Cases in English. Nouns in the common case with the preposition WITH. Noun with preposition

In the case when in the common case it is used without a preposition, its relation to other words in a sentence is determined solely by the place occupied in the proposal. If the noun is located before the predicate, then it is subject and corresponds nominative case In russian language. If it's worth after the predicate, then it is direct complement and is often used in the accusative case.

• The student(Student: noun as subject) recognized the teacher (recognized the teacher).
• The teacher recognized (The teacher found out) the student(student: direct object).

Between the predicate and the noun, which is a direct object, there can be another noun in the common case without a preposition, denoting a person. Such a noun is indirect addition and corresponds dative case In russian language.

Noun in possessive answers the question whose? - whose? whose? whose?, serves as a definition denoting the belonging of an object. In the possessive case, only animate nouns are used.

Possessive case formation

In the singular, the possessive case is formed by adding the ending -"s.

• The girl "s hat - Girl's hat
• The hourse "s leg - Horse leg

In the plural, the possessive case is formed by simply adding an apostrophe:

• The boys "books - Boys' books
• The workers" tools — Tools of the workers

If there are two or more persons who have the object, then the possessive case ending is added to the last noun:

• Mary and Helen "s flat is large - Peter and Elena's apartment is large

Use of the possessive case

When a noun (friends), defined by a noun in the possessive case (Kate "s), has other definitions (best), then the noun in the possessive case (Kate" s) comes before them (best):

• Kate "s friends - Katya's friends
• Kate "s best friends - Katya's best friends

Along with a noun in the possessive case, a noun with a preposition is used to express belonging of.

• My friend "s father = The father of my friend - My friend's father

AT English language nouns have only two cases: possessive case (Possessive Case), in which nouns take a special ending and general case (Common Case), in which nouns do not have any endings.

Common case is the form in which the noun is given in the dictionary.

Majority value Russian case forms is transmitted in English in the form of the common case with or without a preposition:

In English, nouns in common case can be used in the functions of the subject and direct complement(always without a preposition), indirect and prepositional objects, circumstances (usually with a preposition), definitions (both with and without a preposition).

Possessive nouns in the only number is formed by adding the ending to the noun ‘s:

Possessive nouns in plural number is formed by adding only one apostrophe:

If plural noun is formed not by adding the ending /s/, but by changing the form, then the possessive case is formed in the same way as for the singular, i.e. adding the ending / ‘s/:

A noun in the possessive case has only one function - definitions(individual characteristic of the word being defined):

The possessive construction can be presented with the preposition of:

the boy' s room = the room of the boy

3. Possessive case of animate and inanimate nouns:

Basically, only animated a noun denoting a living being to which an object, quality or attribute belongs:

Rare cases of using the possessive case with inanimate nouns are limited to the meaning of a particular subject:

the car ‘s roof - car roof(specific, specific machine)

4. Cases of using the possessive case for inanimate nouns:

• Nouns denoting time and distance:
  
• Nouns denoting countries, cities and courts, as well as words: world, country, city, ship:
  
• Some adverbs of time:
  
• The word being defined has other determiners − indefinite article or demonstrative pronouns:
  
• Phrases without a noun:
  
• To name an institution, shop, or home (of someone):
  

Two nouns in the possessive case usually do not follow one another. In such cases, the suggestion of:

AT next video In the video, children show that objects belong to each other, and the teacher pronounces a sentence using nouns in the possessive case:

English Joke

A young man hired by a supermarket reported for his first day of work. The manager greeted him with a warm handshake and a smile, gave him a broom and said, "Your first job will be to sweep out the store."
"But I'm a college graduate," the young man replied indignantly.
"Oh, I'm sorry. I didn't know that,” said the manager. "Here, give me the broom - I'll show you how."

A moment like, occupies far from the last place in grammar textbooks. How can one talk about belonging to something without this topic? Inanimate nouns can still be dealt with somehow, but what about in other cases? First things first….

Rules for the possessive case in English

As you know, rules of the possessive case in English are needed to express the belonging of an object to a particular person. That is, today we will learn to say "friend's house", "wife's letters" and so on. Following Instructions help you figure out what's what.

1. According to the standard rule, the ownership of an object is expressed by adding an apostrophe and -s to the animate person to whom the thing belongs.

For example: my sister 's powder - my sister's powder

2. If the item belongs to a plural noun (it is formed according to the rules, using -s), then you need to add only an apostrophe to this word.

For example: my sisters ’ house - the house of my sisters

3. In cases where a noun forms the plural in a special way, it is recommended to adhere to the standard rule (apostrophe + -s).

For example: the children 's toys - children's toys

4. If in a sentence you need to name two persons to whom something belongs, then the apostrophe and -s added to the last noun.

For example: Peter and Mary 's apartment – ​​apartment of Peter and Mary

5. There are phrases with compound nouns. In this case, the apostrophe and -s it is recommended to add to the last part.

For example: my mother-in-law 's dog - my mother-in-law's dog

6. The rules of the possessive case in English usually apply only to animate nouns. That is, inanimate nouns are not friends with the apostrophe + -s. Here the well-known preposition will help us of.

For example: a piece of paper - a piece of paper

Possessive case in English. Examples

Agree, it is quite easy to start using possessive case in English. Examples, which are presented below, will help to understand even better.

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A long time ago, in good old England, nouns changed not only by gender and number, which we are used to in modern English, but there were five main cases! Wed there are six of them in Russian. Moreover, nouns were divided into two categories of declension: strong and weak. Depending on the type of declension, various endings were added to the noun.

Fortunately for all modern English learners, there are only three cases left today: Nominative (Nominative), Accusative (Accusative) and Genitive (Genitive) cases. Genitive often called Possessive Case (Possessive). Today we will talk about it.

Possessive case formation

Examples using the Possessive Case

The boy`s cat that man`s hat that man`s hat my father`s friend my dad`s friend his teacher`s mom his teacher`s mom I don’t get on well with Sam’s wife. I don't get along very well with Sam's wife. I've seen Andy's car in the yard. I saw Andy's car in the yard.

Use of the possessive case

The possessive case answers the question " Whose?” (whose?) and performs the function of a definition in a sentence. With Possessive Case, we can show belonging or related, friendly relations.

Some nuances of use.

As a rule, the possessive case with ending ‘s form animate nouns (the bird`s tail - the tail of a bird, the King`s castle - the king's castle).
To show the relation of belonging to inanimate nouns, it is necessary to use turnover with preposition of (the door of the car - the door of the car, the page of the book - the page of the book).
But there are a number of exceptions to the rule.

Examples of unusual formation and use of the Possessive case

Possessive Case

The possessive case in English is used to indicate ownership.

If the noun is in the singular, then to form the possessive case, the ending "-"s" is added to it, and if in the plural, then only an apostrophe is added.

Use of the possessive case

1. Animated objects.

The possessive case is used mainly with nouns denoting animate objects.

The student "s room - student's room;
the students" room - student room;
the student "s books - student's books;
the students" books - student books.

The possessive case can refer not only to a single noun, but to the whole group of a noun.

My girlfriend's family - my girlfriend's family;
the Russian President's decree - a decree of the President of Russia.

The possessive case is often used with names.

Jack's coat - Jack's coat;
Donald's house - Donald's house;
Maxwell's equations - Maxwell's equations.

If the name ends in "s", then the possessive case can be formed either in the usual way, i.e. add "-"s", or add only an apostrophe.

Doris" [ˈdɒrɪsɪz] dress - Doris' dress;
Doris "s [ˈdɒrɪsɪz] dress - Doris's dress.

The name Doris "and Doris" s in the possessive case is read the same way, with the ending [ɪz].

2. Inanimate objects.

Nouns denoting inanimate objects, can also take the form of the possessive case. Below are some of them.

2.1 World, nature, water, earth and others.

The Earth's gravity - the gravity of the Earth;
water "s edge - water edge;

2.2 Cities, countries, seasons, months.

Moscow "s streets - Streets of Moscow;
summer "s day - summer day;
Germany "s policy - German policy.
January "s frost - January frost.

2.3 Distance, time.

Yesterday's news - yesterday's news;
a kilometer "s distance - a distance of one kilometer.

Absolute form of the possessive case

The absolute form of the possessive case example:

I spent the summer at my grandmother "s. - I spent the summer with my grandmother.

After a noun in the absolute form of the possessive case, there is no other noun.

The absolute form of the possessive case can be used when indicating a place.

At my grandmother "s - at my grandmother's;
at the hairdresser "s [ˈhɛəˌdrɛsəz] - at the hairdresser.

"s or of apply?

The possessive case indicates ownership. In the possessive case, the ending "-"s" is used. But ownership can also be indicated using the "of" form.

Ann's bag
the bag of Ann

There are no hard and fast rules when to use "-"s" and when to use the "of" form to indicate ownership.In general, options with "-"s" look more natural.

Often the "-"s" form is used when the possessing noun denotes animate object. This is the norm in cases:

1. When real ownership is indicated:

2. Indication of action or quality:

The student's work is excellent.

Both examples can be rearranged with the preposition "of", which leads to the logical separation of the nouns "pencil" and "work":

The pencil of Ann.
The work of the student is excellent.

The variant with "of" is used necessarily if the form with "-"s" gives a different meaning to the sentence.