Covering 2 floors. Three technologies for the implementation of interfloor overlap. The main methods of arranging floors

The growth in the volume of private housing construction indicates an increase in the well-being of our compatriots. To the younger generation It is hard to believe that not so long ago it was necessary to be on the waiting list for 30-40 years for housing, and the result of the waiting was still unknown. Even those who had the opportunity to immediately pay for cooperative housing had to sign up as members of these communities through a large pull, the volumes of such construction were scanty. This is a reference for those who idealize the times of the USSR too much, but did not live then.

Today the situation has changed dramatically big number our compatriots can buy ready-made apartments in high-rise buildings, and those who do not want to breathe city smog are being built outside the city. Building materials and technologies existing on the market make it possible to create unique projects, architects could not even dream of such before. But not all developers have enough knowledge to choose the right option on the second floor. Let's try to figure it out.

Depending on the features of the building project, there are two types of floors on the second floor on wooden beams.

SNiP 2.03.13-88 of 01.01.1989 Floors. Thickness, floor coverings, interlayer, screed and subfloors(click on the link to open the PDF file in a new window).

Table. Types of floors on the second floor on wooden beams.

floor type	Description of technical and operational features
	Such floors are currently almost never used, but in vain. Below we will consider options for when it is advisable to install non-insulated floors. In terms of cost, they are the cheapest, laying them is not difficult even for beginners.
	The design is complex from an engineering point of view, consists of several layers, each of which has a noticeable effect on the overall performance. The cost is much superior to cold ones, but it can significantly reduce heat losses. Due to this, an expensive design quickly pays off and begins to bring direct profit. But this is possible only under one condition - warm floors are laid in strict accordance with existing building codes and regulations. Otherwise, they quickly lose their original properties and require complex and expensive repairs.

In what cases is it recommended to lay cold floors on the second floor

To convincingly answer this question, we must recall a few elementary rules of heat engineering.

Most professional builders strongly do not recommend making insulated floors on the second floor if its premises are used as residential. You need to know that in addition to unnecessary losses of money and thermal energy, another problem may appear. If the technology is violated, the heat-insulating material increases its humidity, all wooden elements are operated in a very difficult conditions. Heat plus moisture is an excellent environment for the development of fungi and rot on load-bearing wooden elements, and no state-of-the-art impregnations can protect them for a long time. Over time, we have to deal with very unpleasant premature repairs. We hope that this information will help you make the best decisions in each specific case.

General requirements

Regardless of the specific features of the floor, building codes put forward general requirements for all structures. Only their implementation guarantees long-term and efficient operation of structures.

insulation

Among the many species, two are most commonly used: mineral wool and . Which to choose? The answer to the question should be sought by each developer on their own, we only give our recommendations.

1. . It can be rolled or pressed, it has replaced traditional glass wool. It has two real advantages: it does not burn and does not release harmful chemical compounds into the air. Disadvantages: high price, relatively large weight and hygroscopicity. The last drawback requires special attention. The fact is that cotton wool absorbs moisture very quickly and dries for a long period of time. It means that wooden structures floors are constantly operated in conditions high humidity, and this has an extremely negative effect on durability. Another problem of hygroscopicity - wet cotton wool dramatically increases the thermal conductivity, the efficiency of insulation decreases markedly.

   

   

2. . Many consumers are wary of this material, the consequences of anti-advertising of competitors are affecting. Like, it burns and emits aggressive chemical compounds. Such anti-advertising is spread by manufacturers of mineral wool, they have their own personal economic goals. What is real? Modern foam is made using innovative additives, due to this, the amount of emitted harmful substances decreased to normal acceptable level. According to these parameters, there are no strict restrictions for polystyrene foam; by the way, it is less toxic than some varnishes used to make furniture. Another little-known quality - modern foam does not support open combustion, this is very important characteristic all building materials. Of course, in terms fire safety polystyrene is much inferior to mineral wool, but this is not as critical as it might seem. In practice, no one has yet seen the whole house burn down, and the floor with mineral wool remained safe and sound. Conversely, firefighters did not observe a situation where only one floor burned down with foam insulation, and all other structures were not affected by the fire. Not in case of fire big difference, with what material you insulated the floor of the second floor, the house will burn completely in any case. But at the cost of manufacturability and durability of operation, floors with foam insulation are much superior to designs with mineral wool.

   

   

These are objective comparative characteristics two heaters, analyze the information and draw your own conclusions.

floor beams

Depending on the planned loads, boards 50 × 200 mm, 50 × 250 mm or bars of at least 150 × 150 mm can be used. You only need to choose quality lumber not below the first grade. When calculating, it should be taken into account that the load on square meter floor can reach 210 kg, and the maximum deflection should not be more than 1/250 of the length. For example, if the length of a room on the second floor is 5 m, then the deflection in its center cannot be more than 2 cm. This is the maximum value, in some cases the deflection cannot exceed 1/400 of the length.

Beams and ceilings must withstand up to 180 kg / sq. m load

A beam section of 15x15 will be enough

Beams must be impregnated with modern antiseptics without fail, all places of contact between wood and concrete or masonry building materials are waterproofed. And most importantly - the presence of constant and effective ventilation of the space under the floor. This is the only way to ensure optimal conditions operation of load-bearing wooden structures.

Soundproofing

Existing regulations prescribe that the sound insulation threshold of interfloor ceilings should not exceed 50 dB. It is known from physics that the greater the density of a material, the better it conducts vibrations. Sound is air vibrations, air waves of various lengths and intensities. Everybody insulation materials they are excellent at extinguishing them; to achieve the required standards, it is enough to make a layer of mineral wool or foam plastic 50 mm thick between floors.

Maximum length of wooden beams

The floor can not be laid on fragile bases, and lumber has its limitations. Modern wooden channels can cover spans up to ten meters, unfortunately, beams cannot be used in such situations. They are allowed to be used with a span of no more than 5 m for interfloor floors and no more than 6 m for attic floors. But the length of 4 m is considered optimal, with a further increase in the distance between the stops, the deflection under its own weight increases significantly. In connection with such features, the beams must be laid across the width of the room, the step between them depends on several initial data: in the first place is the load per square meter, in the second place is the convenience of laying heat-insulating materials. To facilitate the selection process in building codes and the rules have tables with recommended beam sizes, taking into account the span of the floor.

Type and materials of flooring

There are several options for arrangement, when choosing a specific one, it is recommended to take into account maximum amount individual factors.

As finishing materials natural boards can be used, or soft coverings. But there is one limitation. If underfloor heating is planned, then wooden materials should not be used for two reasons. First, they react extremely negatively to high temperature and are bound to crack. Secondly, the tree has a low thermal conductivity, which impairs the heating efficiency.

Video - Draft floor. Floor device in a wooden house

Waterproofing materials

They should only be used when laying underfloor heating with mineral wool. Where exactly and what kind of waterproofing is used?

If the room has underfloor heating, then the installation process is even more complicated. between insulation and heating element there is an additional reason. It makes the process much more difficult. natural ventilation and worsens the operating conditions of wooden structures. This must be remembered before starting work with the floor, it is necessary to foresee the consequences of the decisions made.

Step by step instructions for building a floor

For example, we will take a complex option - a floor insulated with mineral wool. Floor beams from boards 50 × 200 mm, according to calculations, such elements fully withstand the planned loads and have a safety margin of approximately 40%. The stock is obligatory for all responsible architectural elements buildings, the overlap is included in the list of such structures. For vapor barrier, modern membrane coatings will be used, a subfloor made of edged boards with a thickness of 20 mm.

Practical advice. In order to reduce the cost of construction, OSB or plywood boards, used boards of the same thickness or various substandard segments can be used for the subfloor. The decision should be made taking into account personal financial capabilities and the type of finish flooring.

Step 1. Lay the floor beams on bearing walls. We have already said that in order to reduce the deflection force, they should be laid along the width of the room, and not along the length. Be sure to wrap the ends of the beams with roofing felt, there must be at least two layers. The boards themselves are recommended to be impregnated at least twice with an antiseptic. specific brand it doesn't matter, they all do their job quite effectively, except for obvious counterfeit products. The distance between the beams corresponds to the width of the mineral wool sheets. Standard materials have a width of 60 cm, which means that the distance along the axes of the beams is also 60 cm. Thus, a clean niche of 55 cm wide is obtained, this allows you to tightly insert mineral wool and eliminate the appearance of cracks. Slots are undesirable not only because they cause heat loss. There is another problem - condensation is constantly present in these places, the tree gets wet and begins to rot. O negative consequences there is no point in describing such a process.

Options for fixing floor beams to wooden walls

There are quite a few ways experienced builders make the final decision on the spot. Beginners can be recommended to use one of the listed methods.

1. At the ends of the beams, recesses are made for the dimensions of the logs.. Advantages - the beams lie firmly on the wall, in many cases additional fixation is not required. Disadvantages - the trimmed elements lose their strength, it takes quite a lot of time to prepare each beam. During the calculations, it is necessary to take into account not the total width, but only in the place of the undercut. And there it is significantly reduced, due to which the consumption of lumber increases.
2. The ends of the beams lie on the log line, special openings are made under them. A very simple and time-tested method, universal application. Professional builders they always try to use this method of mounting the floor beams of the second floor.

   

3. With the help of metal special fasteners. They are matched to the size of the beam and screwed or nailed to internal surfaces facade walls. Beams are inserted into seats. The advantages of the method are simplicity and ease of installation. Disadvantages - the bearing capacity is reduced, the mount is the most weakness and cannot withstand the same loads as the beam.

   

   

Step 2 Fix the steam protection to the lower planes of the beams with a stapler. An overlap of at least ten centimeters, all joints must be sealed with adhesive tape. We have already mentioned that it will not be possible to make a sealed cavity, moisture will find gaps in any case. But this does not mean that it is unnecessary to take measures to minimize this process.

Step 3 Nail slats or boards to the bottom of the beams. The finishing of the final ceiling will be fixed to them, the base must be strong. Thermal insulation material is laid on top of the rails. In our case, this is mineral wool, make sure that it fits snugly against the edges of the niche.

Practical advice. The thickness of the insulation is recommended at least ten centimeters. It is much more efficient to lay not one layer of insulation of this thickness, but two five centimeters each. Due to this, it is possible to make displacements of the joints and completely eliminate the likelihood of cold bridges.

It is very important that the mineral wool does not get wet, if the house does not have a roof, then it must be protected with a film. Wet material cannot dry on its own in a niche; it must be removed for drying. And this is not only unplanned loss of time, but also a large number of unproductive waste. During dismantling, wet cotton wool is easily torn, some sheets must be completely replaced with new ones. As a rule, no one plans such losses and does not take into account when calculating the amount of insulation. As a result, a second visit to the building supplies store is required.

Step 4 Lay waterproofing on top of the insulation. We have already mentioned that for these purposes it is necessary to use only a special innovative membrane, it allows steam to pass through and retains water. The membrane is also overlapped and fixed with a stapler.

Step 5 Lay the subfloor. As finish coat laminate is selected, and a solid base is required under it. Nail the boards tightly, but there is no need to specifically tighten with wedges. Gaps of no more than one centimeter are allowed. At least two nails must be driven into each board on each side, otherwise they will definitely bend during operation. This is a very undesirable phenomenon, especially for a laminate - a light coating rises, extremely unpleasant squeaks appear when walking.

It is not easy to eliminate them, you need to completely remove the laminate, level the subfloor boards and re-lay the coating again. As practice shows, it is much more profitable both economically and in time to follow the recommended technologies exactly than to eliminate the admitted marriage later.

The draft floor on the second floor is ready, you can continue the construction of the facade walls. Finishing covered is allowed only after the completion of the installation of the roof, finishing the ceiling and walls.

Prices for floor boards

floor boards

Video - Wooden floor insulation

Video - Laying the floor on wooden beams on the second floor

Private low-rise construction has become increasingly popular in recent years.

country houses and country houses, erected with their own hands, occupy an increasing share in the total volume of housing put into operation.

The most demanded material in private construction is wood, due to its affordable cost and ease of processing. But not all individual developers have sufficient experience and knowledge to independently carry out the entire range of construction work. So, the question often arises of how to properly lay the floor of the second floor in compliance with all building codes and technologies.

Construction requirements for wooden floors

In order to mount a durable and safe wooden floor between the 1st and 2nd floors with your own hands, you must strictly comply with the technical requirements for them.

Thermal insulation layer

Thermal insulation of the floor will improve the temperature in the room on the second floor

If the wooden floor will separate the upper and lower rooms with a temperature difference between them of more than 10 ° C, it will be necessary to build a heat-insulating layer.

This is necessary, for example, when arranging ceilings between the first floor and the underground, basement or between the first / second floor and an uninsulated attic.

Beam strength

Beams and ceilings must withstand up to 180 kg / sq.m of load

When constructing the floor of the second floor on wooden beams, you should pay Special attention strength load-bearing structures. The safety of the operation of the building depends on how durable the wooden beams of the floors are.

According to building codes for wooden low-rise buildings, the maximum load on the floors of the first floor should not exceed 210 kg per sq.m., the pressure on the wooden floor of the second floor should not exceed 180 kg / sq.m., and for attics and attics this figure should be less than 105 kg/sq.m.

Maximum deflection

In addition, building codes also impose requirements on the deflection of wooden floor beams. According to SNiP, this coefficient should not exceed 1 to 250. That is, the maximum deflection of wooden supporting structures during operation should be less than 4 mm per meter of beam length.

According to this standard, the deflection beam structure 4 m long in the center should not be more than 1.6 cm (4 m: 250 = 0.016 m). If it is planned to place massive furniture in the room and household appliances, flooring as flooring tiles etc., then the requirements for structural rigidity increase to 1 to 400.

That is, the deflection should not exceed 2.5 mm per meter. For non-residential attics and attic spaces, it is allowed larger ratio deflection - 1 to 200 (5 mm per 1 meter).

Soundproofing

Fifty-millimeter mineral wool will not only insulate the floor, but will also become a good sound insulator

According to building codes, the sound insulation threshold for interfloor floors of residential buildings should be 50 dB.

To ensure this requirement, it will be enough to cover the floor of the second floor under the finish coat with mineral wool 50 mm thick.

The length of the beam should be no more than 5 m

The maximum allowable length of the free sag of wooden beams should not exceed 5 m for interfloor and 6 m for attic floors. If the design length of the room is more than 5 m, it will be necessary to install an additional support under the bearing beam. The fact is that optimal length load-bearing wooden structure is 4 m.

With a further increase in its length, the rigidity and strength of the supporting structure are sharply reduced and the requirements for the thickness of the beam section increase disproportionately. So, in order for the deflection indicators for an 8 m beam to “fit” into the SNiP standards, its thickness should be about 40 cm. For example: the same deflection indicator shows a 4 m beam with a cross section of only 15 x 15 cm.

Wood is a material quite vulnerable to external influences, primarily dampness and fire, therefore, before proceeding with the construction of load-bearing structures, all wooden elements must be treated with antiseptic materials and flame retardants.

Construction material

Before proceeding with the installation of the floor on the second floor on wooden beams, you should make a list of all the necessary materials. This will allow during work to avoid unforeseen downtime and delays caused by the need to purchase some building materials.

beams

A beam section of 15 x 15 will be enough

The basis of the entire structure of interfloor wooden floors is beams. They play the role load-bearing elements, and the strength of the structure depends on them. For them, a bar or gun carriage with a section of 15 x 15 cm, or 18 x 18 cm is usually taken.

This section is usually enough to provide sufficient rigidity for a specific load of 400 kg per sq.m. In this case, it is necessary to observe the parameters recommended by building codes: the span is 4 m, and the step between the beams is 60 cm. Based on these parameters, you can also calculate the required amount of timber.

№	Span length (mm)	Beam cross section (mm)
1	2000	75×150
2	2500	100×150
3	3000	100×175
4	3500	125×175
5	4000	125×200
6	4500	150×200
7	5000	150×225

However, in the absence of a beam and small values ​​​​of the expected loads on the floor, it is quite possible to use boards 50 or 40 mm thick, knocked together in pairs and placed on the edge. This option is suitable for flooring in the attic or in a small country house.

For the first floor of a residential building, this option is not suitable due to the low bearing capacity of the boards: to ensure the necessary rigidity, it will be necessary to significantly reduce the step between the plank beams, which will lead to unjustified waste of material.

The most commonly used material for beams is pine. it the best option according to the "price-quality" criterion: its wood is quite affordable and at the same time has good technical characteristics.

Bars made of wood of stronger species (larch, oak) can rarely be found on free sale, and their price is incomparably higher, and pine wood after appropriate treatment with antiseptics will not be inferior in terms of durability to the same larch.

When buying a bar, you should choose a material with dry wood. Otherwise, after mounting the beams, their deformation during the drying process is possible - bending and twisting.

Flooring

Wooden flooring laid on beams will be a rough base under flooring

Usually, the flooring of interfloor ceilings is made in two tiers: from below there are rough floors, on which insulation is laid, and from above - pre-finishing flooring, mounted on top of the bearing beams. A decorative floor covering is laid directly on it.

To determine the nature and amount of material for flooring, you should clearly consider the design of the floors.

In the device of the subfloor, either 5 x 6 cm bars stuffed onto the supporting beams or grooves made in the beams can be used as a support for the floorboards. The latter option is quite laborious, so most often 5 x 6 cm bars are used to create a support.

To calculate the required number of bars, it is enough to count the number of beams and multiply them by the length of each of them. The resulting footage (the total length of all beams) is multiplied by two more (since the bars will be stuffed on both sides of each beam).

A wide range of materials can be used for finishing flooring. It can be boardwalk, plywood, chipboard, MDF, OSB, etc. Each of these materials has its advantages and disadvantages, after reading which you can choose one of them. To calculate required amount material, it is enough to simply calculate the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room.

When purchasing building material you should always purchase it with a margin of 10 - 15%, since unforeseen material overruns are inevitable during construction.

This will save you from having to interrupt work and buy the missing part.

Impregnation

Antiseptic will extend the life of the tree

To maximize the service life of wooden structures, they must be treated with antiseptic materials.

It will also be useful to treat wood with fire retardants, which increase its fire safety.

To calculate the right amount impregnation, you should read the instructions for its use - it always indicates the approximate consumption of the mixture per sq.m.

Waterproofing

Since wood is afraid of moisture, hydro is always used in construction. insulating materials.

It could be roll waterproofing used to create a water-repellent layer between wooden floor structures and the finish coat, or between wood and brick (stone, cinder block, etc.).

To protect the tree from moisture, you can also apply coating waterproofing created on the basis of polymers or liquid bitumens.

Heat and sound insulation

If it is necessary to create a barrier to noise or cold, insulating materials are used in the construction of floors. Most often, for these purposes, use a minplate or foam. Their total number in area should be approximately equal to the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room. For more information about floor insulation, see this video:

Expanded clay or ordinary slag mixed with sawdust can also be used as an insulating material.

Fastening materials

For fastening wooden elements ceilings, you should purchase self-tapping screws, nails, steel corners, anchor bolts and other consumable. When purchasing screws and nails, attention should be paid to their length.

According to the standards for a strong connection, the nail should be 2/3 longer than the thickness of the attached element (board, bar). For self-tapping screws and screws, this figure can be reduced to 50%.

Those. for reliable fastening to the beam of the “magpie” board, you will need 120 mm nails or 80 mm self-tapping screws.

After everything necessary materials purchased, and all preparations are completed, you can proceed directly to construction work. The construction of interfloor floors can be divided into several main stages.

The part of the beam inserted into the wall is wrapped with three layers of waterproofing material

Installation bearing beams most often produced at the stage of erecting the walls of the building. Before laying the bearing bars, their surface is treated with all the necessary impregnations.

Then their ends are cut at an angle of 60 ° and that part of them that will be walled up in the wall is wrapped in 2-3 layers of rolled waterproofing.

The ends of the beams are usually also coated with waterproofing compounds, but some experts advise leaving them open to allow the moisture contained in the wood to freely escape.

The depth of the beams to the depth of the wall should be at least 15 cm. The step of laying the beams is usually taken at 0.6 m, but depending on the expected load on the floors, as well as on the thickness of the beam section, this indicator can be reduced or increased.

The choice of the interval between the beams is also influenced by the technical indicators of the material used for the finished floor.

If the top flooring is supposed to be made of inch boards, plywood or chipboard, then the distance between the beams should not exceed half a meter, otherwise the floors will sag when walking. For more information about the installation of beams, see this video:

Floor joists must lie in the same plane

The installation of load-bearing beams starts from the two extreme walls, while the beams should be located at a distance of 5 - 10 cm. After installing the two extreme beams, we mount the rest, observing the required interval.

When laying beams, special attention should be paid to the horizontal slope: all floor beams must lie in the same plane. To do this, a cutting board is placed on the edge between the two extreme bars, or the twine is pulled tightly.

If the base on which the beams are laid is uneven, then mortgages should be installed under the ends of the beams to level the horizontal level. For mortgages, material is used that is resistant to decay and physical activity – metal plates, pieces of tiles, etc.

It is not recommended to use wooden wedges to adjust the level of the beams, as they can quickly rot, which will cause the lowering of individual floor beams and the curvature of the floor line.

The bearing bars are attached to the wall with anchor bolts and steel corners.

Fastening of support bars

After all the floor beams are exposed, bars with a section of 5 x 6 cm are attached to them (the so-called "cranial" bars). They serve as a support for laying the subfloor and are attached along the entire length of the bearing beam, on both sides.

They should be nailed in such a way that their lower part is flush with bottom beams.

Most often, the draft floor is made from an inch board.

For the device of the subfloor are taken edged boards and are laid across the beams on the support bars. Since the distance between the beams usually does not exceed 0.6 - 0.8 m, then an inch or thirty board is quite suitable for subfloors: the pressure on them will be limited only by the weight of the insulation.

Also for these purposes, you can use a cut slab. You can also combine the draft floors of the second floor with the finished ceilings of the first floor or basement. In this case, edged boards are hemmed from below, from the side of the first floor to the beams. More about draft field see in this video:

Thermal insulation flooring

After the installation of subfloors, compartments are formed between the beams, which, if necessary, can be filled with heat-insulating materials.

To do this, a hydro- or vapor barrier (roofing material, isospan, etc.) is laid on top of the subfloor boards, and then mineral wool, polystyrene, slag with sawdust, etc. are laid.

In this case, the entire space between the bars should be densely filled. We fill the gaps between the beams and foam sheets with sealant.

It is also desirable to lay waterproofing on top of the insulation, which will protect it from moisture leaks from above.

The final stage will be the flooring of the finishing floors, which is mounted on top of the supporting beams with self-tapping screws or nails.

To do this, the material (boards, OSB, plywood) is cut in such a way that their joint falls in the middle of the timber. The finished floor is the basis for the finishing coating - laminate, linoleum, parquet.

Planning the construction country cottage, the owner has to solve the difficult issue of choosing floors. Some contractors advise him to use reinforced concrete panels, others insist on using wooden beams as flooring.

We decided to help beginners get out of a difficult situation. In our article you will find an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of wooden floors.

Useful tips for their installation and important nuances of this work will also not be superfluous. We hope that the information received will be useful to you at the construction site and help you avoid serious mistakes.

A stereotype has developed in the minds of citizens, according to which panels from precast concrete- only Possible Solution for any building. It is not difficult to overcome it.

It is enough to list the advantages of wooden beam ceilings:

• Minimum cost (1 m3 of timber is several times cheaper than 1 m3 of hollow core panels);
• The load on the walls is 2-3 times less than from the panels. This allows you to significantly reduce the consumption of reinforcement and concrete when laying the foundation;
• On small spans (up to 4 meters), wooden beams can be laid manually using the simplest devices (winch or lifting block). Mounting heavy slabs without a powerful crane is an unrealistic task;
• low labor intensity and high speed works (compared to pouring a monolithic reinforced concrete floor);
• Environmental friendliness (concrete uses granite gravel, radiation background which can significantly exceed the norm).

As you know, there are no advantages without disadvantages. There are few of them for wood floors:

• Increased deformability. It manifests itself in the effect of vibration when walking and the formation of cracks at the junction of plasterboard partitions;
• Low fire resistance (without special impregnation);
• Relatively small length (does not exceed 6 meters). For reinforced concrete panels, it reaches 7.2 meters.

Among the shortcomings of these designs, some authors of feature articles include the formation of cracks in the plaster of the ceiling and poor impact sound insulation. However, with a competent approach to installation, these two problems are solved simply and reliably. To do this, a number of less thick beams are laid below the supporting beams, specially designed for filing the ceiling (drywall, OSB, lining, board).

The hemming beam, like the main one, is placed on the wall, but lower, and the ceiling cladding is attached to it. This solution is not common, although it is competent and its history dates back more than one century, in addition to cutting off the structural noise of the second floor, this option eliminates cracks in the ceiling. They appear in the case when the beam serves as a support for the floor of the second floor and at the same time the ceiling of the first floor is hemmed to it. From vibration and shock load, cracks appear in the finish.

Applications and calculation of wooden floors

• in buildings built of wood (frame and chopped);
• in country houses designed for summer operation;
• in outbuildings(sheds, bathhouses, workshops);
• in prefabricated prefabricated houses.

In addition to the listed options, wooden structures for interfloor ceilings can be used in cottages designed for year-round living. Only in this case, you need to use the two-row beam installation system, which we described above.

We do not recommend selecting the cross section of the timber according to the principle “the thicker the better”. There is a simple calculation method taken from building codes.

According to it, the height of the wooden beam should be at least 1/25 of the span to be covered.. For example, with a 4-meter distance between the walls, you need to buy a sawlog with a section height (H) of at least 400/25 = 16 cm with a thickness (S) of 12 cm. To create a margin of safety, the found parameters can be increased by 2-3 cm .

The second parameter that you need to choose correctly is the number of beams. It depends on their pitch (the distance between the central axes). Knowing the cross section of the beam and the size of the span, the step is determined from the table.

Table. Beam spacing selection

The calculated load of 350-400 kg / m2 indicated in the table is the maximum for the second floor. If it is not residential, then its value will not exceed 250 kg / m2.

When planning the layout of the beams, you need to take into account that the two extreme ones should recede from the end walls by at least 5 cm. The remaining beams are distributed evenly along the walls (in accordance with the selected step).

Stages and features of installation

Technologically, the device for overlapping wooden beams cannot be called complicated. The main attention should be paid to the alignment of the beams horizontally and the quality of embedding their ends into the wall array. You can’t just put the bars on the masonry and lay them with bricks. It is necessary to provide them with a reliable connection with the walls and qualitatively protect the wood from decay.

Options for sealing beams, depending on the material of the masonry, the type of wall structures (external, internal, chimney) and the methods of their fastening are shown in the figures.

The length of the supporting part of the beams in a brick and block wall should be at least 16 cm (in a wooden 7-8 cm). If paired boards placed on edge are used instead of timber, then they are embedded in the masonry by at least 10 cm.

The side parts of the beams in contact with the wall are wrapped with 2 layers of glassine or 1 layer of roofing felt. Experienced craftsmen cut the ends of the bars at an angle (60-70 °) and leave them uninsulated, while not forgetting to treat them with an antiseptic composition on a par with the rest. This ensures the "breathing" of wood wrapped with waterproofing.

When installing the ceiling on the sides of each beam, small gaps (3-5 cm) are left, filled with mineral wool or tow. A heat insulator is also placed in the space between the end of each beam and the wall. This eliminates the "cold bridge" that occurs by reducing the thickness of the masonry.

When constructing ceilings in walls made of aerated concrete and wood concrete blocks, it is recommended to use an open seal. In this case, the ends of the beams are also cut at an angle, antiseptic and pasted over with roofing paper on mastic, leaving the ends free.

The outer wall of the nest is insulated with felt or mineral wool and a box made from pieces of an antiseptic board is inserted into it. Its height is chosen such that an air gap (2-3 cm) is formed above the beam. Through it, water vapor accumulated in the wood will exit into the room in the plinth area. This solution protects the supporting part of the beam from decay.

In practice, developers most often use a simpler method of embedding without the use of insulation and a wooden box, closing the logs with block cuts or just a raster.

The floor bars are supported on, which is used to increase the spatial rigidity of the block masonry.

Beams are embedded in the internal load-bearing walls in a closed way. To increase the rigidity of the overlap, they are connected to each other through three steel anchor plates.

Section of the beam adjacent to smoke channel, insulate with asbestos or other non-combustible material. The main protection against fire here is brick cutting (thickening of the pipe masonry) 25 cm thick.

In wooden houses, the installation of beam ceilings is carried out in two ways:

• Cutting into log crowns;
• Through a steel shaped plate (high chair), fixed to the wall with threaded studs.

Installation of the ceiling by cutting into the walls

The option of installing beams on "chairs"

If top floor or the attic will not be residential (heated), then it is necessary to carry out the insulation of wooden floors. To do this, a heater (mineral wool, ecowool) is laid in the space between the beams, having previously spread a layer of vapor barrier over the ceiling filing.

Styrofoam should not be used for this work for three reasons:

• It does not allow water vapor to pass through, and the wood rots under it;
• Does not isolate impact noise;
• It is problematic from an environmental point of view.

The design of the insulated floor is shown in the diagram.

Similarly, the insulation of the floor of the first (basement) floor is performed. The difference between them is that it is quite difficult to hem beams from below from a shallow underground. In this case, the builders act differently. To the side faces of the beams, they knock out a cranial bar (5x5 cm). An antiseptic boardwalk is laid on it. It serves as a base for plate insulation placed in the gaps between the bars. A vapor barrier is placed under the mineral wool. A vapor barrier is also laid on top of the beams. After that, logs are attached to them and a finishing floor is already mounted on them.

The mineral wool slab should be placed between the bars as tightly as possible to prevent blowing through the floor. For better insulation, all joints of the insulation are treated with mounting foam.

The control of the horizontal installation of the bars is carried out using bubble level laid on a flat long board. For leveling use cutting boards, protected bituminous mastic. They are placed under the ends of the bars.

Vapor barrier sheets should be laid with an overlap of at least 10 cm and all joints should be glued with construction tape.

To reduce impact noise, soundproofing tape 5 mm thick is laid on the beams before installation of the second floor floor joist. A waterproofing film under the logs is placed only if the second-level room is residential. It will protect the insulation from water ingress when washing the floor. The technology of its installation is similar to the laying of vapor barrier.

The final stage of the wooden floor device is the installation of a subfloor from boards, plywood or OSB boards using self-tapping screws. After the completion of this work, they lay a finishing coating of laminate, linoleum, parquet and perform finishing ceiling.

Wooden houses at one time were very popular, then with the development of modern building materials, they faded into the background a little. But today wooden buildings are regaining their former glory. This is due to the fact that only in a wooden house the atmosphere is filled with harmony and tranquility. Finishing in such a house can be made of any material. But this is not very advisable, since the walls made of logs look much more attractive and more natural than paint or wallpaper.

But the issue of surface finish will depend only on personal taste preferences. As for the wooden floor of the second floor, it is also made of beams. There can be no other option. On wooden walls reinforced concrete slabs are not laid. In finished form, the entire structure is completely made of natural material - wood.

Wooden interfloor ceiling of the first floor

wooden floor between the first and second floors must meet certain established requirements:

1. The floor structure must be very strong and withstand the expected loads from above, it is recommended to calculate the magnitude of the loads with a margin.
2. Wooden floor beams must be rigid for arranging the floor on the second floor and the ceiling on the first.
3. The ceiling should have the same service life as the entire wooden house as a whole. Reliable overlap during the construction phase will ensure safety and prevent repairs.
4. For the floor, it is very important to equip additional heat and sound insulation.

Wooden beams as a floor perform all the basic functions, and they differ from reinforced concrete slabs easier installation. Human strength is enough, there is no need to use heavy machinery. Using beams, you can significantly reduce the overall load on the foundation. The advantages of wooden floors include low price. And when proper processing and the installation of such a design will last more than a dozen years.

The disadvantages of wood include such a detrimental process as decay. In addition, the disadvantages of wood products is high flammability in case of fire. In order to minimize the likelihood of such processes, it is very important to prepare the beams immediately before installation work. For overlapping it is best to use coniferous wood. In order to avoid deflection of the beam, it is not recommended to make a span of more than 5 m. If the span is larger, it is necessary to make additional supports in the form of columns or crossbars.

Calculation of the floor structure in a wooden house

It is from how correctly the calculation of the expected load will be carried out that you can create a high-quality robust design, which will perform its main functions and last a very long time.

Most often, the beams in the room are laid in the direction of the shortest wall. This makes it possible to make the span minimal. The step between the beams will depend primarily on the size of the section. On average, this size is 1 meter. Making the distance less is not worth it, as this will only increase the consumption of material and the complexity of the work.

It is better to give preference to beams with a large section than to make an overlap with a small step and a weak overlap.

The main dimensions of the beams for a certain span size:

• 2200 mm span - section 75 * 100 mm;
• 3200 mm span - section 100*175 mm or 125*200 mm;
• 500 mm span - section 150 * 225 mm.

If the overlap is made between the first floor and the attic, then the step between the material should be the same, but the cross section of the beams can be chosen much smaller. This is due to the fact that the load in the attic will be much less than on the full floor.

Tools for arranging interfloor overlapping

All work can be done independently. To do this, you need to prepare tools and materials such as:

• drill;
• saw;
• hatchet (if necessary, large and small);
• chisel;
• a hammer;
• nails, screws;
• construction level;
• fasteners.

As for the building material, the wood must be of high quality and well dried. Before carrying out all work, it is necessary to separate element treat with a product that will prevent decay and make the wood less flammable.

Wood floor device

Do-it-yourself overlapping is quite simple, the main thing is to follow all the recommendations and technologies. The beams are laid on the walls with their ends. In order for them to be securely fixed, special connectors are cut out in the wall under right size sections. Laying a beam in the connector, it is covered with tow on all sides. This will prevent further formation of cold bridges. If the beam has a section size smaller than the walls, then the recess can not be made to the full depth.

The second option for attaching the ceiling to the wall is the "dovetail". In order to strengthen such a mount, fasteners in the form of a metal bracket are additionally used. Such fastening is most often used if the walls of the house are made of timber. AT wooden house the crossbar with the beam at the same level can be fixed with a clamp.

It is worth highlighting the most common type of fastening a beam to a crossbar - this is the use of cranial bars. Such bars are attached to the crossbar, and a beam is already attached to them. It is recommended to use bars with a section of 50 * 50 mm.

For panel house beams are laid in a slightly different way. Special nests are made in the wall, into which the ends of the floor elements are laid. The optimal depth of the nest is 150-200 mm, while the width must correspond to the dimensions of the section. In addition, it is necessary to leave a gap of 10 mm on each side. As in the first case, the ends of the materials must be wrapped with tow before laying in the nests.

Metal anchors can also be used to fasten the elements. With this fastening, the end of the beam will not go into the wall.

In order to make the ceiling of the first floor, it is necessary to roll forward. This stage of work can be carried out using a wide variety of materials.

In the most common version, cranial bars are nailed along the side of the beam. Such bars should have a section of 40 * 40 or 50 * 50 mm. They should not protrude below the main beam. It is on them that even boards will subsequently be attached, the thickness of which should be within 10-25 mm. In order to knock out the ceiling, you can use sheets of plywood. Using sheet material, you can get a perfectly flat ceiling. Minimum Thickness plywood in this case should be at least 8 mm. It is very important to control that the edges of the sheets lie exactly in the middle of the beam.

Instead of using cranial bars, special grooves can be made in the beams. In order to use this method, the beam section must be thought out in advance.

As a flooring option, the lower part of the floor elements can remain open; for this, the cranial elements are not nailed flush, but slightly higher. Thus, the flooring is carried out between the beams.

After the roll is done, you can start laying the floor of the second floor. If instead of the second floor there is an attic, then the execution of the subfloor is sufficient. If there is a room on the second floor, then the floor must be made of quality material. wooden boards will be laid directly on the logs.

Floor insulation

In a wooden house it is very important to do good thermal insulation. This also needs to be done with the interfloor overlap. Thermal insulation materials today represented in very a wide range. It is on how correctly the material is selected and correctly laid that the thermal insulation qualities of the room will depend. This is especially important if instead of the second full floor supposed to be an attic. Therefore, in order to prevent heat from leaving the room, it is necessary to lay thermal insulation between the beams.

Mineral wool would be a good option.

She has very high technical qualities but not very good soundproof material. In addition, after a certain period of operation, its structure changes, and in environment microparticles may be released.

Particular attention should be paid to the sound insulation of the interfloor overlap.

When laying any material, it is worth controlling its location. There should be no gaps between the lags and the insulator. Sheet materials must be cut to size roll materials tucked in a bit.

If the ceiling is installed between the first floor and the attic, it is imperative to lay a vapor barrier. Plastic wrap will do the trick. In order for condensate to escape from under the film faster, it is necessary to leave ventilation gaps.

All photos from the article

The construction of wooden buildings is one of the most popular options for a number of reasons: the environmental friendliness of the material and its availability in our country, ease of work and reliability finished structures. AND two-storey houses are great solution for those who appreciate space, but at the same time do not want to occupy a large building space.

Their construction differs little from one-story options but there is one very important nuance, which should be considered in more detail - the device of the interfloor partition. It is this part of the design that we will consider in our review.

Materials used for work

Stock up on everything you need in advance so that there are no downtime during the work. The list may vary, but the main components remain the same:

beams	The strength and reliability of the partition directly depend on these elements, so you should choose products with a cross section that provides the required load-bearing capacity. Universal Options- 150x150 and 200x200, this is usually enough to ensure rigidity in most buildings, most often the material of manufacture is pine. It is important that the wood is dry, otherwise there is a risk that the elements will begin to deform after installation.
Flooring materials	Above and below the beams are sewn up with a rough flooring, which can be made different ways, we will discuss them in more detail below. There is no fundamental difference, and you just need to choose the option that suits best for certain conditions.
waterproofing material	In order for the tree to serve as long as possible and not be subjected to negative impacts arising from changes in temperature and humidity, it must be protected. There are several options, we will also consider them below.
Heat and sound insulation	In order for the noise level to be as low as possible, and the heat to be kept in the premises as well as possible, it is necessary to lay between the beams special materials. Otherwise, any movement from above will be heard from below, and warm air will freely leave through a poorly insulated partition

Important! All materials must be of the highest quality. high standards, this guarantees excellent result and ensures the reliability and safety of the entire structure.

The main stages of the workflow

The work instructions will be divided into several stages so that you can understand all the features as best as possible. And we will start by laying the main supporting elements.

Beam fastening

Works in wooden buildings can be carried out in several ways, consider the sequence of required operations:

• First of all, you should prepare the products - clean them of dirt and bark residues, if any, and also cover them with a special fire-retardant composition. This will protect the wood from fire and damage by woodworms and significantly extend the life of the structure.

• Next, all the necessary measurements are taken, if cutting of the beams is required, then it is better to double-check all the dimensions, since by cutting off the excess, you will simply ruin the product, the price of which is quite high. Cutting is most easily done with a chainsaw or other specialized woodworking device.

Fastening is carried out in three main ways:

• The first is cutting recesses according to the size of the ends of the beams and fixing each element in special recesses. This option has been very widely used for several centuries. It is important to cut the material carefully so that the laying level for all elements is the same, the joints are sealed and thermally insulated with tow, this allows you to protect all cutouts from the penetration of cold air.