning and weaving, forging their tools from copper and bronze, and knew great pottery art. During these 3000 BC. e. the Sumerians had their own written language, knew the basic rules of algebra, and were able to extract Square root from any number. There were also schools then that were called “houses of tablets,” because the students who attended them wrote only on clay tablets, read and studied from them too. The future scribes - "children of the house of tablets" - were treated rather strictly by the teachers. The head of the school was the mentor - Ummia. He was helped by his “elder brother” - an assistant mentor, several teachers, and a person who always monitored discipline. How exactly he did this is clear from the name of the position - “wielder of the whip.” A huge number of tablets that were written by students have survived to this day, from which you can find out exactly what subjects all Sumerian schoolchildren studied. On one sign, a student in his “essay” thanks all the teachers for this science- after all, they were able to teach him to calculate the area, so now he will be able to make calculations in construction himself, dig a canal. Archaeologists were able to find tablets on which even the names of the gods were recorded, the names of animals and plants, listed city and temple positions with ranks - in a word, everything that every student was obliged to know firmly and accurately. The training lasted for many years. Those who graduated from the “house of tablets” became important supervisors of work in workshops, in any construction, cultivating land. Without these schools there would be no ancient people high culture: the Sumerians then knew how to not only read, multiply and divide, but also write poetry, compose beautiful music, and knew astronomy.

Much more is known about the ancient inhabitants of another very ancient state - Egypt - than about the Sumerians. We know that they also had their own schools, and that studying in Egypt was not at all so easy. It was necessary to know exactly and be able to clearly operate seven hundred letters - hieroglyphs, to ensure that all the lines when writing were as even as possible, and the hieroglyphs were beautiful. In one case it was necessary to write from left to right, but in others - from right to left, but in still others - from top to bottom.

What exactly did the Egyptian school of those distant times look like? This is a large courtyard at the temple of the god Amun (Ra) - the main Egyptian god. Twelve-year-old boys are sitting in the shade, and the teacher is already in front of them. He is wearing a white loincloth, his head is shaved as smoothly as possible as a sign of cleanliness, and on his chest is a large pendant that depicts a baboon. The monkey was considered the most sacred animal of the god Thoth - the scribe of the god Ra and the patron of knowledge, magic and medicine, he knows all the most magic words and miraculous spells. At the feet of the teacher lies the most indispensable attribute of teaching - a three-tailed whip. The students sit on wicker mats, each has their own wicker bag, in which there is a board with indentations for black and red paint, a pencil case with the necessary brushes, a vessel for water and ointments - a kind of clay tablets for writing, because only high school students were allowed to write on papyrus. The teacher dictates strictly, and the students write on their tablets. These are the words from the ancient Egyptian “Instructions for Schoolchildren,” with which every school day always began: “You are like a crooked steering wheel, you are like a house without bread, a monkey understands, even lions teach, but not you. Look, you will be beaten - the boy’s ears are on his back him, and he listens when he is beaten."

In Ancient Greece, every school day began with poetry. The teacher himself read them, and the students repeated after him. It continued until everyone had memorized a fairly large passage, an entire work. For “better” memorization, the teacher placed a relief with poems on the table. We ended the school day: the teacher removed this relief with poems and put in its place an amphora depicting the flogging of schoolchildren. Every student knew the strict expression: “If you want happiness and joy from the Muses, you will pour it into the careless one.” By the way, the familiar word “teacher” translated from Greek means “educator”, “mentor”. The duties of any teacher were to teach children the best manners, monitor the behavior of children on the street, and accompany them to school. The school already had its own rules back then: “Don’t speak loudly, don’t cross your legs, stand up when the older one comes in.” In addition to writing and reading, the basic training program included seven more liberal arts. At the first stage they studied basic grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, and only at the second - arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. Much attention was paid to physical exercise. From an early age of 12, schoolchildren spent the entire afternoon in the palestra - gymnastics school, the name "palestra" comes from the word "palais" - wrestling. All the students ran, jumped, learned horse riding, and threw discs.

IN Ancient Rome Boys began to study at the age of 7. All poor children attended primary school and spent five years learning to read, write and count. The teacher in such a school was a person of “lower origin”, but he knew how to read and write.

Classes were always held under open air, under the very simple canopy, where there was a chair for the teacher and a bench for the students. So that all the boys would not be distracted by anything, they were fenced off with a kind of curtain. The school day began very early, only at noon did the children go home to have breakfast, after which they returned to school again. They did not have any specific textbooks; all notes were taken under the dictation of the teacher. In fact, primary school was where the basic education of poor children ended. Children of wealthy parents did not attend primary school; the main basics of education took place at home under the guidance of their father or specially hired teachers.

Having learned to read and write correctly, the children went to the grammarian. Grammarians are the most educated people who seriously studied history, literature, criticism and other sciences. They could interpret tests of ancient authors and compile reference books. The main task was to teach boys to speak and write correctly, thoroughly familiarize themselves with literature, and give the most basic concepts in different areas knowledge - from philosophy to astronomy. After serious preparation, a boy of 14 years old could enter a “higher educational institution” - a rhetoric school.

Ancestors modern schools became Roman and Greek schools. Wealthy parents in Ancient Greece and Rome often sent their children to famous philosophers to learn their wisdom and knowledge.

However, the philosophers conducted their studies individually: they invited the student either to their home or went for a walk with them. Over time, famous Greek speakers began to travel through cities, teaching the local population.

It was during this period that the need arose to organize special institutions, in which everyone would gather to listen to lectures by thinkers. This is how the first schools began to appear in Ancient Greece and Rome.

Ancient schools were organized in squares, not indoors. Over time, such squares began to be called gymnasiums. It is noteworthy that in the first schools the teaching of writing and grammar began relatively late - in 300 AD.

Until this time, schools held discussions, discussed political and philosophical questions. In Sparta, classes in schools were military training. From an early age, boys were taught martial arts.

School in different historical periods, its role and teaching methods

There are many theories about the reasons for the emergence of schools during antiquity. One of them is that parents simply wanted to keep their children busy with something so that they would not interfere with their work.

This theory is confirmed, since the first students were old people and children - disabled categories of the population. In ancient schools, special attention was paid to the spiritual development of children: they were taught the basics of philosophy and religion.

During the Middle Ages, schools were religious in nature. They often opened at monasteries and cathedrals. The main discipline was the Latin language, in which worship was conducted. Children were taught writing and reading.

Upon graduation from monastery schools, the child had the opportunity to become an assistant priest. The children of wealthy merchants often attended secondary schools, which taught only seven disciplines: grammar, logic, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, music, geography.

Medieval schools were famous for their harsh teaching methods: students were often subjected to corporal punishment, which could take on the character of torture.

Since the 17th century, the first schools for girls were opened in Europe. In them, little students were taught the main disciplines of that time - dancing, etiquette, handicrafts, literature.

Until the end of the 19th century, girls did not have the right to enter college. high school. Often schools during this period were closed type with very strict discipline.

Functions of the school in society

The main function of modern schools is to provide children with the opportunity to receive an education. However, one should not perceive school solely as a place where children learn science and learn to read and write.

Thanks to school, children adapt to adult life are preparing to choose their profession. It is at school that we absorb and develop such qualities as hard work, honesty, responsibility, and patriotism.

Nikolaeva Sofia, Chuev Andrey

Download:

Preview:

State budgetary educational institution

Gymnasium No. 524, Moskovsky district

St. Petersburg

“HISTORY OF SCHOOL: WHAT AND HOW WE TAUGHT IN DIFFERENT ERAS”

Group information and research project

Project participants:

Nikolaeva Sofia,

Chuev Andrey,

4th grade students

Supervisor:

Mazharskaya Victoria Anatolyevna

year 2012

Part I. Historical overview

1. School in primitive society

2. School in an archaic society (Sumer, Ancient Egypt)

3. School in ancient society (Athens, Sparta, Rome)

4. School in medieval society (Europe, Asia)

5. School of New Time

6. School of Modern Times (Europe, USSR)

Part II. School today

Part III. School of the future

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

1. Questionnaire 1. Changes in school education in the last half century
2. Questionnaire 2. Form of education in the school of the future.

Introduction

Objective of the project:

While reading a book about the adventures of Tom Sawyer, we noticed that his school is not at all like a modern school. Then we remembered other descriptions of the school in books - “Letter of a Greek Boy”, “Neanderthal Boy” and decided that it would be interesting to see how the school changed from era to era.

Tasks:

To study what school was like in different eras in different countries Oh;

Determine the main goals and methods of training in different stages school development;

Compare the content of training in the periods under review;

Identify what distinguishes a modern school, its strengths and weaknesses;

See what changes in school education may lead to in the future.

Research methods:

Study of scientific historical literature;

Review of school descriptions in literary works different countries and periods;

Interviewing representatives of different generations about changes in school education in the last half century;

Interviewing primary and high school about the school of the future.

Working hypothesis:

Studying the history of the school over the millennia since its inception will help to better understand and appreciate what the school teaches us today, as well as suggest the path of its further development.

Practical significance

The collected material will be of interest not only to our classmates, but to all students. Performing in front of elementary school children will help increase interest in learning. Recommendations for creating a school of the future will help determine ways for further development of the school.

Part I. Historical overview.

School in primitive society

Schools in our understanding of the word primitive people Of course it wasn't. But there were teachers. After all, the parents were busy - hunting, picking berries and mushrooms, and the children had to be taught the difficult task of survival. A teacher is a person who has great experience, the trust of his fellow tribesmen, but is already too old to hunt. A description of such a primitive school is given in books about the adventures of a “Neanderthal boy,” which tells how the “teacher” took all the children of the tribe on educational trips. The main method of learning was to imitate the example of the teacher and other members of the tribe. Taught to hunt; differ edible plants and mushrooms from inedible; to start and maintain fire and other “objects” without which a person could not survive among his natural enemies.

Great, and I would like to learn how to make a fire, learn how to survive in the forest.

Yes, this knowledge would be useful to us in life...

But still, this was not yet a school in our understanding of the word. Here's what I learned about school in an archaic society

2. School in an archaic society

2.1. Sumerian school

Sumer is one of the ancient states world, and a real school already existed in it. It was called the “house of tablets,” and scribes were trained there. As this name suggests, the most important indicator of an educated person was the ability to write. And this is no coincidence: writing was much more difficult then than it is now. It was necessary to learn not 3 dozen letters, but hundreds of characters - hieroglyphs. They wrote not with a pen on paper, but by carving or scratching with a stick on a waxed tablet. This method did not produce particularly beautiful characters, and a writing system consisting of “wedges” (that’s what “cuneiform” is called) developed.

The first school signs date back to III thousand. BC e.

In addition to writing, in the house of tablets they taught counting and foreign languages ​​(for example, ancient Egyptian).

The student’s task was simple - to learn what was written on the educational tablet.

School in Ancient Egypt

It is difficult to say exactly when schools arose in Ancient Egypt, but they were definitely already in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. (i.e. more than 2.5 thousand years to the present day). Only boys studied there, mostly from noble and wealthy families.

Numerous “teachings” of the Egyptians have reached us, which say that “noble sons” study at school. Although the name of one translator is known - Anhurmes, who came from a poor family, but became a scribe thanks to his outstanding abilities.

His story reminds me of the story of M.V. Lomonosov

As in the Sumerian school, the main thing was the art of writing hieroglyphs, and not only that. The fact is that in Egypt there were 3 ways of writing, and the scribe had to master them all. Special attention the teacher drew attention to the beauty of the “handwriting”. This can be confirmed by the surviving educational texts with the teacher’s amendments.

It would have been easier for a student to write on papyrus, but papyrus was too valuable, so children learned on clay tablets and their fragments; at best, they could get a piece of papyrus with an unwritten side. Even adult scribes could use “flip” papyrus. Examples of such phrases are kept in the Hermitage.

Papyrus was prepared from the stems of a swamp plant, quite differently from how paper is made. But the word “papyrus” is still alive in English word“paper” and in Russian “papier”, “cigarette”.

At school, the student first had to learn to read fluently, write correctly and beautifully, then he learned to compose various documents, letters, petitions, and court records.

In addition to the native language, schools taught mathematics and geography, and instead of literature they read myths about the gods. Foreign languages ​​were studied.

The teaching method was the same as in the Sumerian school - rewriting and memorizing educational texts. For the slightest offense the student was punished. One teaching says: “a boy’s ear is on his back, and he listens when he is beaten,” i.e. a blow with a stick on the back taught students to be attentive and obedient.

3. School in ancient society

3.1. Athens school

From the letter of the Greek boy Theon, which came down to us on ancient Egyptian papyrus and read by scientists already in the 20th century, we can learn about the Athenian school. The story of Theon for children is told by the historian-archaeologist Solomon Lurie.

In Greece, one of the most famous schools in history was created - Plato's Academy. It is so called because it was founded by the philosopher Plato in a garden named after the hero Academus. But it was a school for adults. At the entrance to it was written: “Let no geometer enter here.” Future philosophers were trained there—that’s what scientists were called in ancient times. One of the graduates of Plato's Academy was Aristotle, the most famous scientist of antiquity. Having become a philosopher, Aristotle opened his own school, the Lyceum, where he also taught philosophical scientists, not children.

Even in Greece there were gymnasiums, but they were more like sports schools, the name of which was transferred to our gymnasiums.

The Spartan school trained strong, brave and disciplined warriors. Only boys studied there, too. They lived at school because... the very way of life - full of hardships and labors - was part of the training. The structure of the school resembled an army, with commanders of different levels (angels, irenes) instead of actual teachers.

Children were taught literacy and other sciences only as needed, so that they could read an order or write a short report.

The main part of the school was the gymnasium - an area for physical exercise, where the students spent most of their time. The commanders were not afraid that the students would maim each other in training or fighting - there was no place for the weak among the Spartan warriors.

3.3. Ancient Roman school

A lot of interesting things can be learned from the legend about Marcus Furius Camillus, a Roman commander, and one teacher. According to legend, Camillus besieged the city of Faleria in one military campaign. Faleria was well fortified and was not going to give up without a fight. The siege could last a long time. Residents of Faleria, despite the siege, continued to go about their business: artisans made their goods, merchants sold them, and the teacher taught children. The legend mentions that he taught them reading and writing, arithmetic, fencing, singing and gymnastics. But this teacher decided to betray him, hoping that Camille would pay him well. Under the guise of a training trip, he is the response of the children of the townspeople to the enemy who has besieged the city. Camillus, however, not only did not reward the traitor, but handed him over to the judgment of the townspeople loyal to him, and returned the children.

From this story you can learn what was taught in the ancient Roman school, and also that the lessons did not necessarily take place in the classroom. The teacher enjoyed great confidence and freedom.

Lessons outside the classroom? I, too, would like our lessons to not always take place in a classroom.

4. School in medieval society

4.1. Medieval monastery school in Europe

The Middle Ages are the middle, the interval between antiquity and an era closer to modernity (more precisely, the 5th-15th centuries). At that time, schools were only located in monasteries. There weren’t many of them, so it happened that they went to school in another city. The choice of school depended on the fame of the monastery, as well as the reputation of the teacher.

If in Ancient world an educated person was one who could write and read in his native language, then in the Middle Ages education equaled knowledge Latin language- the language of science and church.

The students had to know the Latin language into which the Bible was translated and be able to speak it, which was taught to them by the science of rhetoric. They also taught arithmetic to calculate the dates of holidays. They taught geometry, geography, astronomy. They taught music to glorify Christ. For offenses, students were severely punished with rods and fasting (hunger).

We have already learned so much about ancient schools, but look, physical punishment was used everywhere.

4.2. Samurai school in medieval Japan

In Japan, as in Greece and Rome, education began at age 7. The children of samurai (aristocratic warriors) studied. They taught little samurai to ride a horse, fencing with big and small samurai swords, marksmanship from a bow. School program also included heavy physical exercise, swimming, wrestling, and endurance tests. A samurai must also be literate - know hieroglyphs, be able to compose poetry, be a connoisseur of music and a connoisseur of beauty in nature and art.

But the most important thing for a samurai is nobility and honor. There is nothing worse than disgracing your family through infidelity or cowardice.

I would like to study at a samurai school for at least a year. I would certainly learn endurance and patience there

5. School of New Time

5.1. School of Jan Komensky

For many centuries, children and adults were taught the same way, from the same books, because the child was considered just a small adult.

But the New Time came (starting from the 16th-17th centuries) and teachers began to understand that children are special creatures and they need to be taught in a special way.

One of the first to understand this was the Czech scientist and teacher Jan Komensky. He wrote the first textbook for children, “The World of Sensual Things in Pictures,” and figured out how to better organize a school. There should be a separate school for each age:

Up to 6 years old - maternal school, i.e. raising and teaching children by their mother.

Children from 6 to 12 years old attend the local primary school, which is compulsory for all children.

Teenagers and young men from 12 to 18 years of age who show an inclination towards scientific pursuits can continue their studies at a Latin school, or gymnasium. Such schools were created in large cities.

The same young people aged 18 to 24 who were preparing to become scientists went to the academy.

Education should culminate in travel.

Comenius was invited to many countries (England, Sweden, Hungary), where he helped in the reconstruction of schools.

5.2. Sunday School

For a long time, education was exclusively religious. But gradually the church and the school began to separate. Thus, the book about the adventures of Tom Sawyer describes an ordinary day school and a Sunday church school.

Religious education has not yet been completely excluded in a regular day school, because... The school day begins with prayer. Next came the usual lessons for us - grammar, counting, foreign language, spelling.

Physical punishment was still in use - with a ruler on the hands for a minor offense, with canes for a more serious one.

6. School of Modern Times

6.1. English boarding school

Such schools were common in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and they were also in Russia. A.S. studied at such a school (Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum). Pushkin. Initially, they were created separately for girls and separately for boys. Such boarding schools still exist in England. One of these schools is described in Joan Rowling's Harry Potter books.

A boarding school has many advantages, for example it:

Prepares children for independent life outside the parental home

Promotes the establishment of strong friendships

Training is more effective because nothing and no one distracts from him

But I’m not ready to be separated from my parents for a long time, boarding school is not for me

6.2. Soviet school

One of the best in the world was created in the USSR educational systems. Education was free, universal and inclusive, i.e. Regardless of their inclinations and preferences, all children had to know the basics of various sciences. These sciences - mathematics, chemistry, physics, astronomy, etc. were introduced instead of such subjects in the pre-revolutionary school as Latin, Greek and Church Slavonic languages . Physical punishment was abolished in Soviet schools, because... every citizen, regardless of age, was worthy of respect.

Our grandmothers and parents studied in Soviet schools. It would seem that this was quite recently, but after interviewing them, we identified some differences:

Well schooling was shorter - primary school - 3 years (instead of 4 now), the entire course - 10 years (instead of 11);

The intensity of teaching was lower: in elementary school, the number of lessons per day rarely exceeded 4; in the middle – 6;

The range of subjects has now expanded - in the Soviet school there was no rhetoric or St. Petersburg studies;

Doing homework took much less time - 1 hour in elementary school.

That is, we can conclude that studying took less time, which means more time was left for leisure. How Soviet schoolchildren spent this leisure time can be learned from A. Gaidar’s book “Timur and His Team” - they played more and worked more - they helped others with housework, and completely free of charge. Later, while our parents were studying, schoolchildren often went on hikes and excursions - they went to other cities, to historically significant places. A modern schoolchild has almost no time for this.

Part 2. School today.

1. Today school has become more demanding. We live in the era of information, i.e. access to information has become easier, but the amount of necessary knowledge has also increased significantly. Therefore, you have to study more - more lessons, longer study periods, more homework.
2. Another difference is that from the first years we are taught to obtain knowledge ourselves, and are not given it ready-made in a textbook. On the one hand, this is good, because... prepares students for adult life, where there are no ready-made answers. On the other hand, when searching independently (mainly on the Internet), there is a risk of finding incorrect answers and incorrect guidelines. Parents are not always able to help with homework, and is it really necessary? After all, then the whole point of an “independent” search disappears.
3. New technologies are involved in training. In addition to searching for knowledge on the Internet, we work with PowerPoint program preparing presentations; we draw in special graphic editors; communicate with each other and teachers e-mail; perform Internet tests; doing foreign language exercises in a special training program. There are simulators for arithmetic, Russian language and other disciplines. The change in teaching aids can be seen in the table:

Part 3. School of the future.

We assumed that the features that distinguish the school of today will determine the further development of the school, i.e. the volume of knowledge will continue to increase, which will require the development of new teaching tools that will help reduce the learning period.

A survey of primary and secondary school students showed that schoolchildren see 3 possible ways for school development:

A) Internet school, where each student completes his own training program, working on his computer in a special educational environment;

What about our changes? How we will talk to each other? Will we stop reflecting in lessons? But sometimes it’s interesting to listen to the emotional speech of classmates...

B) School at a distance, where teacher and student communicate via video conference;

One on one? Sometimes this is great, but not always. Sometimes my classmates help me

C) The school is traditional, but in which, instead of notebooks and textbooks, electronic media and electronic means of monitoring knowledge acquisition are used.

The last option had the most supporters, because the only one that leaves the opportunity for personal communication between students.

Having learned so much about school, we began to think, what school will our children attend?

After consulting with classmates, we prepared recommendations for creating the school of the future.

This is not an ordinary school, but an entire school complex, which is conventionally divided into zones. For example, a sports area. It includes a stadium not only for running and playing football. Here you can go skiing, rollerblading, and skating. We want there to be a skating rink and real ice slides in winter.

There is also a swimming pool in this area. Learning to swim is very important for a child. This develops muscles and improves health.

There is also a dry pool with balls to relieve stress. The sports area offers children's fitness, aerobics and dancing classes. There are also children’s working simulators in this area.

Living in a huge metropolis, we want to be closer to nature and therefore we dream of a natural area.

It seems to us that every classroom needs a living corner. This will allow children to be kinder and develop a sense of responsibility.

We also want the school to have its own farm, where children could take care of goats, ponies, poultry... It must have its own greenhouse, where children could not only learn to plant plants, but also study with their own eyes the plants of other countries.

And for boys, the school of survival and safe behavior in nature will be interesting. We will be taught how to light a fire, set up tents, cross obstacles, and take us on hikes.

No lessons in school life, of course, there is no way around it. Every person should have scientific knowledge, which is why our complex has a subject area. Here children learn the basics of ethics, mathematics, languages, nature and history of different countries.

What is a school without a recreation area! It has its own cinema hall, where you can watch educational and entertaining films from different times. There is even a Minutka cafe with milk and oxygen cocktails. By the way, the students themselves work in it. There is a karaoke room next to the cafe. There is a room psychological relief and quiet soothing music and a fountain, table mind games. For those who are more active, it is suggested to relax on the karting track simulators (auto and motorcycle).

And finally, the preparation zone for adult life. There will be classes here technical modeling, a classroom-laboratory where it will be possible to perform experiments and conduct experiments. In the economic class, classes will be taught by successful businessmen and will tell you how to live and work better in the future. There must certainly be a class of world languages ​​with linguistic devices. And girls will be interested in attending the lady class. After all, they will become mothers and be able to do everything in the world, while remaining beautiful women.

Conclusion

Conducted historical overview(1) showed that the school changed along with society, which in different periods put before her different tasks– simple survival, then – literacy, then – a different set of sciences; (2) taught us to value in today's school:

No physical punishment

Wide range of knowledge gained

The value of acquired knowledge in life

Using new interesting shapes training, replacing simple “cramming”.

And, in our opinion, when organizing education at school, it would be good to listen to the requests and wishes of the students themselves

When asked what you would like to change at school, all the answers boiled down to the desire for a more flexible form of education that would take into account the capabilities and interests of each student. And all three possible ways of school development in the future solve, first of all, this problem.

Lurie S. Letter from a Greek Boy; Shtaerman E. M. In the Athenian school // Ancient Greece. A book to read. Edited by S. L. Utchenko.

Sunday readings in a rural school, Bogdanov-Belsky N.P., 1895

A school is a place where several people, usually children, come together to gain certain knowledge and skills. You can mark two distinctive features schools: this is a specific place where several people study at once.

The Greek and Roman schools became the forerunners of all modern schools and colleges. But even in Greece, many centuries ago, there were times when one student was brought to one professional teacher. There were no schools or classes then.

Later, Greek orators and philosophers, to whom students came and who had to travel a lot to give people knowledge, began to create some semblance of schools. The great Greek philosopher Plato was the first teacher to organize learning in a place he called an "academy." The duration of training there was 3–4 years.

Raphael, Aristotle Academy of Athens

Ancient schools were usually located on sites where military personnel trained or parades were held. These sites were called gymnasiums. Later, Aristotle created his own school and called it a lyceum. Another thing is interesting: in Germany, schools began to be called gymnasiums, in France - lyceums, and the Scottish name for the school is academy! All three names have been preserved since the times of Plato and Aristotle.

Neither of these two schools looked like a modern educational institution. Rather, they were places for discussion, and only occasionally were lectures or classes given to students.

Around 250, the ancient Greeks realized that students should be taught grammar, so special grammar schools gradually appeared.

Pupils of the first school in Dagestan

Even later, the Romans adopted their educational system from the Greeks. Roman schools were more similar to modern ones. Believe it or not, students were just as reluctant to go to Roman schools as we sometimes are to modern ones. The students had to get up early, learn complex rules, foreign language and, in addition, behave appropriately. The disobedient and lazy were flogged with rods!