Differences between international trade in goods and services. International trade in services

20.09.2019

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Features and specifics of organizing international trade in services

Trade in goods and services along with some other items are included in the current account of the balance of payments of any country. Negotiations on the liberalization of trade in services are being conducted in parallel with negotiations on the liberalization of trade in goods. However, there are serious qualitative differences between goods and services, as well as in the organization and technology of international trade in them. Table 13 presents the main indicators that distinguish goods from services.

Table 13

Differences between goods and services

It is precisely because of the intangibility and invisibility of most services that trade in them is sometimes called invisible exports and imports. Unlike goods, the production of services is often combined with their export under a single contract and requires a direct meeting between the seller and the buyer. However, even in in this case There are numerous exceptions. For example, some services are quite tangible (a printed report from a consultant or computer program on a floppy disk), are quite visible (a model's haircut or a theatrical performance), can be stored (telephone answering service) and do not always require direct interaction between the buyer and the seller (automatic withdrawal of money from a bank using a debit card).

International trade in services compared to trade in goods has the following features:

· regulated not at the border, but within the country by the relevant provisions of domestic legislation . The absence or presence of the fact that a service crosses the border cannot be a criterion for the export of a service (as well as the currency in which this service is paid for);

· services cannot be stored . They are produced and consumed at the same time. Therefore, most types of services are based on direct contracts between their producers and consumers;

· production and sale of services have greater state protection than the sphere of material production and trade . Transport, communications, financial and insurance services, science, education, healthcare in many countries are fully or partially owned by the state or under its strict control;

· international trade in services is in close relationship with trade in goods and has a strong impact on it . For example, the impact of the service sector on trade in knowledge-intensive goods, which requires large volumes, is great Maintenance, informational and various consulting services;

· Not all types of services, unlike goods, can be traded . Services that come primarily for personal consumption cannot be involved in international economic turnover.

The key to trade in services is that in most cases there must be physical contact between the buyer and seller of the service at some point. Only in this case the international purchase and sale of services will take place. Exists several mechanisms for making transactions on international trade in services:

· Buyer mobility . Buyers of services who are residents of one country come to the seller of services who are residents of another country. Buyer mobility is usually based on the fact that abroad he will be able to obtain a service that is either not available in his country (tourism) or the quality of which is higher (education, health care), or its cost is lower (warehousing of goods, ship repairs).

· Seller mobility . The seller of services, who is a resident of one country, comes to the buyer of services, who is a resident of another country. The mobility of the seller is usually based either on the fact that the recipient is located abroad and cannot move to the seller (auditing and accounting services for businesses), or on the specific nature of the service itself (construction).

· Simultaneous mobility of seller and buyer or the mobile nature of the service itself. Both the seller and the buyer either share the service at the same time (international phone conversation), or gather in a third country (international conference), or the seller provides the buyer with a service through a representative office in a third country (secondment foreign specialists from the Moscow office of the World Bank to the CIS countries to provide technical assistance).

International statistics indicate that trade in services is one of the fastest growing sectors of the world economy.

The reasons for this growth are very diverse. The sharp decline in transport costs has increased the degree of mobility of producers and consumers of services; new forms and means satellite communications and video technology in some cases makes it possible to completely abandon personal contact between the seller and the buyer. Technological process allowed to increase the demand for those services that previously had a commodity form. This applies to financial services, banking services, and insurance companies.

There are certain difficulties in statistically recording the volume of services provided. The difficulty of calculation is due to the fact that, as a rule, services are provided complete with goods. Moreover, the cost of the service often accounts for a significant portion of the price of the product. Often services appear in intra-company exchanges. In this case, it is often impossible to express and determine their value, since there is no market for these types of services at all. In some cases, separating the service from the product is impossible (for example, treating a patient with medications).

Income from banking and insurance operations “drops out” from the statistical report if they are reinvested in the same country in which they were received.

In this regard, according to a number of scientists, official balance of payments statistics, which indicate the annual turnover under the “services” item, cannot give an accurate idea of the scale of international trade in services, the value of which, according to a number of experts, turns out to be underestimated
by 40–50%.

The geographical distribution of trade in services provided by individual countries is extremely uneven in favor of developed countries.

The global services market is currently dominated by eight leading countries, accounting for more than 50% of service exports and imports. The share of the top five is about 40% of exports. At the same time, four countries: the USA, Great Britain, Germany, France account for more than 35% of all world exports of services.

Developing countries are characterized by a negative balance foreign trade services, while some of them are large exporters of services. For example, the Republic of Korea specializes in engineering, consulting and construction services, Mexico – in tourism, Singapore is a large financial center. Many small island states derive the bulk of their export income from tourism.

As for Russia, other CIS states and the Baltic countries, although they have potential reserves for the development of tourism and transport services (they organize sea transportation), their widespread export is hampered by the weak material base as well as the shortcomings of the economic mechanism. For their part, Western European countries high quality their services are supplemented by the application of a wide range of restrictions on the use of foreign services, including those from the CIS countries.

If we talk about the distribution of the cost of services by certain species, That highest value In the world trade in services are tourism and transport. The largest in the world merchant navy belongs to Japan, followed by Great Britain, Germany and Norway. Shipping accounts for 50% of this country's service exports. The market for freight and passenger transport services is dominated by the USA, followed by the UK and France. They also hold the palm in the field of foreign tourism. A large volume of tourism services is provided by France, Italy, Canada, Switzerland, where tourism brings 40–50% of export revenue.

For Turkey, Spain and a number of Mediterranean countries great importance has the export of labor in the form of unskilled workers leaving to earn money.

Differences between goods and services(visible and invisible servants). Goods are stored, but services are not. Trade in goods is not directly related to production and consumption must coincide in time. Inter-commodity turnover falls into a much larger specific gravity of goods produced. A significant share of services produced is non-tradable. In international trade in goods, the institution of intermediaries is acceptable. For services, the use of the institution of intermediaries is difficult and rare.

International trade in services, unlike trade in goods, where the role of trade intermediation is great, is based on direct contacts between producers and consumers. The fact is that services, unlike goods, are produced and consumed mostly simultaneously and cannot be stored. Because of this, international trade in services requires either the presence of their direct producers abroad, or the presence of foreign consumers in the country producing the services. At the same time, the development of computer science has significantly expanded the possibilities of providing many types of services at a distance. .

Features and specifics of organizing international trade in services Trade goods and services, along with some other items, are included in the current account of the balance of payments of any country. Negotiations on the liberalization of trade in services are being conducted in parallel with negotiations on the liberalization of trade in goods. However, there are serious qualitative differences between goods and services, as well as in the organization and technique of international trade in them. Differences between goods and services. 1) Goods 2) Services 1) Tangible 2) Intangible 1) Visible 2) Invisible 1) Storable 2) Non-storable 1) Trade in goods is not always associated with production 2) Trade in services is usually associated with production 1) Export of goods means export of goods from the customs territory abroad without the obligation to re-import. 2) Export of a service means the provision of a service to a non-resident, even if he is located in the customs territory of the country

It is precisely because of the intangibility and invisibility of most services that trade in them is sometimes called invisible exports and imports. Unlike goods, the production of services is often combined with their export under a single contract and requires a direct meeting between the seller and the buyer. However, in this case there are numerous exceptions. For example, some services are quite tangible (a printed report from a consultant or a computer program on a floppy disk), quite visible (a model's haircut or a theatrical performance), can be stored (telephone answering service) and do not always require direct interaction between the buyer and the seller (automatic withdrawal of money from a bank by debit card).

International trade in services compared to trade in goods has the following features:

It is regulated not at the border, but within the country by the relevant provisions of domestic legislation. The absence or presence of the fact that a service crosses a border cannot serve as a criterion for the export of a service.

Services are not subject to storage. They are produced and consumed at the same time. Therefore, most types of services are based on direct contracts between their producers and consumers;

The production and sale of services have greater state protection than the sphere of material production and trade.

International trade in services is closely related to and has a strong impact on trade in goods. For example, the impact of the service sector on trade in knowledge-intensive goods, which requires large volumes of technical services, information and various consulting services, is great;

Not all types of services, unlike goods, can be traded.

The difference between international trade in services and international trade in goods is their diversity, heterogeneity and versatility. various types services; the complexity of a unified approach to regulating their import and export, and to the application of generally accepted international trade standards to trade in services, in particular most favored nation and national treatment.

International trade in services is a special sector of world trade, the object of which is various types services.

The peculiarity of a service as a product is its usefulness not as a thing, but as an activity. Services cannot be accumulated or stored. Some services are classified as non-exportable goods, since their consumption coincides with the process of creation, and fare, accompanying their receipt may be too significant. For example, the cost women's haircut and hairstyles in 1989 in dollars ranged from $46.4 in Tokyo, $36.8 in Zurich and Paris, to $9.9 in Mexico City and $9.5 in Moscow. But no matter how expensive the services of a hairdresser in Tokyo or Paris are, it’s hardly worth spending money on tickets to Mexico City or Moscow to save on a haircut.

The rapid development of the service sector, which has led to an increase in the volume of international exchange of services, has been observed in developed countries since the 1930s.

However, the starting point for the change in the role of this sector in the economy is considered to be the mid-1950s, when in the United States the number of people employed in the service sector exceeded the number of people employed in material production. In the early 1980s. in the USA, and a few years later in Western Europe The gross product of the sphere of interpersonal services exceeded the gross product of the sphere of material production. The rate of its growth exceeded similar indicators in the sphere of material production: in France - 2 times, in the USA and Germany - 6 times, in England - 30 times. This trend is also observed on the scale of the global economy: the share of services now amounts to almost 2/3 of the world’s gross product, in a number of developed countries it reaches 70-80% of GDP.

The movement of services as an object of international trade is reflected in the current account of the balance of payments. According to the methodology for compiling the balance of payments developed International Monetary Fund 11 of them are taken into account in the service account basic types: transport services (passenger and freight transportation); services related to travel (business, tourism); communication services (postal, courier, telephone and other communications between residents and non-residents); construction of facilities abroad; insurance of non-residents by resident insurance companies; financial services (commission for opening letters of credit, currency exchange, brokerage services, etc.); computer and information services; royalties and license fees; other business services (intermediary, leasing, legal, accounting, advertising, etc.); personal, cultural and recreational services; government services.

Other international organizations For various analytical purposes, they use their own classification approaches. In particular, analysts World Bank (IBRD) use a more generalized approach and divide all services into two groups: factorial, related to the movement of capital, labor and other components and instruments production process, And non-factorial, which are non-financial in nature (transport, tourism and others).

In accordance with the approach taken UNCTAD - international economic organization on trade and development, there are 8 types of services: financial; communication services; construction and design; transport; professional and business (legal, medical, etc.); commercial; tourist; audiovisual (television, video-cinema).

According to the WTO, over 600 types of services are provided in the world. The WTO classifier systematizes them into 12 groups: commercial services; communication services; construction and related engineering services; distributor services; educational services; security services environment; Financial services; health services and social sphere; tourist services; services for organizing recreation, cultural and sporting events; transport services; other services).

Methods of international trade in services cover: - cross-border deliveries, that is, the provision of services across borders. The supplier and buyer of the service do not move across the border, only the service crosses it (services transmitted through means of communication - consultations by telephone/fax, delivery of services by mail, transfer of money through banks; materialized services (technical report of a consultant, disk with software), transport services;

- consumption abroad - movement of consumers to the country of export of services (tourism, educational services and medical services in institutions of another country, repair services for ships sent for this purpose to another country);

- commercial presence - relocation of a service provider abroad (opening a foreign commercial representative office - creating a bank branch, subsidiary, etc.);

- presence individuals - temporary relocation of individuals to another country for the purpose of providing services there (tours of theaters, artists, lectures by university professors, services of architects, lawyers, invitation of a foreign consultant, etc.).

Structural shifts in international trade in goods towards a growing share of finished and high-tech products have caused structural changes in trade in services. In the structure of services, there is a rapid increase in the share of services of a scientific, technical, production, financial, credit and commercial nature, which is accompanied by the emergence of new types of services, such as engineering, leasing, factoring, consulting, computer and information services. The expansion of the list of international services became possible to a large extent thanks to the emergence of modern information technologies and telecommunications. Since the mid-1990s. The Internet has become a powerful factor in the growth of global trade in services.

In 2010, global services exports amounted to 3.7 trillion. dollars, and the volume of imports is 3.5 trillion. dollars in modern structure in the global services market, the largest share is occupied by computer and information services (65.09%) and transport services (21.02%); communication services to become 6.06%; other business services - 4.64%; financial services - 3.15%; others - 0.05%.

The global turnover of services is predominantly concentrated in the group of industrialized countries. In 2010, the share of economically developed countries in global business services exports was close to 90%. The world leaders in exports of commercial services are: USA (14.1%), Great Britain (7%), Germany (6.8%), France (4.3%), China and Japan (3.8% each), Spain (3.6%), Italy (3%), Singapore and Hong Kong (2.6%). Russia ranks 23rd with a share of 1.2%, Ukraine is not among the 50 leading countries. The world's leading importers of commercial services are: USA (10.5%), Germany (8.1%), UK (5.1%), China (5%), Japan (4.7%), France (4% ), Italy (3.6%), Singapore (2.6%), Hong Kong (1.4%). Russia ranks 16th with a share of 1.9%, Ukraine is not among the 50 leading countries.

Ukraine's participation in international trade in services also runs counter to global trends. It largely boils down to “providing the service of its territory” for the transit of Russian energy resources, which is why the largest share of Ukrainian trade in services falls on the Russian Federation (44.2% of exports and 14.5% of imports in 2010), and the largest is share of computer and information services, and transport, primarily services pipeline transport- 28.9%. At the same time, the level of exports of business and tourism services, and especially information services, does not correspond to Ukraine’s potential.

The largest share in the total volume of Ukrainian exports falls on transport (67.1%), various business, professional and technical services (12.7%), and repair services (3.3%). The greatest growth for 2000-2010. reach insurance (2.5 times), financial (2.2 times) and computer services (2.5 times). The largest shares in the total volume of imports of services were transport (21.1%), financial services (19.9%), various business, professional and technical services (15.7%), government services (11.3%). Imports of financial (2 times), insurance (1.7 times), as well as services to individuals and in the cultural and recreational sectors (1.7 times) grew at the fastest rates. Imports of computer and public services.

Table 13

Differences between goods and services

It is precisely because of the intangibility and invisibility of most services that trade in them is sometimes called invisible exports and imports. Unlike goods, the production of services is often combined with their export under a single contract and requires a direct meeting between the seller and the buyer. However, in this case there are numerous exceptions. For example, some services are quite tangible (a printed report from a consultant or a computer program on a floppy disk), quite visible (a model's haircut or a theatrical performance), can be stored (telephone answering service) and do not always require direct interaction between the buyer and the seller (automatic withdrawal of money from a bank by debit card).

International trade in services compared to trade in goods has the following features:

· services cannot be stored . They are produced and consumed at the same time. Therefore, most types of services are based on direct contracts between their producers and consumers;

· International trade in services is closely related to and has a strong impact on trade in goods . For example, the impact of the service sector on trade in knowledge-intensive goods, which requires large volumes of technical services, information and various consulting services, is great;

· Not all types of services, unlike goods, can be traded . Services that come primarily for personal consumption cannot be involved in international economic turnover.

· Buyer mobility . Buyers of services who are residents of one country come to the seller of services who are residents of another country. Buyer mobility is usually based on the fact that abroad he will be able to obtain a service that is either absent in his country (tourism), or whose quality is higher (education, medical care), or whose cost is lower (warehousing of goods, ship repairs).

· Simultaneous mobility of seller and buyer or the mobile nature of the service itself. Both the seller and the buyer either simultaneously share the service (international telephone conversation), or gather in a third country (international conference), or the seller provides the buyer with a service through a representative office in a third country (sending foreign specialists from the Moscow office of the World Bank to the CIS countries to provide technical assistance).

International statistics indicate that trade in services is one of the fastest growing sectors of the world economy.

The reasons for this growth are very diverse. The sharp decline in transport costs has increased the degree of mobility of producers and consumers of services; new forms and means of satellite communications and video technology in some cases make it possible to completely abandon personal contact between the seller and the buyer. The technological process has made it possible to increase the demand for those services that previously had a commodity form. This applies to financial services, banking services, and insurance companies.

Income from banking and insurance operations “drops out” from the statistical report if they are reinvested in the same country in which they were received.

The geographical distribution of trade in services provided by individual countries is extremely uneven in favor of developed countries.

Developing countries are characterized by a negative balance in foreign trade in services, while some of them are large exporters of services. For example, the Republic of Korea specializes in engineering, consulting and construction services, Mexico - in tourism, Singapore is a major financial center. Many small island states derive the bulk of their export income from tourism.

As for Russia, other CIS states and the Baltic countries, although they have potential reserves for the development of tourism and transport services (they organize maritime transport), their widespread export is hampered by a weak material base, as well as shortcomings of the economic mechanism. For their part, Western European countries complement the high quality of their services by applying a wide range of restrictions on the use of foreign services, including those from the CIS countries.

If we talk about the distribution of the cost of services by individual types, tourism and transport are of greatest importance in global trade in services. The world's largest merchant fleet belongs to Japan, followed by Great Britain, Germany and Norway. Shipping accounts for 50% of this country's service exports. The market for freight and passenger transport services is dominated by the USA, followed by the UK and France. They also hold the palm in the field of foreign tourism. A large volume of tourism services is provided by France, Italy, Canada, Switzerland, where tourism brings 40–50% of export revenue.

For Turkey, Spain and a number of Mediterranean countries, the export of labor in the form of unskilled workers leaving to earn money is of great importance.

Differences between international trade in goods and services. International trade in services

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