Beijing cabbage - cultivation and care. Business in growing Chinese cabbage

• What is OKVED for business?
• Packaging and storage
• conclusions
• Step-by-step plan for starting a business
• How much can you earn from your own Chinese cabbage?
• What is OKVED for business?
• What documents are needed to open a farm?
• Do you need a permit to open a business?
  • • • Similar business ideas:

Growing Chinese cabbage and its benefits

Growing Chinese cabbage is a new direction in Russian vegetable growing. The demand for Chinese cabbage is constantly growing due to its excellent taste and rich composition of vitamins.

The advantages of growing this vegetable crop on farms:

1. Productivity, depending on the variety and growing conditions, reaches 900 c/ha;
2. Grows favorably when low temperatures(which is good for middle zone Russia), only 12 grams are required to form a head of cabbage. Optimal temperature cultivation is 20 grams. The plant can withstand short-term frosts down to minus 5 -7 degrees;
3. High wholesale selling price, which averages 20 rubles/kg. If 300 tons of cabbage are sold, and such a volume can be obtained from 5 hectares of planting area, the revenue will be more than 6 million rubles;
4. The plant has a short growing season of 50 - 70 days. You can get several harvests in one season;
5. The annual high demand for Chinese cabbage allows us to sell it without any problems;
6. The high productivity of Chinese cabbage allows it to be grown even in greenhouses!

In addition to the advantages, it is worth highlighting the disadvantages of creating a business for growing Chinese cabbage:

1. The agricultural technology of growing Chinese cabbage on our territory has been poorly studied;
2. Dependence on soil fertility (more on this below);
3. Susceptible to various diseases, like many cabbage plants. Peking cabbage is very popular with pests, so insecticidal treatments are very important;
4. The short period of being “on the vine” is no more than 2 weeks, and if removed later, it may result in rotting, necrosis of the leaves and a decrease in shelf life.

Step-by-step plan for starting a business

1. Soil preparation.
2. Possible risks.

Which tax system to choose

For organization farm To grow Chinese cabbage, you must register a peasant farm or individual entrepreneur. The Unified Agricultural Tax (USAT) is used as a taxation system.

What is OKVED for business?

How much money do you need to invest to grow Chinese cabbage?

To grow a plant on large areas sowing (from 5 hectares) the following investments will be required (approximately):

1. Tractor, trailers (rental possible), from 1 million rubles;
2. Transplanter, from 200 thousand rubles;
3. Seed material, from 5 thousand rubles;
4. Fertilizers, from 15 thousand rubles;
5. Packaging material, from 15 thousand rubles;
6. Vegetable storage, from 200 thousand rubles.

The total initial investment will be from 1,435,000 rubles. The size of the investment is given very arbitrarily. In each individual case, their size may vary dramatically. For example, you can purchase a used tractor, which will reduce your initial costs by almost half.

The main fixed costs of maintaining a farm include:

• rent of land (if not owned);
• wage;
• taxes;
• insurance contributions to the Pension Fund;
• repair of equipment and fuels and lubricants.

You can get start-up capital for organizing a farm to grow Chinese cabbage in the following ways:

1. Obtain a preferential loan from the bank for agricultural producers;
2. Participate in programs state support beginning farmers. Depending on the region of the Russian Federation, it is possible to receive up to 1.5 million rubles free of charge for the development of peasant farms.

How much can you earn from your own Chinese cabbage?

What documents are needed to open a farm?

If there is extensive agricultural work and large areas are cultivated land(more than 1 Ha). State registration of a peasant farm is required. But when you are processed small areas land, since the law allows you to have a personal subsidiary plot (in your own yard). It is also allowed to grow agricultural products for sale without any taxes.

To register a peasant farm, you need: an application for state registration, a passport of the founder-manager of the company, agreements, a decision on the founding of a peasant farm (if there are several shareholders). Then, confirmation of payment of the state duty and the actual place of residence of the founder. If the enterprise is organized by one person, an agreement on the creation of a peasant farm is not needed.

Do you need a permit to open a business?

Licensing or special permitting documents is not required for growing Chinese cabbage.

Technology for growing Chinese cabbage

For growing Chinese cabbage, the composition of the soil and its fertility are very important. Neutral (medium composition) are selected for this crop. fertile soils, since on light soils cabbage dries out quickly, and on heavy soils acidic soils the crop is most susceptible to diseases such as cabbage clubroot. The best predecessors are cucumbers, zucchini, onions, tomatoes and legumes. Used for planting plants sunny areas protected from strong winds.

To increase soil fertility, bird droppings, humus, lime materials, and potassium sulfate are used as fertilizers. 2 weeks after planting, the plants are fed with urea.

It is important when cultivating Chinese cabbage to choose the right plant variety. For early implementation, the best early ripening varieties are Mirako F1, Monaco, Khibinskaya 5. For late implementation, the best varieties are Bilko F1 (vegetation period 55-60 days), the cabbage heads of which reach a weight of 2 kg. The vegetable is grown as seedling method, and direct sowing of seeds in open ground. For seedlings, you can use special soil, for example “Rostorfinfest”. Cabbage seeds in a greenhouse begin to germinate at a temperature of 4-5 degrees. Lack of light is not a problem for her and the plant can develop even without additional lighting. The period from planting seeds in a greenhouse to planting plants in open ground is 24-27 days.

On early stages When planting Chinese cabbage, bolting is possible due to low night temperatures. To prevent bolting of plants at the stage of growing seedlings, it is advisable to maintain the temperature in the greenhouse above 15 degrees.

The first planting begins in late April - early May. Like Chinese cabbage short term growing season to obtain maximum yield During the season, it is preferable to plant it in several stages, dividing the field into several sections. For example, the first planting in the middle zone is May 1, then May 10, May 20 and so on, the last planting is in early August. The planting rate is 40 thousand pieces/ha. The distance between plants in rows is 10 cm - 12 cm, in row spacing they maintain a distance of 45 cm.

Plants are planted using special equipment, for example, the MRM-2 transplanting machine. The cost of such a car is just over 200 thousand rubles.

The plant loves water very much. When watering plants, 700-800 m3 of water is used for every 10 tons of commercial harvest. More effective system Watering "Beijing" is a drip method.

It is important to treat plants against pests and diseases. Once every three years, the soil should be limed, adding 300-400 g of lime per 1 m2 of soil.

Packaging and storage

Harvesting begins when the plant has 10-12 leaves. The leaves of harvested cabbage wither quickly, so they should be packed immediately.

It is advisable to use it as packaging PVC film width 35-45 cm, while packaging is carried out manually directly into the field. Thanks to this, the shelf life of the vegetable increases several times.

Maximum sales of Chinese cabbage begin in the fall, so by this time it is advisable to increase the area sown with the crop several times.

conclusions

Despite all the pros and cons, growing Chinese cabbage on a farm with proper agricultural technology is a very profitable direction, especially since there is practically no competition in this industry. Due to good demand and high price selling vegetables, this business can become a highly profitable business.

Step-by-step plan for starting a business

Organization of the business process for the production and sale of Chinese cabbage involves the following stages:

1. Selection of land for vegetable crops.
2. Purchase of planting material.
3. Soil preparation.
4. Technology, stages of the process of planting and growing cabbage.
5. Equipment, transportation and storage of products, hired labor, if required.
6. Sales plan for finished vegetable products.
7. Possible risks.

How much can you earn from your own Chinese cabbage?

The average market wholesale selling price is about 20-25 rubles per kilo of vegetable products. To get the maximum percentage of benefits, it is advisable to sell Chinese cabbage both in large supermarkets and in small specialized vegetable stores. The vegetable is also sold well by resellers and at agricultural markets. In general, in the production and sale of Chinese cabbage, monthly net earnings of about 300-350 thousand rubles are quite realistic.

What is OKVED for business?

The business of producing and selling Chinese cabbage is registered under code 01, which is responsible for crop production, livestock farming, etc. Its subclause 01.1 corresponds to the cultivation of annual crops, namely vegetables, root crops, melons, etc. - clause 01.13.

What documents are needed to open a farm?

If there is extensive agricultural work and large plots of land are cultivated (more than 1 hectare). State registration of a peasant farm is required. But when you cultivate small areas of land, since the law allows you to have a personal subsidiary plot (in your own backyard). It is also allowed to grow agricultural products for sale without any taxes. To register a peasant farm, you need: an application for state registration, a passport of the founder-manager of the company, agreements, a decision on the founding of a peasant farm (if there are several shareholders). Then, confirmation of payment of the state duty and the actual place of residence of the founder. If the enterprise is organized by one person, an agreement on the creation of a peasant farm is not needed.

Chinese cabbage- it's unpretentious vegetable crop, which can produce two harvests during the entire warm season. Even an inexperienced summer resident can grow it. This plant is easy to care for. Chinese cabbage is absolutely not capricious, it grows quickly, stores well, is very healthy and has excellent taste.

But there is also in its cultivation negative points. In the first place, of course, are pests - slugs and cruciferous flea beetle. It's not easy to get rid of them. They can ruin a large amount of crops. And the second problem is shooting. Sometimes cabbage cannot form a full head of cabbage.

To overcome these problems, it is necessary to become more familiar with the peculiarities of growing this vegetable crop.

Timing for planting Chinese cabbage: how to avoid bolting

To prevent Chinese cabbage from going to waste, it is necessary to plant it at a certain time. Favorable conditions for flowering and seed formation are a large amount of light during long daylight hours. Means best time for planting cabbage - this early spring(around mid-April) or mid-summer. At this time, the daylight hours are a little shorter and there is no need to worry about blooming.

Experienced breeders also met gardeners halfway in solving this problem and bred Dutch hybrid varieties, which are not at risk of shooting.

Beijing cabbage is an early ripening vegetable, but it also has early, medium and late varieties. Depending on the variety, it ripens from forty to eighty days.

Growing Chinese cabbage: basic agricultural technology

You can grow this type of cabbage using seeds or seedlings. The seed method is used less frequently, while the seedling method is considered more reliable.

Growing Chinese cabbage through seedlings

Chinese cabbage seeds can be planted twice a year - at the end of March (for seedlings) and at the end of June (for use in winter). This culture reacts poorly to picking and finds it difficult to take root in a new place. That is why it is recommended to grow seeds in individual containers.

Small pots are filled with a special loose soil mixture. It may consist of peat and turf land(in equal quantities) or coconut base and humus (in a two to one ratio). Each seed is planted to a depth of about one centimeter and the containers are left in a warm room. Very soon (in 2-3 days) young shoots will appear.

Once they appear, the plants will need good lighting and moderate watering. In about a month, the seedlings will have 5 full leaves. This means it’s time to transplant the cabbage into the beds. The area should be unshaded and well lit.

Should be considered vegetable predecessors. It would be good if onions, garlic, carrots or potatoes were grown in this area before cabbage.

Growing Chinese cabbage without seedlings

The seeds are planted in separate holes to a depth of one and a half to two centimeters, after adding five hundred milliliters of humus and two tablespoons. wood ash. Fill them with a small amount of water. The distance between the beds and holes is approximately the same (about 30 centimeters). The top of the wells is crushed with ash and covered with a transparent film. The first shoots will appear in about a week.

Care, watering, feeding of Chinese cabbage

Chinese cabbage prefers to grow in a well-lit place with high humidity and in cool temperature conditions. Most favorable temperature regime for this crop it is 15-20 degrees Celsius. If the air temperature becomes less than thirteen or more than twenty-five, then bountiful harvest you can't even dream about it.

Experienced gardeners recommend using non-woven fabric for covering plants. Such a “blanket” will protect plants that have not yet matured from unexpected frosts and sudden changes in temperature. Cold can destroy young Chinese cabbage seedlings.

In hot and dry weather, a canvas cover will create a shady area for the vegetable crop and protect it from overheating.

If the summer comes with heavy and prolonged rains, then a linen cover will protect the cabbage from rotting. Excess moisture cannot do cabbage any good.

One more thing positive quality Such a covering is protection from pests. The cruciferous flea flea does not immediately detect its favorite treat.

To protect the plant from weeds, you need to mulch the soil. Mulch can be spread on cabbage beds about half a month after planting seedlings in open ground. This layer of organic matter helps maintain soil moisture for a long time and prevents weeds from growing.

Watering is carried out abundantly, use only warm water. One abundant watering every 7 days is enough.

The amount of fertilizing depends on the timing of cabbage planting. The “spring” crop is fed three times, and the “summer” crop – twice. Fertilizers are applied by watering and spraying. For nutritious irrigations, various infusions are used:

• Add 1 liter of mullein to 10 liters of water.
• For 20 liters of water – 1 liter of bird droppings
• For 9 liters of water – 1 kilogram of fresh grass

Each Chinese cabbage seedling needs one liter of infusion.

Spraying with a solution of water and boric acid contribute better education ovaries You need to dissolve two grams of boric acid in one liter of boiling water, and then add cold water(9 liters).

A positive quality of Chinese cabbage is that it can become infected with some disease only in very rare cases. This vegetable crop grows very quickly and simply does not have time to get sick.

And here negative side- these are two constant pests that love to feast on this type of cabbage. It is very difficult to fight the cruciferous flea beetle and slugs, and it is rarely possible to win. There is only one way out - preventive measures, which will scare away pests and keep them away from the beds:

Boarding time. Cabbage should be planted at a time when the cruciferous flea beetle is still or no longer present - this is April or July.

Use of covers. For example, non-woven fabric will be a good protection against pests.

Wood ash. After planting the seeds, it is necessary to dust the beds with ash - this will repel the cruciferous flea beetle.

Maintaining crop rotation. Seedlings and seeds of this crop should be planted only in those beds where other cruciferous crops did not grow. Pest larvae are not afraid of harsh winters; they remain in the soil until the new season. Therefore, plant cabbage after root crops, onions, garlic, and potatoes.

Joint plantings. Try to confuse the cruciferous flea beetle - plant cabbage along with other vegetables. It will grow well next to cucumbers and tomatoes, onions and garlic. The pest will be confused.

If preventive actions were not carried out, and the flea still appeared on the site, then various insecticidal or biological products will come to the rescue (these are Fitoverm, Bitoxibacillin, Actellika and others). You can use the preparations approximately 30 days before harvesting cabbage.

The second annoying pest is the slug. It is almost impossible to get rid of it; great efforts must be made to combat it. The experience of gardeners and traditional methods helps here:

• Treatment of Chinese cabbage with a special dry composition made from wood ash (500 milliliters), table salt(2 tablespoons), mustard powder (1 tablespoon) and chili powder (2 tablespoons).
• Using burdock leaves or boards to lure slugs under them, after which the pests are destroyed.
• Water the beds with a solution of water with brilliant green (one bottle per 10 liters of water).

Storing Chinese cabbage

Chinese cabbage is a frost-resistant plant that continues to grow even with the onset of light frosts (down to about minus four). Therefore, harvesting can be carried out even in mid-October.

You can determine the maturity of cabbage by the condition of the head of cabbage; it should be very dense. This type of cabbage can be safely cut. You just need to take into account that for long-term autumn-winter storage cabbage spring planting not intended. It is better to use it in summer time. But summer-planted vegetables are stored for a very long time, sometimes until spring.

The storage temperature of Chinese cabbage should be low (about 5 degrees Celsius). In order for the vegetable to retain moisture and juiciness, each head of cabbage is wrapped in transparent film for food products.

Chinese cabbage can be successfully grown in all types of protected soil as an independent crop or in the form of compaction of cucumber or tomato, and under small shelters - zucchini. Distinctive feature Chinese cabbage - its rapid growth. Growing season equals 50 days. If it is harvested in the phase of 5...7 leaves, the harvest ripens in 30...35 days, and to obtain heads of cabbage with an open rosette it takes 60...80 days.

Botanical characteristics of Chinese cabbage. Chinese cabbage is an annual, early-ripening plant. The leaves are collected in a dense rosette, which can reach a diameter of 30...50 cm. The leaf blade is light green or yellow-green, wrinkled, slightly pubescent. The leaf petioles are flat, thick and very wide - up to 3...6 cm, white. A rosette of leaves or heads of cabbage tightly folded from leaves, open at the top, are used for food.

Biological features of Chinese cabbage. The culture is demanding on soil fertility and moisture. Most favorable conditions for growth and development, low temperature 15...18° and plenty of moisture. Plants shoot quickly when the day is long, but the leaves do not lose their tenderness even when flowering.

Chinese cabbage can be successfully grown in all types of protected soil as an independent crop or as a compaction of cucumber or tomato. IN winter time it grows much better than lettuce and produces a higher yield.

The timing of sowing seeds in open ground is determined by the ripeness of the soil and the possibility of its cultivation. For autumn consumption, Chinese cabbage is sown in late July - early August, often used as a compactor for mid-late varieties white cabbage.

Sowing seeds. IN open ground seeds are sown with row spacing of 20 centimeters. If you plan to harvest the crop at a young age. When growing until the head forms, the distance is increased to 35...50 centimeters. The distances in the row in the first case are 3...4 centimeters, in the second - up to 20...25 centimeters. The rate of sowing seeds in the ground is 4...5 g per 10 m2, in a greenhouse - 5...6 g.

The seedlings are first thinned out to a distance of 8…10 cm, then, after a week, through one plant. Plants removed during thinning can be used for food. Chinese cabbage plants develop better in early spring in greenhouses, where the cruciferous flea beetle is less harmful. Care consists of weeding, watering and loosening the soil between the rows.

Chinese cabbage is also grown as seedlings. 25-day-old seedlings are planted at the same time as early-ripening varieties of white cabbage. Planting pattern 20...25X10...12 centimeters.

Successful cultivation of Chinese cabbage is ensured by following optimal modes humidity and temperature. During the formation of a rosette of leaves and heads of cabbage, the daytime temperature is maintained at 14…18°, and the night temperature at 8…12°. Air humidity on a sunny day should be 70...80%, on a cloudy day - 60...70%, at night - 80%. Soil moisture - 60...70%. If the regimes are violated, the leaves are affected by necrosis, black, gray and white rot, as a result of which a normal head of cabbage does not form.

Harvesting Chinese cabbage. Leaf forms of Chinese cabbage are harvested in two terms. When 4...5 leaves are formed, they are removed in order of thinning, leaving a distance between plants of 8...10 centimeters. When 9...10 leaves have formed on the remaining plants, they are harvested a second time, pulling them out of the soil with roots. When harvesting is delayed, plants form flowering shoots, causing the quality of the product to deteriorate slightly.

The yield of Chinese cabbage in protected soil is 16...18 kilograms per square meter, in open ground 4…5 kilograms.