Inverted question and exclamation marks. What are they needed for
A punctuation mark (!), placed at the end (and in some languages, for example, in Spanish, and at the beginning, inverted) of an exclamation sentence, sometimes an address, etc.... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
Exclamation point- (Astonisher) punctuation mark [period, comma, colon, dash, ellipsis, etc.], expressing exclamation, increased intonation. Placed at the end of a sentence, and in some languages (for example, Spanish) also at the beginning of a sentence in... ... Font terminology
Exclamation mark
Exclamation mark- An exclamation mark is placed at the end of an exclamatory sentence (including the words of a sentence), for example: He loves me, he loves me so much! (Chekhov); Rather, an overcoat and a hat! (A. N. Tolstoy); Right! Right! (Vs. Ivanov). Note 1. In... ... A reference book on spelling and style
A punctuation mark (!), placed at the end (and in some languages, for example, in Spanish, and at the beginning, inverted) of an exclamation sentence, sometimes an address, etc. * * * EXCLAMATION MARK EXCLAMATION MARK, punctuation mark (!), … … encyclopedic Dictionary
A punctuation mark that is placed: 1) at the end of an exclamation sentence. Oh, if only I could rise to the sky just once! (Bitter); 2) optionally in exclamatory sentences with homogeneous members after each homogeneous term to indicate... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A punctuation mark that is placed after expressions containing surprise or invocation... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Punctuation mark. It means expressiveness at the end of a sentence (exclamation): How vast these squares are, How echoing and steep the bridges are! or when addressing: Lord! I am careless, your stingy slave (A. Akhmatova. “How vast these areas are...”; “You gave me... ... Literary encyclopedia
See punctuation marks... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Books
- Design kit "Happy Holidays!", 11 letters and an exclamation mark, . The set includes 11 letters and an exclamation mark on 2 sheets of A 1 and holiday scripts for decorating a classroom, group, foyer, hall educational organization to celebrate Cosmonautics Day and...
- Exclamation mark. Poems 1911 - 1915 , Tsvetaeva M.I.. ...
- . And a certain number of the first words in a sentence may be in question. In addition, an inverted question mark can be used not only at the end or beginning of a sentence, it can even be placed in the middle of a phrase. Immediately before the question word. A question mark inverted vertically, that is, a hook on the bottom and a dot on top, is used in
- Church Slavonic and Greek languages. A question mark turned 180° horizontally (the hook is turned in the opposite direction) is used.
- in Arabic Inverted question mark applied in Windows OS , because in this operating system
It would probably be worth using an inverted question mark in the Russian language, not as a question mark, but, on the contrary, as an affirmative sign, indicating that this is an answer to a previously asked question. However, why complicate the already very complex Russian language?
Many probably wondered and could not find the answer, probably carefully studying their keyboard more than once or twice in search of this symbol, but alas, it was not provided for there. But don’t worry, because the OS developers have provided for writing many different characters that do not fit on the keyboard. There is a keyboard shortcut to write an inverted question mark. You should click on the " ALT 0191
". ¿
"and holding it, dial the next digital combination"
Before doing this, change the keyboard layout to English.
Why are inverted question marks and exclamation marks used? With this tool you can flip text
Strictly speaking, the entire word will rotate 180 degrees (˙dǝwîdu). That is, it will be read from right to left. Like in Arabic writing. Inverted letters can only be Cyrillic or Latin. It works as follows. Each regular letter is replaced by another corresponding Unicode character. For example, instead of the letter “F” the symbol “Latin small letter db digraph” ȸ is substituted. And so the whole text turns upside down. In this regard, the Fraser alphabet helps well, for the Lisu language (that’s the people). It includes many Latin letters placed on the head.
Not only letters, but also punctuation marks can be placed in an interesting position. Here is an inverted question mark: ¿. Spaniards use it at the beginning of a sentence to indicate interrogative intonation, in addition to the usual one at the end. You can do the same with an exclamation mark. But it will not be possible to overturn any Tamil visarga.
This utility can do more than just reverse text.
You can also write the word backwards (.remirp). Using this tool you can depict a boustrophedon. This is a way of writing in which the direction of the words changes in each line. If the first one went from right to left, then the second one went from left to right, the third one went like the first one, and so on. In ancient times, such writing was found among the Germans, with their runes, and the Etruscans. As a rule, they displayed the symbols in mirror images. We have not implemented this function yet.
This page needs significant revision. It may need to be Wikified, expanded, or rewritten. |
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Name |
¿
: inverted question mark |
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Unicode |
¿
: U+00BF |
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HTML code |
¿
: ¿
or ¿
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¿
: 0xBF |
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¿
: %C2%BF |
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Reversed interrogative (¿ ) And Exclamation point (¡ ) - punctuation marks, which begin, respectively, interrogative and exclamatory sentences in writing in some languages, for example, Spanish, Greek and Church Slavonic.
In Spanish they are called: inverted interrogative ( signos de interrogación) and exclamation point ( signos de exclamacion).
Usage
Inverted question marks and exclamation marks are used before the first letter of a question sentence.
Second edition of the Ortografía de la lengua castellana (1754), the inverted question mark and exclamation mark are recommended to indicate the beginning of a question and an exclamation, respectively [ ] . However, these rules slowly came into use [ ] . There are books from the 19th century [ which?] , where these characters were not used when typing.
They can also be combined in several ways to express a combination of questioning and surprise or disbelief. Initial marks are usually reflected at the end of sentences with the usual question marks and exclamation marks (?, !), which are used in most languages of European origin. It should also be noted that inverted characters are placed below normal ones, that is, they extend beyond the bottom line of the line. In the Spanish language, inverted question marks and exclamation marks appeared only in the middle of the 18th century, but they did not become widespread immediately. Currently under the influence in English there is an opposite tendency - to put signs only at the end. Inverted signs were first proposed by the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language (Spanish). Real Academia Española ) in 1754 and adopted over the next century.
In computers, inverted characters are supported by various standards, including ISO 8859-1, Unicode, and HTML. They can be set directly from keyboards intended for use in Spanish-speaking countries or via alternative methods on other keyboards.
Some authors do not use these symbols for short sentences. The same rule applies to the Catalan language.
Laureate Nobel Prize Pablo Neruda refused to use an inverted question mark.
When corresponding on the Internet, correspondents can omit upside down characters to save typing time.
Story
Inverted question marks and exclamation marks are widely used in Spanish and occasionally in some others of related origin, such as old standard Galician (now acceptable but not recommended) or Catalan, as well as Varayan and Asturian. In Spanish they are called inverted interrogative ( signos de interrogación) and exclamation point ( signos de exclamacion). In Spanish, when writing, question marks and exclamation marks are placed both at the end and at the beginning of a sentence: only at the beginning these marks are “upside down”
Typically, when studying foreign language The focus is on vocabulary, phonetics and grammar. And it is right. But don’t forget about punctuation – the placement of punctuation marks. After all, there are times when you need, for example, to write a letter to a foreign friend or an official appeal to the embassy. A person who can write correctly always produces more pleasant impression. What are the features of punctuation in the Spanish language?
Punctuation marks in Spanish serve 2 functions:
- logical division of a sentence or phrase into parts, which allows you to better understand the meaning of what is written;
- the emotional orientation of an entire sentence or a separate part of it, and sometimes even one word (we’ll look at how this is later).
Question (Signo de interrogación) and exclamation (Signo de admiración) marks
The most interesting and unique in the Spanish language are the question mark and exclamation mark. They are used with the same purpose as in the Russian language: giving the sentence the intonation of a question or an exclamation, respectively.
But the Spaniards are so emotional that they immediately need to know with what intonation to pronounce this or that phrase. Therefore, question marks and exclamation marks are placed not only at the end, but also at the beginning of the sentence. Moreover, at the beginning of the sentence inverted: “¿”, “¡”
For example:
¿Quién es Juan? -Who is Juan?
¿Ha salido a la calle? - Went outside?
¡Vamos a la playa! - Let's go to the beach!
¡Feliz cumpleaños! - Happy Birthday!
In Spanish, it is also allowed to put a question or exclamation mark in the middle of a sentence in order to highlight not the entire phrase, but only a part, with the appropriate intonation.
For example:
Voy a comprar algunos regalos ¿pero dónde? – I want to buy gifts, but where?
Se veían algunas casuchas pequeñas y ¿eso se llamaba una ciudad? - There were some small houses there, and it was called a city?
Juan se fue al teatro, pero¡no había tomado consigo las entradas! – Juan went to the theater, but didn’t take tickets!
José fue a ver María pero ¡Dios mío! su paraguas se quedó en casa – Jose went to Maria, and, oh my God, his umbrella was left at home.
Also if question word is not at the very beginning of the sentence, then a question mark is placed directly next to it. And in this case, the question word should not be written with a capital letter.
For example:
Antonio, what do you think? - Antonio, when will we arrive?
Mi querido, ¿por qué no me lo digiste? - My dear, why didn’t you tell me this?
Using a period (Punto final)
As in Russian, a period is placed at the end of each complete affirmative or negative sentence. She talks about the end of logical thought.
For example:
Me llamo Angel. - My name is Angel.
Voy a estudiar con vosotros. - I will study with you.
Soy de Moscú. - I am from Moscow.
Por favor, no me molesten. - Please don't bother me.
Comma in Spanish (Coma)
1) The first rule of using a comma in Spanish is no different from the native Russian language. A comma is placed if the sentence lists homogeneous members of the sentence without a conjunction or the same conjunction is used.
For example:
Mama ha traído las naranjas, las manzanas, las mandarinas, los plátanos. – Mom brought oranges, apples, tangerines and bananas.
Tengo que invitar todos los amigos, los primos, los padres. – I have to invite all my friends, cousins and parents.
No me gusta leer libros, escuchar música. – I don’t like reading books or listening to music.
A comma is not placed if homogeneous members of the sentence are connected by a conjunction.
For example:
Pedía traer los platos y las tazas, no las cucharas. “I asked you to bring plates and cups, not spoons.”
Prefieres trabajar en la escuela y ayudar a mama. – You prefer to work at school and help your mother.
2) A comma always stands out when addressing a person. It doesn’t matter whether they are addressed by name (Maria, Ignacio) or using a respectful form (Señor, Señora).
For example:
Pedro, no comas las frutas, prueba mi tarta. – Pedro, don’t eat the fruit, try my cake.
Oye, querido, no es verdad y no trates de convencerme. “Listen, dear, it’s not true, and don’t try to convince me.”
3) The clarification is highlighted on both sides by commas (the same as in Russian).
For example:
El señor Álvarez, mi amigo, es una persona muy inteligente. – Señor Alvarez, my friend, is a very smart man.
4) Commas stand out introductory words and revolutions. The most commonly used of them are: además (in addition), ahora bien (however), a pesar de (in spite of), efectivamente (indeed), en consecuencia (as a consequence), en efecto (indeed), en fin (in the end ), en resumen (in the end), finalmente (in the end), no obstante (nevertheless), por el contrario (on the contrary), por lo demás (however), por otra parte (on the other hand), por supuesto ( of course), por último (eventually), pues bien (okay), sin embargo (surely, of course).
Introductory words and expressions are separated by commas, even if they are accompanied by question marks or exclamation marks.
For example:
A pesar de sus defectos, era querido por todos. “Despite his shortcomings, everyone loved him.”
Y de este modo, ¡sabes! , podemos conseguirlo todo. “And this way, you know, we can achieve anything.”
Finalmente, hemos llegado. - Finally, we have arrived.
No quiero molestarte, por el contrario, quiero ayudarte. “I don’t want to disturb you, but on the contrary, I want to help.”
5) A comma is also needed in cases where it is necessary to highlight gerundial, participial or infinitive phrases.
For example:
Al dar los primeros pasos, he sentido el decaimiento de mis fuerzas físicas – Having taken my first steps, I felt a loss of strength.
6) In some cases, isolated adjectives and participles are also separated by commas:
He llegado a mi casa, cansado, pero feliz. – I came home, tired but happy.
7) A comma is used to separate non-union compound sentences:
No puedo ir al teatro hoy, mi madre está enferma. – I can’t go to the theater today, my mother is sick.
8) In complex sentences connected by conjunctions, the comma may be omitted or placed before the conjunction. Spanish grammar does not have precise rules on this matter. Grammarians recommend putting a comma before the conjunctions y, o, ni, pero, mas, if the independent clauses are not closely related in meaning, or if they are quite common:
Los zapatos estaban en el suelo, y la camisa colgaba del respaldar de la silla. “The slippers were on the floor and the shirt was hanging on the chair.
América Latina tiene muchos problemas, que tienen que resolver rápidamente. – Latin America has many problems that need to be solved quickly.
Tenga la bondad de mandar el paquete al hotel, yo quiero pasear un poco. – Please, send the package to the hotel, I want to take a little walk.
Semicolon (Punto y coma)
The placement of this punctuation mark coincides in most cases with the rules of the Russian language: it is placed in a non-union compound sentence if
a) its parts carry different information
For example:
Han pasado dos días; El rey se encuentra en su cámara más hosco que nunca. - So two days passed; the king was in his chambers and more gloomy than ever.
b) if parts of the sentence are distributed due to homogeneous members or phrases
For example:
Veo los toros, corren allá y atrás; La gente trataba de tranquilizarlos, sin mostrar la agitación. – I saw bulls running back and forth; people, without showing excitement, tried to calm them down.
Also, the use of a semicolon is mandatory if a common sentence is introduced by the conjunctions mas, pero, aunque, sin embargo, no obstante
For example:
Pero mi tío llegó al notar con cuánta admiración se observaba; pero yo bien comprendí que era de burla. “But my uncle arrived and noticed how well he was received; but I knew that these were ridicule.
Colon (Dos puntos)
1) After a generalizing conjunction before homogeneous members of the sentence:
Sus subordinados llegaban: cuatro hombres y ocho gatos. (His subordinates arrived: 4 men and 8 cats).
2) Before a sentence that explains the content of the previous one:
El escribiente, obedeciendo, salió y volvió acompañado de un señor algo calvo, grueso y muy canoso: era el oficial. (Having submitted, the secretary left, but soon returned accompanied by a slightly bald, fat and gray-haired lord: he was an official).
3) After the following expressions a saber (that is; namely), como sigue (as the following), por ejemplo (for example), verbigracia (for example):
Los animales se dividen en seis clases, a saber: cuadrúpedos, peces, aves, etc. (Animals are divided into 6 classes, namely: quadrupeds, fish, birds and so on).
4) In official documents after the following words considerando (considering), resultando (therefore), resuelto (decided):
Considerando: Que el artículo 193 del reglamento establece (Considering that article 193 establishes...)
5) In personal letters after contacting:
Querido tío y venerado maestro: He recibido su carta (Dear uncle and respected teacher: I received your letter).
In direct speech, after words that introduce direct speech:
Su voz fue un susurro: “Sí, mi hijo.” Sí, para ti.” “You said in a whisper: “Yes, my son, yes, for you.”
Ellipsis (Puntos suspensivos)
Used when presenting incomplete information or when some information is missing (in quotes, for example).
If there is a question or exclamation mark at the end of a sentence, the ellipsis is retained in its entirety.
For example:
Tuyo es... de balde - Yours... is broken.
Éste nos dice lo siguiente: “...y también las conquistas logradas por los deportistas...” - This pointed us to the following “... and also to the awards that the athletes won...”
Parentheses (Parentesis)
Usually phrases, introductory sentences, numbers, and dates are placed in brackets. The contents of the parentheses explain or complement the meaning of everything previously said. Here there is a complete coincidence with the rules of the Russian language.
For example:
El tren número 65 (no es precise nombrar la línea) se detuvo en la pequeña estación. – Train number 65 (no need to name the line) was delayed at a small station.
Quotes (Comillas)
By using quotation marks, you can immediately remember the Russian language. They are placed: in cases of quoting someone’s thoughts; indicating the title of a book, newspaper, magazine, diploma, article...; if the author used a word not in the meaning in which it is given in the dictionary, slang words, archaisms.
For example:
Rulo lee "El País". – Rouleau reads “El Pais.”
Allí se albergaban los vagos crónicos, los borrachos, los llamados “crotos.”
Inveterate tramps settled there; drunkards call them “krotos”.
Dash (Guion mayor)
Placing a dash is necessary when conveying direct speech and when including explanatory phrases in a sentence (this situation is similar to the use of parentheses).
For example:
– Me quedaré aquí un momento - ¿y tú? (I'll stay a little. And you?)
- También me quedo. (I'll stay too).
Cuba – es un país caluroso. (Cuba is a hot country).
Incorrectly placed punctuation marks can change the meaning of a sentence and even everything previously written. The information in this lesson will help you express your thoughts in writing more accurately and avoid misunderstandings with Spanish people.